tense

Affirmative.Negati ve/ Question

A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?

Use

Signal Words

Simple Present

action in the present al"a!s# taking place once, neverever! $# never# or several times normall!# facts often# actions taking place seldom# one after another sometimes# action set ! a usuall! timeta le or schedule if sentences t!pe % &If I talk, ' action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place onl! for a limited period of time action arranged for the future at the moment# (ust# (ust no"# )isten*# )ook*# no"# right no"

Present A: He is speaking. Progressive N: He is not speaking. Q: %s he speaking?

Simple Past A: He spoke. !esterda!# + action in the past N: He did not speak. taking place once, neverminutes Q: Did he speak? ago# in or several times ,--.# the actions taking place other da!# one after another last /rida! action taking place in if sentence the middle of another t!pe %% &If action I talked, ' Past A: He "as speaking. action going on at a "hen# "hile# Progressive N: He "as not certain time in the past as long as speaking. actions taking place Q: Was he at the same time speaking? action in the past that is interrupted ! another action Present A: He has spoken.

putting emphasis on alread!#

Perfect Simple

N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?

the result action that is still going on action that stopped recentl! finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once# never or several times efore the moment of speaking putting emphasis on the course or duration &not the result' action that recentl! stopped or is still going on finished action that influenced the present

ever# (ust# never# not !et# so far# till no"# up to no"

Present A: He has een Perfect speaking. Progressive N: He has not een speaking. Q: Has he een speaking?

all da!# for 0 !ears# since ,--1# ho" long?# the "hole "eek

Past Perfect A: He had spoken. Simple N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?

action taking place alread!# (ust# efore a certain time in never# not !et# once# the past until that da! sometimes if sentence interchangea le "ith t!pe %%% &If past perfect progressive I had putting emphasis onl! talked, ' on the fact &not the duration' action taking place for# since# efore a certain time in the "hole da!# all da! the past sometimes interchangea le "ith past perfect simple putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action

Past Perfect A: He had een Progressive speaking. N: He had not een speaking. Q: Had he een speaking?

Future I Simple

A: He "ill speak. action in the future in a !ear# N: He "ill not speak. that cannot e influenced ne2t $# Q: Will he speak? tomorro" spontaneous decisio %f3Sat4 5!p % n &If you ask assumption "ith her, shewill regard to the future help you.' assumption6 % think# pro a l!# perhaps A: He is going to decision made for speak. the future N: He is not going to conclusion "ith speak. regard to the future Q: %s he going to speak?

Future I Simple &going to'

in one !ear# ne2t "eek# tomorro"

Future I A: He "ill e Progressive speaking. N: He "ill not e speaking. Q: Will he e speaking? Future II Simple A: He "ill have spoken. N: He "ill not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?

action that is going in one !ear# ne2t "eek# on at a certain time in tomorro" the future action that is sure to happen in the near future ! 7onda!# action that "ill e finished at a certain in a "eek time in the future

Future II A: He "ill have een action taking place Progressive speaking. efore a certain time in N: He "ill not have the future een speaking. putting emphasis on Q: Will he have een the course of an action speaking? Conditional I A: He "ould speak. action Simple N: He "ould not that might take place speak. Q: Would he speak? Conditional I A: He "ould e Progressive speaking.

for $# the last couple of hours# all da! long

if sentences t!pe %% &If I were you, I would go home.'

action that might take

N: He "ould not e speaking. Q: Would he e speaking? Conditional II Simple A: He "ould have spoken. N: He "ould not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?

place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action action that might have taken place in the past if sentences t!pe %%% &If I had seen that, I would have helped.'

Conditional A: He "ould have action that might II een speaking. have taken place in the Progressive N: He "ould not past have een speaking. puts emphasis on Q: Would he have the course / duration of een speaking? the action