Health, Nutrition, Safety and Protective Factors Matrix

Pregnancy (Conception to Birth) 1st Trimester 2nd Trimester 3rd Trimester Physical Characteristics
Week 3 - the fertilised egg implants in the uterine lining. Week 5 -the spine, brain, muscles and bones are beginning to form. Week 6 - a heartbeat develops. (Government of South ustralia, !"##g$. Week % - the brain and spinal cord are developing. Week & - the limbs, hands and feet have taken shape. Week ## - all of the babies organs have formed.

First Year (Birth to One Year Old) 0-3 onths 3-! onths !-12 onths
t birth a bab'(s vision is still developing. )ision is blurred for ob*ects more than one metre a+a' and the' can see best at a distance of 3"cm. ,ven at this distance the' can onl' light and dark and cannot *udge distance. Within da's the bab' can differentiate bet+een human voices and other sounds. t birth a bab' has a small mouth and large tongue covered in nerve endings. -his makes the mouth the main sensor' organ at

"econd Year (One to T#o Years Old)

Third Year (T#o to Three Years old)

Fo$rth Year (Three to Fo$r Years Old)

Fi%th Year Fo$r to Fi&e Years Old)

'in(s to the )arly Years 'earning Frame#or(

Will be able to cra+l up and do+n steps (.arot/, !"#!$. Will be able to climb stairs +ith assistance. 0an run confidentl'. 1s able to thro+ a ball. 0an stack t+o to four blocks. 1s able to turn the pages of a book (2earns, !"#"$. 1s able to +alk and run easil'. 1s able to *ump on the spot and keep their balance.

-he child +ill become toilet trained. Will be able to dress and undress (.arot/, !"#!$. 0an put on shoes but still needs help to do them up (3and' 4 5urridge, !""&$. 5alance has improved enough for them to ride a bike +ith training +heels, +alk on tipp' toes and along a balance beam (Walsh, !""6a$. Will be full' toilet trained (.arot/, !"#!$. 0an +alk and do+n stairs easil' and confidentl'.

1s able to do up buttons. 1s confidentl' climbing trees and ladders (Walsh, !""6*$. 1s able to run and *ump around obstacles. 0an e7pertl' pedal a bike. 8ine motor skills are developing +ell. child is able to thread beads, stack clocks more than #" high and create ob*ects using cla' (2earns, !"#"$. ble to hold and operate scissors correctl' and hold a pencil +ith the proper

0an dress and undress independentl'. 1s able to thro+ and catch a ball accuratel' (.arot/, !"#!$. 3eft or right handedness +ill become apparent (3and' 4 5urridge, !""&$. 0an cut in a straight line and dra+ +ith detail (.arot/, !"#!$. 0an tie their shoelaces. 0an +alk do+nstairs confidentl' +ith out using a rail for balance.

9:utcome ;< 0hildren are confident and involved learners=. -90hildren develop a range of skills and processes such as problem solving, in>uir', e7perimentation, h'pothesising, researching and investigating=( ustralian Government ?epartment of ,ducation ,mplo'ment and Workplace @elations, !""&$. - child develops their skills b' practicing. (?,,W@, !""&$. - 5' using the resources made available and ob*ects

Week #! - is no+ constantl' moving around (although it can(t 'et be felt$. (S Aealth, !"##g$

this stage. ne+borns movement ma' seem random and uncontrolled but movement stimulates the area of the brain relating to movement. t ! months - 5ab' is strengthening muscles using kicking movements. -his is also starting to form the movement patterns that +ill be used to +alk. - 5ab' can no+ lift their heads and look around for a short time (2earns, !"#"$. - 5ab' +ill start to smile in response to a smiling person. - 5ab' can focus and follo+ an ob*ect. - 5ab' can grasp an ob*ect placed in their hand but does not 'et have the strength to hold on (.arot/, !"#!$. 1s able to thro+ and kick a ball (.arot/, !"#!$. Will be able to catch a large ball. Should be able to +alk and carr' ob*ects simultaneousl'. Will be able to balance and hop on one foot. 1s able to stack ob*ects four to si7 high. 0an hold a thick paint brush or pencil in their fist to attempt to dra+ (2earns, !"#"$. Will attempt to help dress and undress themselves. .a' start to attempt toilet training (.arot/, !"#!$. ?uring this 'ear the teeth +ill continue to erupt. (G:), !"#3c$.

0an thro+, bounce and catch a ball easil'. 1s able to *ump over an ob*ect (2earns, !"#"$. -he final teeth +ill appear before age 3 (G:), !"#3c$.

grip (Walsh, !""6*$. -oilet trained during the da' but some are still struggling at night (S Aealth, !"##b$. 0an look after their o+n h'giene tasks +ith minimal assistance (2earns, !"#"$.

Will learn to skip. 0an *ump rope. 0an balance for five to ten seconds on either foot (3and' 4 5urridge, !""&$. 0an use a bat and ball confidentl'. 1s able to s+ing themselves on a s+ing (Walsh, !""6d$.

the' find in their environment, children can get creative and improve their skills.

#3 +eeks - urine is forming and passing into the amniotic fluid. Week #; - the babies

3 months - +ill en*o' pla'ing +ith their fingers and hands (Walsh, !"#3b$. ; months - bab' has

se7 becomes evident.. Week #6 - the e'es and ears are moving to the correct positions. Week #% - fat stores start to develop. Week #6 - the hearing +ill start to develop during. Week !" - movements are strong enough to be felt from the outside. Week !# - the bab' is able to s+allo+. Week !3 -rapid e'es movement starts and fingerprints and footprints are starting to develop -he reproductive organs are no+ in the correct places. Week !5 - bab' is sleeping and +aking regularl'. 8amiliar sounds no+ ma' encourage 'our bab' to move. -he startle refle7 is starting to develop. Week !6 - fingernails have formed. t this

good head control and can hold their head up +hen held in a seated position. ; months - able to roll from side to back to stomach. ; months - able to reach and grab for ob*ects intentionall'. 6 months - can intentionall' grab an ob*ect and pass it bet+een hands and into the mouth. 6 months - can sit alone +ith *ust a little support.. 6 months - can support the +eight of their upper bod' +ith their arms (.arot/, !"#!$.

stage surfactant (0uroservice, !"#3$ is starting to develop in the lungs (.a'o 0linic Staff, !"#!a$. Week !& - the bones, although soft, are full' developed. Week 3" - the red blood cells are starting to develop in the bone marro+. Week 3# - the central nervous s'stem has developed to a stage +here it can control bod' temperature. Week 3! - the bab' +ill start to practice breathing. Week 35 - the fingernails +ill have reached the end of the fingertips and the verni7 covering the bab' has become thick. 3% +eeks is considered to be full term and the bab' is no+ full' developed. (.a'o 0linic Staff, !"#!b$. 6 months - starts to be mobile b' creeping or rolling around (Walsh, !"#3a$. & months - sits alone unsupported and can reach for an grab ob*ects +ith out losing balance. & months - attempts to cra+l. & months - able to pick up small item using a pincer group. #! months - able to pull to a standing position and +alk +hile using ob*ects for balance (.arot/, !"#!$. #! months - first steps ma' be taken. (2earns, !"#"$. -he first teeth (G:), !"#3c$ +ill begin to appear bet+een 6 and #" months (G:), !"#3c$.

"ocial*)motional Characteristics

; +eeks - +ill +atch the face of the person talking to them. 5 B % +eeks - babies first real smile +ill occur. (Walsh, !""6h$. 1n the first 3 months babies don(t cr' for attention. (S Aealth, !"#!b$. ne+born prefers recognisable voices but is happ' to go to another person if their main caregiver leaves. 5' the 3rd month the bab'(s character and temperament are starting to become apparent. 5et+een 3 and 6 months babies start to develop a preference for familiar people (2earns, !"#"$. ; months - +ill laugh out loud.(Walsh, !""6f$.

3earning ho+ to recognise and control their feelings. Aas ver' close attachment +ith those close to them. Will gauge feelings b' +atching peoples faces (pbsparents, !"##a$. Will start to sho+ an interest in other children. Will pla' along side other children rather than +ith them. Aas +ide range of emotions but +ill struggle to understand and control these. .a' start to pla' independentl' but +ill sta' close to their caregivers. Starts to assert their independence and ma' refuse to follo+

Will find it hard to control their emotions. -his can often result in tantrums (S Aealth, !"#!i$. ?esires independence. -he' +ill be ver' assertive and find it almost impossible to +ait. Will struggle to make choices. -he' have ver' little impulse control and under developed reasoning skills (Walsh, !""6b$. Will be forming stronger relationships +ith those familiar to them. child that is e7posed to other children ma' start to sho+ a preference for friends (pbsparents, !"##b$. Cnable to comprehend others feelings. .a' start pla'ing +ith others but is unable to share. 3oves to cop' adults

Starts to en*o' pla'ing +ith other children. (S Aealth, !"##b$. 1s becoming more independent (Walsh, !""6c$. 5eginning to learn about other peoples feelings (S Aealth, !"##b$. ?uring this 'ear a child +ill find *o' in imaginative pla' (Walsh, !""6c$. Started to develop some patience. Will start to develop a sense of humour. -antrums +ill be rare (S Aealth, !"##b$. Will thrive on adult approval (.arot/, !"#!$. child +ill find it easier to leave their main caregivers (Walsh, !""6c$.

Will en*o' pla'ing imaginative role pla' t'pe games. -hrives on routine and discipline to make them feel safe and secure. .a' be boss' and still have the occasional tantrum if the' don(t get their o+n +a'. :ften has trouble differentiating bet+een fact and fantas' resulting in fibs being told (S Aealth, !"##c$. 1s able to be s'mpathetic to others. 1s bus' forming ne+ friendships and is able to take part in organising games. Aapp' to leave their main caregivers (Walsh, !""6e$. ,n*o's pla'ing +ith a small group of friends (2earns, !"#"$.

9:utcome !< 0hildren are connected +ith and contribute to their +orld=. - 90hildren develop a sense of belonging to groups and communities and an understanding of the reciprocal rights and responsibilities necessar' for active communit' participation= (?,,W@, !""&$. - 0hildren connect +ith those in their +orld b' forming friendships and relationship +ith those close to them. - 90hildren become a+are of fairness= (?,,W@, !""&$. - 0hildren learn to get along +ith others b' forming friendships and pla'ing games.

6 months - +ill take turns during a conversation b' making sounds (2earns, !"#"$. 6 months - +ill recognise familiar faces. 6 months - +ill start to sho+ interest in +hat is going on around them. 6 months - +ill sho+ pleasure b' smiling, cooing, laughing and making *erk' movements (Walsh, !""6f$ lthough bab' does not recogni/e themselves in the mirror the' +ill smile at their o+n reflection (2earns, !"#"$. & months - +ill recogni/e their o+n name. & months - +ill stretch their arms up to indicate that the' +ish to be picked up (Walsh, !""6g$. & months - beginning

instructions given to them. Will start to sho+ empath'. 1s easil' frustrated (2earns, !"#"$.

(S Aealth, !"##a$. 0apable and +illing to share and take turns (S Aealth, !"##c$.

to recognise their o+n needs and ma' be able to indicate +hat the' are (S Aealth, !"#!d$. #! months B +ill attempt to initiate a conversation b' babbling and smiling (S Aealth, !"#!e$. #! months - +ill choose +ho the' +ish to smile at (2earns, !"#"$. #! months - ver' definite ideas on +hat the' do and do not like (S Aealth, !"#!e$. 6 - #! months babies become cautious around strangers and unfamiliar people. -he' ma' also start to suffer from separation an7iet' (2earns, !"#"$. 5ab' does not understand the meaning of +ords (2earns, !"#"$. Smiles and stops cr'ing +hen hearing a voice or sound. #! months -the lar'n7 has descended 3cm do+n the +indpipe +here it is no+ used as the voice bo7. Dreviousl' the lar'n7 sat high in the +indpipe to allo+ t t+o 'ears of age a child +ill start putting t+o +ords together to form sentences (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##d$. @ecognises the names of those familiar to them 0hildren are ver' keen to talk. -his ma' cause them to stutter and stumble over their +ords in the haste to get them out. 3oves to ask >uestions beginning Will love to talk and +ill +ant to kno+ about ever'thing. Will start to ask about the meanings of +ords. ,n*o's talking about 9:utcome 3< 0hildren have a strong sense of +ellbeing=. - 90hildren become strong in their social and emotional +ellbeing= (?,,W@, !""&$.

'ing$istic Characteristics

Starts to make sounds other than cr'ing. @esponds to sound b' turning head in the direction the sound is coming from (Dath+a's, !"##$. 0ries to communicate. Drefers the sound of voices over other sounds (2earns, !"#"$. 5egins babbling. 5abbles to get attention (Dath+a's, !"##$. 5et+een ; and 5 months bab' +ill start to laugh. 5ab' +ill recognise their o+n name b' 5 months (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##e$. Starts babbling a range of sounds. @ecognised familiar ob*ects and people +hen named.

the bab' to suck and breathe at the same time. #! months - +ill have a vocabular' of appro7imatel' si7 +ords. #! months Bis starting to understand about conversations. 5' taking turns and using gestures the' are emulating a conversation (2earns, !"#"$. #6 months vocabular' consists of ten to fift' +ords. Will use their o+n name to refer to themselves. ! 'ears - can sa' about 3"" +ords. ! 'ears - +ill understand the names of things familiar to them. ! 'ears - +ill understand simple phrases follo+ simple instructions. Will en*o' practicing

although the' ma' still struggle +ith the pronunciation (2earns, !"#"$. Will still use gestures to help make themselves understood (2earns, !"#"$. ! F 'ears - can sa' about 5"" +ords (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##d$. 3 'ears - can understand more than the' can sa' (2earns, !"#"$. 3 'ears - can speak nearl' #""" +ords (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##d$. 3 'ears - +ill be forming sentences using three or more +ords. 3 'ears - able to understand and follo+ simple t+o step instructions. 3 'ears B %5G of a child(s speech +ill be understandable. 0hildren in this age group find *o' in singing, rh'ming and stories

+ith 9Who=, 9Where=, =Wh'= and 9What=. 3 F 'ears - more than #!"" +ords in their vocabular'. Cnderstands the difference bet+een 'esterda', toda' and tomorro+ (Walsh, !"#3c$. -alks in full sentences that are mostl' grammaticall' correct. .ostl' talks clearl', ma' still be having trouble pronouncing s, r, /, th, v, or f sounds (Walsh, !"#3c$.

the future. 3oves to tell long stories involving both fact and fiction. )er' in>uisitive and love to ask lots of >uestions (Walsh, !""6i$. 5eginning to understand about cause and effect (pbsparents, !"#"$. - 0hildren become confident in themselves as the' learn to communicate +ith those close to them. - 90hildren take increasing responsibilit' for their o+n health and +ellbeing= (?,,W@, !""&$. - s a child learns ho+ to communicate +ith others the' are able to share their feelings, +ants and needs.

5abbles meaningfull', e.g. mama, dada. Cnderstands and carries out simple commands. 5abbles in conversation during social interactions (Dath+a's, !"##$ t around eight months +ill start to attempt communicate (2earns, !"#"$. t t+elve to fourteen months bab' +ill start to sa' their first +ords +ith meaning (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##e$. t birth babies cognitive characteristics are limited to receiving information(2earns, !"#"$. 1n the +eeks after birth babies +ill start to sho+ a preference for looking at human faces (2earns, !"#"$. Will cop' facial e7pressions and movements (2earns,

the +ords that the' kno+. ! 'ears - +ill still be +orking on getting the pronunciation or +ords correct. bout half of +hat the' sa' +ill be understandable (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##c$.

(@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##d$.

Cogniti&e Characteristics

Darticipates in taking turn game. 0opies others. 0an sa' no b' shaking head. 8ollo+s simple directions. 3ikes listening to stories. -ries to make animal sounds.

Cses kno+n ob*ects appropriatel'. 2no+s that ever' ob*ect has a name and a use. Spends a lot of time coping others. Gets ver' easil' distracted. Cses pretend and imaginative pla'. -ries to tell adults +hat

.emor' is developed enough to imitate +hat the' have previousl' observed. 3ikes to count. 0an concentrate for longer periods. 1s starting to e7plore cause and effect, sorting, s'mbols and things that are similar (2earns, !"#"$. Cnderstands numbers. 2no+ the difference +ith different times of the da'.

9:utcome ;< 0hildren are confident and involved learners=. - 90hildren develop dispositions for learning such as curiosit', cooperation, confidence, creativit', commitment, enthusiasm, persistence, imagination and refle7ivit'= (?,,W@, !""&$.

!"#"$. 0opies movements Aas no significant memor' (2earns, !"#"$. Cses tongue and mouth to investigate ob*ects (2earns, !"#"$. Cses sensor' movements to e7plore ob*ect such as shaking and banging (2earns, !"#"$. Starts to learn about perception of distances (2earns, !"#"$. Starts to make intentional, purposeful movements (2earns, !"#"$. Starts using problem solving strategies. 0an find ob*ect +hen asked. 2no+s bod' parts and can point to them. 0opies house+ork activities. Sometimes thinks before acting. 0an associate outcomes to sounds (2earns, !"#"$ Stating to notice similarities. Will start to attempt simple pu//les. ?oesn(t 'et understand time. Aas no concept of tomorro+ (S Aealth, !"#!c$.

to do. ?oes not 'et understand that their actions have conse>uences (2earns, !"#"$. Starting to understand that the' are a separate person. ?oes not see a difference bet+een living and non-living ob*ects. 0an(t 'et see other points of vie+ and assume ever'one think the same (S Aealth, !"##a$.

Cnderstands taller, bigger and heavier, lighter. 0an count up to !". 0an recognise basic shapes. 0an name and recognise at least ; different colours (S Aealth, !"##c$.

- s children gro+ and develop the' gain the confidence to e7periment +ithin their learning. - 90hildren resource their o+n learning through connecting +ith people, places, technologies and natural and processed materials= (?,,W@, !""&$. - 5' observing others children are able to develop their imagination.

5rain is developing at a great rate and this uses lots of energ'. s bab' becomes mobile the' +ill start to e7plore the +orld around them. Starting to understand that things e7ist even

+hen not in sight. Start to remember familiar faces and ob*ects. 0opies sounds and actions (2earns, !"#"$.

+ealth Factors

-he follo+ing is a list of health issues that ma' be encountered during pregnanc'. (S Aealth, !"#3a$ .orning sickness affects up to eight' percent of +omen ranging from mild to severe (S Aealth, !"##l$. Dre-eclampsia occurs +ith a combination of high blood pressure and protein in the urine. 1t is the main cause of premature birth (S Aealth, !"##o$. Gestational diabetes occurs +hen the bod' fails to make enough insulin (S Aealth, !"##h$.

llergic diseases (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"#!b$ are a leading cause of chronic disease in children. n allergic reaction happens +hen the bod' comes into contact +ith an allergen. -here are man' s'mptoms of allergies ranging from a mild rash to life threatening anaph'la7is ( llerg' 4 naph'la7is ustralia, !"#"$ (.arot/, !"#!$.

9:utcome 3< 0hildren have a strong sense of +ellbeing=. - 90hildren take increasing responsibilit' for their o+n health and ph'sical +ellbeing= (?,,W@, !""&$. - s children gro+ and mature the' are able to understand their health issues and communicate ho+ the' feel. sthma ( sthma 8oundation, n.d.$ is a respirator' disorder that can be triggered b' allergens, food, infection, temperature changes or e7ercise (.arot/, !"#!$.

naemia (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##a$ is a blood

Dlacenta Draevia occurs +hen the placenta covers part or all of the opening of the cervi7 (S Aealth, !"##n$. Group 5 Streptococcus is a bacteria that gro+s in the vagina. 1f a bab' becomes infected it can lead to life threatening conditions (S Aealth, !"##i$. :bstetric 0holestasis is a liver disorder that causes e7cessive itching (S Aealth, !"#!g$. ntenatal depression affects around t+elve percent of +omen during pregnanc' (S Aealth, !"##d$. 3isteria is a foodbourne illness that can cause miscarriage stillbirth if contracted through pregnanc'. 1t is also harmful to a ne+born bab' (South ustralian Derinatal Dractice Guidlines, !"#3$. 3isteria can be avoided b' follo+ing

disorder caused b' not enough red bloods cells to deliver o7'gen to the bod'(s cells (.arot/, !"#!$. 0ancer is the leading cause of death from disease for children in ustralia. -he t'pes of cancer that children get are usuall' different to the t'pes that adults get (0hildrenHs 0ancer 1nstitute ustralia, n.d.$. -here are ! t'pes of diabetes (S Aealth, !"#3b$ that can affect children. -'pe # diabetes is an incurable disease +here the pancreas doesn(t make enough insulin. 8or children +ith t'pe ! diabetes, being over +eight is a ma*or factor (.arot/, !"#!$.

3ead poisoning occurs +hen lead is

,c/ema (,c/ema ssociation of ustralasia 1nc, n.d.$ is an inflammator' skin condition caused b' contact +ith allergens. 1t presents its self as dr' patches of itch' skin. -he constant scratching can cause infections in the skin (.arot/, !"#!$.

good food h'giene practices and avoiding high risk foods (State Government of )ictoria, !"#3a$.

introduced to the bod' via fumes, dust or ingestion. 0hildren under 5 are at the greatest risk (G:), !"#3b$. -here are ! main t'pes of sei/ure that affect children under 5. 8ebrile sei/ures (S Aealth, !"##e$ occur +hen a child has a sudden spike in bod' temperature. Sei/ures ma' also occur because of a condition called epileps' (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"##b$ (.arot/, !"#!$.

Sickle 0ell disease (Eational 1nstitutes of Aealth ?epartment of Aealth and Auman Services, !"#!$ is a disorder that inhibits the abilit' of the red blood cells to carr' o7'gen. -his is a chronic disease and there is no cure (.arot/, !"#!$. 0olic often affects babies bet+een ! +eeks and ; months. 1t causes constant cr'ing mostl' in the afternoons and evenings (-he @o'al 0hildrens Aospital, !"##$.

-here are various degrees of reflu7. 8rom bringing up milk to having stomach acid coming up into the mouth. -his occurs because the valve at the top of the stomach does not +ork correctl' (S Aealth, !"#!h$.

,$trition Factors

?uring pregnanc' it is ver' important to ensure a good balanced diet is eaten as e7tra nutritional demands are put on 'our bod'. ( ustralian Government, !""&$ 1ron is needed during pregnanc' as the bod' makes e7tra blood (-he State of Iueensland (Iueensland Aealth$, !"#3$. 8olate helps to prevent neural tube defects. 1t should be taken before conception as +ell as during pregnanc' (G:), !"#!a$. 1odine is needed for the development

Cp until si7 months it is recommend that babies are e7clusivel' breastfed. 8rom 6 months solids can be introduced (S Aealth, !"##f$ starting +ith small amounts of food. Ee+ foods should be introduced # at a time. 8ood should be pureed to begin +ith, graduall' moving to te7tured foods as the' become accustomed. 5' #! months a bab' +ill be able to eat small pieces of +hat the famil' is eating (@aising 0hildren Eet+ork, !"#!a$.

-oddlers are notorious for being fuss' eaters. 1t is important to remember that a serving for them is #J; B #J3 of an adults serving. Eutritional needs< Grains B 6 serves 8ruit and )egetables B 5 serves ?air' B 3 serves Drotein B ! serves -he average toddler should be eating and drinking around #3"" calories per da' (Walsh, !"#"$.

1t is important to set good eating habits right from the start. 8ood times should be en*o'able and rela7ed. 3etting children help prepare the meals +ith encourage them to tr' ne+ foods (Government of South ustralia, !"#!f$. Eutritional needs< 0ereals B 5-% serves )egetable, 3egumes B ! serves 8ruit B # serve ?air' B ! serves 3ean meat, fish, poultr', nuts and legumes B F serve ,7tra foods B no more than #-! serves ( ustralian Government ?epartment of Aealth and ging, !""6$.

9:utcome 3< 0hildren have a strong sense of +ellbeing=. - 90hildren take increasing responsibilit' for their o+n health and ph'sical +ellbeing= (?,,W@, !""&$. - 0hildren are able to make health' food choices.

th'roid hormones (G:), !"##a$.

"a%ety and Pre&entati&e Factors

Drenatal care is essential to ensure a health' pregnanc' and bab'. Aere is a list of the routine tests that +ill be carried out (S Aealth, !"#3e$. Screening tests for chromosomal defects and neural tube defects are offered to all pregnant +omen (G:), !"#!b$. fter the age of thirt' five pregnanc' risks start to increase (.a'o 0linic Staff, !"##$. Smoking during pregnanc' reduces the o7'gen to 'our bab' and can cause man' problems both during pregnanc' and after birth (ESW Government, !""%$. lcohol is not recommended during pregnanc'. s it has not been established if there is a safe level to consume, it is best avoided (the ro'al

)itamin 2 is given at birth to prevent a vitamin 2 deficienc' +hich can cause bleeding (2idspot, !"#"$. Ee+born babies +ill have a small blood sample taken from their heel at about ;6 hours old. -his is to screen for over 3" conditions (S Aealth, !"##m$. 1mmunisation is a safe and effective +a' of protecting 'our children against some serious illnesses that can sometimes cause death (S Aealth, !"#3c$. -he recommended immunisations are< 5irth B Aepatitis 5 ! , ; and 6 months B Aepatitis 5, diphtheria,

@ecommended immunisations< #! months Aaemophilus influen/ae t'pe b, .eningococcal, measles, mumps and rubella. #6 months B .easles, mumps, rubella and chicken po7 ( ustralian Government ?epartment of Aealth and ging, !"#3$.

@egular health checks are important so an' problems can be picked up and treated earl' (S Aealth, !"##*$.

9:utcome ;< 0hildren are confident and involved learners= @ecommended immunisations< ; 'ears B ?iphtheria, tetanus, +hooping couch and polio ( ustralian Government ?epartment of Aealth and ging, !"#3$ - 90hildren transfer and adapt +hat the' have learned from one conte7t to another= (?,,W@, !""&$. - 0hildren follo+ the e7amples set for them to become a+are of their o+n safet'.

ustralia has the highest rate of skin cancer (0ancer 0ouncil ESW, !"#3$ in the +orld. -his is +h' it is essential that +e teach and practice sun safet' a+areness to our children (S Aealth, !"##p$.

0ar Safet' 8rom ; must use an approved for+ard facing booster seat (@ 0), !"#"$.

+omenHs hospital, !"#3$. ?rinking e7cessive amounts of caffeine ma' increase the risk of miscarriage (S Aealth, !"#!a$. ?rugs, illegal (S Aealth, !"##k$ and prescribed (Government of South ustralia, !"#3d$, and Aerbal remedies are not recommended in pregnanc' +ithout the approval of 'our care provider @egular e7ercise is recommended during pregnanc' but it is advised that 'ou consult 'our caregivers before starting an'thing ne+ (G:), !"##b$

tetanus, +hooping cough, Aaemophilus influen/ae t'pe b, polio, pneumococcal con*ugate and rotavirus ( ustralian Government ?epartment of Aealth and ging, !"#3$. 0ar Safet' Cnder si7 months must be restrained in an approved rear facing seat. :ver 6 months must be restrained in a for+ard facing child restraint (@ 0), !"#"$. 5abies aged bet+een ! and ; months are most at risk of sudden infant death s'ndrome (S1?S$ but 'ounger and older babies are also at risk. 5' follo+ing same sleeping guidelines the risks can be dramaticall' reduced (G:), !"##c$. ustralia is !nd in the +orld for preventable dro+ning in children. 0hildren under ! are most at risk. 0hildren must be supervised at all times around +ater (2idsafe S , !"#"$.

?rive+a' safet' is vital. Koung children don(t understand about road safet' and the' are impossible to see from inside the car. ,nsure 'ou kno+ +here 'our children are at all times +hen the car is being moved (2idsafe S , !"#!$.

0hildren are in>uisitive and love to e7plore the +orld around them. -his is +h' it is ver' important to ensure that all medications, cleaning products and poisons are in a locked cupboard to prevent accidental poisonings (S , !"#"$,