Flutter Speed Limits of Subsonic Wings

Journal of Engineering
Volume 18 February
2012
Number
2
FLUTTER SPEED LIMITS OF SUBSONIC WINGS
Prof. Dr. Muhsin J. Jweeg Ass. Prof. Dr. Shokat Al-Tornachi Eng. Tariq Samir Talib
College of Engineering
Al-ahrain !ni"ersit#
!ni"ersit# of Technolog#
!ni"ersit# of Technolog#
BSTRACT
$lutter is a %henomenon resulting from the interaction between aero&#namic an& structural
&#namic forces an& ma# lea& to a &estructi"e instabilit#. The aero&#namic forces on an oscillating
airfoil combination of two in&e%en&ent &egrees of free&om ha"e been &etermine&. The %roblem
resol"es itself into the solution of certain &efinite integrals' which ha"e been i&entifie& as Theo&orsen
functions. The theor#' being base& on %otential flow an& the (utta con&ition' is fun&amentall#
equi"alent to the con"entional wing-section theor# relating to the stea&# case. The mechanism of
aero&#namic instabilit# has been anal#)e& in &etail. An e*act solution' in"ol"ing %otential flow an&
the a&o%tion of the (utta con&ition' has been anal#)e& in &etail. The solution is of a sim%le form an&
is e*%resse& b# means of an au*iliar# %arameter (. The use of finite element mo&eling technique an&
unstea&# aero&#namic mo&eling with the +-, metho& for flutter s%ee& %re&iction was use& on a fi*e&
rectangular an& ta%ere& wing to &etermine the flutter s%ee& boun&aries. To buil& the wing the Ans#s
-.. %rogram was use& an& the e*tract "alues were substitute& in the Matlab %rogram which is &esigne&
to &etermine the flutter s%ee& an& then %re&icte& the "arious effects on flutter s%ee&. The %rogram
ga"e us a%%ro*imatel# i&entical results to the results of the referre& researches. The following wing
&esign %arameters were in"estigate& skin shell thickness' material %ro%erties' cross section area for
beams' an& changing altitu&e. /esults of these calculations in&icate that structural mo&e sha%e
"ariation %la#s a significant role in the &etermination of wing flutter boun&ar#.

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'E. WOR'S2 F*"$$er3 456 Me$hod3 W%6s0
163
$!TTE/ SPEED MTS $ S!SC ,S
Prof. Dr. Muhsin J. Jweeg
Ass. Prof. Dr. Shokat Al-Tornachi
Eng. Tariq Samir Talib
INTRODUCTION
The %roblem of oscillating airfoils has
been an im%ortant subect of unstea&#
aero&#namics because of its close link with
flutter anal#sis. The sustaine& oscillation is a
boun&ar# between con"ergent an& &i"ergent
motions. ence' the s%ee& thus obtaine& is the
critical s%ee&' abo"e which flutter occurs.
&S(de6h%3 7889: &e"elo%e& a co&e for
the com%utation of three-&imensional
aeroelastic %roblems such as wing flutter. &B(*(
'r%sh( 7889: n"estigate& the initial
mathematical theor# of aeroelasticit# centere&
on the canonical %roblem of the flutter
boun&ar# instabilit# en&emic to aircraft that
limits attainable s%ee& in the subsonic regime.
&M(ss%-o B%(#h% 7889: Stu&ie& a
metho&olog# to merge state-s%ace time &omain
reali)ations of a com%lete numerical
aeroser"oelastic mo&el with flight mechanics
equations
UNSTEAD. AEROD.NAMIC FORCES
OF T;E T.PICAL SECTION MODEL25
The unstea&# aero&#namic forces are
calculate& base& on the lineari)e& thin -
airfoil .n this section' Theo&orsens a%%roach
will be summari)e& an& the flutter anal#sis will
be con&ucte& base& on his a%%roach &Theodore
Theodorse <=9/?.
n Theo&orsens a%%roach' aero&#namic
surfaces are mo&ele& b# flat %lates. Theo&orsen
assumes that the flat airfoil is oscillating about
the shear center 8elastic a*is? an& unstea&#
flow is com%ose& of two com%onents' 8a? non
circulator# flow which can be e*%resse&
through the sources an& sinks an& 8b?
circulator# flow relate& to the flat "orticit#
surface e*ten&ing from trailing e&ge to infinit#.
$or each flow com%onent' he obtaine& the
"elocit# %otential an& then calculate& the
%ressure using ernoullis theor#.
The No5#%r#"*($or+ F*o>25
# using Joukoweskis conformal
transformation &Theodore Theodorse <=9/?'
the airfoil can be ma%%e& onto a circle. The
"elocit# %otential of a source 8? on a circle
( )

' y x
can be e*%resse& as

[ ]
? 8 ? 8
.
y y x x Ln +

Similarl#' the "elocit# %otential is &ue to a
source 8? at on circle
( )

' y x
an& a sink
8-? at on circle
( )

' y x
.
1
]
1
+ +
+
? 8 ? 8
? 8 ? 8
y y x x
y y x x
Ln

8?
Since 8
x y ?' the "elocit# %otential is a

function of 8*? onl#.
The &ownwar& &is%lacement of the airfoil can
be written as
( ) ab x h z +

Then' u%-wash will be

( )
1
]
1

x
Z
V
t
z
t x w
a
'
-
( ) V ab x h
1
]
1
+
. .

Therefore' the "elocit# %otential &ue to
%itch angle
( )
will be
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x b V dx
y y x x
y y x x
Ln
V
b
1
]
1
+ +
+

8?
Similarl#' "elocit# %otentials &ue to %lunge
motion' 8
.
h
? an& angular "elocit#' 8
.
? are
res%ecti"el# e*%resse& as

.
.
x b h
h

,
_
a
x
b
.
..
x
The total "elocit# %otential &ue to non-
circulator# flow becomes
164
Volume 18 February
2012
Number
2

. + +
h NC

.
8 x a
x
b x b h x b V + +

8?
# ernoulli theorem' the %ressure is obtaine&
as follows

.

,
_

t x
V
t
p

8.?
An& the force 8%ositi"e &ownwar&? an& the
%itching moment 8%ositi"e nose-u%? about the
elastic a*is will be e*%resse& as-
dx b pdx b
FNC

,
_
+
.. . ..
ba V h b

8-?
dx a x
t
b bdx a x p b
MNC
? 8 ? 8
,
_
,
_
+ + +
..

.
.. .
a b V h ba h V b

8?
The Circulator# $low-
To satisf# the (utta con&ition'
Theo&orsen em%lo#s a boun& "orte*
&istribution o"er the airfoil an& a "orte* o"er
the airfoil wake.
n or&er to consi&er wake' assume a boun&
"orte* 8

dx
? at 8
o
X
?' an& a she&

"orte* 8

? at 8
o
X
?.
Then' the "elocit# %otential &ue to "orte* is

1
]
1
o o
X X
Y
X X
Y

tan tan

1
]
1
+ + +

? 8
? 8
tan
Y X X X X
Y X X
o o
o o

Define 8
o o o
x X X +
?' an& 8
' x y x X
?
Then'

+
o o o
x x X

o o
o o
o
x x
x x
X

The "elocit# %otential can be e*%resse& as

1
1
]
1
+ +

? 8 ? 8
? 8
tan
x x x x
x x
o
o

1
1
]
1

o
o
xx x
x x

tan

8?
here

' x

o
x

t is to be note& that the "orte* is mo"ing
awa# from the airfoil with "elocit# of 8+?.
Therefore' b# ernoulli theorem' the %ressure
&ue to the "orte* is

,
_

x
V
t
p

here
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
1

o
o
xx
x x
x x

tan

x x
x
x
o
o

x x
x
x
x
o
o
o

The %ressure at 8? &ue to the "orte* at 8
o
x
?
is
165

x x x
x
x
x
V p
o o
o
1
1
]
1

x x
x x
x x
V
o
o
o
1
1
]
1

8?

+

o
o
x x
x x
V

The force on the whole airfoil &ue to a "orte*
at
? 8
o
x
will be

dx p b F

o
o
o
x
x
x
Vb '

The total force can be calculate& b#
integrating with res%ect to
? 8
o
x

F F

o
o
o
dx
x
x
Vb

Similarl#'

' ? 8
o
x dx a x p b M

M M

1
1
]
1
,
_
dx
x
x
a
x
x
Vb
o
o
o
o

8?
t has to be note& that the force an& moment
are functions of "orte* strength
? 8
.#
a%%l#ing (utta con&ition at trailing e&ge the
"orte* strength can be &etermine&. The total
"elocit# %otential is
. .
+ + +

h
total

. .
8 x a
x
b x b h x b V + + +

# a%%l#ing the (utta con&ition' the following
equation is obtaine&

.
? 8
? 8
x b
x
x b h
x
x b V
x
+
? ?8
8
x
x a
x
b

$inite. At 8*? Therefore'

?
. .
'
+
1
]
1
a b b h b V
x
x
x

Since

x x
x
x
x
o

The following e*%ression is obtaine& from the
abo"e equation.

1
]
1
o
o
x
x
x
x
x

o
o
o
dx
x
x
b
,
_
+ + a b b h b V
. .

Define

Q a b h V dx
x
x
o
o
o

,
_
+ +
. .

Then' the total force an& moment on the airfoil
will be as follows

o
o
o
dx
x
x
Vb F
o
o
o
o
o
o
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
VbQ
1
1
]
1
,
_
dx
x
x
a
x
x
Vb M
o
o
o
o

VbCQ

166
Volume 18 February
2012
Number
2
1
]
1
,
_
a C Q Vb

8?
here 8c? is the Theo&orsen function' an& is
&efine& as
o
o
o
o
o
o
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
C

Assume that the airfoil has a sim%le harmonic
motion

[ ]

+
1
]
1
+
,
_

o
o
kx t i
o
x
b
s
k i
o
e e

t
V
b
k

here
Vt s

Then' Theo&orsen function is e*%resse& as

o
ikx
o
o
o
i ikx t i
o
o
o
dx e
x
x
dx e e e
x
x
C
o
o
o
ikx
o
o
o
ikx
o
o
dx e
x
x
dx e
x
x
o
o

8?
The Theo&orsen function is frequentl# re%lace&
b# sim%le algebraic a%%ro*imation as follows-

ik ik
k C
+
+
+
+
.
-- .
.-- .
- .
- . ? 8

8?
The total force an& moment resulting from the
noncirculator# an& circulator# flows are
e*%resse& as
? 8
.. . ..
k VbQC ba V h b F
1
]
1

? 8
..

. ..
k QC a Vb a b a Vb h ba b M
,
_
+ +
1
]
1
,
_
+
,
_

here
,
_
+ + a b h V Q
. .

f a quasi-stea&# aero&#namic is assume& 8The
aero&#namic characteristics of an airfoil whose
motion consists of "ariable linear an& angular
motions are equal' at an# instant of time' to the
characteristics of the same airfoil mo"ing with
constant linear an& angular "elocities equal to
actual instantaneous "alues.?' then C 8k?
becomes 8?' an& the force an& moment will be

1
]
1
,
_
+ +
1
]
1
+ a b h V Vb ba V h b F
QS
. . .. . ..

1
]
1
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
1
]
1
,
_
+
,
_
a b h V a Vb a b a Vb h ba b M
QS
. .
..
. ..

8.?
. $lutter Equation f The T#%ical Section
Mo&el.
Equation of Motion-
Consi&er the t#%ical section shown in F%60
&9:0

The mo&el has a translation s%ring with
stiffness
? 8
h
k
an& torsion s%ring' with stiffness
? 8

k
. These s%rings are attache& to the airfoil
at the shear center. Therefore' it is two &egrees
of free&om mo&el
? ' 8 h
. An& 8h? is measure&
at the shear center 8elastic a*is?.
The &ownwar& &is%lacement of an# other %oint
on the airfoil is

x h z +

here 8*? is a &istance measure& from the
shear center.
The strain energ# an& the kinetic energ# are
res%ecti"el# gi"en b#

h ! ! "
h
+

dx z

where 8? is the mass %er unite length of
the airfoil.
167

,
_
+ +

dx x xdx h dx h
. . .

Define the following.
Mass
? 8

dx #

The secon& moment of inertia of the airfoil
about shear center'

#$ dx x %

The first moment of inertia of the airfoil about
shear center'

#x xdx S

here
? 8

$
is the ra&ius of g#ration an&
? 8

x

is a &istance from the coor&inate to the mass
center.
Then' the kinetic energ# can be written as
follows

. . .

% h #x h # + +

The "irtual work &ue to the unstea&#
aero&#namic forces is

{ }

+ +

Q h Q dx x h p zdx p &
h

here the force
? 8
h
Q
is %ositi"e &ownwar&
an& moment
? 8

Q
is %ositi"e nose-u%.
agranges equations %ro"i&e the equation of
motion of the airfoil.

( ) ( )
'
Q
'
"
'
"
dt
d
,
_
'
'
'
1
]
1
'
1
]
1
#
(
Q
Q
h
!
! h
#$
#x
#x
#
h
..
..
where
' h '

'
'
1
1
]
1
'
1
1
1
]
1
..
..

#b M
#b F
b h
$
b h
$
x
x
h

where
. ' ' '

b $ $ b x x % ! # !
h h

The harmonic motions 8
t i
o
e h h

?
an& 8
t i
o
e

? assume& the equations of
motion will be-
168
Volume 18 February
2012
Number
2
'
'
1
1
]
1
'
1
1
1
]
1
#b M
#b F
b h
$
b h
x
x
x
h

The unstea&# aero&#namic force an& moment
are

1
]
1
,
_
+ +
1
]
1
+
. .
.. . ..
? 8

a b h V k VbC
ba V h b F

1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_

k
C
a i
k
C
k
i a
k
C i
b
h
b

1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+ +
h h
L a L L
b
h
b

here the re&uce frequenc# is 8
V
b
k

?' an&
'

k
C i L
h

k
C
k
C
i L
+

Similarl#'
( )
1
1
]
1
'
,
_
+
+ +
,
_
+ +
'
,
_
+
h h h h
L
a
M L a M
b
h
L a M b M
here
k
i M M
h
'

Then' the equation of motion can be rewritten
as

'
1
1
]
1
'
1
1
1
]
1
b h
$
b h
$
x
x
h
'
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ + +
,
_
,
_
,
_
b h
L a M L a M
L a L
L a M
L
h h
h
h h
h
? 8

8-?
where the mass ratio is &efine& as 8
b
#

?' 8m? is the airfoil mass %er unit length.
Define 8

? an& 8
h
)
?' then

'
1
1
]
1
'
1
1
1
]
1
b h
$
)
b h
$
x
x
'
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ + +
,
_
,
_
,
_
b h
L a M L a M
L a L
L a M
L
h h
h
h h
h
? 8

45G MET;OD FOR FLUTTER
ANAL.SIS25
The abo"e flutter equation is e*%resse& in the
following matri* form.

[ ] [ ]
'
'

b h
M *
b h
!
i+ i+ i+

169
here 8 i+
!
? is the stiffness matri*' 8 i+
M
?
mass matri*' an& 8 i+
*
? is the aero&#namic
matri*. ote that the aero&#namic is function
of the re&uce& frequenc#' 8k?.
+-g metho& assumes first the artificial
structure &am%ing' 8g?.
[ ] [ ]
i+ i+
! i, ! ? 8 +

This artificial &am%ing in&icates the require&
&am%ing for the harmonic motion. The
eigen"alue of the equation of motion
re%resents a %oint on the flutter boun&ar# if the
corres%on&ing "alue of 8g? equals the assume&
"alue of 8g?.
$or a gi"en re&uce& frequenc#' 8
V
b
k

? will
be a com%le* eigen"alue %roblem.

( )
[ ] [ ]
'
'
+

b h
M *
b h
!
i,
i+ i+ i+

8?

The Eigen "alue is-

i,

$rom this eigen"alue
/e

/e
m
,

ANS.S ANAL.SIS OF WING
MODEL25
The wing mo&el anal#sis in the Ans#s
%rogram is b# using the suitable element for
the work. The 8Shell -? ma# be use& for skin
an& the s%ar web an& the 8eam .? 8D elastic
beam? is use& for the stiffeners in the isotro%ic
case

FLUTTER PROGRAM2 5
The combination between the 8ASS
-..? an& the 8MATA .? is em%lo#e&. The
%rogram is sol"e& b# using the Theo&orsens
theor# with "elocit# &am%ing 8+-g? metho&.
The in%uts of %rogram for the wings mo&el are
. $rom 8ASS -..? the natural
frequencies are taken.
. The static unbalance' frequenc# ratio'
mass ratio' ra&ius of g#ration an& non-
&imensional location of airfoil elastic
a*is.
. Densit# of air at an# altitu&e.
An& the out%uts of %rogram are
- The ben&ing an& torsional mo&e sha%es
for both rectangular an& ta%ere& wings
as shown in $igures a to &.
- The relation between the non-
&imensional %arameter 8k? with
structural &am%ing.
- Calculation of the flutter s%ee&.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS-
RESULTS OF COMPARISON2 5
# using anal#tical an& numerical
solution for the case where 8' r
..' *

.' a -.? it is foun& that the results in the
work are a%%ro*imatel# equal to the results in
references as shown table .The following
%arameter are to be in"estigate&
E!!e#$ o! $he Ch(6%6 W%6 S?%
Th%#?ess
The shell thickness is one of the main
im%ortant "ariables in the wing &esign
therefore the effect of "ariation thickness from
8.m? to 8.-m? was stu&ie& in the
re&uce& frequenc#' flutter s%ee& an& mass for
two t#%es of wing 8rectangular wing an&
straight-ta%ere& wing?.
Re#$(6"*(r W%6
T(@*e &7: shows the shell thickness
effects on the "ibration mo&es. $or the
configuration 8*-? with area 8A..mm
? an&
thickness 8.m? the first two natural
frequencies are equal to 8. ' .-
?' with mass 8.kg?' F%6s0 &/: an& &A:
170
Volume 18 February
2012
Number
2
show the re&uce& frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
.?
an& frequenc# ratio 8
(
.-?. $or these
"alues 8
f
-.-' +
f
...-msec?. ut
when the thickness increases to 8.-m? the
first two natural frequencies are equal to
8-..-' .? with mass 8..kg?'
F%6s0 &</: an& &<A: show the re&uce&
frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
.? an& frequenc#
ratio 8
(
.? an& 8
f
-..' +
f
.-ms?. $rom F%6s &B:3 &C: &=:3 &<8:
&<<:3 &<7: &<9: an& &<1: it is foun& that the
re&uce& frequenc# is increase& while the
frequenc# ratio &ecreases therefore the flutter
s%ee& is increase& with thickness i.e. mass
increases an& the effect of thickness on the
flutter s%ee& is un&er in"estigation.
T(,ered W%6
T(@*e &9: shows that the effects of
thickness are high on the flutter s%ee&. $or
thickness 8.m? the first two natural
frequencies are equal to 8.' .
?' with mass 8..-kg? an& F%6s0 &<B: an&
&<C: show the re&uce& frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
.-? an& frequenc# ratio 8
(
..? an&
8
f
-.' +
f
-.ms?. An& for
thickness 8.-m? the first two natural
frequencies are equal to 8...'
.-?' with mass 8.kg?' F%6s0 &7B:
an& &7C: show the re&uce& frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
..--? an& frequenc# ratio 8
(
.-? an& 8
f
-..-.-' +
f

.-ms?. F%6s &<=:3 &78:3 &7<:3 &77:3
&79:3 &71:3 &7/: an& &7A: show the thickness
effect on flutter s%ee& for ta%er wing t#%e.
$rom the static solution &Me#h(%#(*
(d E*e#$r%#(* S+s$e-s3 O,er($%o M("(*3
Boe%6 Co--er#%(* A%r,*(e Co-,(+
<=C1:. the o%timum thickness is taken for the
wings 8.m? for rectangular wing an&
8.m? for ta%ere& wing.
EFFECT OF T;E USED MATERIAL
ne of the im%ortant an& necessar#
factors in the wing &esign is the material that is
use&. The material chosen gi"es the high
resistance with little weight 8high resistance to
weight ratio?. Therefore' three t#%es of
materials to buil& the wing structure are teste&
in this work.
Re#$(6"*(r W%625
$rom T(@*e &1: the 8a&". Aluminum? is
use& in the wing &esign. $or configuration
8*-? with thickness equal to 8.m? the first
two natural frequencies are equal to 8.'
..-? with mass 8.-.kg? an& F%6s.
&7=: an& &98: show the re&uce& frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
.? an& frequenc# ratio 8
(
.? an& 8
f
.' +
f
-.ms?.
An& for the same thickness for 8--T? the
8. ' .- ?' with mass 8.kg?
an& F%6s0 &/: an& &A: show the re&uce&
frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
.? an& frequenc#
ratio 8
(
.-?. $or these "alues 8
f

-.-' +
f
...-msec?. $rom T(@*e
&/: an& for the same thickness when using the
8TiA.+? the first two natural frequencies are
equal to 8-.-' .? with mass
8. kg?. F%6s0 &99: an& &91: show the
re&uce& frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
...? an&
frequenc# ratio 8
(
.? an& 8
f

.--' +
f
-...ms?. $rom abo"e it
is clear that the effects of the materials 8--
T? an& 8A&".Aluminum? are a%%ro*imatel#
equal in angular flutter frequenc# but the
&ifference in the flutter s%ee& is equal to
8..-? using the same mass. ut when using
8TiA.+? the angular flutter frequenc# is less
than the 8--T? an& 8A&".Aluminum? while
171
the flutter s%ee& is greater with high "alue of
mass. The %ercentage between 8TiA.+? an&
8--T? is equal to 8.?' an& 8TiA.+?'
8A&".Aluminum? is equal to 8.?. The
%ercentages &iffer because of the wing mass
&ifference.
TAPERED WING
$rom T(@*e &A:'an& when using the
8a&". Aluminum? in the wing &esign with
changing thickness' it is seen that for
configuration 8*-? with thickness equal to
8.m? the first two natural frequencies are
equal to 8..' ..? with mass
8.-kg?' F%6s0 &9<: an& &97: show the
re&uce& frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
..-? an&
frequenc# ratio 8
(
..-? an& 8
f

.' +
f
--.-ms?. An& for the
same thickness for 8--T? the first two
natural frequencies are equal to 8.'
.-?' with mass 8..kg?' F%6s0 &<9:
an& &<1: show the re&uce& frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
..-? an& frequenc# ratio 8
(
..? an& 8
f
-.--' +
f
-....msec?. $rom T(@*e &B: an& for the
same thickness when using the 8TiA.+? the
8.' .? with mass 8.--kg?'
F%6s0 &9/: an& &9A: show the re&uce&
frequenc# 8
k
b
V
(
-.-? an& frequenc#
ratio 8
(
..-? an& 8
f
--..' +
f
--.-ms?. $rom abo"e' it is foun& that
the effects of the materials 8--T? an&
8A&".Aluminum? are &ifferent in angular
flutter frequenc# but the flutter s%ee&
&ifference %ercentage is equal to 8.-? with
the same mass a%%ro*imatel#. ut when using
8TiA.+? it is foun& that the angular flutter
frequenc# is less than the 8--T? an&
8A&".Aluminum? while the flutter s%ee& is
greater with high "alue for mass. The
%ercentage &ifference between 8TiA.+? an&
8--T? is equal to 8.? an& 8TiA.+?
8A&".Aluminum? is equal to 8.?. These
&ifferences are because of the wing mass
&ifference.
$rom abo"e' the material 8--T? is
recommen&e& for both wings rectangular an&
ta%er because it gi"es goo& results for flutter
s%ee& an& angular flutter frequenc# with little
mass.
F%6s0 &<: an& &7: show the ben&ing an& torsion
mo&e sha%es an& the corres%on&ing
&eformations of the material' t#%e 8--T? in
configuration 8*-? an& shell thickness
8.m? with beam cross section area of
8..*
-
m
?. These &eformations are &ue to

free "ibration in the rectangular wing. F%6s0 &9:
an& &1: show the ben&ing an& torsion mo&e
sha%es an& the corres%on&ing &eformations of
the material' t#%e 8--T? in configuration
8*-? an& shell thickness 8.m? with beam
cross section area of 8..*
-
m
?. These
&eformations are &ue to free "ibration of the
ta%ere& wing.
CONCLUSIONS
$rom the results achie"e& in this work the
following %oints ma# be conclu&e&.
ncrease of ra&ius of g#ration 8r
? ten&s to
increase the flutter s%ee& es%eciall# for higher
mass ratio. The static unbalance 8*
? increases
8the &istance between the rotation center an&
center of gra"it#? the flutter s%ee& &ecreases
because of the strong cou%ling between
hea"ing an& %itching motion.
The flutter s%ee& is sensiti"e to the ratio
of uncou%ling natural frequencies'
where the increasing of the frequenc#
ratio increases the flutter s%ee& an& the
flutter s%ee& has a minimum near 8

h
?.ith structure &am%ing
omitte& the t#%ical section mo&el is
neutrall# stable until 8+ +
f
? for 8+
+
f
? the ben&ing an& torsion frequencies
merge an& for 8+ +
f
? the s#stem is
unstable.
ith inclu&ing structure &am%ing 8g?
for small 8+? all "alues of structure
&am%ing 8g? are stable an& flutter s%ee&
172
Volume 18 February
2012
Number
2
is sufficientl# large 8+? where structure
&am%ing 8g? changes its sign from
negati"e to %ositi"e.
The higher wing as%ect ratio &ecreases
the flutter s%ee&' while the increasing
of the ta%er ratio increases the flutter
s%ee&. The flutter s%ee& changes
linearl# with the altitu&e an& it is
increase& with increasing the altitu&e.
$lutter %re"ention can be summari)e&
b# a&&ing mass or re&istribute mass so
that 8*
? mass balance' increases

torsional stiffness i.e. increase 8
?'
ncreasing or &ecreasing 8
h
? if it is
near one 8for fi*e&
?' a&&ing &am%ing

to the structure an& require the aircraft
to be flown below its critical mach
number.
REFERENCES25
ala (rishnan A.+. 8?' Towar& a
Mathematical Theor# of Aero elasticit#
$light S#stems /esearch Center.
!CA.
Darrol Stinton. 8--?' The Design of
the Aero%lane. s%. Professional ooks
*for&' Englan&.
Massimo ianchin' ,iuse%%e
uaranta#' Paolo Mantega))a. 8?'
State S%ace /e&uce& r&er Mo&els for
Static Aeroelasticit# an& $light
Mechanics of $le*ible Aircrafts.
De%artment of Engineering' Milano.
tal#.
Mechanical an& Electrical S#stems
8-.?. %eration Manual' oeing
Commercial Air%lane Com%an#.
Sa&eghi M.' ang# S.' iu) $.' Tsai*
. M. 8?' Parallel Com%utation of
ing $lutter with a Cou%le& a"ier-
StokesCSD Metho&. AAA ..
Theo&ore Theo&orsen. 8--?' ,eneral
Theor# of Aero&#namic nstabilit# an&
the Mechanism of $lutter. ACA
/e%ort o..-.
!e&a T. an& Dowell E. . 8-.?'
$lutter Anal#sis !sing onlinear
Aero&#namic $orce. J. of Aircraft'
+ol.' o..
ang T. . 8-?' $lutter Anal#sis of
a ACA .A Airfoil in Small
Disturbance Transonic $low. J. of
Aircraft' +ol..
S+-@o*s25
173
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2012
Number
2
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Volume 18 February
2012
Number
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185

Flutter Speed Limits of Subsonic Wings

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Flutter Speed Limits of Subsonic Wings

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Journal of Engineering

x y ?' the "elocit# %otential is a

?' an& a she&

?. These &eformations are &ue to

? mass balance' increases

?' a&&ing &am%ing

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