10/21/13 Psychoanalysis Setting the stage for psychoanalysis Began with the publishing of Freud's book in 1895 What

hat was the situation at this time Wundt's system is in place! "itchener# and $ust beginning to de%elop structuralism& Functionalism is beginning to de%elop& Functionalism is e%olutionary 'sychoanalysis is now rising When Freud dies! functionalism dies! as well as structuralism! and titchener now beha%iorism and gestalt psychology are ali%e Beha%iorism has ( stages 'sychoanalysis is uni)ue because* +ot de%eloped in uni%ersities Wundt's was in uni%ersities Psychoanalysis is strictly applied science ,rrises in medician and psychiatry Sub$ect matter is psychopathology and 'rimary method is clinical obser%ation or case studies-methods .e%olutionary %s /%olutionary Was psychoanalysis re%olutionary or e%olutionary as the history of psychology goes +either 0nfluences on psychology "here are ( ma$or influences on the psychoanalytic mo%ement philosophy early ideas about psychology e%olution Psychology Willhelm 1eibnit2 proposes monadology 3 study of monads 4 elements of reality# which are une5tended psychic entities# mental in nature# but they ha%e physical components# primarily mental but ha%e physical aspects# can be put together into extensions! which are put together into e5tensions that liken to your perspecti%e perceptions ha%e different degrees of consciousness ranging from completely unconsciousness! to clearly conscious lesser degrees of consciousness are petite perceptions process called apperception

6erbart talks about thresholds anything below the threshold is below the conscious! anything below it can rise into conscious awareness# and can use apperception for that to happen! must be an idea in consciousness that is inhibited to rise up-appercei%ed! it has to ha%e something that links it to consciousness Fechner iceberg metaphor pleasure principle# psychic energy# aggression in his work 1iterature focus on how unconscious forces affect us 7r& 8ekyll and 9r& 6yde :hard as it gets; /arly ideas about psychopathology Babylionians 3 affect somebody's ways to function# due to demon possession# treat through magic and prayer ,ncient hebrew culture < said psychopathology was punishment for sin# treated through magic and prayer =reeks 3 disordered thought processes# treat with words 4 >hristianity < ?th century 4 possession by e%il spirits 4 treat with torture and e5ecution in)uisition becomes important# witchcraft# torture 18th century! gets better# people that are cra2y get locked up w-o treatment /arly human treatments on psychopathology Juan luis vives 3 treat humanely Philippe Pinel 3 psychological disorders are natural phenomena! which can be treated through natural science a lot of 9>-9atching on e5am Dorothea Dix 3 @S 19th centurey! pushing state legislatures to treat people humanely :psychos; Benjamin Rush opens first psychiatric practice in @S# first hospital for t5 of emotional disturbances# first to use sedation techni)ue# 19th century 3 somatic school thought# and psychic school thought body lesions o%erly tight ner%es "ight ner%es mind emotions A psychological

"he emmanuel mo%ement fostered the psychic approach emmanuel church healing mo%ement argued for the use of psychotherapy talk therapy! groups indi%iduals! any priest-clergymen from denomination can use this power of suggestion# moral authority of clergymen-priest 6ypnosis from the work of Fran2 9esmer belie%ed the human body contained a magnetic force that operated the magnets used by physicists the animal magnetism could penetrate ob$ects and act on them from a distance could also cure ner%ous disorders Carcot and Janet neurohypnology >harcot 4 used hypnosis for hysteria# identified symptoms of hysteria# defined hysteria for medical terminology 8anet 4 says there's no physical e5planation for hysteria# only mental# due to memory impairments# shifts bodily e5planation to the mind 10/23/13 Evolution Dar in discussed such ideas as unconscious mental processes and conflicts! dreams! hidden symbolism! and se5ual arousal insisted humans were dri%en by the unconscious biological forces of lo%e and hunger Freud had read 7arwin's work Bther influences the !eitgeist in late 19th century Cienna permissi%e toward se5 in general allowed passion! prostitution! and pornography this interest in se5 was apparent in e%eryday life and scientific literature 18?5 ,dolph 'at2e kids as young as (! a se5 dri%e is already present ideas about dream symbolism! catharsis! and libido "igmund #reud 1e%els of consciousness ,ccording to Freud! awareness occurs when moti%es enter* :9,">60+=; >onsciousness from the&&& :focus of awareness; Preconscious 3 part of the psyche that contains our thoughts! feelings! sensations! and memories $nconscious 3 part of the psyche that is not directly a%ailable to us iceberg e5ample

 Repressed 3 when they are pushed back down 'ersonality %nstincts propelling or moti%ating forces the biological forces that release mental energy sources of stimulation within the body not inherited predispositions to act in certain ways 1ife instincts :eros; 3 include hunger! thirst! se5! self<preser%ation 7eath instinct :thanatos& 3 destructi%e tendencies# directed inward or outward# inward is masochism or suicide# outward is hatred and aggression 'i(ido psychic energy which propels you to pleasurable thoughts and beha%iors "he structure of personality 3 according to Freud %d) Ego) "uperego %d 3 present at birth! completely unconscious! e5presses se5ual and aggressi%e instincts! operates on the pleasure principle! contains your libido 0d D 0mpulsi%e :00; de%il on your shoulder "uperego 3 last system to de%elop-not present at birth! partly conscious-mostly unconscious! represents conscience and the rules of society! follows internali2ed moral standards! operates on the ego ideal like the angel on your shoulder Superego D Society :SS; Ego 3 emerges after birth with early formati%e e5periences# partly conscious-unconscious# mediates between desires of the id and demands of the superego# operates on the reality principle :reason and rationality; /go D Balance Summing @p* Working "ogether 0deally the ( parts work together "he ego satisfies the demands of the id in a reasonable! moral manner appro%ed by the superego 'sychose5ual stages as infants mature! their libido becomes focused on different sensiti%e parts of the body during stages of de%elopment Stages* oral! anal! phallic! latency! genital *ral 3 birth to 18 months# focused on the mouth# se5ual tension is relie%ed by sucking-swallowing and later by chewing-biting when baby teeth come in# fi5ation linked to such personality characteristics as lack of confidence-sarcasm-argumentati%eness +nal 3 18 months to (&5 years# focus on the anus# toilet training begins# if parents are too strict about it the children throw tantrums-become obstinate-stingy-orderly# if parents are too lenient the kid becomes messy-unorgani2ed-sloppy

 Phallic 3 after age (# focus on genitals# de%elop attachment to parent of opposite se5# become $ealous of same se5 parent# oedipus complex ,or (oys- electra complex ,or girls# phallic fi5ation may prompt feelings of low self<esteem-shyness-worthlessness 'atency 3 5<1( years# children lose interest in se5ual beha%ior# play with same gender# neither se5 pays attention to the other se5 .enital 3 begins at puberty# se5ual impulses reawaken# in lo%emaking the adolescent and adult can satisfy unfulfilled desires from infancy and childhood 10/25/13 De,ense /echanisms "he ego's $ob is difficult& 0t must protect us from anxiety 3 a state of displeasure when we percei%e a danger to the ego& 7efense mechanisms ser%e to protect the person from this pain though if misused! they can become pathological! or the issue itself& Repression 3 block any type of wishes! impulses! painful memories! intrusi%e thoughts& Block it and stop it from entering conscious awareness! totally in%oluntary& Displacement 3 satisfy the instinct by finding another! or secondary ob$ect to satisfy# rather than the primary& Projection 3 when we ha%e some instinct! attitude! or beha%ior that we assign to a different ob$ect or person& 0t reduces an5iety by shifting outside of us! and allows us to aggress against it& Regression 3 shift from a mature state! to a childlike state "u(limation 3 we re<channel and impulse to something more socially acceptable& S07/ +B"/* displacement 4 instinct stays the same 4 ob$ect changes sublimation 4 instinct changes 4 ob$ect stays the same Denial 3 if there is an ugly life situation you're in the middle of! think the best thing to do is deny it's going on Reaction #ormation 3 whate%er emotion is linked to a specific instinct! you change that and go with the opposite& /5 3 hate somebody! then become friends Rationali0ation 3 when you process an emotion intellectually so you don't ha%e to feel it %denti,ication 3 when you model the beha%ior of somebody who has been successful in satisfying their needs

+ssessment 1echni2ues Freud used three assessment techni)ues to understand the personalities of his patients& #ree association 3 one idea flows to the ne5t! to the ne5t! on and on& /%entually! they get to a point where they hit a wall 3 and that's where Freud wants them to get to& 6e calls that point resistance 1rans,erence 3 is where you take an attitude or beha%ior towards some person from childhood! and you assign that attitude or beha%ior elsewhere& 'ositi%e transference 3 you transfer warm-affectionate feelings +egati%e transference 3 you transfer hostile and angry feelings "ake it out on therapist =oal of therapy is to ween yourself from this childlike dependence on the therapist! so you can function like an adult&

 Dream analysis 3#reud) 1944& 3 wish fulfillment "wo types of content /ani,est 3 surface meaning! details you remember from dream 'atent deeper meaning! where symbolism lies and what they mean for the indi%idual #inal 1houghts on #reud5 6is Philosophical Determinism Free Will or 7eterminism Freud strongly aggred with 7eterminism 3 all acts are to be determined ,ll mental e%ents! including dreams! are predetermined& "hey ha%e either a conscious or unconscious source-determinate& What system does his inclusion of analysis indicate =et into positi%ism Freud said any phenomena could be reduced to the principles of natural science& ,re people machines "akes a positi%istic<deterministic approach Ees! initially& .eali2es before his death! that that's wrong& 7ealing with a personality! you can't deal with it from methods like physics and chemistry& #reud vs7 the Psychological 8orld 7id not use e5perimental research methods& .elied on free association! dream analysis! and case studies& +o data collection from controlled e5periments& +o statistics to analy2e results& >riticisms 7ata collection methods ha%e been attacked considerably for the following reasons* Conditions 3 the conditions under which Freud collected data were unsystematic and uncontrolled& Recall 3 when he was trying to recall what patients were saying! might ha%e been recalling incorrectly or with bias& %n,erred 3 Freud could'%e inferred child se5ual seduction that patients stated "ample 3 cannot generali2e to a population :he used case studies! which are only small groups;& 9otes vs7 Case 6istories 3 contradictory when e5amined 9o o(server reports 3 getting info from people with psychological issues! how accurate can that info be Psychoanalytic treatment 3 e5pensi%e and takes a long time to run 10/28/13 Psychoanalysis +,ter the #ounding5 1he 9eo:#reudians 9eo:#reudians and Ego Psychology ,dhered to central premises of psychoanalysis but modified the system& /5panded the concept of the ego more independent from the id had its own source of energy

 had its own functions separate from the id 'laced less emphasis on biological forces as influences on personality the role of social and psychological forces shifted from nature perspecti%es! to social and psychological factors 9inimi2ed the importance of infantile se5uality and the Bedipus comple5 psychose5ual :Freud; %s psychosocial :neo<freudians; +nna #reud Fey points 19GH 3 'ublishes 0ntroduction to the "echni)ue of >hild ,nalysis >ontributions play materials and the obser%ation of the child in the home setting e5panded the role of the ego functioning independently of the id ga%e defense mechanisms more precise definition and contributed e5amples from her analyses of children /elanie ;lein Bb$ect .elations "heory Iob$ectJ according to Freud 3 ob$ects were any person! ob$ect! thing! or acti%ity that can satisfy an impulse initially that's the breast! then the mother! then other people Focus of ob$ect relations focus of ob$ect relations is the interpersonal relationships between these ob$ects in particular! any social or en%ironmental factors child mother relationship 9ost crucial in personality de%elopment 9o%ing away from that relationship with the mother! to other relationships with other people-ob$ects! and de%elop a sense of self 7e%elopment across time part ob$ect :the breast;! then mo%es into the whole relationship with the mother! and then relationships outside nature and nurture Carl Jung >ontended the libido comprised all the life forces and not $ust the se5ual ones Saw the unconscious as the ego's source of strength and %itality @nconscious has two parts* Personal $nconscious your own thoughts! impulses! desires! dreams# belongs to you# your own personal history of things that get deeply tucked away Collective $nconscious 3 the shared storehouse of memories that we all share# passed down generations through people# a collecti%e memory +rcheotypes 3 are thought forms common to all human beings images! patterns! and symbols that can be found in dreams! religion! literature! mythology! and fairy tailes What are some /other 3 we are born into the world and need a nurturing figure to guide us through the early years of our life! which is our mother& Persona 3 the social role we occupy in society and our understanding of it& "he mask we wear# the compromise we make between our social identity and our true

identity& "hado 3 comes from our pre<human! animal past! when our only goal was sur%i%al and reproduction not good! not e%il a demon or a dragon! snake or monster +nima 3 the female aspect in males +nimus 3 the male aspect in females Child 3 represented in mythology mostly by infants! but also by small creatures +nimal 3 represents the bond humanity shares with the animal kingdom :snake; .od 3 man's need to comprehend the uni%erse and to assign a meaning to all that happens Psychological 1ypes 8ung also proposed two fundamental attitudes that aid the person in relating to e5perience& "hey include* 0ntro%ersion 3 libido is directed inward! so they're sub$ecti%e /5tro%ersion 3 libido is directed outward! so they're ob$ecti%e 8ung also proposed ,our ,unctions or ways in which people can relate to their world "hey include* "hinking 3 process pro%iding understanding and meaning Feeling 3 sub$ecti%e process of weighing and %aluing Sensing 3 conscious process of percei%ing physical ob$ects 0ntuiting 3 percei%ing in an unconscious way 10/30/2013 8ung used two assessment techni)ues to understand his patients 7ream ,nalysis :amplification; 4 dreams ha%e multiple meanings had the patient and the therapist assign meaning to the dreams the person had and try and understand the symbols for the therapist the symbols are uni%ersal in meaning for the patient it's their personal meaning also said you should analy2e more than one dream! maybe in a series Word ,ssociation "est "his goes back to =alton 8ung studied how long it took for the person to gi%e a reply from their personal history the longer it took! the more likely there was an issue in the psyche associated with that word

+l,red +dler 0ndi%idual 'sychology* says human beha%ior is determined by social forces! not biological ones& 7ownplayed se5ual factors! focused on conscious! not unconscious determinance people's goals and the anticipation of future e%ents affect current beha%ior did not agree with Freud on the inferiority of women# reason why men to that is to bolster their own stature

Social interest* cooperating with others to achie%e personal and societal goals de%elops in infancy through learning e5periences not prewired! something that's actually culti%ated Stri%ing for Superiority 0nferiority feelings* ser%e as a moti%ating force in beha%ior originates in infancy infants are %ery dependent on their caregi%ers! need them for sur%i%al because of this dependency! they de%elop inferiority feelings# child doesn't like those feelings and so is moti%ated to do something about it and rise abo%e# to better him or herself along with society when people try to compensate for the inferiority feeling! they de%elop an inferiority comple5 "uperiority complex 3 where you o%ercompensate for those inferiority comple5 feelings# inflated %iew of yourself Style of life the beha%iors by which we compensate for real life or imagined inferiority it is fairly well established by about 5 years of age made up of* inner goal orientation of the person en%ironment in which can affect the direction the person is mo%ing in < primary styles o, li,e5 ruling type 3 aggressi%e and dominant# no concern for social interest socially useful type 3 large amounts of social interest and engage in a lot of social acti%ity getting type 3 %ery dependent! more willing to take than gi%e a%oiding type 3 don't want to deal with life problems! detach themsel%es! poor coping mechanisms Birth order one factor in determining your style of life is the ordinal position of birth and the e5periences you had in childhood family constellation though each sibling may be raised in the same household! they are likely to e5hibit different personalities as their indi%idual e5periences %ary

11/1/13 ;aren 6orney 7isagreements with Freud 7enied the factor of se5ual factors in de%elopment >hallenged oedipus comple5 7iscarded concept of libido! and three parts of personality Basic an5iety* >hallenge of life is 4 to interact effecti%ely with others that doesn't always happen it's a per%asi%e feeling of loneliness neuroses negati%e factors in a child's en%ironment lead to insecurity 4 basic e%ils e5amples* how parent interacts with child# bullying# substance abuse Basic hostility! child is dri%en to li%e in a safe and secure en%ironment +eurotic needs are coping mechanisms to help the child deal with these basic e%ils in the en%ironment +ggressive style 3 you're mo%ing against others Compliant style 3 mo%ing towards others-with others Detached mo%ing away from others 0deali2ed Self<image* what we think we should be for most people! the ideali2ed real self&&&& kind of match up for the most part-coincide-fit together whereas for the neurotic they are&&& that's not the case# they are discrepent and separated %astly from one another ,10/+,"0B+ 3 %iew sel%es as ideali2ed :Body 7ismorphic 7isorder; Eri= Eri=son /5panded Freud's psychoanalytical theory in four important ways 0ncreased our understanding of the ego 0dentifies a social dimension in each of Freud's stages Stated that de%elopment occurs across the entire life span Studied the impact of culture! society! and history on the de%eloping person 'sychosocial stages proposed 8 psychosocial stages that center on a conflict! or li,e crisis! e5perienced at different periods of time! but also the chance to de%elop new ego strengths which he called (asic virtues Epigenetic psychosocial stage theory "e2uential 3 one after another stages ,ll ha%e critical periods during which time the crisis has to be dealt with :successful flourishes! if they don't they flounder; Beha%iors gained in one stage carry o%er to the ne5t stage :cumulati%e; 6is 8 stages are as follows

.estalt Psychology Revolutionary vs Evolutionary 8as .estalt psychology revolutionary or evolutionary as the history o, psychology goes> BB"6 FB. "6/ F0.S" "09/ .e%olutionary 4 =ermany 4 Wundt 4 Fighting Wundt 4 7isagreed with breaking down consciousness into parts 19(5 4 9o%e to @S to fight "itchener Beha%iorism remo%es conscious from psychology# $ust the study of beha%ior >hange what were studying in psychology! offers another %iew of learning! looking at perception research not $ust sensation research %mmanuel ;ant When we percei%e ob$ects! we encounter mental states that appear to be composed of pieces But the pieces are arranged meaningfully not through a mechanical process of association! but through the process of perception :acti%e process; Ernst /ach Wrote the analysis of sensation argued that our perception of an ob$ect does not change e%en if we change our orientation of it 3perceptual constancies& Christian ?on Ehren,els /5panded 9ach's idea proposed )ualities of e5perience that cannot be e5plained as combinations of sensory elements called ,orm 2ualities whole is greater than the sum of its parts 11/4/13 *thers 8orth /entioning 8illiam James consciousness is a continuous flow# if you make it artificial you distort it do not see e5perience as bundles of sensations! but as wholes Phenomenology "tump, "he unbiased description of immediate e5perience# study e5perience as it occurs don't break it down into parts #ran0 Brentano ,ct psychology 3 focus on mental acti%ities! not mental elements Changing Zeitgeist in Physics (ESSAY QUES !"# "# $!#A% E&A'( 'hysics was becoming less atomistic due to the acceptance of the idea of ,ields o, ,orce the space trans%ersed by lines# particles /5ample 3 magnetism these force fields are new structural entities! not summations of the effects of indi%idual elements or particles :whole is greater than the sum of its parts;

in physics! 9a5 'lanck was one of the key figures at the time# Fohler was training with him! who was one of the ( founders of =estalt psychology

1he Phi Phenomenon the illusion that two stationary flashing lights are mo%ing from one place to another :carni%al; /5plaining it 3 Wundt asked how he e5plains it could not be reduced to anything simpler and e5isted as it was percei%ed Wertheimer published his results in 191G in an article entitled! 'Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement' 9arked the formal beginning of the =estalt psychology school of thought 1he 9e .estalt Psychology .estalt What does the term mean 0s it easy to figure out "wo uses by Fohler uses the term to describe whole ob$ects to describe general properties of ob$ects :tempo 3 melodies# triangles 3 melodies; 8ust Sensation and 'erception :SK'; studied learning! memory! social psychology! moti%ation! decision making! etc& "tudies o, learning Fohler studied the problem sol%ing abilities of chimpan2ees studies were conducted in-around the animal's cages in%ol%ed simple props such as the bars of the cages! bananas! sticks! and bo5es Fohler made them reali2e they had to take a step back and look at the whole problem in order to get to a solution! they ha%e to restructure the perceptual feel 0nsight learning 3 the ,haL 9oment# where the step back helped sol%e Productive thin=ing in humans Wertheimer proposed that thinking is done in term of wholes >at bo5 :thorndike; Wertheimer didn't like that because it couldn't see the whole problem# must utili2e trial and error instead 'roblem sol%ing 4 deal with wholes! then work your way to the parts "he effect of this approach 4 mechanical drill were generally limiting# can be useful for certain things! but should not be the beginning and end of how you study %somorphism With wholes established&&& we see things in wholes! not as parts @nanswered )uestion 3 real %s apparent mo%ement We see apparent mo%ement as real# real )uestion is that the brain regards these two types of mo%ement in the same way 1ooked at the brain mechanisms in%ol%ed in perception and see how they related to one another Saw brain acti%ity as a configural! whole process

'erception is like a map 3 its representation of our world is a representation of our real world in close appro5imations that are generally reliable

/id 19@4s ,n established mo%ement at this time in =ermany 19(Ms 3 +a2is came to power so they fled to the @S Why does it fail in the @S < A reasons >ome in telling "itchener he's wrong! but he's been gone for GM years :along with structuralism; Beha%iorism is already in its second stage :neobeha%iorism! and Skinner is the top dog; =o to small uni%ersities! but there are no graduate programs# so nobody can carry on your ideas /%erybody thought they did sensation and perception research only 9ost of their publications were in =erman Battling Behaviorism 0f it was pointless to protest "itchener's Structuralism! then there was only one target left 3 Behaviorism What were the criticisms of beha%iorism 7isagreed with breaking things into parts beha%iorism remo%es consciousness from psychology 0ntrospection :beha%iorism gets rid of introspection;# they belie%e its a %iable method& 11/)/13 ;urt 'e in #ield 1heory < arose in psychology as a counterpart to the concept of force fields in physics uses the concepts of fields of force to e5plain beha%ior in terms of one's field of social influences 1ife Space 3 psychological N3O person N3O /n%ironment 4 Buter World a person's psychological acti%ities are confined in this psychological field includes all the past present and future e%ents that affects current beha%ior reflects de%elopment of the person as you go across your life! you gain more e5periences! as well as a %ariety of e5periences adult life spaces should be more rich Says you cannot use statistical techni)ues used by other fields they analy2e at the group le%el! not indi%idual use a form of toolpology 6elps you look at all the person's life goals! and all the different directions they can get there# an indi%idual analysis 9oti%ation proposed a basic state of balance between the person and the en%ironment any disturbance leads to tension! which leads to some action to relie%e the tension and restore balance had participants come in and do acti%ities to accomplish a task! when they did it

successfully they were relie%ed# if not they were tense What if 0 don't let them complete the task 6uman moti%ation then !eigarni= E,,ect Social 'sychology Work in group dynamics "ocial ,ields 3 groups in relation to their en%ironment /mphasi2ed social action research studied integrated housing! e)ual employment opportunities! and the de%elopment and pre%ention of pre$udice in childhood >riticisms perceptual processes were not approached as a scientific problem to be studied! but as something to simply be accepted "he =estalt position was %ague and basic concepts not defined with sufficient rigor to be scientifically meaningful were too focused on theory at the e5pense of research and empirical data their research was inferior since it lacked ade)uate controls and un)uantifiable data which was not amenable to statistical analysis >ontributions retained a separate identity and so its ma$or tenets were not fully absorbed into mainstream psychology :doesn't seem like a good thing; saw conscious e5perience as a legitimate sub$ect for study though admitted it cannot be in%estigated with the same precision as o%ert beha%ior