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Using TACS Functions Within EMTP to Set Up Current-Transformer Model Based on the JilesAtherton Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis
Shun-Tsai Liu, Sy-Ruen Huang, Member, IEEE, and Hung-Wei Chen
AbstractThe subject of this paper is to construct a currenttransformer (CT) model based on the JilesAtherton (JA) theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis using transient analysis of control systems (TACS) functions within the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) in a closed-loop manner. The JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis is presented by the nonlinear rst-order ordinary differential equations and inclusive of ve parameters that can be found by measurements of hysteresis characteristic. We can use TACS functions within EMTP to describe the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis. The powerful advantage of this way is the interaction between the electrical network and TACS in EMTP. Compared with the CT model based on the type 96 nonlinear hysteresis inductor, the simulated result of the CT model based on the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis is almost the same in steady-state situations, but apparently different in a fault transient situation. The analysis and simulation of the actual measured fault proles in the Taiwan power system is an example of the validation of this proposed model. Therefore, this proposed CT model based on the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis has the analysis capability of the transient response. The exibility of TACS makes the simulation of any other situation easier and is another advantage. Index TermsCurrent transformer (CT), Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), JilesAtherton (JA) hysteresis model, transient analysis of control systems (TACS).

I. INTRODUCTION HE topic of this paper is to construct a current-transformer (CT) model based on the JilesAtherton (JA) theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis using transient analysis of control systems (TACS) functions within the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). The JA hysteresis theory describes the magnetization process of ferromagnetic materials and, therefore, is regarded as a physical model of ferromagnetic hysteresis [1]. The reaction of the CT model based on the JA theory is according to the physical characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. For the investigation of power system transient problems, it is practical to use this model. Discussions about JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis [2][10] published papers mostly describe the basic magnetic characteristics or parameters inuence. Knowing how
Manuscript received May 17, 2006; revised November 30, 2006. Paper no. TPWRD-00276-2006. The authors are with the Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan, R.O.C. Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.905809

to use this model is rarely talked about. Compared with other methods, the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis constitutes rst-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations and has ve parameters that can be determined by hysteresis loop measurements. This paper is intended to set up the CT model based on the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis using TACS within EMTP. In the power system, the equipment used for ferromagnetic material to perform energy conversion is popular all over. When we study the transient response of the power system, the nonlinear characteristic of the CT caused by core magnetic saturation is always bothersome. When discussing overcurrent, inrush current, and ferroresonance of CT inuence on power systems, the key point is the nonlinear characteristic of CT caused by core magnetic saturation [11]. Knowing how to set up the CT model becomes very important. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis, while Section III describes how to set up the JA hysteresis model using TACS functions. Section IV states the simulated results of the proposed model compared with another CT model including the type 96 nonlinear hysteresis inductor. Section V then displays the analysis and simulates the actual measured fault prole to validate this proposed model. Conclusions are nally made in Section VI. II. JA THEORY OF FERROMAGNETIC HYSTERESIS The main property of the JA theory of ferromagnetic into hysteresis is the decomposition of the magnetization , which corresponds to domain its reversible component bending during the magnetization process, and its irreversible , which corresponds to domain wall displacecomponent ment against the pinning effect [2] (1) The effective eld and ux density are calculated by (2) (3) where is the magnetization force in the core, is an interdois the permeability of free space. main coupling factor, and The anhysteretic magnetization is given by the Langevin function (4)

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Fig. 1. Interaction between the electrical network and TACS in EMTP.

Fig. 2. CT model based on the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis.

where is the saturation magnetic moment of the core material and is a shape parameter. The hysteresis differential equation for irreversible susceptibility can be shown as (5) is a directional parameter, 1 for , and 1 for . The component of reversible magnetization reduces the difference between the and the anhysteretic prevailing irreversible magnetization at the given eld strength. This can be exmagnetization pressed as (6) where is a domain exing parameter. The hysteresis differential equation for reversible susceptibility can be expressed as (7) Combining (1)(7) derives the hysteresis differential equation for magnetization (8) where

III. SETUP OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER MODEL BASED ON JA THEORY OF FERROMAGNETIC HYSTERESIS The TACS is used to solve the differential and algebraic equations completed by a series of interconnecting elements, such as transfer function, gain, limiters, algebraic and logical variables, and other special components. Use of TACS is the same as the electrical circuit in EMTP [12]. These components are described by the adequate parameters, via processing, and the solution can be found. Any TACS signal can feed back to the electrical network as a voltage or current source, or as a signal controlling the operation of a switch, valve, or diode. Similarly, the voltage or current of any node of an electrical network in EMTP can be retrieved as the source signal of TACS. The interaction between EMTP and TACS is shown as Fig. 1. According to the following description of JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis and TACS functions, the CT model based on JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis can be established as Fig. 2. The owchart of the JA hysteresis model using TACS

Fig. 3. Flowchart of the JA hysteresis model using TACS functions.

functions is shown as Fig. 3. The procedure of this model is as follows. Step 1) The current can be captured from the power circuit by the type 91 component of TACS as magnetomotive force (MMF). Step 2) The type 98 component is an operator of algebraic and logic calculations. The type 58 component is an integrator. The type 59 component is a differentiator. Via a series of operations, the ux density using the JA hysteresis model can be found in a closed-loop manner. Step 3) The induced voltage of the CT through a physical response can be found. Finally, this voltage feeds back to the power circuit from TACS using the type 61 component.

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Fig. 5. Hysteresis curve of the CT JA hysteresis model in the steady-state situation.

Fig. 4. (a) Circuit diagram of the test system. (b) Equivalent circuit diagram of the test system including the CT model. Fig. 6. Secondary currents of CT based on the JA hysteresis model and type 96 nonlinear hysteresis model in the steady-state situation.

TABLE I CORE PARAMETERS OF CT JA HYSTERESIS MODEL

IV. SIMULATION AND TEST In general, the type 96 nonlinear component is used to simulate the CT hysteresis characteristic in EMTP these days. The hysteresis information of this component can be found from an experiment or by solving ordinary differential equation using software (such as MATLAB). The combination of this component and other necessary elements can construct the CT model with a hysterersis characteristic. The circuit diagram of the test system is shown as Fig. 4(a). It is a 230-kV power system inclusive of the generator, transmission line, and load. That switch is closed to simulate the fault situation. The CT is used to detect the current of the transmission line. The equivalent circuit diagram of the test system, including the CT model, is shown in Fig. 4(b). The core parameters of the CT JA hysteresis model are is the turn ratio, is the length shown in Table I. of the average magnetic path, is the cross area of the core, and is the coercivity of core. The simulating hysteresis curve

of the CT JA hysteresis model is shown in Fig. 5. For the comparison of the transient response with a type 96 nonlinear hysteresis component, both hysteresis characteristics are the same. When the power circuit operates in the steady-state situation, the secondary currents of the CT based on the JA hysteresis model and type 96 nonlinear hysteresis model are shown in Fig. 6. The difference between the two models is very tiny. While the fault occurs in the power circuit, the fault current is shown in Fig. 7. The CT secondary currents using the JA hysteresis model and type 96 nonlinear hysteresis model are shown as Fig. 8. Since the dc component of faulted current drives the core magnetic material to saturation, the simulated results are explicitly different. In the fault transient situation, the ux will follow the alteration of the MMF according to the core physical property. The hysteresis curve of the CT JA hysteresis model is not the same in every cycle as shown in Fig. 9. V. ACTUAL PROFILE AND VALIDATION The analysis and simulation of the single-phase ground fault of the power-supply system in Taiwan is an example to validate the accuracy of the CT JA hysteresis model. A one-line diagram of the power-supply system is shown in Fig. 10. There are two generating units, two transformers, two transmission lines, two buses, and six circuit breakers (CBs) in this system. CTs are plugged on transmission lines for measuring the currents. When a transmission-line fault occurs, the dc component of the fault current makes the core magnetic eld of the CT and transformers reach saturation. This saturating effect of the CT makes

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Fig. 7. Fault current on the transmission line.

Fig. 8. CT secondary currents using the J-A hysteresis model and type 96 nonlinear hysteresis model in the fault transient situation.

Fig. 9. Hysteresis curve of the CT JA hysteresis model in the fault transient situation.

Fig. 11. Actual measuring transient proles of three-phase voltage on line 2, when single-phase ground fault of line 2 occurs. (a) Three phase. (b) R phase. (c) S phase. (d) T phase.

Fig. 10. One-line diagram of the power-supply system.

the measuring current produce serious distortion. This phenomenon can be simulated by the JA hysteresis model. Actual measuring transient proles of three-phase voltage and current on line 2 are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, when the R-phase ground fault of line 2 occurs. At the #1 time point, the reduces to R phase of line 2 happens to ground fault and and are lightly distorted. increases to 4 p.u. due zero;

to fault; and produce waveform distortion due to dc comdiminishes to 20% for demonponents. The magnitude of stration of the entire waveform. At the #2 time point (about 2.5 cycles later), the CBs open and cut off current by extinguishing presents the abnormal phenomarc as current reaches zero. and produce waveform distortion due to transient enon; recovery voltage of CB switching. At the #3 time point, the switching time of the R-phase CB lags half cycle to the other two phases; therefore, the clear time of R phase also lags half cycle to the other two phases. The core parameters of the transformer JA hysteresis model are shown as Table II. Compared with Table I, we can nd

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Fig. 12. Actual measuring transient proles of three-phase current on line 2, when single-phase ground fault of line 2 occurs. (a) Three phase. (b) R phase. (c) S phase. (d) T phase.

TABLE II CORE PARAMETERS OF TRANSFORMER JA HYSTERESIS MODEL Fig. 13. Simulating transient waveforms of three-phase voltage on line 2, when the single-phase ground fault of line 2 occurs. (a) Three phase. (b) R phase. (c) S phase. (d) T phase.

that the core parameters of the CT and transformer are apparently different. Simulating transient waveforms of the threephase voltage and current on line 2 are shown as Figs. 13 and 14. Compared with actual measuring transient waveforms, the simulating result is very perfect. Therefore, the JA hysteresis model of the CT and transformer can adequately describe the core magnetic characteristic.

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with the type 96 CT model, there is no difference in the steadystate situation. The simulating results are apparently different in the fault transient situation. The type 96 CT model cannot describe the saturating effect of the magnetic eld. This JA hysteresis model is used to set up the CT and transformer hysteresis characteristic. The simulation of the single-phase ground fault of the power-supply system in Taiwan is completed to validate the accuracy of the JA hysteresis model. Besides, the signal source of this model can come from any node of the power circuit. With a series of TACS calculations, the output result feeds back to the power circuit. The exibility of this model is another major advantage. REFERENCES
[1] D. C. Jiles and D. L. Atherton, Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis, Magnet. Magn. Mater., vol. 61, pp. 4860, 1986. [2] J. V. Leite, N. Sadowski, P. Kuo-Peng, N. J. Batistela, J. P. A. Bastos, and A. A. de Espindola, Inverse Jiles-Atherton vector hysteresis model, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 17691775, Jul. 2004. [3] J. V. Leite, N. Sadowski, P. Kuo-Peng, N. J. Batistela, and J. P. A. Bastos, The inverse Jiles-Atherton model parameters identication, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 39, no. 3, pt. 1, pp. 13971400, May 2003. [4] N. Sadowski, N. J. Batistela, J. P. A. Bastos, and M. Lajoie-Mazenc, An inverse Jiles-Atherton model to take into account hysteresis in time-stepping nite-element calculations, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 797800, Mar. 2002. [5] P. R. Wilson, J. N. Ross, and A. D. Brown, Magnetic material model characterization and optimization software, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 38, no. 2, pt. 1, pp. 10491052, Mar. 2002. [6] P. R. Wilson and J. N. Ross, Denition and application of magnetic material metrics in modeling and optimization, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 37743780, Sep. 2001. [7] P. R. Wilson, J. N. Ross, and A. D. Brown, Optimizing the JilesAtherton model of hysteresis by a genetic algorithm, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 37, no. 2, pt. 2, pp. 989993, Mar. 2001. [8] Y. Bi and D. C. Jiles, Measurements and modeling of hysteresis in magnetic materials under the action of an orthogonal bias eld, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 35, no. 5, pt. 2, pp. 37873789, Sep. 1999. [9] W. M. Polivka, Subcircuit modeling of magnetic cores with hysteresis in PSPICE, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 14251434, Oct. 2002. [10] D. C. Jiles, J. B. Thoelke, and M. K. Devine, Numerical determination of hysteresis parameters for the modeling of magnetic properties using the theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 2735, Jan. 1992. [11] Working Group C-5 of the System Protection Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee, Mathematical models for current, voltage, and coupling capacitor voltage transformers, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 6272, Jan. 2000. [12] Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) Revised Rule Book Version 3.0 vol. 1, EPRI. [13] R. W. Wall and B. K. Johnson, Using TACS functions within EMTP to teach protective relaying fundamentals, IEEE Tans. Power Syst., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 310, Feb. 1997. Fig. 14. Simulating transient waveforms of three-phase current on line 2, when the single-phase ground fault of line 2 occurs. (a) Three phase. (b) R phase. (c) S phase. (d) T phase. Shun-Tsai Li , photograph and biography not available at the time of publication.

VI. CONCLUSION This paper proposes a method of setting up the CT model based on the JA theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis using TACS functions within EMTP. This model can honestly and naturally react according to the core physical characteristic. Compared

Sy-Ruen Huang (M93), photograph and biography not available at the time of publication.

Hung-Wei Chen , photograph and biography not available at the time of publication.