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=
n
x
f
n
x f
x
m
m
4
n = E f
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
QMT412 Pn. Sanizah's Notes 4/8/2013
2
EXAMPLE 1
Using the given frequency distribution, find
the mean. The data represent the number
of miles run during one week for a sample
of 20 runners.
5 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Frequency distribution
Class Frequency
(f)
Midpoint
(x
m
)
f . x
m
5.5-10.5
10.5-15.5
15.5-20.5
20.5-25.5
25.5-30.5
30.5-35.5
35.5-40.5
1
2
3
5
4
3
2
8
13
18
23
28
33
38
8
26
54
115
112
99
76
f=20 f.x
m
= 490
6 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Solution
miles 5 . 24
20
490
=
=
=
n
x f
x
m
7
n = E f
= n
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
MEDIAN
C
f
f
f
L x
m
m
m
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2 ~
class median the of width
class median the of frequency
class median the before intervals
class all of frequency cumulative
class median the of boundary class lower
1
=
=
=
=
C
f
f
L
m
m-
m
where
8
Median location=
2
n
QMT412 Pn. Sanizah's Notes 4/8/2013
3
Example 2
Refer to Example 1. Find the median.
50% of the runners run less than 24.5 miles and the
other 50% run more than 24.5 miles.
10
2
20
2
location, Median = =
n
The median class is 20.5-25.5.
5
5
6
5 . 20
1
=
=
=
=
C
f
f
L
m
m
m
5 . 24
5
5
6 10
5 . 20
~
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ = x
9 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
MODE
class modal the of width C
class modal the af ter f requency - class modal of f requency
class modal the bef ore f requency - class modal of f requency
class modal the of boundaries class lower L
where
2
1
mo
=
= A
= A
=
C L x
mo
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
A
+ =
2 1
1
Mode,
10
Class with
the highest
frequency
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Example 3
Refer to Example 1. Find the mode.
The modal class is 20.5-25.5.
5
1 4 5
2 3 5
5 . 20
2
1
=
= = A
= = A
=
C
L
mo
8 . 23
5
1 2
2
5 . 20 x
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
11
class with the
highest
frequency
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
MODE Estimating from histogram
12
Use graph
paper to
estimate
value
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
QMT412 Pn. Sanizah's Notes 4/8/2013
4
Refer textbook and go through
Example 8 pg. 75-79
Find the mean, median and mode.
Estimate the mode from histogram
(refer Figure 4.5 pg. 80).
13 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my 14
Years of
Experience
Class
boundary
No of
employees
(f)
Mid-
point
(x
m
)
f. x
m
1 4 16
5 8 20
9 12 28
13 16 24
17 20 16
21 24 11
25 28 5
Ef=120
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
2. Measures of Position
(for grouped data)
First Quartile (Q
1
)
Third Quartile (Q
3
)
15 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Formula to obtain Q
1
and Q
3
Step 1: Obtain the cumulative frequencies.
Step 2: Identify the first and third quartile classes.
Location of first quartile -
Location of third quartile -
Then refer to the cumulative frequency column and
determine the locations and classes.
Note: Refer textbook pg. 81-82
4
n
n
4
3
16 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
QMT412 Pn. Sanizah's Notes 4/8/2013
5
Step 3 Find Q
1
and Q
3
Find first quartile value using this formula
size class quart ile first
class quart ile first t he of frequency
class quart ile first t he before frequency cumulat ive
ns observat io of number
class quart ile first t he of boundary class lower
where
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
=
=
=
=
=
(
(
(
+ =
C
f
f
n
L
C
f
f
n
L Q
m-
m
17 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Step 3
Find third quartile as follows:
size class quart ile t hird
class quart ile t hird t he of frequency
class quart ile t hird t he before frequency cumulat ive
ns observat io of number
class quart ile t hird t he of boundary class lower
where
4
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
1
3 3
=
=
=
=
=
(
(
(
+ =
C
f
f
n
L
C
f
f
n
L Q
m-
m
18 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Refer textbook Example 12 pg. 82
How to find first and third quartile
Using formula
Using ogive or cumulative frequency curve.
19 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
3. Measures of Dispersion
(for grouped data)
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation
Skewness
20 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
QMT412 Pn. Sanizah's Notes 4/8/2013
6
RANGE
21
B B
L U
class lowest of
boundary lower
class highest of
boundary upper
Range
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Refer textbook Example 4 pg. 100
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
( )
1
2
2
2
n
n
x f
x f
s
m
m
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
size sample
class each of midpoint
frequency
where
=
=
=
n
x
f
m
22 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Example 4
Class Frequency (f) Midpoint
5.5-10.5
10.5-15.5
15.5-20.5
20.5-25.5
25.5-30.5
30.5-35.5
35.5-40.5
1
2
3
5
4
3
2
8
13
18
23
28
33
38
8
26
54
115
112
99
76
64
338
972
2645
3136
3267
2888
20 490 13310
m
x f
2
m
x f
Refer to Example 1. Find the variance and
standard deviation.
23
( )
3 8
7 68
7 68
19
20
490
13310
1
2
2
2
2
.
. s
.
n
n
x f
x f
s
m
m
=
=
=
24 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Variance
Standard
deviation
QMT412 Pn. Sanizah's Notes 4/8/2013
7
Coefficient of Variation
Indicate the ratio of the standard deviation to the
arithmetic mean expressed as a percent
The larger the percentage, the greater the variation.
Large variation implies less consistency,
small variation implies better consistency.
100
mean sample
deviation standard sample
= CV
25 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
Pearson Coefficient of Skewness
Measure the skewness
deviation standard
median) 3(mean
or
deviation standard
mode mean
skewness
=
26 sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
SUMMARY
27
Grouped
Data
Measures of
Central
Tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of
Position
First Quartile (Q
1
)
Third Quartile (Q
3
)
Measures of
Dispersion
Range
Variance
Standard deviation
Coefficient of
Variation (CV)
Pearson coefficient of
skewness