MOOKAMBIGAI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING EC1403 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

UNIT 1 OVERVIEW OF SATELLITE SYSTEMS, ORBITS AND LAUNCHING METHODS 2 Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. What is a satellite? 2. How is frequency planning and frequency allocation done for the entire world? 3. List out the frequency bands used for satellite services? 4. Write down so e satellite services? !. What are active " passive satellites? #. Why satellite frequency spectru is in icrowaves? $. What is an orbit? %iscuss its significance. &. What are the different types of orbit? '. %istinguish between stationary and non(stationary orbits. 1). What do you understand by polar orbiting satellites? 11. %istinguish between prograde " retrograde orbits? 12. Write down *epler+s laws of planetary otion? 13. %efine period of satellite. 14. Write the equation of otion. 1!. Write about the following, -./0L12/ " 3.1. %4512/1 1#. What are orbital perturbations? 1$. What is at ospheric drag? 1&. Write infor ation on, 6alendars7 universal ti e7 8ulian dates " sidereal ti e 1'. %efine the following, 1ub satellite point7 -nclination7 5ean ano aly "/rue ano aly 2). What are orbital ele ents? 21. 09plain apogee7 perigee " line of apsides? 22. What is geocentric equatorial " top centric Hori:on co ( ordinate syste ? 23. Why are transfor ations between coordinate syste s required? 24. What is eant by earth station referred to the -8* fra e? 2!. What are the orbital para eters required to deter ine a satellite;s orbit?

1) Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. a. How are frequency allocations for satellite services done? b. %iscuss about various satellite services 2. a. %erive *epler+s laws of planetary otion b. Write notes on, -ntelsat7 3.1.%o sat7 polar orbiting satellites 3. a. %escribe the various orbital ele ents and orbital para eters with suitable diagra b. Write down the applications and advantages of satellite co unication 4. a. 09plain 4rbital perturbations. b. /he se i a<or a9is and the se i inor a9is of an elliptical satellite orbit are 2))))* and 1#)))* respectively. %eter ine the apogee and the perigee distances. !. a. What are the active and passive satellites? 09plain in detail about various types of orbit and their relative erits and de erits. b. Write the applications of satellite co unication and write your co ent on the future trend in satellite co unication. #. a. %erive the e9pressions for the si9 orbital ele ents using the .ewton+s laws. What is their significance? b. How are the satellites positions esti ated using the sub(satellite points? $. a. 09plain the need for satellite co unication. b. What are the different types of satellite orbits? %iscuss their erits and de erits. c. 2 low orbiting satellite has an &(hour prograde orbit. How long during each orbit will and earth station be able to co unicate with it above an elevation angle of 1!? &. a. %iscuss about frequency allocations for satellite services. b. What are the effects of a non(spherical earth on the orbital echanics of satellite? c. 6alculate the radius of a circular orbit for which the period is 1day. Pr'*+$,! 1. a. 6alculate radius of a circular orbit for period of revolution 1day. b. 6alculate the apogee and perigee heights for the orbital para eter e=).))11!)1> assu e a ean radius of earth as #3$1? .

2. 2 satellite is orbiting in the equatorial plane with a period fro perigee to perigee of 12h. @iven that e=).))27 calc. the se i a<or a9is. the earth+s equatorial radius is #3$&.1414? . 3.6alculate the average length of the civil year in the @regorian calendar? 4. %eter ine which of the following years are leap years, aA 1'&$ bA 1'&& cA 2))) dA 21)) !. 6alculate the ti e in days7 hrs7 in7 " sec for the epoch day 324)'!#1#$#!. #. Bind the 8ulian day for 13 h 3/ on 1& %ec 2))). $. Bind the ti e in 8ulian centuries fro the reference ti e 8an ).!71')) to 13 h 3/ on 1& %ec 2))). &. 6alculate the ti e of perigee for the passage for the .212 ele ents given in the table 2.1. '. @iven that the ean ano aly is 2)! deg " the e=).))2!7 calculate the eccentric ano aly. 1). 6alculate the agnitude of the position vector in the CDW fra e for the orbit specified below. 6alculate the position vector in the -8* fra e " its agnitude. 6onfir that it re ains unchanged fro the value obtained in the CDW fra e. 11. Bind the @1/ for 13 h 3/ on %ec 1&7 2))). 12. Bind the L1/ for /hunder Eay7 longitude &'.2# deg W for 13 h 3/ on %ec 1&7 2))). 13. /he -8* range vector co ponents for certain sat. .at @1/=24)deg are as given below. 6alculate the corresponding range " the loo? angles for an earth station the coordinates for which are latitude 4&.42 deg . 7longitude &'.2# deg W7 height above ean sea level 2)) . UNIT 2 2 Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. What are antenna loo? angles? why are they required? 2. @ive the e9pression for range7 elevation " a:i uth angles. 3. -llustrate the li its of the visibility and coverage angle. 4. What is polar ounting antenna? !. What are near geostationary orbits? #. What is earth eclipse of satellite? Write down the effects " re edial solution? $. What do you understand by sun(transit outage? &. List out the various launch vehicles7 launch sites and launching orbits. '. %raw the diagra depicting a launch ission? 1). Why different stages of firing the roc?et is necessary?

11.List out the various subsyste s of co unication satellite7 their function and i portant para eters? 12. What are the constituents of satellite pay load? Write down their uses. 13. What do you understand by power supply subsyste ? List out the different batteries used. 14. What is attitude control? What is the need? What are the different types? 1!. What are the two ain techniques of satellite attitude control? 1#. What is spin stabili:ation? 1$. What do you ean by o entu wheel stabili:ation? 1&. What is station ?eeping? Why is required? 1'. What is eant by spin(stabili:ation? 2). Why 3(a9is stabili:ation is preferred over body stabili:ation? 21. What do you understand by propulsion subsyste s? 22. Write about //"6 subsyste ? 23. What is ther al control subsyste ? Why is it required? 24. What are transponders? 2!. Why are spot bea antennas preferred? 2#. Write about frequency reuse concept and orthogonal polari:ation? 2$. Where are /W/2+s used? 2&. Write about 5orelos spacecraft? 2'. What are 2.-* satellites? 3). Write about /iros(. satellite? ) Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. a. i. %iscuss about near @eostationary orbits. ii. %eter ine the li its of visibility for an earth station situated at ean sea level7 at latitude 4&.42; north and longitude &'.2# degrees west. 2ssu e a ini u angle of elevation of !; iii. %iscuss about sun transit outage. iv.%eter ine the angle of tilt required for a polar ount used with an earth station at attitude 4'; north. 2ssu e a spherical earth of ean radius #3$1* and ignore earth station altitude. or i. %iscuss in detail about attitude control of a satellite. ii. What is the advantage of the /W/2 used aboard satellites co pared to other types of high power a plifiers? What are the ain disadvantages of /W/2? iii. What is ther al control? Why is it required?

b.

2. a. What are loo? angles and derive the e9pressions for a:i uth7 elevation and range? or b. With a neat diagra 7 e9plain the attitude and orbit control syste present in the space seg ent. 3. a. -n detail7 e9plain the following subsyste s of spacecraft, i. 2ttitude and 4rbit control. ii. /ele etry7 /rac?ing and 6o and. or b. %erive the e9pression for received power7 F6G.A ratio and lin? power budget equation for satellite downlin? with a neat s?etch. 4. a. i. %raw the bloc? diagra of a satellite tele etry unit and e9plain the function. ii. 09plain in detail the various propagation factors and polari:ation effect of space seg ent. or b. %iscuss about 5orelos7 2ni? and /iros satellites !. a. %escribe the 3(a9es stabili:ation technique or b. 09plain how station ?eeping is perfor ed #. a. %iscuss about the i. Cower supply ii. /ransponder iii. 2ntenna and iv. /her al control subsyste s or b. %escribe the o entu wheel stabili:ation technique $. a. 4btain the e9pressions for loo? angles and range or b. %iscuss about the various subsyste s present in a spacecraft UNIT 3 EARTH SEGMENT 2 Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. %ifferentiate between /HI47 52/H "62/H syste s? 2. What are indoor and outdoor uffs? %raw a bloc? diagra showing a ho e ter inal of %E2 /H receiving syste ? 3. Ieason for why is a L.2 required in outdoor unit? 4. Ieason for why a conversion fro B5 to 25 odulation required in indoor unit? !. %raw a bloc? diagra for 52/H syste ? #. %raw a bloc? diagra for 62/H syste ?

$. %raw the bloc? diagra of a trans it J receive earth station? &. Why are the redundant units required in satellite syste s including earth stations? '. 6larify earth stations according to service require ents? 1). Why is 6assegrain antenna popular for large earth stations 1C260 L-.*1 11. What are the lin? budget calculations? 12. What is 0-IC in lin? budget calculation? 13. What do you understand by syste noise? 14. 6lassify the antenna noise broadly. 1!. What is antenna noise te perature? 1#. Write generali:ed e9pression for syste noise te perature when any nu ber of a plifier stages are in cascade? 1$. What would be the noise factor of a lossy networ? at roo te perature? 1&. @ive e9pression for overall syste noise te perature in ter s of power loss? 1'. 4btain few steps the 6.I of a satellite lin?(uplin?? 2). What is saturation flu9 density? 21. What are input and output bac? off? Where do they beco e significant? %raw relevant graphs? 22. Write the downlin? 6.I equation? 23. What are the effects of rain in up and down lin?s? 14. Write down the overall lin? equations considers the up and down lin? 6.I+s 1!. What is inter odulation noise? Where does it occur? What is its effect? 1#. Bor a given satellite and signal trans ission7 what are the earth station para eters affecting the 6G. ratio 1$. Write the relationship between noise power and noise bandwidth 1) Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. Write notes on, /HI47 66/H and 52/H 2. i. %escribe the features of a /rans it(Ieceive 0arth 1tation with neat diagra ii. 2 1atellite /H signal occupies the full transponder bandwidth of 3# 5H:7 and it ust provide a 6G. ratio of 22dE at the destination earth station. @iven that the total trans ission losses are 2))dE and the destination earth station @G/ ration is 31 dEG*7 calculate the satellite 0-IC required. 3. i. %erive the e9pression for co plete Lin? equation

ii. 2 satellite downlin? at 12 @H: operates with a trans it power of #W and an antenna gain of 4&.2 dE. 6alculate the 0-IC in dEW 4. %iscuss about the following, /rans ission losses7 4verall syste noise te perature7 -nput and output bac?(off in /W/2 !.%escribe, i. 0ffects of rain ii. 3p and downlin? rain(fade argins iii. -nter odulation .oise #. i. With the aid of a bloc? diagra 7 describe the functioning of the indoor receiving unit of a satellite /HGB5 receiving syste intended for ho e reception ii. -n ost satellite /H receivers7 the first -B band is converted to a second7 fi9ed -B. Why is this second frequency conversion required? iii. %iscuss about antenna isalign ent losses with relevant figures $. i. 2n antenna has noise te perature of 3! * and is atched into a receiver which has a noise te perature of 1)) *. 6alculate the noise power density and the noise power for a bandwidth of 3#5H:. ii. What is input bac?(off? %escribe it. 2lso substantiate the reason behind e ploying it &. i. %erive the Lin? power budget equation ii. /he range between a ground station and a satellite is 427)))? . 6alculate the free space loss at a frequency of # @H:. iii. 2 L.2 is connected to a receiver which has a noise figure of 12dE. /he gain of L.2 is 3)dE and its noise te perature is 12)*. 6alculate the overall noise te perature referred to the L.2 input. '. i. %iscuss briefly the downlin? attenuation ii.With suitable diagra s e9plain the concept of rain depolari:ation 1). i. 09plain with suitable diagra the wor?ing of various antenna syste s used in earth station ii. %iscuss the operations of different units in /HI4 ter inal 11. i. 2 satellite circuit has the following para eters, 3plin?, 1aturation flu9 density, (#& dEWG 2> -nput bac?(off, 11 dE> 1atellite @G/, (12 dE* %ownlin?, satellite saturation 0-IC, 2#.! dEW> 4utput Eac?(off,# dE> /rans ission path loss, 2)3 dE> 0arth station @G/, 41dEG*. 6alculate the carrier( to ( noise density ratio for uplin? and downlin? and the co bined value. ii. With bloc? diagra e9plain /1 ( terrestrial interface odule 12. i. With bloc? diagra e9plain the function of an earth station ii. /he required 0bG.o ratio for a digital satellite lin? is '.#dE7 and the bit rate is 1.!44 5bCs. 6alculate the required 6G.oratio.

13. With a neat s?etch7 e9plain the power budget for a satellite lin? considering bac?(off7 rain fade argin and inter odulation 14. i. How does the syste noise te perature affect the perfor ance? %erive the e9pression for overall syste noise te perature at the receiving station ii. Bro the calculation of syste noise te perature7 prove that the 6G. ratio is directly proportional to the @G/ ratio. UNIT 4 2 Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. %efine ultiple9ing 2. What is ultiple access? what are the types? 3. %istinguish between ultiple access and ultiple9ing? 4. What is B%52? !. %istinguish between pre ( assigned and de and(assigned B%52 satellite access. #. @ive the need for polling ethod in de and(assigned B%52 $. What is spade syste ? &. 6o pare centrally controlled and distributed control rando access techniques. '. What is spread spectru co unication? 1). What is /%52? 11. @ive the structure of /%52? 12. 5ention the two basic proble s in satellite digital trans ission 13. 5ention the advantages of /%52 technique over B%52 technique 14. What are the a<or li itations of /%52 technique? 1!. What is satellite switched /%52? 1#. What is 6%52? 1$. Why is 6%52 advantageous? 1&. What do you ?now about %111 6%52? 1'. What is 6%52 throughput? 2). What are the different networ? layers? 21. What is /6C?-C protocol? Why it is preferred in satellite lin?s? 22. How can /6C be enhanced over satellite channels? 23. What is split /6C connections ? 24. 09plain the concept of encryption in satellite(access 2!. What are the li itations of B%52 satellite access?

1) Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. i. 09plain the ultiple9ing and odulation sche es with B%52 technique with bloc? %iagra ii. %escribe the frequency H4CC 1pread 1pectru /echnique with neat diagra 2. i. %raw the structure of /%52 ultiple(access technique and e9plain ii. %istinguish between B%527 /%52 and 6%52 techniques. 3. i. 09plain the voice and data( ultiple9ing in satellite syste . ii. What is 6%52? -n what way it is superior to /%52? 5ention the potential application of 6%52. 4. i. %iscuss the type of odulation and ultiple9ing techniques involved in the trans ission of voice and data signals ii. -n what way the spread spectru co unication technique i proves the perfor ance of satellite lin?s. !. i. 09plain the functioning of a /%52 satellite syste and a clear picture of the /%52 fra e for at used. %iagra s are necessary ii. Write detailed notes on digital video broadcasting. #. i. With a neat bloc? diagra e9plain the functioning of a 1C2%0 syste ii. 09plain the /%52 burst and fra e structure of satellite syste . %raw the necessary diagra s. $. i. %iscuss in detail about direct sequence spread spectru . ii. -n a /%52 networ? the reference burst and the prea ble each requires !#) bits and the no inal guard interval between bursts is equivalent to 12' bits. @iven that there are eight traffic bursts and one reference burst per fra e and the total fra e length is equivalent to 4)&)) bits7 calculate the fra e efficiency. iii. %istinguish between pre(assigned and de and(assigned traffic in relation to a satellite co unications networ?. &. 09plain B%52 in detail '. 09plain /%52 in detail 1). 09plain 6%52 with e9a ple UNIT 2 Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. What is watershed ?

2. What are the 1eg ents of @C1? 3. What are the two intentional errors that have been introduced by 31 5ilitary 6orps in .2H21/2I @C1 ? 4. What is the difference between spatial and non spatial data? !. What is the difference between raster and Hector data? #. What are the different types filters? $. 6o pare High pass and Low pass filters. &. What is eant by Iaster data? '. What is eant by Hector data? 1). 6o pare Iaster and Hector data. 11. %ifference bGw 1upervised and 3nsupervised 6lassification? 12. What are the 2 cases where @-1 can be e ployed in 3rban applications? 13. What do you ean by -ntegrated Watershed 5anage ent? 14. What are the Watershed pro<ects in -ndia? 1!. What are the different scales used to represent ap? 1#. What is CI-1 FCanchayat Iesources -nfor ation 1yste A ? 1$. What is eant by 3bran analysis? 1&. What is the difference urban fringe and residential area? 1'. %efine urban sprawl. 2). What are the applications of re ote sensing? 21. What are the applications of @-1? 1)Mar ! "#$!%&'(! 1. 2. 3. 4. !. #. $. List the different interpretation ?eys . 09plain? 09plain 4 different filters and their advantages 09plain the 3 seg ents of @C1 What are the co ponents of @-1? 09plain What is Iesource -nfor ation 1yste ? 09plain one case in detail. 09plain the use of I1 and @-1 in urban application with one e9a ple. What is watershed? How does it can be anaged using I1 and @-1