Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

Coghlan

Chemistry 2A2B Term 1 Notes A

Chemistry is the science concerned with the c___________ , structure, and ___________ of matter, as well as the ___________it undergoes during chemical ___________. Branches of Chemistry http://chemistry.about.com/od/branchesofchemistry/Chemistry_Disciplines.htm Biochemistry Physical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Chemical Engineering Analytical Chemistry Industrial Chemistry Theoretical Chemistry Geochemistry Organic Chemistry Astrochemistry Toxicology Electrochemistry Nuclear Chemistry Femtochemistry

Chemistry is regarded as a core science because of its application in many other sciences.

Standard Notation
All numbers are expressed as a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by a factor of 10. e.g.6.02 x 1023 10237 14568 23.62 x 10-5 0.5744 Calculator setting 0.0000643 0.1056 0.03698 23.18 100 320 5557 68.785 Convert the following numbers to standard/scientific notation to 3 decimal places:

Errors
Absolute error
Relative error

Significant Figures
In Chemistry, numbers are written so that all ________ of which you are ________ are written, plus ________ digit of which you are ________. The whole point of using ________ figures is that the reflect the ________ of ________ of the ________ instrument used.

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

Coghlan

Rules 1. All non-zero _________are significant. e.g.

2.

Zeros, between _________ digits are significant. e.g.

3.

Zeros, to the _________ of the decimal point, following a non-zero digit, are significant. e.g.

4.

All other zeros are not significant. e.g.

Using Significant Figures X and

The number of significant figures _________ in the answer equals the _________ of significant figures in the least _________ piece of data. eg.

eg.

If in doubt, express your answer to 3 significant figures. eg.

+ and -

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

Coghlan

The number of significant figures allowed in the answer equals the number of decimal points in the _________accurate piece of data. eg. http://www.ausetute.com.au/sigfig.html http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/sigfig/sig.htm

EC Set 5

Investigating
Dependent variable this is the variable you will observe during your experiment. Independent variable this is the variable you will change during your experiment.

Atomic Theory
Dalton (early 1800s) atoms ________ atoms of ________ element are ________ atoms of ________ elements have different ________

compounds are formed when atoms of ________ elements ________ combine.

Bohr probability atom

Structure of the Atom Particle Proton Neutron Electron Nucleus Symbol Relative charge Relative mass

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

Coghlan

central part contains the ________ dense 1/100000 atomic diameter

Electron cloud a ________ of space where the electrons belonging to the atom ________ will be found. e.g.

________ Number the number of protons in the nucleus Symbol of the element

E
Z

________ Number total number of ________ + ________ in the nucleus. For a neutral atom; Number of electrons = Number of protons = Z Number of neutrons = A Z

Isotopes
http://www.dayah.com/periodic/ Click on an element to see all its isotopes. All elements have isotpes species in which the ________ number stays the same but the ________ number ________. There are three isotopes of hydrogen e.g.

The most common of the isotopes of an element is referred to the as the element. e.g.

Ex/ Oxygen has three isotopes; O-16, 99.76%

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

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O-17, 0.040% O-18, 0.20%. What is the average mass for oxygen?

AA 1.1, 1.2, Set 1

EC Set 2

Ions
Ions are formed when atoms ________ or gain ________.
Lose e-

Atom

Gain e-

Cation
e.g.

Anion
e.g.

Arrangement of electrons in atoms (More detail in Year 12)

The current atomic model used is called the _______ mechanical model ( _______ atom). In this model, _______ move around a central _______ containing (usually), protons and neutrons.

The electrons in the _______ can only have certain _______ and exist in energy _______ or shells; n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

Each energy level can contain up to 2n2 _______. Each energy level contains electrons that are _______ to move in certain _______ of space called _______. There are n2 orbitals per _______ level and every orbital can only hold _______ electrons _______.

Coghlan

Energy Level, n

Number of orbitals, n

Orbitals or Energy sublevels

Total electron population, 2n

2

1 2 3 4

1s 2s (3)2p 3s (3)3p (5)3d 4s (3)4p (5)4d (7)4f

http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/structures/shapes.html

s orbitals 1s orbital _______ symmetric maximum electron _______ is 2 _______ of finding an electron in this region of space _______ as the distance from the _______ increases (nuclear diameter 10-15 m; atomic diameter 10-10 m) if nucleus an orange, 1s orbital would have an approximate radius of 10 km the rest is _______ space

2s orbital 2 electrons max, _______ symmetric 2 electrons max, spherically symmetric 3s orbital

p orbitals 2p orbitals 3 of them 2px, 2py, 2pz 2 electrons each, _______ electons max 3p orbitals 3 of them

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

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3px, 3py, 3pz 2 electrons each, 6 electons max

Electron _______ sequence from _______ energy to high energy. 1s2 or 1s2 or 2 8 8 2..... 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 . . . . . 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz2 4s2 . . . . .

e.g. H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

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The valence electrons are those electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. e.g.

AA 2.1 2.6, Set 2

EC Set 7

Matter http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/index.shtml
An element is a ________ that consists of only ________ type of ________. Elements ________ be separated into ________ substances by ________ means. e.g. In the earths crust, 47% is O2, 28% Si, Al 8%, Fe 5%, the rest 12%. Learning symbols of the elements

Elements, compounds and mixtures

An ________ is a substance that consists of only one ________ of ________. e.g. A ________ consists of 2 or more elements ________ combined in ________ proportions. e.g. A ________ substance cannot be ________ by ________ means; they have constant ________ . e.g.

A ________ is formed when one substance (________) dissolves in another (________). It is a ________ mixture. e.g.

Periodic Table
-

http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html

________ the properties of the elements Mendeleev + others Arranged in order of ________ ________ number

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

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Periods ________ rows etc. There is a ________ change in ________ (both ________ and physical) from ________ to ________ across a period. e.g. Groups ________ columns there are ________ groups I II VII VIII ________ metals ________ earths . ________ Noble ________ 1st Period 2nd Period 3rd Period H, He Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne Na Ar

Each group shows ________ in ________ properties. The ________ Metals show very ________ changes in physical and chemical properties along the ________. The ________ and ________ also show ________ slight ________ in physical and chemical properties along the period. http://firstyear.chem.usyd.edu.au/games/flashcard.shtml?select=periodic_table

Electron Transitions fireworks and flame tests

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

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Coghlan

When electrons in an atom are arranged in a ________energy configuration, the atom is said to be in the ________state. e.g. When electrons are arranged in any other configuration, the atom is said to be in an ________ state. e.g. Atoms can be excited by ________ or ________ . When e- fall from an excited to a ________ state, energy in the ________ spectrum is often given out and seen as particular ________. e.g. Metal barium potassium strontium calcium Flame Colour

Metallic Bonding
Properties of Metals 1. _______ 2. malleable 3. _______ MP & BP 4. good _______ of _______ & heat 5. shiny _______ 6. _______ density 7. High _______ strength

Metal Groups

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

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Electron configurations
23 11

Na

39 19

These _______ electrons are held less _______ to the rest of the atom. So when many metal atoms are _______, the valence electrons become _______ to move in the _______ lattice. e.g. Mg The _______ bond keeps the metal _______. The bond is made up of the _______ attraction between the _______ e- and the _______. This model explains html _______ (heat & electrical) malleability & _______ the ionic bond is _______ high MP & BP bond is _______

http://enstrophy.colorado.edu/~mohseni/ASEN5519Spring2004/TypesOfChemicalBonds1.

Uses of metals Metal Property of metal Related use

Uses of alloys Alloy Property of alloy Related use

Chem 2A/2B Term 1 Notes A 2010

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Coghlan

EC Set 8