PSPICE for Thevenin and Norton Equivalents PSpice Review DC analysis is one of the standard analyses that we can

perform using PSpice. Other standard analyses include transient, AC, and Fourier. Under DC analysis, there are two kinds of simulation that PSpice can e ecute! DC nodal analysis and DC sweep. "n the pre#ious la$ we did DC nodal analysis, $ut now we will look at it in more detail. 1. DC Nodal Anal sis PSpice allows dc nodal analysis to $e performed on sources with an attri$ute of the form DC % #alue and pro#ides the dc #oltage at each node of the circuit and dc $ranch currents if re&uired. 'o #iew dc node #oltages and $ranch currents re&uires adding two kinds of additional parts, shown at right. 'he sym$ol (")*PO"+' is connected to each node at which the #oltage is to $e #iewed, while the sym$ol "P,O-) is connected in the $ranch where the current is to $e displayed. 'his necessitates modifying the schematic. For e ample, let us consider placing #oltage (")*PO"+'S and current "P,O-)S to the schematic shown.

'o add (")*PO"+'S, we take the following steps! .. Click Draw!"et New Part /or type 0Ctrl1234. 5. 'ype (")*PO"+' in the Part -rowser -asic $o . 6. Click O7 /or type 0)nter34. 8. DRA" to locate (")*PO"+' a$o#e (. and C#IC$#. 9. DRA" to locate (")*PO"+' a$o#e ,5 and C#IC$#. :. C#IC$R to end placement mode. 'he figure $elow shows the two #oltage (")*PO"+'S.

Since the "P,O-) sym$ol must $e connected in series with a $ranch element, we need to mo#e ,5 down $y clicking and dragging ,5 and the wires. Once this is done, we add "P,O-) as follows! .. Click Draw!"et New Part /or type 0Ctrl1234. 5. 'ype "P,O-) in the Part -rowser -asic $o . 6. Click %$ /or type 0)nter34. 8. DRA" to locate "P,O-) a$o#e ,5 and C#IC$#. 9. C#IC$R to end placement mode. :. Use wiring to ;oin all gaps.

*e are ready to simulate the circuit. At this point, we must sa#e the schematic. -efore running PSpice, note the following points! .. 'here must $e a reference node or ground connection in the schematic. Any node can $e used as ground, and the #oltages at other nodes will $e with respect to the selected ground. 5. Dependent sources are found in the Parts li$rary. O$tain them $y selecting Draw<2et +ew Part and typing the part name. 'hese are shown at right along with the part name for each type, with the gain. ) is a #oltage1controlled #oltage source with gain e= F is a current1controlled current source with gain f = 2 is a #oltage1 controlled current source with a transconductance gain g= and > is a current1controlled #oltage source with transresistance gain h. 6. -y con#ention, we assume in dc analysis that all capacitors are open circuits and all inductors are short circuits. *e run PSpice $y clicking Anal sis!Si&ulate. 'his in#okes the electric rule check /),C4, which generates the netlist. 'he ),C performs a connecti#ity check on the schematic $efore creating the netlist. 'he netlist is a list descri$ing the operational $eha#ior of each component in the circuit and its connections. )ach line in the netlist represents asingle component of the circuit. 'he netlist can $e e amined $y clicking Anal sis!E'a&ine Netlist from the Schematics window. "f there are errors in the schematic, an error window will appear. Click O7 /or type 0)nter34 to display the error list. After noting the errors, e it from the error list and go $ack to Schematics to correct the errors. "f no errors are found, the system automatically enters PSpice and performs the simulation /nodal analysis4. *hen the analysis is complete, the program displays (ias point calculated, and creates the result<output ?le with e tension .out. *e can also e amine the results of the simulation $y looking at the #alues displayed on the (")*PO"+'S and "P,O-)S parts of the schematics after the simulation is complete. 'he #alues displayed with (")*PO"+'S and "P,O-)S should $e the same as those in the output ?le. @our results should match what you o$tained $y manual calculation pre#iously. DC Sweep DC nodal analysis allows simulation for DC sources with ? ed #oltages or currents. DC sweep pro#ides more Ae i$ility in that it allows the calculation of node #oltages and $ranch currents of a circuit when a source is swept o#er a range of #alues. As in nodal analysis, we assume capacitors to $e open circuits and inductors to $e short circuits. Suppose we desire to perform a DC sweep of #oltage source (. in the figure at right from B to 5B #olts in .1#olt increments.

*e proceed as follows! .. Click Anal sis!Setup. 5. C#IC$# DC Sweep $utton. 6. Click +ame $o and type ( ..

8. Click Start (alue $o and type B. 9. Click )nd (alue $o and type 5B. :. Click "ncrement $o and type .. C. Click O7 to end the DC Sweep dialog $o and sa#e parameters. D. Click Close to end the Analysis Setup menu. 'he DC Sweep dialog $o is shown at right. +otice that the default setting is (oltage Source for the Swept (ar. 'ype, while it is Einear for Sweep 'ype. "f needed, other options can $e selected $y clicking the appropriate $uttons. 'o run DC sweep analysis, click Anal sis!Si&ulate. Schematics will create a netlist and then run PSpice if no errors are found. "f errors are found in the schematic, check for them in the )rror Eist and correct them as usual. "f no errors are found, the data generated $y PSpice is passed to Pro$e. 'he Pro$e window will appear, displaying a graph in which the F a is is $y default set to the DC sweep #aria$le and range, and the @ a is is $lank for now. 'o display some speci?c plots, click Trace!Add in the Pro$e menu to open the Add Traces dialog $o . 'he $o contains traces, which are the output #aria$les /node #oltages and $ranch currents4 in the data ?le a#aila$le for display. Select the traces to $e displayed $y clicking or typing them, and click O7. 'he selected traces will $e plotted and displayed on the screen. As many traces as you want may $e added to the same plot or on different windows. Select a new window $y clicking )indow!New. 'o delete a trace, click the trace name in the legend of the plot to highlight it and click Edit!Delete /or press 0Delete34. Thevenin and Norton Equivalents *e will use dc sweep analysis to ?nd the 'he#enin or +orton e&ui#alent at any pair of nodes in a circuit and the ma imum power transfer to a load.

'o ?nd the 'he#enin e&ui#alent of a circuit at a pair of open terminals using PSpice, we use the schematic editor to draw the circuit and insert an independent pro$ing current source, say, "p, at the terminals. 'he pro$ing current source must ha#e a part name "S,C. *e then perform a DC Sweep on "p, as discussed in Section D.6. 'ypically, we may let the current through "p #ary from B to . A in B..1A increments. After simulating the circuit, we use Pro$e to display a plot of the #oltage across "p #ersus the current through "p. 'he Gero intercept of the plot gi#es us the 'he#enin e&ui#alent #oltage, while the slope of the plot is e&ual to the 'he#enin resistance. 'o ?nd the +orton e&ui#alent in#ol#es similar steps e cept that we insert a pro$ing independent #oltage source /with a part name (S,C4, say, (p, at the terminals. *e perform a DC Sweep on (p and let (p #ary from B to . ( in B..1( increments. A plot of the current through (p #ersus the #oltage across

(p is o$tained using the Pro$e menu after simulation. 'he Gero intercept is e&ual to the +orton current, while the slope of the plot is e&ual to the +orton conductance. 'o ?nd the ma imum power transfer to a load using PSpice in#ol#es performing a dc parametric sweep on the component #alue of ,E in the figure and plotting the power deli#ered to the load as a function of ,E . According to the figure $elow, the ma imum power occurs when ,E % ,'h . Consider the circuit shown $elow. 'he schematic shown on the pre#ious page has $een redrawn so that the #oltage dependent #oltage source is connected as re&uired for PSpice. Use PSpice to ?nd the 'he#enin and +orton e&ui#alent circuits.

'o ?nd the 'he#enin resistance ,'h and 'he#enin #oltage ('h at the terminals a1$ in the circuit, we ?rst use Schematics to draw the circuit as shown a$o#e. +otice that a pro$ing current source "5 is inserted at the terminals. Under Analysis<Setput, we select DC Sweep. "n the DC Sweep dialog $o , we select Einear for the Sweep 'ype and Current Source for the Sweep (ar. 'ype. *e enter "5 under the +ame $o , B as Start (alue, . as )nd (alue, and B.. as "ncrement. After simulation, we add trace (/"5! H 4 from the Pro$e menu and o$tain the plot shown.

From the plot, we o$tain ( 'h % Iero intercept % 5B (,

, 'h % Slope % /5: J 5B4 < . % : Ohms

'o ?nd the +orton e&ui#alent, we modify the schematic $y replacing the pro$ing current source with a pro$ing #oltage source (..

Again, in the DC Sweep dialog $o , we select Einear for the Sweep 'ype and (oltage Source for the Sweep (ar. 'ype. *e enter (. under +ame $o , B as Start (alue, . as )nd (alue, and B.. as "ncrement. *hen the Pro$e is running, we add trace "/(.4 and o$tain the plot.

From the plot, we o$tain "+ % Iero intercept % 6.669 A 2+ % Slope % 6.669 H 6..:9 % B..C S *a'i&u& Power Transfer Use PSpice to ?nd the ma imum power transfer to ,E in the circuit $elow!

*e need to perform a dc sweep on , E to determine when the power across it is ma imum. *e ?rst draw the circuit using Schematics as shown in. Once the circuit is drawn, we take the following three steps to further prepare the circuit for a dc sweep.

'he ?rst step in#ol#es de?ning the #alue of ,E as a parameter, since we want to #ary it. 'o do this! .. DC#IC$# the #alue .k of ,5 /representing , E 4 to open up the Set Attri$ute (alue dialog $o . 5. ,eplace .k with K ,E L and click %$ to accept the change. +ote that the curly $rackets are necessary. 'he second step is to de?ne parameter. 'o achie#e this! .. Select Draw!"et +ew Part<Ei$raries M M M <special.sl$. 5. 'ype PA,AN in the Part+ame $o and click O7. 6. DRA" the $o to any position near the circuit. 8. C#IC$# to end placement mode. 9. DC#IC$# to open up the Part+ame! PA,AN dialog $o .

:. C#IC$# on +AN). % and enter ,E /with no curly $rackets4 in the (alue $o , and CE"C7E Sa#e Attr to accept change. C. C#IC$# on (AEU). % and enter 5k in the (alue $o , and CE"C7E Sa#e Attr to accept change. D. Click %$. 'he #alue 5k in item C is necessary for a $ias point calculation= it cannot $e left $lank. 'he third step is to set up the DC Sweep to sweep the parameter. 'o do this! .. Select Anal sis!Setup to $ring up the DC Sweep dialog $o . 5. For the Sweep Type, select Einear /or Octa#e for a wide range of , E 4. 6. For the Sweep Var. Type, select 2lo$al Parameter. 8. Under the Name $o , enter ,E. 9. "n the Start Value $o , enter .BB. :. "n the End Value $o , enter 9k. C. "n the "ncrement $o , enter .BB. D. Click %$ and Close to accept the parameters. After taking these steps and sa#ing the circuit, we are ready to simulate. Select Anal sis!Si&ulate. "f there are no errors, we select Add 'race in the Pro$e menu and type H (/,5!54"/,54 in the 'race Command $o . O'he negati#e sign is needed since "/,54 is negati#e.P 'his gi#es the plot of the power deli#ered to , E as , E #aries from .BB Ohms to 9 kOhms. *e can also o$tain the power a$sor$ed $y , E $y typing (/,5!54 (/,5!54<,E in the 'race Command $o . )ither way, we o$tain the plot $elow.

"t is e#ident from the plot that the ma imum power is 59B Q*. +otice that the ma imum occurs when , E % . kOhm, as e pected analytically.