Practical treatise

on milling and milling machines

Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing

Company

(Providence,

R.I.)

ENGINEERING

Columbia WLnibevsiitp*
intfjcCttpof^ctDgorfe

LIBRARY

Practical Treatise
on

Milling
and

Milling Machines

DBS
1919 Edition

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Providence, R.
u.
s. I.

Co*

A.

Copyright, 1914, by Brown

&

Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R.

I.

PREFACE
It
is

our purpose

in publishing this

book

to present, in

manner as possible, information that will assist the beginner and practical man to a better understanding of the care and various uses of modern milling machines of the column and knee and manufacturas non-technical a

ing types.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER

Page

Classification of Milling

Machines

11

CHAPTER

II

Essentials of a

Modern

Milling Machine

....
...

21

CHAPTER

III

Erection and Care of Machine

37

CHAPTER
Spiral

IV

Head

Indexing and Cutting Spirals

47

CHAPTER V
Attachments
69

CHAPTER
Cutters

VI
89

CHAPTER

VII

General Notes on Milling, together with Typical Milling

Operations

107

CHAPTER

VIII

Milling Operations

Gear Cutting Cam

Cutting, Graduating and Mis-

149

CHAPTER IX
Milling Operations
cellaneous Operations

177

TABLES

209

The
The

Original Universal Milling

Machine

for the purpose wonderful capabilities, however, were quickly recognized, and its use soon spread to other lines, until today we find that there is an unusually large variety of machine shop jobs that can be done on a modern machine of this type. Straight and angular pieces, and surfaces of an endless variety of irregular contours, together with spur, bevel and spiral gears, twist drills, etc., can be produced. Also such work as drilling, boring, planing, rack cutting, slotting, cam cutting, graduating, etc., can be successfully accomplished. In fact, the full variety of work that can be done on a universal milling machine is still unknown, for new ways of using it are being constantly discovered.

original universal milling

machine was designed primarily

Its

of forming the flutes in twist drills.

INTRODUCTION

Milling
It is

is

the process of removing metal with rotary cutters.

tools,

employed extensively in machine shops today for forming parts

etc.,

of machinery,

to required dimensions

and shapes.

machine

designed especially for this purpose

little

was

in existence as early

as 1818, but

progress

was made

in the process until after the

invention of the universal milling machine (shown on the opposite

Brown, of J. R. Brown and owing to the difficulties of obtaining This was chiefly Sharpe. Shortly after this, satisfactory cutters and of sharpening them.
page) in 1861-62 by Mr. Joseph R.

however,

improvements

in

the

methods

of

making

cutters,

the

J. R. Brown of the formed cutter which can be sharpened without changing the cutting contour, and the introduction of the grinding wheel for sharpening cutters removed the obstacles that had so seriously hindered the early development of milling.

invention by Mr.

demands upon the machine became necessary to make certain improvements to adapt it to the new conditions. But it is a noteworthy fact that in all of the changes in design leading up to the modern heavy type of universal machine, shown on page 44, none of Parts the fundamental ideas of the original machine have been lost. have been strengthened to better withstand heavier servipe, and radical changes have been made in the method of driving the spindle and feeds to accommodate the machine to modern requirements.

As the

field of

milling widened, the

increased accordingly,

and

it

From

a comparison of the original machine with a modern type,

the important changes that have been

made

are readily noted.

The column has been carried well above the spindle, and an overhanging arm with a support for the outer end of cutter arbor has been added. To further stiffen the arbor, arm braces have been devised by the use of which the overhanging arm, cutter arbor, and knee are all rigidly tied together. These braces on the smaller sizes of machines consist of long slotted cross arms, while on the larger, or heavy service machines, a different and heavier type is employed.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

The

table feed has been changed from the end of the feed screw
of the

and carried up through the centre

knee and saddle, thus allowing greater arc. Power feeds have been applied to the transverse and vertical table movements, and on large machines a power fast travel for the table has taken the place of the hand quick return. The old-style elevating screw for the knee that required cutting a hole through the floor has been replaced by a telescopic screw.
the table to be swiveled through a

much

Improvements have been made on the spiral head to make it more rigid and convenient to operate; differential indexing largely replaces the compound method, and refinements such as graduated index sectors, and an adjustable index crank have been added.
Such conveniences as permanent handwheels instead
of cranks,

adjustable dials reading to thousandths of an inch on the feed shafts,

and other improvements have been added from time to time. When the milling machine came into more general use, and its possibilities in removing metal began to be appreciated, the demand arose for the ability to make heavier cuts. These demands soon demonstrated that the method of driving the feeds through belts and cone pulleys from the spindle of the machine to the feed mechanism, was inadequate. The first improvement was to substitute chain and sprockets for the belt and pulleys and to use removable change gears to provide a variation in the rate of feed. The next step was to place all the change gears in a feed box wherein by simply shifting levers, a wide variation of feeds could be obtained.
spindle drive has undergone radical changes. The machine had a four-step cone pulley mounted directly on the spindle, and many of the smaller sizes of machines today are similarly built. In order to get more power and a greater range of speeds, back gears similar to those of a lathe were added.
original

The main

Following these improvements came a radical change in the whole driving mechanism of the machine. The value of feeds that were independent of the spindle speeds had become well recognized, and with the introduction of high speed steel, from which cutters could be made that would take much heavier cuts at faster speeds, and coarser feeds than had ever before been the practice, there arose
drive

a demand for more powerful machines. The constant speed type of was therefore originated. In this type of machine any combination of table feed and spindle speed is available, because both

spindle and feeding mechanisms are driven from the

main shaft

of

Brown & Sharps Mfg.

Co.

the machine, which revolves at a constant high velocity at

all

times.

The

table feeds are therefore entirely independent of the spindle

speeds.

powerful drive

is

also transmitted to the spindle

from

the driving pulley of large diameter and wide face on the main
shaft of the machine through a train of heavy spur gearing in which

are certain change gears that can be manipulated to give a wide

range of spindle speeds.

At the same time that the constant speed type of drive was evolved, the machine was redesigned and made stronger throughout in order to better fit it for the heavy cuts that had become the practice.
surface on the front of the

Later improvements have been the extension of the flat bearing column to the top, the application of a friction clutch in the driving pulley with levers at the sides of the machine for operating it, the. power fast travel for quick movement of the table, and other improvements of lesser importance.
It is not to be assumed that the constant speed type of drive has been developed to the exclusion of the cone type, for there are many pieces of work that can be done to good advantage on this machine. The modern cone type of machine embodies all of the previously mentioned improvements, except those relating particularly to the constant speed drive, and there is still, and probably always will be, a steady demand for this machine.

Two other types of machines known as

machine.

Plain and Vertical Spindle

Milling Machines have kept pace with the development of the universal
Milling Machines of the Planer and Manufacturing types have
also

come into extensive use, the former producing a wide range of work that is of too large dimensions for the previously mentioned machines, and the latter manufacturing in large quantities, small
With the improvements that have been made on the machines their equipment, milling has become indispensable in the modern shop. Interchangeable pieces can be easily made, and work is produced at a low cost because of the continuous operation and inexpensiveness of cutters for a given amount of production. We, therefore, recommend the milling machine to manufacturers desirous of obtaining the best results at the lowest cost on all classes of work to which the machine is adapted. And we trust that a careful reading of the followand

duplicate parts of machinery, tools, etc.

ing chapters will be of material assistance in understanding the process

of milling

and how

to use the machines.

10

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Column and Knee

Milling

Machine

of the Universal Style,

Cone Drive

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

11

CHAPTER

Classification of Milling

Machines
and
it is

The

existing types of milling machines are so numerous,

their

designs merge into one another to such an extent, that

difficult to classify

very

be said to consist
of work,

them definitely. But, taken as a whole, they may of two distinct groups, those adapted to a variety

and those restricted to the performance of a single operation, such as gear cutting, bolt head milling, thread milling, etc. While this latter group embraces some valuable and interesting machines, the class of work done is of a more or less special character, and little can be learned from it of the general process of milling. For this reason, and also from the fact that it would be practically impossible to treat of every type in the limited space of this book, the first group alone will be considered. The machines of this group are classified in a variety of ways by different writers. We prefer to divide them, according to general appearance and design, into three classes, comprising the column and knee type, manufacturing type, and planer type. Such a classification brings out the characteristics of the different machines, and their relation to one another.

Column and Knee

Milling Machines

An illustration of a representative example of the column and knee type of milling machine is shown on the opposite page. This machine is the most recent of the three types named, having been in existence about fifty years. The rapid strides, however, that have been made within the past few years in the process of milling are largely due to its versatility and convenience. Even with the most expert cutter making, milling could never have obtained its important position in the field of machinery and tool manufacture had it not been for the column and knee type of construction.
The name, column and
like

knee,

is

derived from the high, column-

design of the main casting, and the likeness of the bracket which

supports the table to a knee or angle iron. on the column so that the table can be
to

The knee
set

is

adjustable

at different heights

accommodate work

of varying size.

It

can also be fed upward,

12

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

thus enabling vertical cuts to be taken.

Provision

is

made

for

movement

of the table horizontally in

two

directions: one, longi-

tudinally, at right angles to the axis of the spindle;

and the other,

transversely, parallel to the axis of the spindle.

The combination

of these three

is found only in the column and knee due to the advantages derived from this construction that the machine is superior to the manufacturing or planer

movements
is

machine, and

it

type for general milling purposes.

Several more illustrations of column and knee machines are shown on succeeding pages of this chapter, where a further classification
is

given.

Manufacturing Milling Machine

opposite page.

This type of milling machine is shown in the illustration on the It is a development of one of the earliest forms that was built particularly for use in the manufacture of small parts of firearms, and has since been successfully adopted for machining parts of sewing machines, typewriters and other machines and tools. The advantages it offers for this class of work are due to the stiff construction and convenience with which it can be operated. These make possible an exceptionally large production of first quality work factors of great importance in commercial manufacturing.

There are many minor variations of this type of milling machine, but the general features are similar in all. In that shown on the opposite page, the spindle is supported in bearings located in an adjustable head that can be raised and lowered. The capacity of the machine is rather limited as regards work of widely varying heights. Furthermore, there is no transverse table feed, the only movement transversely being obtained by a slight adjustment of the spindle. These, however, cannot be considered disadvantages, as provision for work of widely varying heights is not required, because all work done any is seldom is of comparatively small dimensions, and there necessity for a transverse table movement.

The

longitudinal

movement

of the table

is

at right angles to the

This movement is accomplished either automatically or by hand by means of a rack and pinion on the under side of the table. The pinion is driven from the spindle through a train of change gears and a worm and wheel when the automatic feed
axis of the spindle.
is in

action.

larger
88.

on page

and improved style of manufacturing machine is shown It embodies all the features of the machine illustrated

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

13

Milling Machine of Manufacturing Type

14

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

13,

Co.

on page
is

but

in

addition

is

designed so that the spindle

is

more
table

powerfully driven and has a greater vertical adjustment.

also

The

therefore adapted to a

provided with a transverse movement. This machine is somewhat wider range of work than the one

previously described.

Planer Milling Machine

The
of slab

planer milling machine

is

designed for the heaviest classes

and gang milling. It bears a marked resemblance to the planer, from which it derives its name. The spindle is mounted in

bearings carried in a vertically adjustable slide similar to that of a

planer, and the table is in a corresponding position. This brief reference will enable one to easily distinguish these machines. And, as

the class of

work performed is identical in character, only heavier than that done on the column and knee type of machine, the same
Returning to the column and knee type, we can subdivide
three
classes,
it

principles are involved.

into

known

as

Plain,

Universal,
is

and Vertical Spindle

supported in horizontal

Machines!

In the

first

two the spindle

bearings that are fixed in the main casting of the machine instead of

being adjustable vertically, as in the case of both manufacturing and

planer types of machines. This is one of the points where the column and knee machine is radically different from either of the other types. As we have already explained, vertical adjustment in this type is obtained by the movement of the knee upon the column. In the
vertical spindle machine, the spindle
vertical
is supported in vertical bearings, adjustment being obtained by the movement of both the knee and spindle.

Plain Milling Machine. The word plain when applied to any milling machine is used to designate one in which the longitudinal travel of the table is fixed at right angles to the spindle. Both manufacturing and planer types are therefore essentially plain milling
machines.

machine of the column and shown on page 19. In this machine, the table has the three movements: longitudinally, transversely, and vertically, that have already been mentioned. Some machines have both power and hand feeds for all three of the movements; others have longitudinal and transverse movements so controlled and the vertical is operated by hand; or the longitudinal movement alone is operated both by power and by hand, and the transverse and
illustration of a plain milling
is

An

knee type

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

vertical

Co.

15

movements
all

are

operating
all

of the table

made only by hand. Lead screws are used for movements in many of the smaller sizes and

of the larger machines, but in some of the smaller ones a rack and pinion are employed for the longitudinal movement. The smallest sizes of machines have no power feeds at all, and are called hand

milling machines.

(See illustration on page 46.)

of racks

In these, the table

and knee are moved by means

They

are convenient for

and pinions operated by levers. manufacturing purposes on some classes of

small work, as they can be operated very rapidly.

It is

the practice in the classes of

work

larger sizes of plain milling machines are adapted to take

at fast speeds and coarse feeds.

chief value of the plain

The
is

rigid

which the medium and heavy cuts construction of the machine

to
in this ability

enables this to be successfully done, and

it is

that the

machine

found.

Universal Milling Machine. The Universal milling machine is by many to be the most important machine tool employed today; for with it much of the work of the planer and shaper heretofore considered indispensable machines in every shop can be done with an appreciable saving of time. Spur, bevel and spiral gears, twist drills, and all kinds of straight and taper milling can also be economically produced.
justly regarded

It

was

first

patented February 21st, 1865, by Mr.

J.

R. Brown,

Sharpe, who designed it for the purpose of the firm of J. R. Brown of milling the grooves in twist drills, but adopted it shortly after for

&

producing small spirals used

in the

(An illustration on page 6.)

milling machines.

of the original universal milling

manufacture of sewing machines. machine is shown

10 and 44 are representative of modern universal This style of machine is essentially the same in construction as the plain milling machine, and the table has the same movements. But, in addition, the table swivels upon the saddle and can be set at an angle to the spindle in a horizontal plane. Also, it is fitted with a mechanism known as a spiral head, for use in spiral milling and indexing to obtain any required spacing on the periphery of work. The introduction of the swivel renders the table a little less stable than that of the plain machine, though in common practice heavy cuts are taken. It is apparent, however, that the offices of the two machines are in a way distinct. A universal machine is the better for general shop purposes, but where continuous heavy milling of straight cuts is to be done the plain machine is preferable.

The cuts on pages

16

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Vertical Spindle Milling

Machine

of

Constant Speed Drive Type

Brown & Sharps Mfg.

Co.

17

Vertical Spindle Milling Machine. The vertical spindle milling machine embodies the principles of a drilling machine. The spindle

and table are

series

of the spindle.

and the cutter is mounted at the end on the milling machine, however, has a For of movements that are not found on the drilling machine.
similarly located,

The

table

such work as face milling, die-sinking, profiling, etc., the vertical many advantages over the horizontal style. Some work can be fastened directly to the top of the table, eliminating the use of special fixtures necessary for the same kind of work on a horizontal spindle machine. Furthermore, the operator is enabled to see his work at all times during operation and more readily follow any irregularities in outline. This feature is especially valuable in profiling, cutting odd-shaped slots, etc.
spindle machine offers
all vertical spindle machines are of the column and knee There are several styles that have no provision for vertical adjustment of the table. Also some vertical spindle machines have two spindles instead of one, but these are more generally known as

Not

type.

profiling machines.

But the combination

of the vertical spindle

and column and knee

constructions has given the mechanical world an exceptionally valuable

machine tool. With it, all of the advantages of the vertical spindle, together with those of the column and knee, are acquired. A modern
example of
this style is

shown

in the cut
is

ther convenience of this machine

to be conveniently done.

found

on the opposite page. A furin the spindle head, which is

adjustable vertically, and can be fed

and knee construction, heights can be accommodated. Another machine, where the spindle is driven by a
Different

by power, thus enabling drilling With the adjustable spindle head and column it is apparent that work of a wide range of
style
belt, is

of vertical spindle

shown on page

36.

Methods

of Driving Milling

Machines
is

Milling machines of the column and knee and manufacturing

commonly

types are either cone driven or gear driven. The latter class referred to as the "constant speed drive/'
Drive.

more

Cone

In cone driven milling machines, the belt runs directly

from a stepped or cone pulley on the countershaft to one of like design fastened, either directly to, or mounted on a sleeve on the machine spindle. In one case the spindle is driven directly and only speeds that are obtained by shifting the driving belt on the pulley steps are available; while in the other an additional series of speeds is procured by the employment of back gears. The cut on page 10 is of the

18

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

and the back gears referred to are enclosed at the front where they are rigidly mounted closely together to overcome torsion and- cutter chatter. The feeding mechanism is driven from the rear end of the spindle by a chain and sprockets, and is subject to the speed variations of the spindle.
latter type,

of the column,

When

the cone method of drive

is

employed

for vertical spindle

milling machines, the belt usually leads from the cone pulley on the

countershaft to one on a shaft at the back of the machine.

is

Power
is

transmitted thence to the spindle on the lighter machines, by means

of a quarter-turn belt.
in the illustration

An

application of this

method

of drive

shown

on page 36.

The

heavier machines are fitted with

is

bevel gears, and a vertical shaft from which the spindle

driven by

a chain and sprockets.

Constant Speed Drive. The invention

as
it is

of the gear type of drive, or,

known, the "constant speed drive," is, without doubt, the most valuable improvement in design brought out in many years. It is the result of a demand for a machine in which the feeds would be entirely independent of the spindle speeds, and all speeds and feeds would be self-contained, thus doing away with complicated overhead works, or permitting the machine to be driven by a constant speed motor. More power and greater convenience in changing speeds and feeds were also important factors leading to the development of this type of drive.
better

The

introduction of high speed steel marked a

new

era in cutter

manufacturing,

and

brought

machines of higher efficiency. growing interest in a machine offering possibilities such as those of the constant speed drive, and, early in 1904, the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Company placed the first constant speed drive machine upon the market. From the beginning, it was conceded an important improvement, especially for the larger sizes of heavy service machines, where an abundance of power is required, and this has led to its becoming almost universally adopted by milling machine manufacturers. Several examples of constant speed drive machines are shown in this treatise, notably those illustrated on pages 16, 19 and 44.

about conditions that necessitated This added impetus to the already

The

general features of this drive are as follows

the belt delivers

power to the driving pulley that runs loose on a sleeve on the main shaft of the machine. By means of a friction clutch on the main shaft, operated by levers at each side of the column, power is transmitted from the driving pulley to a train of hardened gears

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

19

Heavy

Service Plain Milling

Machine

of

Constant Speed Drive Type

20

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

leading to the spindle, and in which there are certain change gears

operated by levers at the right-hand side of the column. The belt and main driving pulley run at a constant high velocity regardless of
the spindle speed, which
gearing that
is

entirely

dependent upon the ratio of

at the spindle
is

may

be

in

mesh.
its

The power

therefore

constant, regardless of

speed.

The mechanism
is

of constant speed drive vertical spindle machines

essentially like that outlined above, except that a pair of bevel

gears and vertical shaft are introduced to transmit power to the

spindle head, from

whence

it is

communicated to the spindle

itself

by spur

gearing.

The feed changing mechanism is driven from the main shaft means by of a chain and sprockets in all constant speed drive machines. Hence it is completely separated from the spindle drive, in so far
range of feeds to be also permits the table feeds to be rated directly in inches per minute, which is an advantage in that it enables the production of a machine to be ascertained at a glance.
as
its

speeds are concerned, permitting the

full

available for every spindle speed.

Such an arrangement

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

'

21

CHAPTER
Essentials of a

II

Modern Milling Machine

It has been previously stated that the foremost advantages attending the employment of the milling machine are, the production of a great variety of work, and the exact duplication of pieces at an

In order that these advantages may fully mateeconomical cost. rialize, it is necessary that many requirements be fulfilled in the design and construction of the machine.

These requirements vary to a certain extent with the style and of machine; taken as a whole, however, they are materially the same. The machines must all be accurate, economical to operate, and durable. Hence, these may be said to constitute the general requirements of a milling machine. Those qualities upon which accuracy is chiefly dependent are thorough workmanship, especially in aligning the working parts, and sufficient rigidity. In order to be economical in operation, a milling machine must have ample ranges of spindle speeds and table feeds, and plenty of power, so as to adapt it to the many varieties of work. Further, its efficiency must be high, and its parts must be conveniently arranged to allow quick manipulation and ready adjustment. The third general requirement, durability, is, to a great extent, dependent upon the design and quality of
size

materials that enter into the construction of a machine.

influenced
tial

It is also

by

several of the already-mentioned points that are essen-

to accuracy and economy. To particularize then, the requirements of a milling machine are thorough workmanship, correct alignment of all working parts, sufficient rigidity, wide ranges of speeds and feeds, ample power, high efficiency, durability, and convenience in design and operation.

Workmanship.

above that the dependence of accuracy machine is of greatest importance in connection with the alignments of the different working parts. Correct alignments are most essential because they establish
It is stated

upon workmanship

in the building of a milling

exact positions of the various parts with relation to one another. Any error in alignments is transmitted from one part to another until it is finally communicated to the piece of work, where it is liable to be

22

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

multiplied. If the work is of the coarser grade, or mere roughing cuts are being taken, a few thousandths of an inch over or under size do

not matter; but when finishing a piece that must come within close limits of a pre-determined size, a very small error is often sufficient
to seriously impair its quality.
All of the important alignments in milling

machines are obtained

by

scraping, a process consisting of going over the different bearing

by hand with a chisel-like tool, and removing the highest maximum number of bearing points is secured. Flat bearings are scraped to conform to master surface plates and straight edges, and the boxes of important cylindrical bearings are scraped to fit the revolving piece, which is ground. This work necessarily calls for much skill on the part of the workman, and the care with
surfaces

spots until a

which scraping

is

performed largely influences the accuracy of the

resultant bearings.

Principal Alignments of Milling Machines. Broadly speaking, all milling machines are those of the spindle and table. They are, of course, affected by various minor alignments throughout the machine, but it is not essential to take up each of these in detail. The alignments of the table on horizontal spindle column and knee machines should be such that its upward and downward movements will be perpendicular to the spindle axis. Its longitudinal and transverse movements should be in horizontal planes, the longitudinal being parallel to the face of the column on plain machines, and on universal machines when the table is set at zero; and the transverse at right angles to the column.
the principal alignments of

On
plane.

universal machines, the table should also swivel in a horizontal

These alignments of the table and spindle of column and knee machines are typical, and it is easy to understand from them what the alignments of other types of milling machines should be. While we have emphasized the importance
it

of

good workmanship

in scraping bearing surfaces, in order to obtain accurate alignments,

must be understood that

bearing surface

certain elements in design are largely

responsible as to whether the alignments remain accurate or not.

be scraped ever so carefully, yet the lack of ample proportions of the bearing surface itself, will quickly result in the alignments becoming inaccurate. Thus it is apparent that if alignments are to be permanent, the proportion of the different parts, including the bearing surfaces themselves,
sufficient

may

weight

in the casting, or of

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

23

The accuracy

support the weight brought upon them. upon first operation of a machine, but their permanency can be determined only after a
to
easily

must be ample

of alignments can be ascertained

considerable period of service.

Rigidity.
tool

This requirement
rigid in order to

is

of just as great importance to the

success of a milling machine as correct alignments.

Any machine

must be

produce accurate, well-finished work;

Brown & Sharpe Milling Machine, showing large base, thick walls and internal bracing. The spindle bearings are mounted
directly in thick walls of

column.
It is

the milling machine must be particularly so.

not until within

the past few years, however, that the real value of this essential has

been fully appreciated. This is owing to the fact that up to that time the milling machine had not become so extensively used for manufacturing purposes. In this field it must be capable of not only producing accurate work of high quality, but of producing it rapidly. The more rapidly a machine is operated, the greater is its tendency to vibrate. This is further augmented by the use of cutters

24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

made from high speed steel, for they can be made to take unusually heavy cuts at fast speeds and coarse feeds. It is impossible to eliminate all vibrations from even the very best types of machine construction, but they may be reduced to a minimum, or, in other words, to a point where they will not affect the accuracy of the work, if every part is so constructed that it is capable of resisting heavy stresses, and absorbing vibrations. Weight and well-proportioned construction are most necessary to overcome vibrations.

Knee

of

Brown

&

illustrating the points

Sharpe Milling Machine mentioned opposite

The essentials in the design and construction of the column and knee machine that serve well to illustrate the general points that conduce to rigidity in all machines, follow:
First, the

base must be large and heavy enough to provide a firm

foundation, and the walls of the column must be thick and strongly
braced, in order to support rigidly the weight of the working parts and withstand the strains of operation. Especially is this true of the If this is front wall, which forms the basis of support for the table. not heavy enough and well braced, it will have a tendency to buckle under the heavy loads it is required to support, which will not only admit of vibrations, but also destroy the alignments of the machine. Another point in connection with this front wall, or vertical slide, is that it should be wide in proportion to the size of the machine, as the wider a flat bearing, the more stable it is.
All shafts should be of large

and

torsional stresses,

enough diameter to resist bending and gears should be of ample size to give

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

25

strength and good wearing qualities, and to transmit the requisite

power to the spindle. Cylindrical bearings should be firmly supported, and the boxes should be as long as is consistent with a high degree of efficiency. Those of the spindle are most stable when mounted directly in the thick walls of the frame.
is necessary in the knee in tendency to vibrate or sag under the load of the saddle and table during operation. It is also well, to have the back of the knee that fits the vertical column extended above the top as this gives a

heavy, well-braced construction

all

order to overcome

larger bearing surface to resist sag-

ging tendencies and vibrations

under heavy loads.

It has been found from experimenting

that vibrations

arising

during
operation are
usually manifested
first in

the table, and

are transmitted from there

to other parts.

One reason
between

for this is the several joints

the table and column.

It is impossible to

all lost motion between the bearing and still have the parts free to perform their different functions. But weight has much to do with the stability of the table, and in many cases vibrations have been practically overcome by simply adding more weight to this part. It is important, therefore, that both the table and saddle be of sufficiently heavy construction. Transverse braces, however, placed at frequent intervals on the under side of the table often produce the required rigidity without adding unduly to the weight. Efficient clamps on the flat bearings of the knee, saddle and table, also provide means of rigidly fastening any one or two of the table movements that may

eliminate

surfaces,

not be in use, thus eliminating vibrations.

26

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Another point that influences

largely the rigidity of the table
is

the size of the

in the saddle

flat

bearing surfaces
It is

and on the knee.

essential that the table bearing in

the saddle be wide and sufficiently

long to prevent too great an over-

hang when the table is at the ends of its traverse, and the top of the knee be of ample width to easily support the weight placed upon the table.
Other features which conduce
to rigidity are: a large overhanging

arm with a support

for the outer

end of the cutter arbor, and an intermediate bearing on the larger

Showing Firm Support on Heavy Job
of

Arbor

machines, also arm braces that firmly

tie

the overhanging

arm and knee

together.

Speeds and Feeds. It is rare that the conditions surrounding any two jobs on a milling machine are the same. Sometimes the work is of the heaviest class to which the machine is adapted, requiring gangs of cutters operating at a comparatively fast speed and coarse
one cutter operating sometimes demands that the cutter be fed through faster or slower than would ordinarily be done in milling a plain surface. Different materials cannot be milled at the same speeds and feeds. Cutters of large diameter are employed for some jobs, and to get the proper peripheral speed, they must be rotated at a slower rate than those of smaller
feed; again
it is

of a lighter type, requiring only

at a fast speed

and

fine feed.

The shape

of the piece

diameter.

finishing cut with the

same cutter

is

usually taken at a

faster speed,

and correspondingly lower rate

of feed per revolution

of spindle than the roughing cut, in order to obtain a

All these,

smoother finish. and many other conditions, make it necessary that a machine have a wide range of spindle speeds and table feeds. Furthermore, there must be many intermediate speeds and feeds between the highest and lowest in the ranges. In many cases it is also advantageous to have the speeds and feeds independent of one another, so that the spindle speed may be changed without disturbing the rate
of table travel.

This

is

possible in the constant speed driven machine,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

27

Feed Changing Mechanism on Brown

Milling Machine

&

Sharpe

28

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

and constitutes a particular point wherein from that known as the cone drive.

this type of drive differs

The cone drive machine is admirably adapted to all classes of work where it is not necessary to use combinations of extreme speeds and feeds. In these cases, however, it cannot fulfill the requirements. For instance, it is impossible to obtain a coarse enough feed for a cutter of very large diameter, because the feeding mechanism is invariably driven from the end of the spindle, and is subject to the
speed variations of this part. Consequently, when a large cutter is being used, the spindle is usually driven at its slowest speed, and the
fastest feed that
is

then available

is

not coarse enough.

Likewise, a

correct combination of speed

finest feed obtainable is

and feed cannot be had

too coarse.

for a small mill,

as this should run at the fastest spindle speed, and,

much

however, does not require

mills are used

when it does, the The majority of work, such combinations, and when medium-sized
is

machine
in the

is

and work of ordinary classes very satisfactory.

done, the cone drive

to the dependence of the feeds upon the spindle speeds cone drive machines, it is necessary to rate them as so much per revolution of the spindle. This requires that the feed being used be multiplied by the spindle speed, in order to obtain the rate of production in inches per minute the most generally accepted

Owing

standard.

With the constant speed type of drive any combination of spindle speed and table feed within the ranges of the machine can be obtained, and thus the large, medium, or small sizes of cutters can all be run
at the most practical speeds and feeds.

This

is

due to the

fact that

the spindle and feeding mechanisms are driven independently of each

other from the same main shaft, which revolves at a constant velocity
at
all

times.

Feeds obtained

in this

manner can be rated

itself

directly in

inches per minute, a point that in

constitutes an important

advantage.

On practically all of the Brown & Sharpe constant speed drive machines, sixteen changes of spindle speed, and at least sixteen different feedsare available, while some sizes have as many as twenty feeds. Their range varies slightly in the different sizes of machines, but is such in
every case that the correct combination can be had for any cutter
that
is

used.

Power.

milling

exceedingly limited.

machine must have ample power, or its use is This applies to all styles and sizes of machines,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

29

but more particularly to the larger ones that are used in commercial manufacturing, where an economical production means the taking of

heavy cuts at

fast speeds

and coarse

feeds.

In driving machine tools, the power delivered to a machine depends upon the diameters of the driving pulleys, and size and velocity of the belt. A wide belt running at a high velocity on pulleys of large and equal diameters develops the maximum power, and, as its speed and width are lessened, its pulling ability decreases correspondingly. Likewise, it transmits less power, as the pulley on the machine exceeds in diameter the pulley on the driving shaft, for, when the surface contact on the driver becomes smaller, the belt has a tendency to slip.

Hence, in the factor of power is found another important difference between the cone and constant speed drive machines, with the advantage in favor of the latter.

The cone drive machine is very suitable for light and medium work, of such as the majority of milling consists, but when it comes to driving a large cutter through a heavy cut at a slow spindle speed and coarse feed, the requisite amount of power is lacking. This is due to the belt being upon the smallest step of the driving pulley, where it runs at its slowest velocity, and has a small arc and
surface of contact.

On

constant speed drive machines, the pulley

is

of the same,

or almost equal diameter to that on the overhead shaft, and runs at

a constant high velocity, irrespective of the spindle speed. Furthermore, a wider belt can be employed than on cone drive machines. As a result, a maximum amount of power is delivered to the machine pulley, and is transmitted through heavy gearing to the spindle, under all conditions, thus fitting this style of machine particularly well to the heavier classes of work. Another advantage of this drive is its parThe constant ticular adaptation to the application of a motor. speed type of motor, which is more economical, both in first cost and in the amount of power consumed, than the variable speed motor, can be employed. This is also the most simple and compact form of motor drive. When applied to Brown & Sharpe Machines, the motor is mounted on a bracket at the back of the column, where it is away from dust and chips of the table (see page 176). Furthermore, by placing it in this position the floor space occupied by the machine is not increased, as it is necessary to leave room behind the machine to allow the overhanging arm to be pushed back when not in use.

30

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Production costs are of vital importance to the shop owner, and no one factor influences them to a much greater extent than the efficiency of the different machines employed. Where this is low, the amount of power consumed for which there is no apparent
Efficiency.
return
is

higher than
is

it

production

increased.

should be, with the result that the cost of It is essential, therefore, that a high degree

be attained in the milling machine, so that a maximum amount of work may be produced for the power consumed.
of efficiency

In order to obtain the highest degree of efficiency in milling

machine construction,
in

it is

designing the different parts, selecting materials,

necessary that the utmost care be taken and in the

quality of

workmanship

in building.

All parts must be proportioned in accordance with the functions they perform. They should be heavy enough to resist any stress that would tend to cramp operating movements. For instance, cylindrical shafts should be large enough in diameter to eliminate bending tendency, for this will cramp them in the bearings, thus interfering with their free revolution. Care must be taken, however, that the different parts are not proportioned so heavy that they will be

cumbersome and thus produce excessive

mental to
efficiency.
It is

friction,

which

is

detriis

here that the selection of materials

lighter

of

value, for often

the weight of a part can be

of a material of greater

made

by the use

strength.

The

size of

bearing surfaces

is

of especial

importance to efficiency, as well as to permanent It is between them alignment and rigidity.

that friction arises in operation, and in order to reduce this to a minimum, their proportions

should be such that the parts

may move

freely

under the heaviest load.

Correct alignments of bearing surfaces are
as essential to efficiency as to accuracy, in order

that the working parts

may move

freely.

Any

error in alignments tends to

cramp or wedge the

moving
Pointed Teeth of

parts.

Hardened Change Gear

Simplicity of parts and the use of spur gearing as far as possible are also elements that

contribute largely to high efficiency.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Durability.

Co.

31

The first cost of a milling machine, like any other modern machine tool, is comparatively great, and to make its employment economical, this cost must be spread over a long period of service in other words, the machine must be durable. Strong design and the use of high quality materials throughout the machine are most essential to durability.

Thorough workmanship
is

is

also

an important

factor.

Seemingly
it

small details in construction should receive careful attention, for

these that

many

times give

rise to serious trouble.

The

fitting of

different parts,

and making

of all alignments should be carefully

done, and means should be provided for taking up wear at any points

where

it is

apt to occur.

In connection with the wearing qualities

is

of different parts, the selection of materials

an important factor;

parts that are subject to continuous usage, such as the change gears
in constant speed drive

having good wearing

gears are

qualities.

machines, should be made of a hard material In Brown & Sharpe machines, these

made

of steel

and are hardened.

frequently

Where change gears are being thrown into and out of mesh by a tumbler arrangement, it is well to have the tops of

the teeth pointed, and the ends of teeth in sliding gears chamfered. These features not only facilitate throwing the gears into mesh, but also reduce the danger of teeth becoming bruised or broken, which is apt to happen when gears with teeth of the ordinary shape are thrown into mesh.
Rigidity
is

as essential to durability as to accuracy, since the

existence of vibrations causes very rapid wearing of parts.

Hence,

every part should be of stable enough construction to under all practical working conditions.

resist vibrations

Beyond these
of the care

points,

and that

of provision for lubricating all

is

bearing surfaces, the matter of durability

more

especially a question

devoted to the machine while in use. Its failure to be durable because of lack of proper care cannot be attributed to any
faults in design or construction.

The information given

is

chapter on the care of milling machines who have charge of these machines.

in the next very important to those

Much time is lost in operating a milling machine inconvenient in any way for the workman to handle: therefore, from the standpoints of economy and efficiency, convenience is a most
Convenience.
that
is

desirable quality.

To

be convenient, a machine must be so designed

32

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

All

Hand-Wheels, Operating Levers,

etc.,

Located

Where Workman Can Reach Them Handily

A, Transverse hand feed.

B, Vertical

I,

Vertical

movement clamp.

hand

feed.

J,

C, Longitudinal fine hand feed.

Feed reverse lever (all feeds). At right of knee on small machines.

D, Longitudinal automatic feed

trip

and reverse
er.

lever.

E, Transverse automatic feed trip levF, Vertical automatic feed trip lever.

dials graduated to thousandths of an inch. L, Transverse and Vertical feed locking

lever.

K, Adjustable

G, Longitudinal movement clamp. H, Transverse movement clamp.

M, Lever to disconnect table feed screw when using circular milling attachment.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

33

and constructed that work and tools can be readily placed in position and removed from the table, spindle and table feed adjustments easily made, and all working parts readily accessible.

As

the station of the operator

levers
different table

is

at the front of the machine,

for

all

controlling

and hand-wheels

stopping and starting the

machine and the from this point.

movements should be within reach

The spindle speed and

some
builders,

table feed changing levers of constant speed

driven machines are placed on the left-hand side of the column by

of choice

and on the right by others. This is more a matter than anything else, the chief advantage being in having them conveniently grouped and so designed that the manner of operation
is

clear.

Arrangements

for

lubricating

the various

parts

and making

adjustments to compensate for wear should be such that these can be accomplished with a minimum loss of time.

Hand

or Automatic Feed.

It is essential

that the

table

of

all

milling machines used for manufacturing purposes, with the exception

of the very smallest of the plain type, be fitted with both hand and automatic feeds. In the case of this exception, the work done is of such a small character that the machine can be operated more rapidly by hand than it could be if an automatic feed were applied. By the use of automatic feeds, one operator is enabled to run several machines on the majority of commercial work.

Tool room machines, and those used for miscellaneous milling, should be fitted with both hand and automatic feeds, for, while

much

of the

work

requires careful feeding

theless,

many

times

when an automatic

the mechanic can devote his job while a cut is being taken.

by hand, there are, neverfeed can be employed and attention to some other detail of the

Power Fast Table

Travel. On large machines it is necessary that the table be provided with a power fast travel in order that the minimum amount of time will be consumed in moving the work to and from the cutter.
Also a faster rate of travel
is

thereby provided than

is

possible

by hand, and the operator is relieved of the laborious task of moving the heavy table and work many times a day. Both of these are
points which materially influence increased production.

34

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

There are Friction Clutch Levers at Both Sides of Machine for Convenience of Operator

Operator Does Not Have to Go Around Table to Clamp Knee

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

35

Oil Can or Pump and Tank. Every milling machine must be fitted with some arrangement for lubricating the cutters when working on steel, or wrought iron. Either an oil can or a pump and tank are employed for this purpose. For machines that are used for light work and miscellaneous milling, an oil can is found satisfactory, as the amount of lubricant used is small and a pump and tank complicate the machine and make more for the operator to care for. When heavy and manufacturing milling is being done, however, and an abundance of oil is required, both to cool the cutters and wash out chips, it is not always practical to supply it through the medium of a can, as this cannot be made large enough to hold sufficient
lubricant to last long.
to

By

fitting the

machine with a
it

pump and
is

a tank
relief

which the used

oil

returns

by

gravity, a copious supply

available

at all times. When it is not needed valve in the piping returns the unused

can be shut
to the tank.

off

and a

oil

No

Exertion to

Run the Table Back Run it Up to Cut

or

36

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Vertical Spindle Milling

Machine

with Spindle Driven by Belt

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

37

CHAPTER

III

Erection and Care of Machine

Erection. A machine should be placed upon a level, and, if If the foundation is not firm, possible, a solid floor or foundation. undue vibrations will exist and possibly impair its accuracy and Either stone or concrete makes an excellent foundation durability.
for the larger sizes.
is

Neither of these can be used, however, when

to locate
it

it

desired to place a machine above the ground floor of a building,

directly over a

and

it is best, in this case,

beam; not

in the

middle of a bay.

Ordinary wooden shingles are commonly used in leveling a machine. When the exact position has been determined, the fastening screws or bolts should be screwed down until nearly tight. A spirit level should then be used to test the top of the table, both longitudiIf the machine is too low at any corner, drive nally and transversely. a shingle under the base at this point to bring it up. When the table is found to be. level in every direction, the nuts, or bolts, should be brought up solidly. It is well, even after tightening the bolts, to test the surface of the table once more, as this tightening sometimes throws the machine out of level again.

Counter -shaft.
employed,
It
is

Putting

up

is

usually the

first

the counter-shaft, when one is operation in installing a machine.

generally placed directly over cone drive machines because of located very far at either side.
it is

the interference of the driving belt with the upper part of the frame
if

it is

With constant speed drive

not necessary to place the counter-shaft directly overmay be placed diagonally as long as the belt does not head. It interfere with the overhanging arm when it is pushed back.
machines,

The counter-shaft should be level and accurately aligned parallel with the main, or driving, shaft. Where the beams are not uniform enough to bring the stringers to which the counter-shaft hangers are
attached level, it will be necessary to shim between the feet of the hangers and the stringers to make the shaft level. The holes in the feet of the hangers are usually in the form of slots, which allow the hangers to be slightly adjusted when aligning the counter-shaft with

38

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

the driving shaft.

Co.

39

In leveling and aligning the counter-shaft,

its

it

is

boxes and take measurements from it. It is afterward removed, the pulleys put on and then replaced in its bearings. When the hangers are securely tightened, the shaft should revolve freely, About an eighth of an inch end play is desirable on a counter-shaft, This can be obtained when placing
the practice to insert the bare shaft in the hangers.

The

shipper handles are

most convenient when they come within easy reach from the left front side of the machine, as this
is

the position

commonly taken by

man

to

the workwatch the operation.

Counter - shaft

bearings

are lubricated in various ways.

In our particular type the

is

oil

raised

from reservoirs
rule

in

each hanger by means of rope wicks as

off

shown

in Fig. 2.
it is

As a
oil is

counter-shaft reservoirs at very frequent intervals

used.
If

and replace the oil in if a good machinery the reservoirs are thoroughly cleaned and filled with

not necessary to draw

fresh oil once every year or so they rarely need

much

attention.

It is

good practice, however, to put

a little oil every three or four months in order to insure maintaining the proper level.
in

The arrangement
in Fig. 1.

of a three-friction pulley counter-shaft

is

shown

Its operation is as follows:

A movement

of the shipper to

the right from the position in which

it is

shown, causes thimble

to

Throwing the shipper spread the friction levers or engage pulley C. to the left until thimble A is about central between pulleys C and E,
causes thimble

to spread the friction levers or engage pulley D.

of the shipper to the left allows the levers of

further

movement

pulley

to slip over onto the smaller diameter of thimble B, disen-

gaging the clutch of this pulley; at the same time thimble the levers engaging pulley E.

spreads

Diameter of Pulley on Driving Shaft.

of pulley required

To
speed

find

the diameter

on the driving shaft

multiply
the

for driving the counter-shaft

at a given

speed,

required

of

the

counter-

shaft in revolutions per minute

by the diameter in inches of the pulley on same, and divide the product by the revolutions per minute

40

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

If,

Co.

of driving shaft.

for instance, the speed of the

main shaft

in a

shop is 200 R. P. M., and it is required to drive a counter-shaft, having a pulley 14 inches in diameter, 320 R. P. M., the diameter of the main shaft pulley is found as follows: 320 R. P.M.X14" A . A , ( u = 22.4 diameter of pulley required on main shaft. 200 R. P. M.

When
differ,

the counter-shaft has two or more pulleys whose speeds

is

a separate calculation
is

required for each.

is

And when no

counter-shaft

used, the calculation

the same as above, except

of

that the required speed

and diameter

the machine pulley are

substituted for the diameter and speed of the counter-shaft pulley.

Importance of Keeping Machine Clean and Well Oiled. Many workmen fail to appreciate the importance of keeping a machine clean and well oiled, and we cannot emphasize this point too strongly.
of a milling

Proper attention to these details influences the accuracy and efficiency machine and prolongs its life, while neglect to attend to these matters has ruined many a good machine.

to dust, dirt or chips, should be Chips should not be allowed to collect upon the surface of the table until they fall over the sides on to the flat bearings on the top of the knee. Care should also be taken to prevent chips and dirt getting between the knee and column, causing scoring of these flat bearings and throwing the knee out of

Working parts most exposed

frequently cleaned and oiled.

alignment.

and channels many times become clogged with a gummy oil, and also to decomposition of the lubricant itself. This can be effectively removed without injury to the bearing surfaces by flushing the tubes and channels with gasoline or naphtha. It is well to do this occasionally
Oil tubes

substance, due to the accumulation of dirt in the

to insure free passage of

oil

to the bearings, for

if

the bearing surfaces,

especially cylindrical ones, run dry, they

necessitates

become roughed up, which taking them apart, and entails considerable work before

they can be

made

to run satisfactorily again.

in active service for a period of a

machine that has been

it

year
this,

or two, should be thoroughly cleaned and inspected.

requires that

To do

be taken apart to some extent, as it is impossible to ascertain the condition of some of the more important bearing surfaces in any other way. Also it is the only way in which one can make sure that some of the oil channels that are not easily accessible are not filled up.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

41

of the different parts should

Only good mechanics who thoroughly understand the construction be permitted to take apart and reassemble a machine, owing to the liability of parts being put together wrongly and alignments imperfectly made, if the work is intrusted
to less responsible persons.

Arbors and collars should be kept clean and care exercised that
chips do not get into the hole in the spindle or between collars.

Neatness about a machine

is

usually the

mark

of a

good workman.

By
for

assigning definite places to tools and attachments and returning

them immediately after using, he is able to know just where to look any one whenever he wants it. The time required to replace tools in this way is more than offset by the advantage of being able to readily find them again besides, the tidiness of a machine materially
;

adds to the appearance of a shop.

remember when applying oil that ordinary bearcan hold only a few drops at a time and that this amount applied at regular and frequent intervals is far more beneficial than a flood of lubricant at irregular periods. It is a good practice to have one man attend to the oiling daily in shops where the machines are
It is well to

ings

used by different workmen.

There are so many good machinery oils upon the hard to specify any one as the best to use for lubricating a milling machine. Any good coal or mineral oil can be used. Never use an animal oil, as it will gum up the bearing surfaces, oil channels and tubes, and have a tendency to retard rather than render easy the movements of the different parts. It might also be said that in buying machinery oil it is always safest to purchase a lubricant of

Kind

of Oil.

market that

it is

reliable

quality instead of experimenting with the less expensive

It is

brands.

cheaper to buy good

oil

than to run the risk of damage

to bearings from overheating or scoring.

of the driving chain

Care of Driving Chain on Motor Driven Machines. The care on motor driven machines is important. It

should be kept clean, well lubricated and adjusted. To clean a driving chain, remove it and immerse in a bath of kerosene or gasoline.

This

will loosen

up the gum and

matter
will

dirt,

and by working the

out.

joints while

in the bath, foreign

come

Remove

the kerosene or

gasoline
of soda

by soaking the chain in a very hot and fairly strong solution and water. Wipe dry and immerse in a bath of warm and
oil for

quite thick lubricating

several hours.

This treatment should

be applied about every two or three months.

42

Brown & Sharps Mfg.

Co.

good quality of lubricant that is free from tendency to should be used, and a generous quantity applied daily.

gum

is usually regulated by the adjusting should run at a tension that might be termed just a little too slack for a leather belt; that is, a slightly greater sag should be allowed.

The

tension of the chain

It

screws in motor bracket.

Adjustments.

As bearing

surfaces

and parts wear,

at
for doing this.

it

becomes

necessary from time to time to

points convenient

make adjustments, and

all

important

means are provided

Flat bearings

are provided with tapered gibs that are easily adjusted, and cylindrical
bearings, like those of the spindle,

wear.

It

is

essential

that any adjustment

have ready means of taking up required be promptly

Fig. 3

made, for otherwise the accuracy of the machine is impaired. wear much more rapidly as the lost motion becomes greater. By a little examination and adjustment every now and then, the efficiency of a machine can be maintained and its life
Furthermore, parts
indefinitely prolonged.

Before proceeding to adjust or take anything apart,

plan to carefully study
its

it is

principle of construction.

Many

a good times

this simple precaution will obviate considerable trouble.

The prevailing practice in designing spindle bearings is to have the front bearing on the spindle tapered and the rear bearing straight.

On our machines the front bearing is adjusted by loosening check screw N and tightening nut F, Fig. 3. This draws the spindle back into the box, and as the bearing is tapered, the lost motion is taken up.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Should
it

Co.

43

become necessary, after running a machine for a number of more adjustment in this front box, the spindle can be removed and the washers between the spindle collar and the front of the box can be reduced a little in thickness. The adjusting nut F will then take care of the wear for another long period. Nut K
years, to obtain

should not be disturbed, as this merely holds the box in place. The rear box is split and fits in a taper hole in the frame. It is adjusted by loosening nut L and tightening nut E.

44

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

45

Explanation of Levers, Hand-wheels,

etc.,

on Brown

& Sharpe

Constant Speed Drive Milling Machines

1.

Friction clutch levers for starting

and stopping machine.

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Power feed Power feed Power feed

trip

and reverse

lever for longitudinal

movement

of table.

trip lever for transverse

trip lever for vertical

movement movement of

of saddle.

knee.

Knob

for fine

adjustment of spindle.

8.
9.

10. 11.

12.
13.
14.

Table feed disconnecting lever. Hand- wheel for transverse movement of table. Hand-wheel for vertical movement of table. Adjustable dog for controlling length of table movement. Adjustable dog for controlling length of knee traverse. Safety dog for preventing table running too far. Safety dog for preventing knee running too far down. Spindle drive tumbler gear lever. Knob for sliding the tumbler gear.
Quill gear adjusting lever.

15.
16. 17.

Back gear adjusting

lever.

Spindle reverse lever.

18.
19.

Index plate of spindle speeds.

Feed drive tumbler gear lever. 20. Knob for sliding the tumbler gear. 21 and 22. Levers for moving change gears. Index plate of table feeds. 23.
24. 25.
26.

Raising block for spiral head.

Change gears
Table stops

for spiral head.

for preventing longitudinal table

movement.

27.
28.
29.

Adjustable centre.

30.

Centre Rest. Cutter Driver. Chuck.

31.
32. 33.
34.

Dra wing-in bolt. Chuck collet.

Differential indexing centre.
Collet.

35. 36.

Index plates.
Vise.

37. 38. 39.

40. 41.

Rapid index pin lever. Fine feed lever. Transverse and vertical feed locking lever. Safety stop for transverse feed. Adjustable dog for transverse feed.

46

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

^^^^
Hand
Milling Machine

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

47

CHAPTER
Spiral

IV

Head

Indexing

and Cutting

Spirals

The mechanism known as the spiral head constituted one of the fundamental parts of the original universal milling machine. Its primary purpose was that of indexing and rotating work in conjunction with the movement of
the table for cutting flutes in
twist drills.

The

great possibil-

ities it offered in

cutting a large

range of spirals, and for doing many other jobs, were soon recognized and developed, until
it

is

now used

for

an endless

variety of operations.

With

it,

ordinary

indexing

to

obtain

even spacing on the periphery

of pieces, as in cutting teeth in
cutters,

ratchets,

clutch gears,
Spiral
all

gear

wheels and flutes in reamers, taps, drills, etc., can Spiral forms of be quickly accomplished.

Head
leads can be

common

accurately reproduced

by

its use. all

The
to plain

spiral

head and foot-stock are furnished as a part of

universal milling machines and can be applied, with few exceptions,

Used in connection with a on a plain machine, much the same variety of work can be done as on the universal machine.

and

vertical spindle machines.

vertical spindle milling attachment,

In construction, spiral heads of today

embody

the

same

principles

as the one on the original universal milling machine, but improvements

have made them more solid and convenient to operate. Likewise, improvements have been made in the design and construction of the
foot-stock.

Since our spiral head

of its various points

is

typical of these mechanisms, a description

in

may aid

and cutting

spirals.

The head

itself consists of

understanding the methods of indexing a hollow, semi-circular

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

is

Co.

is connected to an index 4 shows the construction of this part. The head casting has dove-tailed bearings at each side that fit the contour of a base plate, which can be clamped to the surface of the table. The alignment of the head with the table longitudinally is provided by means of a tongue on the under side of the base plate that fits a T slot in the table. The spiral head spindle passes through the head, and is held in place by means of a nut at the small end. The front end is threaded and has a taper hole corresponding to that of the machine spindle.

casting in which

mounted a spindle that

wheel.
Fig.

crank through a

worm and

e ,f

Fig. 4

It is rotated by means of the worm wheel B, which is driven by the hardened worm A that is located on the shaft to which the index crank is fastened. In order to insure accuracy the worm threads are ground after hardening. Through gearing, the index plate and worm A can be driven together from the table feed screw when the index

When worm A is turned is in position in any hole of a plate. by means of the index crank, indexing may be accomplished, and when it is geared to the table feed screw, spiral milling, in addition
pin
to indexing,
is

made

possible.

The

cutting of the spiral

is

due to

the turning of the table feed screw, which through the interposition
of

carrying

change gears between this screw and the gears that drive the shaft worm A, causes the spindle of the spiral head to rotate as

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

49

work.
the

the table advances, so that the cutter produces a spiral cut in the For rapid indexing, when cutting flutes in taps, reamers, etc.,

being

worm A, is disengaged and the spindle turned by hand, the divisions made by means of the index plate C, which is fastened to the nose of the spindle, and may be locked
by the pin D.

The

spindle

may be

revolved con-

tinuously as

when

cutting spirals, or

may

be securely locked after being revolved a desired amount, as in indexing for

cutters,

the

teeth

of

gears,

clutches,

ratchets, etc.
It
its
is

possible to swing the head in

bearings so that the front end of the

any desired angle from 10 below the horizontal to 5 beyond the perpendicular without throwFig. 5 ing the driving members out of mesh. Graduations on the front edge of the head indicate the angle of
spindle can be set to

elevation to half degrees.

The design of the head is such that it permits unusually long and wide bearings. Furthermore, it sets very low and can be so firmly clamped to the base that the whole mechanism practically becomes one solid casting. Hence, it provides a particularly rigid support for the work, which is a factor of much importance in the class of work that is done upon this mechanism.
Index Plates and Change Gears. Three index plates are furnished with the spiral head, and contain circles with the following numbers
of holes:

Plate 115, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

Plate Plate

221, 337,

23, 27, 29, 31, 33.

39, 41, 43, 47, 49.

The change

gears that are furnished have the following

numbers
100.

of teeth: 24 (2 gears), 28, 32, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 86

and

Graduated Index Sector. Without the graduated index sector, much care must be exercised in counting the holes in an index plate when indexing to obtain any given number of divisions. Such a
sector enables the correct

number

of holes to be obtained at each

It
is

indexing with

little

chance for

error.

shown

in

Fig.

and

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

consists of
is

two arms which may be spread apart when the screw A,

loosened slightly.

The

correct

number

of holes

may

be counted

and the sector arms set to include them; or better, the graduations on the dial may be used in connection with the tables given on pages 210 to 218. To set the sector arms by this last method, follow down the column headed "Graduation" in the tables referred to,
until opposite the

number

of divisions

that

is

desired.

Take the

found here and set the arms by bringing the left one against the index pin, which should be inserted in any convenient hole in the required circle, and moving the right one until the graduation corresponding to the number obtained from the table coincides The correct number of holes with the zero on the left arm. will then be contained between the two arms, and counting is
is

number that

unnecessary.

When setting the arms by counting the holes, the left arm should be brought against the index pin as directed above, and then the required number of holes for each division should be counted from the
hole that the pin
is in,

considering this hole as zero.

Adjustable Index Crank. The index

crank of the spiral head is adjustable This is shown in Fig. 6. Many times it is desired to make a delicate adjustment of the work, or to bring the index pin to the nearest hole without disturbing &' the setting of the work. To adjust the index crank after the work has been placed in position, turn thumb screws A-A, Fig. 6, until the pin enters the nearest hole in the index plate. To rotate the work relative to the index plate, both the stop pin at the back of the plate and the index crank pin should be engaged, the adjustment being made by means of the thumb screws as before.
circumferentially.

Throwing
spindle

Worm Out

of

Mesh.

When

it

is

desired to turn the

on the front end of the spindle, it is necessary to disengage the driving worm A, Fig. 4. To do this, turn the knob E, by means of a pin wrench furnished, about one-quarter of a revolution in the reverse direction to that indicated by an arrow stamped on the knob. This will loosen nut G, that clamps eccentric bushing H then with the fingers turn both knobs E and F, at the same time, and the bushing H, will revolve,
of the plate
;

by hand and index work by means

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

disengaging the

Co.

51

worm from

the wheel.

To

re-engage the worm,

reverse the above operation.

on Spindle. If the angle changed during operation, the spindle must be rotated slightly to bring the work back to the proper position, for when the spindle is elevated or depressed, the worm wheel is rotated about the worm, and the effect is the same as if the worm were turned.
Effect of

Change

in Angle of Elevation
is

of the spiral

head spindle

Foot-stock. The foot-stock shown in Fig. 7 is for supporting pieces work that are milled on centres or the outer ends of arbors, and The centre is adjustable longipieces that are clamped in a chuck. tudinally, and can be elevated or depressed by means of a rack V, and pinion actuated by hex U. It can also be set at an angle out of parallel with the base when it is desired to mill drills, taper reamers, etc., so that it can be kept in perfect alignment with the spiral head
of

wjy

Fig. 7

centre.

The advantage

of this

is

readily appreciated from the fact

is

that by the use of centres that cannot be adjusted, work

apt to

become cramped at

certain positions during its revolution, and, as

a result, even spacing cannot be obtained.

the nuts

When set in any position, the centre is firmly held by means of W, X and Y. Set screw S prevents endwise movement

of the elevating pinion.

Two taper pins, one of which is shown at Z, are used to quickly and accurately locate the foot-stock centre in line with the spiral head
centre,

when

the centres are parallel to the top of the table.

little
is

They

may

be loosened by twisting a
Fig. 8

with a wrench.

shows a gauge that

very handy to use for quickly

adjusting the foot-stock centre in line with the spiral head centre

52

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

when setting for taper work. It consists of a bushing that fits over the centre in the spiral head and a blade, the bottom edge of
which
is

the

same distance above the centre as the top

of the foot-

stock centre.

IQ
Fig. 8

INDEXING
The
first office

of the spiral

head

is

to index or divide the periphery

work into a number of definite or given parts. This is accomplished by means of the index crank and the index plates furnished with the head or, in the case of some of the more common coarse divisions, by means of the rapid index plate fastened to the
of a piece of
;

nose of the spindle.

There are two practical and accurate methods of indexing, known A third method, known as the Compound, was used extensively in the past, and is still employed by some shops having machines that are not fitted for Differential indexing. The chances for errors in making the complicated indexing moves, and the fact that even when the moves are made correctly, exact results cannot be obtained, causes the Compound method to be of little practical value where accurate spacing is required. It has, as a result, been largely superseded by the Differential method, by which the same numbers can be indexed accurately, and with little liability of errors in making the indexing moves.
as Plain and Differential.

Most spiral heads that are not fitted for Differential indexing can be at a nominal cost, and the unusual simplicity and convenience of this method in themselves are sufficient to warrant doing this.

By

the Plain method of indexing, which includes rapid indexing,

all divisions up to 50, even numbers up to 100, except 96, and many numbers that are multiples of 5 up to 380, besides many others, can be indexed with the three index plates furnished. With the addition of -the change gears furnished, divisions obtained by Plain indexing, together with those that cannot be obtained by that method, from 1 to 382, and many others beyond, can be indexed by the Differential method.

using the plate on the spindle nose,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

53

Plain and Direct Indexing. Plain indexing on the spiral head is very similar to indexing with ordinary index centres. It depends entirely upon how many times the index crank must be turned to cause the work to make one revolution. When this ratio is known, it is an easy matter to calculate the number of turns or fractions of a turn of the index crank to produce a given number of spaces on the periphery of the work.

The worm wheel on

is

the spindle contains 40 teeth and the

for every turn of the index crank, the

single threaded, hence

is

worm worm

advanced one tooth, or the spindle makes ?V part of a revoThis should be remembered, for it is used in all indexing If the crank is turned 40 times, the calculations on the spiral head. spindle and work will make one complete revolution. To find how many turns of the crank are necessary for a certain division of the work, 40 is divided by the number of the divisions which are desired. The quotient will be the number of turns, or the part of a turn of the crank, which will give each desired division. Applying this rule, 40 divisions would be made by turning the crank completely around once for each division, or 20 divisions would be obtained by turning around twice. When the quotient contains a fraction, or is a fraction, it will be necessary to give the crank a part revolution in indexing. The numerator of the fraction represents the number of holes that should be indexed for each division. If the fraction is so small that none of the plates contains the number of holes represented by the denominator, both numerator and denominator should be multiplied by a common multiplier that will give a fraction, the denominator of which represents a number of holes that is available. On the other hand, if the fraction is of large terms, it should be reduced so that its denominator will represent a number of holes that is available. For example, seven divisions are desired. 40 divided by 7, equals There is no plate 5f turns of the index crank to each division. containing so few holes as 7, so this should be raised. Multiplying hi Hence, for by the common multiplier 3, we have i x I one division of the work, the index crank pin is placed in the 21 hole circle, and the crank is given 5 complete revolutions and then is moved ahead IS additional holes. 35 holes in the 49 hole circle might also be used in place of 15 in the 21 hole circle, as If is a multiple of
wheel
lution.

the original fraction

The
able

tables on pages 210 to 218 give the correct circles of holes

and numbers to index for each division of all numbers that are obtainby plain indexing, as well as those obtainable by the differential

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

method, and when these are used

unnecessary.

figuring,

such as that above,

is

Indexing in Degrees and Parts of Degrees.

When

it is

desired to

divide the circumference of a piece in this manner,

can often be done by plain indexing. One complete turn of the index crank c 360 = 9 degrees. Following produces A of a turn of the work, or 40
it

this

method:
2 holes in the 18-hole circle

2 holes in the 27-hole circle

1 1

hole in the 18-hole

= 1 degree. = degree. circle = 1 degree.

1

hole in the 27-hole circle

=1

degree.

Other odd fractional parts of a degree can be easily found by

dividing the
will

number

of holes in

any given

circle into 9 degrees.

It

be noticed that J- degree spacing cannot be obtained in this way; but with differential indexing, as explained on page 57, it is easy to get \ degree and other fractional spacings.
Differential Indexing.
of Differential indexing enables a

wide range

be indexed, which cannot be obtained by

divisions

to

plain

indexing.

With

the

change gears and three index

plates furnished with the spiral

head,

it is

possible to index

all

numbers, not obtainable by plain indexing, from 1 to 382;

in addition,

many

other divis-

ions beyond 382 can be indexed.

crank
tion

By this method, the index is moved in the same

and the operaSpiral

circle of holes,
is like

that of plain index-

Head Geared

for Differential

ing. The spiral head spindle and index plate are connected by a train of gearing, as shown above, and the stop pin at the back of the plate is thrown out. As the index crank is turned, the spindle is rotated through the worm and wheel, and the plate moves either in the same or opposite direction to that of the

Indexing

crank.
fore,

The

total
its

equal to

movement of the crank at every indexing is, theremovement relative to the plate, plus the movement
the plate revolves in the same direction as the crank,

of the plate,

when

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

or minus the

Co.

55

movement
when

of the plate,

when
spiral

the plate revolves in the

opposite direction to the crank.

cutting spirals,
it is is

The

head cannot be used for

geared for differential indexing, for

geared to the table feed screw.

when

cutting spirals the head

To obviate the necessity of figuring out the change gears every time a certain number of divisions is required, tables on pages 210 By use of these tables, all numbers to 225 have been compiled.
obtainable by differential indexing, together with those that can be

had by the plain method can be easily indexed. The tables also give the correct circle and number of holes to be indexed, graduations for setting of the index sector, and the proper change gears to use.
In order to select the proper change gears,
it is

first

necessary

to find the ratio of the required gearing between the spindle

and

plate.

After this has been done, the correct gears can be found.
ing formulae
JV =

The

follow-

show the manner in which this gearing number of divisions required. H= number of holes in index plate. = number of holes taken at each indexing.

is

calculated.

V= ratio

of gearing

x = ratio of the
index plate.

train

between index crank and spindle. of gearing between the spindle and the
.

5 = gear on spindle. ) ~ r =a * a \ Drivers. first gear on stud. ) Gi Gi= second gear on stud.) _
<-

W =gear on
TTr

worm.
. r if

x
)
.

Driven.
.

x x

= HV-Nn ^
1

TTjr H V

is

greater than

A7 Nn.

~
ti
C72
jrr

if

HV

is

less

than Nn.

=~

(for simple gearing)

* =-^

(for

compound

gearing).

V is

equal to 40 on the B.

&

S. spiral head,

and the index plates

furnished have the following numbers of holes: 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 49.

The

gears furnished have the following numbers of teeth:

24

(2 gears), 28, 32, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72, 86, 100.

In selecting the index circle to be used, it is best to select one with a number having factors that are contained in the change gears

56

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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on hand, for if contains a factor not found in the gears, x cannot usually be obtained, unless the factor is canceled by the difference between and Nn, or unless contains the factor.

HV

When HV is greater than Nn and gearing is simple, use 1 idler. When HV is greater thaniVn and gearing is compound, use no idlers. When HV is less than Nn and gearing is simple, use 2 idlers. When HV is less than Nn and gearing is compound, use 1 idler.
Select

"n"

so that the ratio of gearing will

not exceed 6:1 on

account of the excessive stress upon the gears.

A
of the

few examples are given herewith to above formulae:

1: x.

illustrate the application

Example

Required H, n and Assume H=33, = 22.

33

N = 59.

(33X40)- (59X22) Then x = -

We now
Example

select gears giving this ratio, as 32

and

48, the 32 being

is

the gear on spindle and the 48 the gear on

worm.
1

HV

greater than

Nn, and the gearing

2:

is

simple, requiring

idler.

319.

Required H, n and

x.

Assume i7= 29, w = 4.

(319X4) Wi "~^ Then *=

When
compound
i

29 the ratio is not obtainable

ATU; (29X40) = Ui = ^
with simple
gearing,

try

gearing.

can be expressed as follows:

3X4
1X3
for

72X64 24X48

which there are available gears.

HV
ing
is

is less than Nn and the gearcompound, requiring 1 idler.

lead

Geared for 271 Divisions

Fig. 9 shows the spiral head geared, simple gearing,

for 271

divisions.

Referring
are:

to the table

on page 216, the

for

gears called
Fig.^9

C,

56

teeth,

and E, 72

teeth, with

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

one
plate
idler

Co.

57

D.

The

idler

serves

to
in

rotate

the

index

the same direction

as the crank, thus in

making

280 turns of the crank, nine

divisions are lost, giving the

correct
271.

number of divisions, The sector should be set

f

to indicate

turns, or 3 holes

in the 21 hole circle,

and the

head

ready for 271 divisions, the indexing being made the

is

same as

for plain indexing.

Fig. 10

Head Geared
Fig.
for

for 319 Divisions.

10

shows

the

spiral

head geared,
to

compound

gearing,

on page 217, the gears called for are: C, 48 teeth; F, 64 teeth; G, 24 teeth; E, 72 The sector should be set to teeth and one idler D, 24 teeth. sV turns, or 4 holes in the 29 circle; the head is then ready for 319
319
divisions.

Referring

the

table

divisions.

Spacing for Quarter Degrees.

Example
3.

Required H, n and x = 33, n = Assume

for spacing
l.

degrees, or 1440 divisions.

Then
One

(1440X1)

(33X40)

120 33 r

64X100
40

33

44

idler is required.

The

following table gives data required for spacing

and

For fractional page 54.

1
CO
#

parts of degrees obtainable

by

plain indexing see

ij
o
Index
Circle
Gradua-

!
on

1
Worm

C o

^P
Gear Stud

Hole
Gear
Stud

Idlers

OT

*35

5
tion

">

Gear

<u
1st

"3,

S
1

on

2d

on

ZK
24

o
o

49
33

J5
1

28

64

56

100

3 3

44

64

40

100

24

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Aliquant or Fractional Spacing.

Example
4:
five

A Vernier to read to A degree or Required: being divided to degrees. scale the Each Vernier space can equal is degree.
11

minutes,

11 4320 spaces in whole circle = 392tt spaces. or 4320 11 12X360 Assume 11=18, w = 2. 8 (392t tX2)-(18X40) = 720/11 720 X 1 ^40^ 64X100 18 11 18 18 11 40 X44
1
.

_,

One

idler is required.

CUTTING SPIRALS.
Spirals that are
spiral gears, spiral mills, counterbores,

most commonly cut on milling machines embrace and twist drills. Worms are

also cut with the aid of a vertical spindle or universal milling attach-

ment.

Examples

of

some

of these classes of

work are shown

in this

chapter, and in operations in chapters VIII and IX.

The method of producing the spiral movement of the work has been described before, and the manner in which the head is geared is shown in Figs. 11 and 12. The four change gears are known as: gear on screw; first gear on stud (as it is the first to be put on); second gear on stud; and gear on worm. The screw gear and first gear on stud
are the drivers, and the others are the driven gears.
tudinal

By

using different
of the

combinations of the change gears furnished, the ratio of the longi-

movement
;

of the table to the rotary

movement

work

can be varied in other words, the leads of the spirals it is possible to cut are governed directly by these gears. Usually they are of such ratio that the work is advanced more than an inch while making one turn, and thus the spirals cut on milling machines are designated in terms of inches to one turn, rather than turns, or threads per inch; for instance, a spiral is said to be of 8 inches lead, not that its pitch is 1-8 turn per inch.

The

feed screw of the table has four threads to the inch,

and

forty turns of the

worm make one

while
it

turn of the spiral head spindle;

is

accordingly,
will

if

change gears of equal diameter are used, the work

make a complete turn

is,

moved lengthwise
This
is

10 inches;

that

the spiral will have a lead of 10 inches.

the lead of

the machine, and it is the resultant of the action of the parts of the machine that are always employed in this work, and is so regarded in making the calculations used in cutting spirals.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

59

2no.GearO^Stud.

*GearOnScrlw
Fig. 11

Showing Gearing

When No

Idler

is

Required

eMD.GEAROiSTUI

"GearOn Screw
Fig. 12

Showing Gearing With

Idler in

Use

60

Brown" &~ Sharps Mfg. Co.

Principle
lathe.

same

as for

Change Gears
same as
for

these calculations are the

of a Lathe. In principle, change gears of a screw cutting

The compound

ratio of the driven to the driving gears equals

in all cases, the ratio of the lead of the required spiral to the lead of

the machine. This can be readily demonstrated by changing the diameters of the gears.

Gears of the same diameter produce, as explained above, a spiral with a lead of 10 inches, which is the same lead as the lead of the machine. Three gears of equal diameter and a driven gear double this diameter, produce a spiral with a lead of 20 inches, or twice the
lead of the machine;
of the drivers, the ratio being

and with both driven gears, twice the diameters compound, a spiral is produced with a
Conversely,

lead of 40 inches, or four times the machine's lead.

driving gears twice the diameter of the driven produce a spiral with

a lead equal to J4 the lead of the machine, or 2^ inches. Expressing the ratios as fractions, the Driven G ears _ Lead of Required Spiral

Driving Gears Lead of Machine or, as the product of each class of gears determines the ratio, the head being compound geared, and as the lead of the machine is ten inches,
,

"~

Product of Driven Gears Product of Driving Gears

_ Lead

""10
if

of Required Spiral

_,,

. '

the

compound

ratio of the driven to the driving gears

be represented by a fraction whose numerator is and whose denominator is 10. In other words, the
required lead
ratio
is is

always the lead to be cut

ratio
is is

may

as the
20, the
is

to 10; for example,

the required lead

to

20:10.

To

express this in units instead of tens, the ratio

is 1.

always the same as one-tenth of the required lead quently this is a very convenient way to think of the
if

And
is

fre-

ratio; for

example,
25, the

the lead

is

40, the ratio of the gears

is

4:1.

If

the lead

gears are 2.5:1, etc.

To

illustrate
is

the

usual

calculations,

assume

that

spiral

of 12 inch lead

to be cut.

The compound

ratio of the driven

to the driving gears equals the desired lead divided

by

10, or it

may

be represented by the fraction to. Resolving this into two factors to represent the two pairs of change gears, 10 = 2X3. Both terms of the first factor are multiplied by such a number (24 in this instance) that the resulting numerator and denominator will correspond with the number of teeth of two of the change gears furnished with the machine (such multiplications not affecting the value of a fraction) lXii = U. The second factor is similarly treated: iXl=lii. and the gears with

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

72, 32,

Co.

61

48 and 40 teeth are selected.

^=

(ifvib)
drivers, the

The

first

two are the driven, and the

last

two the

numerais

tors of the fractions representing the driven gears.

The

72

the

on stud, 32 the second on stud and 48 the screw gear. The two driving gears might be transposed, and the two driven gears might also be transposed without changing the spiral. That is, the 72 could be used as the second on stud and the 32 as the worm gear, if such an arrangement were more convenient. The following rules express in abridged form the methods of figuring change gears to cut given spirals, and of ascertaining what spirals can be cut with change gears.
gear, 40 the first

worm

Rules for Obtaining Ratio of the Gears Necessary to Cut a Given Spiral. Note the ratio of the required lead to 10. This ratio Example: is the compound ratio of the driven to the driving gears.
If

the lead of required spiral

is

12 inches, 12 to 10 will be the ratio

of the gears.

Or, divide the required lead

by 10 and note the

ratio

between the

quotient and

1.

This ratio

is

usually the most simple form of the

40-f-10

compound

ratio of the driven to the driving gears.

is

required lead

40 inches, the quotient

is

Example: If the and the ratio 4 to 1.

Rule for Determining Number of Teeth of Gears Required to

Cut a Given Spiral.

lead and 10

Having obtained the

ratio

between the required

factors, raise these

by one

of the preceding rules, express the ratio in the

form of a

fraction; resolve this fraction into

two

factors to higher terms that correspond with the teeth of gears that

can be conveniently used.

spiral.

The numerators

will represent the

driven

and the denominators the driving gears that produce the required
For example:

What

gears shall be used to cut a lead of

27 inches?

!!-!Xl(IXH)X(fXi)-g2
From the fact that the product of the driven gears divided by the product of the drivers equals the lead divided by 10, or one- tenth of the lead, it is evident that ten times the product of the driven
gears divided

the spiral.

by the product Hence the rule:

of the drivers, will equal the lead of

Rule for Ascertaining what Spiral

May

be Cut by Any Given

Change Gears.
by the product

Divide ten times the product of the driven gears

of the drivers,

resulting spiral in inches to one turn.

and the quotient is the lead of the For example: What spiral

62

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

be cut by gears, with 48,
72,

Co.

will

32 and 40 teeth, the

first

two being
inches

used as driven gears? Spiral to be cut equals

to one turn.

10X48X72 =27 n
what
spirals

This rule

is

often of service in determining

may be

cut with the gears the

workman chances

to

have at hand.

on pages 226 to 228 give the leads and approximate some spirals produced by the gears furnished with our machines, and the combination of gears given in each case is such that they will properly mesh with one another. The tables on pages 229 to 247 contain all the leads that can be obtained with any possible combination of the change gears furnished, even though some of the leads are not available for use on account of the gears interfering
tables

The

angles of

or not reaching.
spirals, as

Combinations of gears that are too small

is

in

diameter

to reach for right-hand spirals, can generally be used for left-hand

the reverse gear

then required and

will

enable the gears

to reach.

As we have already mentioned, the two driving gears, or the two driven gears of any combination can be transposed, but a driver must
not be substituted for a driven or vice versa.

ments

of the gears of
ratio,

changing the
3.60" are:

Four different arrangeany combination are thus possible, without and when one arrangement interferes, or will not

reach, the others should be tried.

drivers,

48 teeth.

By

Thus, the gears to give a lead of 100 teeth and 32 teeth; driven, 24 teeth and arrangetransposing the gears, the following four ai
Drivers.
1st

ments may be obtained.

2nd
32
100
24

3rd
100

4th
32

Gear on Screw 1st Gear on Stud

Driven.

100
32 24

32

100

2nd Gear on Stud Gear on Worm

48
is

48

48 24

48 24

The

first

arrangement, however,

found by actual test to be

the only one available, owing to the interference of the gears in the

other combinations preventing their meshing properly.

When very short leads are required, it is preferable to disengage the worm wheel and connect the gearing directly to the spiral head spindle
(using the differential indexing centre).
one-fortieth of the leads given in the table for the
of gears.

This method gives leads same combinations

calls for

Thus, for a lead of 6.160", the table

gear on

worm,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

63

gear on screw, 100 teeth.

instead of on the

56 teeth; 1st gear on stud, 40 teeth; 2nd gear on stud, 44 teeth; and Putting the 56 tooth gear on the spindle

worm,

gives a lead of

= .154".
may
be obtained without

By
the

this

method, very short leads

means of indexing work cannot be employed. A method that can be used for indexing when using the differential centre is to have the number of teeth in the gear on the spindle some multiple of the number required to

excessively straining the mechanism, but the regular

Fig. 13

be indexed.
spindle the
.261

Swing the gears out of mesh and advance the gear on number of teeth required to index the work one division
Thus,
if

at each indexing.
",

9 divisions are required with a lead of

we select a lead from the table equal to about .261"X40 = 10.440*, when the gear on worm (which will now be the gear on spindle) is some multiple of 9, as 72. The nearest lead is 10.467", which
gives

^ = .2617"

lead, giving
is

an error of .0007".

To

index the

work, the gear on spindle

advanced

V=8

teeth at each indexing.

The

short lead attachment described in the next chapter can also

in

be used to cut short leads, an index plate being provided for use
cutting multiple threads.

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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Position of the Table in Cutting Spirals. The change gears having been selected, the next step in cutting spirals is to determine the position at which the table must be placed to bring the spiral in line with the cutter as the work is being milled.

The

correct position of the table

is

indicated

by the angle shown

be noticed from that figure, has the same number of degrees as the angle B, which is termed the angle of the spiral, and is formed by the intersection of the spiral and a line The reason the parallel with the axis of the piece being milled.
at A, Fig. 13, and this angle, as

may

angles

and B are

alike,

is

that

their

corresponding sides are perpendicular to each other.

4Skc

Fig. 14

The
spiral of

angle of the spiral depends upon the lead of the spiral and

the diameter of the piece to be milled.

The

greater the lead of a

any given diameter, the smaller the angle, and the greater the diameter of any spiral with a given lead, the greater the spiral
If

angle.
is not found in the tables on pages 226 to 228, two ways, graphically or more conveniently, by a simple calculation and reference to the tables on pages 309 to 317. In determining it graphically, a right-angle triangle is drawn to scale.

the angle wanted

in

it

can be ascertained

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

65

One

which forms the right angle represents the circumand the hypothenuse represents the line of the spiral. The angle between the lines representing the path of the spiral and the lead of the spiral is the angle of the spiral. This angle can be transferred from the drawing to the work by a bevel protractor, or even by cutting a paper templet and winding it about the work as shown in Fig. 14. The machine is then set so that the spiral or groove as it touches the cutter will be in line with the cutter. Or the angle may be measured and the
of the sides

ference of the piece in inches,

saddle set to a corresponding

tions

number

of degrees

by the gradua-

on the base.

The natural tangent of the angle of the spiral is the quotient of the circumference of the piece, divided by the lead
of the spiral.

Accordingly, the second method of obtaining the

is

angle of the spiral

piece

to divide the circumference of the

of degrees

by the

lead,

and note the number

opposite the figures that correspond with the quotients

in the tables of natural tangents,

pages 309 to 317.

is

The
by
is

angle having been thus obtained, the saddle

set

the graduations on the base.

Fi& 15

This second method more accurate, and there

first.

is is

more

satisfactory, as

it

less liability of error

than

with the

The

saddle can be set to the proper angle, but before

it is

cutting into the blank,

well to let the mill just touch the work,

then run the work along by hand and

by

this

mark

see

make a slight spiral mark, and whether the qjiange gears give the right lead.

Special care should be taken in cutting spirals that the work does not slip, and when a cut is made it is well to drop the work away from the mill while coming back for another cut, or the mill may be stopped and turned to such a position that the teeth will not touch the work while the table is brought back preparatory to another cut.

Setting Cutter Central. In making such cuts as are alike on both sides, for instance, the threads of worms or the teeth of spiral gears, care must be taken to set the work centrally perpendicular with the centre line of the cutter before swinging the saddle to the
angle of the spiral.

Cuts that have one face radial, especially those that are spiral, made with an angular cutter of the form shown in Fig. 15, as cutters of this form readily clear the radial face of the cut, keep sharp for some time and produce a smooth surface.
are best

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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n a

^
Fig. 16

Fig. 17

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

67

Twist

Drills.

The
drill is

operation of milling a twist

drill
if

is

shown

in
is

Fig. 16.

The

held in a collet, or chuck, and,

very long,

allowed to pass through the spindle of the spiral head. The cutter is brought directly over the centre of the drill, and the table is set at
the angle of spiral.

The depth

of groove in a twist drill diminishes as

it

approaches

the shank, in order to obtain increased strength at the place where

the drill generally breaks. The variation in depth is conditional, depending mainly on the strength it is desirable to obtain, or the usage the drill is subject to. To secure this variation in the depth of the groove, the spiral head spindle is elevated slightly, depending on the length of the flute and diameter of the drill.

The outer end of the drill is supported by the when quite small, should be pressed down firmly,
has passed over the end.

centre rest, and

until the cutter

is hollow, and contains a small groove cut therein to aid in holding the work central. This piece may be made in other shapes to adapt it to special work.

The

elevating screw of this rest

centre piece with a

Another, and very important operation on the twist drill, is lip, so as to give it the necessary clearance, to prevent excessive friction during drilling. In the illustration, Fig. 17, the saddle is turned about one-half degree as for cutting a right-hand spiral, but as the angle depends on several conditions, it will be necessary to determine what the effect will be
that of "backing off" the rear of the

under different circumstances. A slight study of the figure will be by assuming the effect of different angles, mills and the pitches of spirals. The object of placing the saddle at an angle is to cause the mill E to cut into the lip at c', and have it just touch the surface at e'. The line r being parallel with the face of the mill, the angular deviation of the saddle is shown at a, in comparison with the side of the drill.
sufficient for this,

From a little consideration it will be seen that while the drill has a positive traversing and rotative movement, the edge of the mill at e' must always touch the lip at a given distance from the front edge; this being the vanishing point, if such we may call it. The other surface forming the real diameter of the drill is beyond reach of the cutter, and is so left to guide and steady it while in use. The point e, shown in the enlarged section, shows where the cutter commences, and its increase until it reaches a maximum depth

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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at c, where it may be increased or diminished according to the angle employed in the operation, the line of cutter action being represented by ii.

Before backing
ticular should

off,

the surface of

the smaller drills in par-

be colored with a solution of sulphate of copper, water and sulphuric acid. This solution can be applied with a piece of waste, and will give the piece a distinct copper color. The object of this is to clearly show the action of the mill on the lip of the drill, for, when satisfactory, a uniform streak of coppered surface the full length of the lip from the front edge g back to e, is left untouched

by the

mill.

The above-mentioned
following formula:

coloring solution can be

made by
4 oz.
8 oz.
1

the

Sulphate of copper (saturated solution)

Water
Sulphuric acid
It is

oz.

sometimes preferred to begin the cut at the shank end. By starting the cut in at this end, the tendency to lift the drill blank from the rest is lessened.

The

table given on page 326

is

useful for determining the cutters,

pitches, gears

and angles

for twist drills.

Cutting Left-Hand Spirals. When giving directions for cutting spirals in any of the foregoing pages, right-hand spirals are at all
times referred to. For the production of left-hand spirals, the only changes necessary are the swinging of the saddle to the opposite side of the centre line, and the introduction of an intermediate gear upon the stud, Fig. 12, to engage with either pair of change gears for changing the direction of rotation of the spiral head spindle.

Cutting Spirals with an End Mill.

described,
it is

When

spirals

cannot be con-

veniently cut with side or angular milling cutters, as previously

sometimes convenient to use end mills, as for example, of the piece is very large, or the spiral is of such a lead that the table cannot be set at the requisite angle, the work is so held that its centre and that of the mill will be in the same plane and the saddle is set at zero.

when the diameter

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

69

CHAPTER V

Attachments

A milling machine is, in itself, a most versatile tool, but when equipped with a suitable set of attachments, the range of work that can be done is greatly increased. Also there are often milling operations that can be performed without an attachment, but by using one the jobs can be more easily and quickly done. Attachments are, therefore, most desirable auxiliaries where a machine is not confined to one manufacturing operation, but is used for general milling purposes. And even in manufacturing, where a machine is kept on one operation, an attachment can often be used to good advantage.
Broadly speaking, the variety of attachments for use on milling machines is almost limitless. To fully realize this, one has only to visit several shops producing different kinds of work on milling machines, and observe the methods employed. Devices of every conceivable description will be seen in use in connection with the machines, and, while many of them may be of a more or less special character and adaptable only to a particular operation, they are, strictly speaking, attachments. Some of these devices, however, are so designed that quite a number of different operations can be performed by their u$e, or the same operation can be repeated on a variety of pieces. It is these mechanisms that we are accustomed to regard more especially as attachments, while those designed for single operations are almost universally known in shops as fixtures. It would be useless to attempt to treat of the latter, as their designs and purposes are as varied as the different lines of mechanical work.

The efficiency of attachments, like machines, depends largely upon their design and construction, and a poorly designed or built mechanism of this type can seriously impair the quality of work and
thus defeat
its

own

object.

forms of attachments designed for the same purpose will be found, as it is necessary for every manufacturer to adapt attachments to his machine. This is a matter of minor importance, however, and a close examination will reveal that, as a general rule, the principles of the different mechanisms are similar. This chapter is devoted to

Many

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Fig. 18

Fig. 19

Fig. 20

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

our
line of

Co.

71

attachments, as typical of attachments in general, with

brief descriptions of their general designs

and functions.

From

this

information

it is

necessity for,

hoped and advantages

that the reader will

of,

be able to understand the mechanisms. these

Vises.
of

While vises are furnished as a part of the regular equipment most milling machines, and for that reason are not styled as attachthis,

ments, notwithstanding

they

may

be so properly classed.

Vises are useful for holding a large variety of small

it is

work while
employ-

being milled or planed.

Numerous

illustrations of their

ment can be found in the examples of operations throughout Chapters VII and IX. It is essential that they be as rigid as possible, and
to this end should be built with well-designed, strong, close-fitting
parts.
It is well to

have them

set

low so as to bring the work close

Fig. 18

to the table.

There are several

for lighter operations.

styles of vises.

shows a Plain Vise,

The bed and

slide are of cast iron, while the

jaws are tool

of the table

hardened and ground. It is fastened to the surface of a screw that passes through the bed and threads into a nut inserted in a table T slot. The head of the clamping screw fits a counterbore in the vise bed, and is flush with the top of the casting, so that it does not interfere with the movement of the
steel,

by means

sliding jaw.

The
little

vise

shown

in Fig. 19 is

known

as a Flanged Vise, and differs

of clamping to the table.

from the Plain Vise except

in the

method

A slotted flange is provided at each end for this T slot bolts with nuts and washers are employed.
are furnished for clamping the vise at the sides
It is

purpose, and regular

Also a pair of straps

this
is

when

necessary.

sometimes desired to mill angular or tapering work. A vise provided with a swivel, and known by that name, is shown in Fig. 20, and by its use this work can be readily done. The vise proper is of the same design as the plain vise, but the bottom of the bed fits into a split ring in a base. This ring is tapered on the inside to draw the bed to its seat, and holds it rigidly without disturbing the alignment. The split ring is closed by either one of the two clamping bolts at the side, two being provided for convenience in setting. The entire circumference of the base is graduated to degrees, and the vise can be readily swung to any angle to the table ways. The base is provided with flanges for fastening it to the surface of the table.
Fig. 21

shows a Tool Makers' Universal Vise, designed to meet

the requirements of tool makers and machine shops where a great

72

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

found of advantage for holding also in determining and forming the edges for model parts of machines and work of a similar Often this vise will take the place of an expensive fixture. class. It can be set at any angle and the work placed in position or removed without disturbing the setIt can also be easily ting. removed from one machine to another and several operations performed without removing the piece of work. The base is double, and is
variety of
irregular

work

is

encountered.

It is

or angular pieces and

forms,

fastened to the
bolts that
fit

table

by

into the table

T
in

slots.

It

has two sets of

bolt slots to allow for

ing the vise back

a vertical upper part is a hinged knee, that swivels on the lower

part of the base, and
it

movwhen set plane. The

<=4
Fig. 21

can be set at any angle in a horizontal plane, graduations to degrees The top section of the knee is hinged to indicating the position. the lower part in such a manner that it can be set at any angle to 90 in a vertical plane, and clamped rigidly in position by the nut on the end of the bolt forming the hinge and by the bolt at the joint Graduations on a steel dial at the side of in the bracing levers.
the vise indicate the elevation of the knee.
is

swiveling

movement

also provided for the vise proper

it

knee, and

can be set

on the upper part of the hinged and clamped at any angle to the axis of the

bolt forming the hinge.

Index Centres.
exact

spacing of more

These mechanisms are employed for obtaining common numbers of divisions upon the

periphery of pieces of work, such as in cutting the teeth of small gears, ratchets and cutters, fluting taps and reamers, milling the
sides of nuts

and heads

of bolts,

and various other purposes.

They

are used principally upon machines not fitted with a spiral head, for their functions in most instances can be equally well performed
latter, which also offers many additional advantages. Like other attachments, their efficiency is largely dependent upon their design, and it is important that they be exceedingly stiff,

by the

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

in order

Co.

73

that the work

may

be rigidly supported.
indexing

They should
be quickly
as Single

also be convenient to operate, so that

may

accomplished.

One

of the simplest forms

of

index centres,

known

is shown in Fig. 22. and foot-stock of solid construction. The spindle of the head-stock is turned by means of the hand-wheel, and the divisions are indicated on the periphery of an index plate fastened to the spindle near the hand-wheel. There are holes in the back of the index plate corresponding to the divisions on its periphery, and a hardened steel taper pin is provided that is forced into the bushings of these holes by a

Dial Index Centres,

It consists of a head-stock

Fig. 22

spring, efficiently locking the spindle at any one of the divisions. The small lever near the top of the head-stock withdraws the taper pin when it is desired to index the work.

This style of index centres is found convenient whenever rapid is to be done, as in cutting teeth in sprocket wheels and mills, or in milling grooves in taps, reamers and work of a similar kind. They are built in two sizes, one to accommodate work up to 8 inches
indexing
diameter, and the other for work up to 12 inches diameter. The index plates or dials furnished have 24 divisions, or holes, but special plates

having, for 8 inch centres, any

number

of holes

up

to 32, and, for 12

inch centres, any number up to 32, are sometimes

made

to order.

A common
is

style of index centres,

known

as Plain Index Centres,

shown

in Fig. 23.

of a

worm and

wheel.

shaft constitutes

The spindle of the head-stock is revolved by means The handle of the crank fastened to the worm an index pin, and indexing is accomplished by means
numbers
of holes into

of a plate drilled with circles of different

which

the spring pin of the crank fits. Thus it will be seen that the principle of indexing with these centres is the same as with the spiral head. For rapid indexing of the coarser divisions, the worm can be thrown

out of mesh with the wheel and the spindle turned by hand; a

circle

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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Fig. 23

of holes in the

back of the worm wheel rim, and an index pin at the

is

top of the head-stock provide for indexing when this

done.

These centres are built in sizes to accommodate work up to 10 inches and 12 inches diameter respectively. The nose of the spindle
is

threaded to receive a face plate or chuck. They are fitted with index sectors similar to those of the spiral head, and the index crank
adjustable so that
it

is

can be brought to the nearest hole without

disturbing the setting.

to SO

The index

plates furnished divide

all

numbers

and

all

even numbers to 100, except 96.

Fig. 24 shows a pair of Universal Index Centres. The resemblance between them and the spiral head is marked; in fact, the foot-stock is identical with that furnished with the latter mechanism. All operations upon centres that do not require other than plain indexing and where there is no spiral to be cut, can be performed with these centres equally as well as with a spiral head. These universal index centres are built in six sizes, to accommodate work up to 6, 10, 12, 123^, 14 and 15 inches diameter. Divisions are indexed by means of the index crank and plates, the same

Fig. 24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

as on the spiral head.

Co.

75

indexing of coarser divisions

spiral head.

The two smaller sizes are arranged for rapid by disengaging the worm, and indexing

with the plate fastened directly to the nose of the spindle, as on the The index crank is adjustable and index sectors are employed. The index plates furnished with the 6 inch, 10 inch, 12

and 15 inch centres divide all numbers to 50, and all even numbers to 100, except 96; those furnished with the 12| inch centres divide all numbers to 100 and all even numbers to 134.
inch, 14 inch

Index centres designed for manufacturing purposes where econrapidity of production are important factors, often have more than one spindle. Fig. 25 shows triple centres of this type. All three spindles of these centres are indexed simultaneously, and one thumbscrew firmly clamps them all, consequently three pieces of work can

omy and

Fig. 25

be

finished in practically the

same time

it

takes to machine one on

single centres.

The
at the

spindles are rotated

left of

the head-stock. Indexing

all

by a ratchet operated by the lever shown is accomplished by an index plate

follows: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20
is

which divides

numbers as
stop pin

and

24.

The index
all

shown at the

left of

the head-stock.

Using
taken;

three spindles,

work up

to 2\ inches diameter can be

when only the two

outside spindles are employed,

work up

to

5 inches diameter will swing.

Triple index centres of the design that has the index plate at the
side of the head-stock similar to the spiral head are

shown

in Fig. 26.

Centres of this same general design, but arranged for rapid indexing
only, are also built.

The index
the

plates furnished with these centres divide all

numbers

to 50, even numbers to 100, except 96.

When rapid indexing is desired,

worm

of the index crank

is

by means

of a pinion actuated

disengaged and the centres are turned by the crank at the left of the head-

stock; an index plate and stop pin provide for the divisions.

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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Fig. 26

The

centres swing, using three spindles, 4 inches; using the

two

outside spindles, 8 inches.

Gear Cutting Attachment.

in Fig. 27
is

The

gear cutting attachment

useful for cutting spur gears of all diameters

is

up

to

shown and
it

including 16 inches, and

similar to ordinary index centres, only

Fig. 27 It is exceptionally rigid in construction will swing larger diameters. and, to further insure steadiness to the gear while being cut, an adjustable rim rest is placed on the head-stock.

the wheel
lessened.

The worm and wheel of this attachment is of much larger diameter than

are accurately cut,

and

that of ordinary index

is

centres; consequently the possibility for error in spacing

materially

spindle

The worm and worm wheel can be disengaged and the turned by hand by. means of the handle at the back, when

setting or testing work.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

77

The index
numbers to
on

plates furnished divide all

134,

and

all

numbers

divisible
this

numbers to 100, by 4 to 200.

all

even

In addition to cutting gears,

jig

work where accurate indexing

is

The

spindle

attachment may be used is an essential element. threaded for the purpose of holding a chuck or

face plate.

Vertical Spindle Milling Attachments.

Vertical spindle milling

attachments, including the Compound and Universal types, are used for a wide range of light and heavy milling, such as key seating, T
slot cutting, spiral milling, face milling

in fact,

and work of a similar class; almost any operation that can be performed with a vertical spindle machine can be accomplished with a horizontal spindle machine when equipped with one of these attachments.
In die sinking, as well as
of
all

kinds

surface

milling,
flat

the

having the work

in plain sight of

advantage of on the table and

is

the operator

readily

appreciated.
similar

For metal patterns and work, these attachments are

especially valuable, as a line or template

can be followed very closely, thus reducing the hand finishing to a minimum.
It is very essential in designing attachments of this kind, that ample provision be made for solidly clamping the mechanism to the machine, and

Fig. 28

The method is greatly restricted. shown in the accompanying illustrations is such that the attachment becomes practically an integral part of the machine. To be practical, the method of clamping must also be simple, for
unless this can be done, their value

of clamping

much
which
In
set to

of the value of
it

an attachment lies in the convenience with can be put on and taken off the machine.
the spindles of the attachments illustrated can be

all cases,

any angle from a vertical to a horizontal position, the angle being indicated by graduations reading to degrees.
Attachments of
this kind are usually driven

from the machine

is

spindle through bevel gears, but Fig. 28 shows one that

driven by

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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Fig. 29

Fig. 30

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

79

means

of a

worm and

wheel, and Fig. 30 illustrates one where spur

gears are employed in addition to bevel gears.

Vertical Spindle Milling Attachments as built

by us are divided
all

two classes, machines can be

into
Fig. 28

light
fitted

and heavy.

With one

exception,
styles.

of our

with both light and heavy

and

Fig. 29 a

shows a light attachment for the smaller sizes of machines, heavy style for the same machines. Fig. 29 is also
light

representative of a

style

for

the

larger

sizes

of

machines,

the heavy style for these machines being shown in Fig. 30.
spindle nose of these attachments, except that

The

shown

in Fig. 28, is

Fig. 31

recess in

tapered, hardened and ground; provided with taper hole, and has a end to receive clutch on arbor or collets. The outer end of

the heavy-style (Fig. 30) attachment is provided with a bearing that is stiffly supported by the arm braces.

Compound

Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment. The Compound Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment, shown in Fig. 31 is

particularly applicable to a large variety of milling, because

set in

two planes.
it

(See illustrations).

It is especially

it can be advantageous

when

is

desired to set the spindle at an angle to the table, as in

available,

milling angular strips, table ways, etc., for with the spindle in this
position, the full length of the table travel
is

and an ordinary

end

mill, instead of

an angular cutter, can be used

for milling the angle.

80

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Fig.

Co.

Universal Milling Attachment.

32

Milling Attachment,

shows the Universal and as its

it is

name
in

implies,

fully universal

regard to setting the spindle.

In addition to the large

amount
in

of

work already mentioned

connec-

tion with the Vertical and Compound Vertical Attachments, this mechanism can be used for many

othe.

operations,

fact that the spindle

because of the can be set at

any angle

in

vertical planes.

both horizontal or It is clamped to

the face of the column and the

outer end
Fig. 32

is

inserted in the arbor

stability.

yoke to give additional

Horizontal Milling Attachment. We have mentioned the advantages to be derived from the use of vertical spindle milling attachments on horizontal spindle milling machines, and it
is

reasonable

to

suppose

that to a certain extent,

similar advantages are to

be gained by the employ-

ment

of a horizontal mill-

ing attachment on vertical

spindle
milling machines.
this kind
It is

An attachment of
is

shown

in Fig. 33.

designed for use upon our

No. 1 Vertical Spindle Machine, and with it such

work as cutting spiral gears,

racks, milling keyseats, etc.

can be readily done. It is simple in construction and can be quickly attached to the machine.

Fig. 33

Circular Milling Attachments. Circular Milling Attachments provide a means of economically doing such work as milling circles,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

segments of
pieces.
circles, circular slots, etc.,

Co.

81

With the addition

is

spindle milling machine

on plain and irregular shaped one of these attachments, a vertical fully equipped for all varieties of straight
of

Fig. 34

and circular milling within its capacity. Likewise, one of these attachments used in connection with a vertical spindle attachment offers similar advantages on a horizontal spindle machine. Fig. 34 shows an attachment that can be used on our univfe-sal, plain and vertical spindle milling machines. The table is rotatecf by means of a worm and wheel, and can be fed automatically in either direction by power derived from the table feed screw. It can also be operated by hand when desired. For quick setting, the worm is thrown out of mesh and the table turned to any position. The table remains locked in position when the feed is stopped, but when straight milling or drilling is to be done, an additional clamp, operated by a lever at the side of the attachment, is employed to further insure
stability.
its

The

table

is

heavy
sur-

and has a wide bearing

face;
its

circumference is graduated to degrees. The

base
rim.
is

provided with an

oil

A Circular Milling and Dividing Attachment is shown

Fig. 35 in Fig. 35.

This attachment

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

is

vertical spindle

adapted for use upon machines,

or horizontal spindle

ma-

chines in connection with

the vertical spindle milling

and
It

slotting attachments.

has no automatic feed.

the vertical

When used with

the machine
varieties of
is

spindle milling attachment,

fitted for all

straight,

sur-

face

and
its

circular

milling

within

capacity,
slotting

and

with

the
for

attach-

ment,
slotted

all kinds of work, such as die

making, making templates, splining keyways, etc. Its design embodies the same features as the ones just
Fig. 36

described, and, in addition,

is adjustable to allow taken from any convenient graduation, and an adjustable dial graduated to read to 5 minutes, is fixed to the worm shaft. An index table mounted on the front of the base gives

the index finger on the front of the attachment

to

readings

be

the degrees required for setting the table to produce

4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18,

work with

2, 3,

20 and 24 sides.

This

is

particularly valuable for use in connec-

tion with the slotting attachment.

High Speed Milling Attachment. Sometimes

it

is

necessary in doing such work as milling

slots, die

keyways and

making,

etc.,

to use a

small cutter, which should be run more rapidly

than the fastest spindle speed available, otherwise it limits the production and is liable to be broken in feeding. In order to obtain correct speeds for these small mills, high speed milling attachments are employed. Fig. 36 shows one of these attachments for use on a vertical spindle milling machine, and Fig. 37 one designed for

Fig. 37

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

horizontal spindle machines.
in

Co.

83

The

construction

each case can be readily understood, as it consists of nothing other than a pair of gears for increasing the speed and an auxiliary
spindle that drives the cutter.

Slotting Attachment.

shown

in

Fig.

38,

is

making, such as in screw machines, making templates, splining keyways, and work of a similar character. The working parts consist of a tool slide that is driven from the machine spindle by an adjustable crank that allows the stroke to be Fig. 38 set for different lengths. The attachment can and 90, either side of the centre line, be set at any angle between the position being indicated by graduations on the circumference of the head. The tool is held in place by a clamp bolt, and a tool stop that swings over the top of tool shank makes it impossible for the tool to be pushed up.

This attachment, used in tool forming box tools for

largely

Attachment

for Cutting Short Leads.

spiral

In cutting spirals with a

head, as the lead becomes

shorter and a higher ratio of gearing

becomes necessary, the stress upon the gears and mechanism becomes greater. For this reason, it is
impractical to cut very short leads
in

this

way.

The
39
is

attachment
designed parit is

shown

in Fig.

ticularly for use

when

desired

to cut short leads.

It consists of a casting clamping over the dovetail of the spiral head carrying a swiveling gear plate and

a short shaft which a belt.

is

driven from

the rear of the machine spindle by

The work

is

rotated from the

spindle independently of the feed

screw, the latter being disconnected

Fig. 39

from the power feed mechanism. *

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

The
are
plate

regular index

used
to

change gears on the swiveling gear

connect with the large

index gear to give the work the

is

proper speed of rotation. The lead obtained as described on pages

58 to 63, allowing the rotation of the work to drive the table feed

screw.

index

gear allow

Eighteen holes in the large indexing when

cutting multiple threads.

A
is

rack cutting attachment or

vertical spindle milling

attachment

used to drive the cutter.

.

Attachment. Milling Spiral This attachment, shown in Fig. 40, is designed for the heavy class of The cutter is spiral cutting in conjunction with the spiral head. placed on the end of cutter spindle, allowing attachments to cover a In addition to cutting spirals, attachments large variety of work. can be used for cutting racks. The spindle can be set at any angle
in

Fi 2- 40

a horizontal plane.

An attachment for cutting teeth in can also be used in connection with the spiral head for cutting worms, on Universal Milling Machines, as shown on page 173, and for other
Rack Cutting Attachment.
racks
is

shown

in Fig. 41.

It

miscellaneous operations.
cutter is mounted on the end a hardened steel spindle that extends through the attachment case This parallel to the table T slots. spindle is powerfully and smoothly driven from the machine spindle by a train of hardened steel bevel and spur
of

The

gears.

vise,

the construction of which

can be plainly seen in the cut, is furnished as a part of the attachment.

When cutting racks, some convenient means of indexing to quickly

and accurately space the teeth
is

Fig. 41

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

necessary.
Fig.

Co.

85

42

shows an
designed

indexing

attachment
is

for this purpose.

It consists of

a bracket that
table

fastened in the

T slot at the left-hand end.

carries

The bracket

a locking

disk, together with

for gearing to

change gears

the feed screw.

To

index any required spacing, *

Fig. 42 change gears are selected that For each will produce one or more whole turns of the locking disk. division the locking pin is withdrawn and the table advanced by the crank on the feed screw until the pin drops into the slot again, and locks the disk. This method of indexing is therefore much easier than relying upon a dial such as ordinarily used for the purpose.

Tilting Table.
is

handy attachment, known as a

It is

Tilting Table,

shown

in Fig. 43.

with index centres when to this work, many other kinds of taper pieces can be accurately reproduced. Its general characteristics, the manner in which it is
fastened to the table, and the

designed primarily for use in connection In addition fluting taper reamers, taps, etc.

way

that

it is

elevated, are

all

clearly

shown

in the cut.

Fig. 43

Cam Cutting Attachment.

in Fig. 44, is

The Cam Cutting Attachment, shown

used for cutting either Face, Peripheral or Cylindrical Cams from a flat former. The former is made from a disk about | inch thick, on which the required outline is laid out. The disk is

machined or

filed to

the required shape.

machine remains clamped in one position during and the necessary rotative and longitudinal movements are contained in the mechanism itself. The rotative movement is obtained by a worm driving a wheel fixed to the spindle of the
table of the
cutting,

The

attachment.

The former

is

secured to the face of the

worm

wheel,,

and as the wheel revolves, the former depresses a

sliding rack that

86

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Fig. 44

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

87

in turn drives a pinion geared to another rack in the sliding bed of the attachment, thus giving the necessary longitudinal movement. In the cut the former is shown in position on the face of the worm wheel.

The attachment is sometimes driven automatically by means of round belt leading from a small jack-shaft to a three-step cone a pulley fastened on the end of the worm shaft. The pulley is clutched to the worm so that either hand or automatic feed may be used by
the simple

movement

of a lever.
in

Illustrations of

the use of this

attachment are to be found

Scales

Chapter IX.

for Milling Machines. Scales and verniers work as boring jigs, fixtures, or wherever extreme accuracy is required and it is necessary to make fine adjustments The scales are graduated to 40ths of an inch, and the of the table.
are useful on such
verniers read to thousandths of an inch.
table adjustments fitted with scales

and Verniers

A machine with all of the and verniers is shown in Fig. 45.

Spring Chucks. Fig. 46 shows an unassembled spring chuck. This chuck is convenient for holding wire, small rods, straight shank drills, mills, etc. The collet holder is of steel, ground to fit the standard taper hole of the machine spindle, and has a hole its entire length. The front end is fitted to receive a spring collet, which is held in place by a cap nut that forces it against the taper seat and closes the chuck centrally. A nut is provided for withdrawing the collet holder from
the spindle. In addition to the attachments already mentioned in this chapter,

many minor fixtures frequently used in milling operations. These are spoken of in connection with general notes on milling in Chapter VII.
there are

Fig. 46

88

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Heavy Manufacturing Milling Machine

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

89

CHAPTER

VI

Cutters
The development
of the

better understanding of their care

manufacture of milling cutters, and a and use, have resulted in a rapid

growth in the number and variety of milling operations, and a corresponding increase in the sizes and varieties of cutters. It is evident, therefore, that the selection, care and use of milling cutters are points of utmost importance in attaining success in the process of milling. The failure to obtain commercial results may often be attributed to the fact that the wrong cutter has been used on a certain job, or even if the right cutter has been chosen, the work has not been done under the most favorable conditions.
Either the operator or the person in charge of the job should be
proficient in the selection

and care

of cutters,

and capable

of determin-

ing the correct speeds and feeds at which to operate them.

theoretical

No

knowledge of the design and manufacture of cutters is necessary to aid in this work, although a general understanding of these points is of material help. While we are able to give in the following pages such information as applies in common to the running of milling cutters, the most valuable experience will come only through actual work at the milling machine.

Carbon and High Speed

either of

Milling cutters are made from Steel. two varieties of steel, known as Carbon Steel and High Speed Steel. Those made from High Speed Steel can be subjected to more severe service than those made from Carbon Steel, and they are especially desirable where large amounts of metal must be removed

Cutter manufacturers can usually furnish all styles and sizes in either steel. No fixed rules can be given for their choice. The requirements of each job and experience in the use of cutters must determine which steel is more economical and will give the most satisfactory results.
rapidly, as in roughing out pieces of work.

Plain Milling Cutter. This is a common type of cutter found in every shop, and may be described as a cylinder having teeth on the periphery only and producing a flat surface parallel to its axis. It is manufactured in a large variety of diameters and widths to meet

90

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Coarse Tooth Plain Milling Cutter With Spiral Teeth

Coarse Tooth Milling Cutter with Spiral Nicked Teeth

End

Mill with Straight Teeth

Plain Milling Cutter

End

Mill with Spiral Teeth

Coarse Tooth End Mill with Spiral Teeth

Coarse Tooth Side Milling Cutter

Centre Cut End Mill

Two-Lipped Slotting End Mill

Coarse Tooth Shell Mill with

Spiral Teeth

End

Slot Cutter

Brown & Sh\rpe Mfg. Co

91

Inserted Tooth Face Milling Cutter with Cutter Driver and Drawing-In Bolt,*

Convex and Concave Cutters with Teeth

that

can be sharpened I without changing Form

'^WJHL#

Metal Slitting Saw

Angular Cutters

Convex and Concave

Cutters with Plain Milling Cutter Type
of

Formed Cutter.
Teeth can be sharpened without changing Contour

Teeth

Cutter Driver and Drawing-In Bolt furnished with machine

92

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

different requirements in slab milling, cutting

keyways

in shafts, etc.

Saws

for slitting metal

and

slotting screws are essentially plain mill-

ing cutters, although rarely regarded as such on account of their extreme thinness. Plain milling cutters f " or less in width are usually made with straight teeth, while those above that width have teeth of a spiral form. The object of the spiral is to give a shearing cut, reducing the stress upon the teeth, and preventing a distinct shock when each tooth engages the work as is the case with straight teeth. Consequently, a spiral tooth cutter on wide surfaces produces much smoother results

Fig. 47

than a straight tooth cutter.

chatter
is

It

requires

less

power to operate,

and, in relieving the cutter of strain, the tendency to vibrate or

reduced.
teeth of cutters, especially those of a wide face, often have

The

notches or nicks cut in them, the nicks following each other alternately. Cutters made in this manner can be run at coarser feeds than those with plain teeth, for the nicks break up the chips, and help
to keep the cutters cool.

Side Milling Cutter.

This type of cutter

is

like

a plain milling

cutter with the addition of teeth on both sides.

Side milling cutters are employed on a large variety of work, being used often in pairs with a space between, as shown in Fig. 47. When In work that has to be so used, they are known as "straddle mills."

Brown" & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

milled on

93

two

parallel sides at once, as milling the

heads

of bolts, nuts, tongues, etc., straddle mills can be used

most advantageously.
These cutters are also made with interlocking side
teeth for milling slots to standard width.
interlock, as

The

teeth

shown

of the slot

is

and the standard width maintained by packing washers between

in Fig. 48,

the cutters.

Face Milling Cutter.

This cutter

may

be likened to

a disk with teeth on the periphery and on one face. It is fastened at the end of the machine spindle, and the

come in full contact with the work, only a small length of the teeth on the periphery act on the piece. There are cutters of this type made which have no teeth on the periphery; an example of one is shown in Fig. 49.
teeth on the flat face
Fig. 48

w hile

End Mill. This type of cutter, like the face milling cutter, has teeth on the periphery and at the end.
End mills are used for a large variety of light milling operations, such as milling cuts on the periphery of pieces, cutting slots, and
facing narrow surfaces. They are made in four distinct styles, the ordinary solid end mill, with either straight or spiral teeth, the end mill with centre cut, the slotting end mill with two lips, and the shell

end mill with either straight or

spiral teeth.

The ordinary
mill

solid

end

has

its

teeth cut on

the

same
its

piece of steel that

forms

shank; in reality,
GB

the space where the teeth

are cut
tion
shell
is

only a continua-

QE

of

the shank.

The
3 3
Fig. 49

end mill has a hole through the centre so it can be mounted on the end of an arbor. This type should be used whenever

en

possible, because it is cheaper to replace when worn out or broken than the solid mill. End mills with centre cut differ from the others in that the end teeth are designed to cut at the inner ends, while these teeth in ordinary end mills have no cutting edge at the centre. Centre

94

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

cut end mills are used for milling shallow recesses in a surface where there has been no hole previously bored for starting the cut, for
milling squares on the ends of round shafts, and other similar work. This form of mill has fewer teeth, and is, therefore, better adapted to taking heavy cuts than the regular solid or shell end mills. Slotting end mills with two lips, or cutting edges, are especially adaptable to fast milling of deep slots from the solid where there has been no hole

previously drilled for starting the cut.

In fact, these mills

embody

both the principles of a drill and end mill. A depth of cut equal to one-half the diameter of the mill can usually be taken from solid stock. The best results are obtained by maintaining a high surface speed.

End mills with right-hand teeth usually have a left-hand spiral, and those with left-hand teeth have a right-hand spiral. By having
the direction of spiral opposite to the faces of the teeth the thrust
of the spiral tends to force the

spindle, although there

shank of the mill solidly into the danger of pulling out the mill when the teeth and spiral are of the same hand.
is little

Slot Cutter.

The

slot cutter

has teeth upon

its

periphery, and

alternating teeth on the sides.

The

teeth are cut in the

same

piece

of steel that forms the shank, as in the case of solid

end

mills.

In

making a
with the

T
T

mill, is first

an ordinary side milling cutter, or a two-lipped end used, and then the wide groove at the bottom is formed
slot,

slot cutter. differ

Angular Cutters. Angular Cutters

above
axis of the cutter,

from the cutters described

nor perpendicular to the but are at some oblique angle. The cutter may have more than one angle.
in that the teeth are neither parallel

These cutters can be employed on a variety

and reamers.

of work, as cutting

the edge of a piece to a required angle and milling teeth of cutters

Where

the nature of the

work

is

such, as in dovetailing

a cannot be fastened to the arbor with a nut, the cutters are furnished with threaded holes, or made solid on a taper shank.
piece, that the cutter

constitute an important group, an irregular outline. These cutters have teeth that are relieved so that they may be resharpened repeatedly or until the teeth are too slender to permit further grinding, without changing the original form as long as the teeth are ground radially on their faces. Illustrations of this type are shown on page 91, and
their cutting edge usually being

Formed

Cutters.

Formed Cutters

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

95

Figs. 50 and 51 show the extent to which they can be ground without changing the form of the teeth. Formed cutters with teeth relieved so that they may be ground on the faces without changing the contour, should be employed wherever the requirements of work demand that the original form of the cutter be maintained, as in manufacturing

duplicate irregular pieces.

Fig. 51 Fig. 50

With
line

this style of cutter, exact duplicate pieces of irregular out-

can be produced far more cheaply than by any other method. In fact, no invention has so revolutionized the manufacturing of small parts of machinery and tools.

Concave and convex cutters, cutters for grooving taps, corner rounding cutters, gear cutters, etc., are made with teeth relieved so that they may be sharpened repeatedly without changing the
contour.

Cutters for producing irregular outlines are also

milling cutter type of teeth, but
it is

made with

plain

necessary to have special grinding

machines

for

locking to preserve the size of

them, and the concave cutters have to be made interCutters of this type are shown circle.

on page

91.

cutter,

Fly Cutter. The most simple cutter for producing a form is the fly shown in Fig. 52. This cutter is very similar to a planer tool but is held in an arbor and rotated instead of being clamped in a tool

head. It can hardly be classed with the cutters previously mentioned,

96

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

>

V uu
1

L^J

Fig. 52

^xrc
Right Hand

/&\

^crzr
Left

Hand

Fig. 53

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

for
it is

Co.

97

rarely used outside of the tool

it fills

but there
it

an important

place.

room or in experimental shops, As it has only one cutting edge,

mills accurately to its

as long as cutters with a

own shape, but it does not cut so fast or wear number of teeth. It can be formed very
operations that otherwise would not bear

exactly to any desired shape at a comparatively small expense, and

thus

may

be used for

many

the cost of special cutters, as, for example,

special

form are wanted

in

experimental work.
in connection

when one or two teeth The outlines

with the
figure.

of
of

several possible shapes are

shown

Fig. 54

Right and Left-Hand Cutters.

Cutters or end mills with taper shanks and those which have end teeth, may be either right or lefthand, according to the direction in which the cutting edges of the teeth point. Taking an end mill for example, a right-hand mill is one which, held in the hand with the teeth away from you, presents the cutting edges of the teeth when revolved to the right or clock-wise. A lefthand mill is one that, similarly held, presents the cutting edges of its Milling cutters having straight holes teeth when revolved to the left. can be used either right or left-hand as desired.

Inserted Teeth. Plain milling cutters above 8 inches diameter, side milling cutters above 6 inches diameter, and face milling cutters, are usually made with inserted teeth. The body of the cutter is of steel, the teeth being held securely in place by various means. We employ a bushing and screw for this purpose, as shown in Fig. 54.

The

introduction of cutters of this style has done more for heavy

milling than

any other improvement

it is

in the cutter line, for

with them

the heaviest and fastest cuts can be taken, and should any of the teeth

become broken,

not a question of a new cutter, but simply that

98

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

of replacing the broken teeth.

The economy

of this

is

of considerable

importance to a shop.

becomes necessary to replace the full set of are clamped securely in position, and afterwards sharpened to correct any slight difference in height.
If,

for

any reason,

it

blades, or teeth, the

new ones

Teeth are released by removing the screw and inserting an extracand has a long end that reaches to the bottom of the hole in. the cutter body. This extractor is shown
tor that threads into the bushing,
in position in Fig. 54.

As the
forced out

extractor

wrench, the bushing

is

is turned by means of a and the tooth can then be removed.

Another type of inserted tooth face milling cutter that can be easily made in any shop is shown in Fig. 49. The teeth in this case are simply round pieces of steel inserted in holes made

body of the cutter, Sometimes two sets of teeth With this arrangement on heavy work diameter of the inner circle of teeth, and
in

the

cast iron

and held
are

in

place

by

set

put in these cutters. that is not wider than the which does not require close limits, the outer circle of teeth can be set to take a roughing cut, and the inner circle to take the finishing cut; thus work can be finished milled at one traverse of the table. Or if an exceptionally heavy roughing cut is to be taken off, the stress can be divided between the two circles of teeth.

screws.

Method
are

of

Holding Face Milling Cutters.

bolt.

Face Milling Cutters

drawn
fits

directly onto the taper nose of the spindle

by a cutter driver and drawing-in

driver
into a slot in the face
,

of the cutter of spindle.

and a recess in end The shank of the

is

=rTrTfe

^^^^^\^n^^^s m
.
.

&<sj

threaded in the end to receive drawing-in bolt Fig- 55 by which the cutter is drawn onto the spindle with the aid of a wrench. Cutter, cutter driver and drawing-in bolt are shown at top of page 91.
cutter driver

This method of attaching face milling cutters is simple and convenient and assures a positive drive. All possibility of "freezing" is
eliminated, the removal of the cutter being as easily accomplished
as
its

placement.

Diagram

of section through spindle

and

cutter,

Fig. 55,

shows cutter driver

in place.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

99

Lowering Spindle into Cutter

Milling Machines as follows:
teeth).

Cutter in Place

Face milling cutters are attached to spindle of Vertical Spindle Cutter is placed on table with cutter driver in place (wood block is used to avoid damage to table or cutter
Spindle
is

lowered, the nose of spindle entering hole in cutter,

recess in spindle,

and cutter driver entering by drawing-in bolt.

where

it is

securely held

An

additional advantage

is

found

in this cutter

(page 91), in
is

the increased available working space. the cutter

is

There

is

no long hub, as
of each cutter

held close to the spindle.

The body

made

of steel,
earlier

and the blades

of high speed steel.

machines, the spindle nose was threaded and a different was used. Face milling cutters designed for use on taper-nose spindles can be used on threaded-nose spindles by the use of an Adapter Outfit. This outfit consists of taper sleeve with threaded hole, cutter driver and
style of face milling cutter

On

drawing-in bolt.

The

taper sleeve

fits

over thread-

ed nose

of spindle and,

being of the same taper as

hole in face milling cutter,

allows cutter to be

onto

it

driver driver

drawn by use of the cutter and drawing-in bolt; cutter fitting recess in spindle and
Fig. 56

slotjn cutter.

Diagram, Fig.

56,

shows sleeve and cutter driver

in place.

100

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

of

Co.

Number

This subject has been discussed at in books and technical papers. Standard cutters have been found satisfactory for the majority of work, and practically indispensable on some work of the lighter class, but cutters having wide spaced teeth have a marked advantage over the standard type in their ability to remove a considerably greater quantity of metal in a given time without distressing the cutter or overloading the machine.

Teeth in Cutters.

some length by various writers

The
amount
in

free cutting action of these coarse tooth cutters

less

is

largely

due to the fact that

cutting

is

actually required to

remove a given

of metal, each tooth taking a large, deep chip. This results a considerable decrease in the tendency to slide over the surface and spring the cutter arbor. The rake and increased spiral of the teeth

give a
action.

more nearly

perfect shearing, rather than a pushing or dragging

is less

Accordingly there

friction generated for

a given cut,

leaving the teeth

much

cooler

and causing them to do considerably

more work between

grindings.
arising from the free cutting action is the power, as might be expected from the fact that

A
there

marked advantage
less

consumption of
is less

friction

and heating.

well

spaces between the teeth allow the cutting edges to be backed up, which was not always possible with closely spaced teeth. This increase in the strength of the teeth is much greater in proportion than the increase in work done by each tooth in removing the larger chips. Therefore the cutters are well prepared to handle deep and rapid cuts without danger of failing.
In developing the line of

The wide

Brown

&

Sharpe Coarse Tooth Milling

Cutters, particular attention has been given to the angle of rake

and

the lead of the spiral of the teeth.

After a long series of practical

experiments we have adopted a type with steep spiral and considerable angle of rake as the most economical and practical form, this type also being adapted to a large range of work which is not of the heavier class.

Angle of Tooth Face.

lathe

Single point tools such as those used on the

slight rake; that
is,

and planer are usually given a

is

the face of

the tool
practice

undercut a few degrees from a radial

followed in setting the teeth in the

line.

similar

is

tooth cutters so that they have a certain

cut
is

gained and

less

power

is

body amount of rake. A smoother consumed than would be with radial

of large inserted

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

teeth.

Co.

101

For other

cutters, however,

it

will

be found that satisfactory

results as to finish are gained with cutters

perfectly radial.

Practically

all

whose tooth faces are ordinary stock cutters with the above

noted exception have radial teeth.

The

clearance or angle of the teeth back of the cutting edge

is

also of considerable importance,

and

it will

be taken up later

in

con-

nection with sharpening cutters.

Diameter of Cutters.
as the strength will admit.

It is well to

use cutters as small in diameter

is
I I

The

reason

shown by

Fig. 57.
If

Suppose

the piece
is

DCJE

is

to be cut from

J to

E.
its

the large mill

is

used,

it

will strike the piece first at

when

centre
line
I

at K,

and
the

will finish its cut

when

the centre

is

at

M.

The

far the

work must

travel to cut off the stock

it

G D

shows how
E.
its

If

small mill
is

is

used, however,

will strike the piece

when

centre

at

L and

the work travels only the length of the line H.

Small mills are also preferable because they can do more and work than larger ones, as there is less possibility of their chatFurthermore, they require less power and are not as expensive tering. as large mills. The advantage of small mills has been illustrated in our own works, where a difference of i an inch in the mills has made a difference of 10% in the cost of the work.
better

Temper
it

of Cutters. A cutter is not necessarily too soft because can be scratched with a file. On the other hand, care should be taken that cutters are not too hard or brittle, for trouble will quickly arise from the teeth breaking. If there is any question as to the temper of a cutter, it is better policy to consult with the cutter manufacturers than to attempt to correct it by drawing the temper, or
re- tempering.

Gang

Milling. Gang Milling receives its name from the fact that two or more cutters are placed together on an arbor and used at one time. Sometimes plain milling cutters are so combined in order to
cutter.

cover a wider space than the longest stock cutters are used either with or without plain The use of formed cutters and plain milling be avoided whenever possible, on account of taining relative diameters in sharpening the

Again, formed

or side milling cutters.

cutters together should

the difficulty of main-

gang.
it

The

value of gang milling

is

found

in the fact that

reduces the

cost of production and insures accurate duplication of parts, in that

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several operations can be performed simultaneously,

setting.
It

and with one

should be kept in mind that in this kind of milling, cutters of

if

the largest diameter, or those that take the heaviest cuts, should,
possible,

be used nearest the nose of the spindle, thereby reducing the

If several of

strain
it

on the arbor.

the cutters are plain milling cutters,

is

well to use both right-hand

equalize the end thrust of the arbor.

and left-hand spirals in order to When, in gang milling, the cutters

vary considerably in diameter, the inequality of the peripheral speeds may be overcome by having the cutters of large diameter made of high speed steel, and those of small diameter made of the ordinary carbon steel.

Fig. 57

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Speeds and Feeds. Speeds and when considered in connection with

and volume of output.
general rules to follow in
in the

feeds are of extreme importance

Little

the life and efficiency of a cutter can be said, however, in the matter of determining correct speeds and feeds, owing

to the different conditions that exist in different shops, and, in fact,

jobs.

same shop, where one set of rules will not always hold on like The amount of power and rigidity in different machines, kind of material, width and depth of cut, quality of finish required, and many other factors, all enter into the question, and prevent the establishing of any definite rules. Sometimes the speed must be reduced, yet the feed not changed, and vice versa; again both speed and feed must be reduced or increased, as the case may be. Often the rate of feed depends almost wholly upon the degree of accuracy and quality In general, work of a delicate character, requiring of finish required. an accurate finish, demands light cuts and fine feeds, and work of a heavy character, where the principal object is to remove metal rapidly, On work that permits of heavy requires deep cuts and coarse feeds.
roughing cuts, the finishing cuts should usually be light. The feed, inasmuch as it governs the output of work, is of greater importance than the speed of a cutter, and it is generally a safe rule to follow,
that the speed should be as fast as the cutter will stand, and the feed
as coarse as
is

consistent with good work.

Much must

be

left to

the

judgment of the operator as to the correct speed and feed to use for the work in hand, and many cases will require repeated experiments When any difficulty is encounbefore the best results are obtained. tered in obtaining the right combination of speed and feed, it is well to seek the advice of the foreman in charge of the job, or that of a widely experienced milling machine operator.

The
to
of

following surface speeds will serve to give an idea, or basis,

work from. They may be varied slightly to suit the requirements the work in hand. Using carbon steel cutters: For brass, 80 feet
steel,

to 100 feet per minute; for cast iron, 40 feet to 60 feet per minute; for

machinery
steel,

30 feet to 40 feet per minute; and for annealed tool

20 feet to 30 feet per minute, have been found satisfactory. With

high speed steel cutters for the same materials, the following speeds
are advocated:

For brass, 150

feet to

200 feet per minute; for cast

steel,

iron, 80 feet to 100. feet per

minute; for machinery

steel,

80 feet to

100 feet per minute; and for annealed tool

per minute.

60 feet to 80 feet

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Useful
tables for. determining the

Co.

number

of revolutions per

minute to obtain the more common surface speeds of cutters of different diameters, will be found on pages 327 and 328.

Sharpening Cutters.

The importance

of

keeping

all

kinds of

must not be overlooked. It might be supposed upon first thought that better economy in cutter wear would be gained by regrinding no oftener than positively necessary. This is not the case, however, as experience has shown that a dull cutter wears more rapidly than a sharp one, and consequently one that is kept in good condition by frequent regrinding will invariably outlast one that is not so cared for. Besides, a dull cutter not only consumes more power, but cannot be operated as rapidly or take as heavy cuts as a sharp one, and the quality of the work is never as good. Too
milling cutters well sharpened

frequently in shops today, the efficiency of milling machines

is

impaired

by the use of dull cutters, for no other reason than carelessness and negligence on the part of the operator. Milling is never a complete success where such conditions exist, and with the improved grinding machines and convenient means of removing and replacing cutters, there is no reason for limiting the capabilities of a machine by using dull cutters. Grinding a cutter takes only a short time, and the good results that are obtained, together with the economy assured, more than compensate for the time expended in grinding. Whenever possible, it is a good plan to have two sets of cutters, so
that one set can be reground while the other is in use; the milling machine then need only be stopped long enough to change the
cutters.

Plain milling cutters, side milling cutters, end mills, etc., are sharpened upon the tops of the teeth, while formed cutters of all kinds are sharpened upon the faces of the teeth. Modern cutter grinding machines are necessary where many cutters are employed, and are advantageous, even where there are only a few cutters used, for it is nearly impossible to properly resharpen cutters, except with a machine especially designed for that purpose. We illustrate at the back of the book the cutter grinding machines we build that are very suitable for use in connection with milling machines.
It is impossible to treat in detail the many points about resharpening cutters without going to great length, but we issue a book and

booklet* devoted exclusively to the subject, one of which with each of the machines mentioned above.

is

furnished

struction

* "Construction and Use of No. 13 Universal and Tool Grinding Machine," and Use of No. 2 Cutter Grinding Machine and No. 3 Universal Cutter

and "Conand Reamer

Grinder."

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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105

Beveling the Corners of a Coarse Tooth Shell End Mill

Grinding a Formed Cutter on Index Centres

Re-Nicking a Coarse Tooth Milling Cutter

Grinding the End Teeth of a Coarse Tooth End Mill

Grinding the Teeth of an Angular Cutter

Grinding the Teeth of a Small Saw

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Clearance on Cutters. The clearance or relief of milling cutters is the amount of material removed from the top of the teeth back of the cutting edge to permit the teeth to clear the stock and not scrape over it after the cutting edge has done its work. On formed cutters, the clearance does not have to be considered in resharpening. This is because the teeth are so formed that when ground on the faces,
the clearance remains the same.

The

angle of clearance depends upon the diameter of the cutters,

for small cutters than for larger ones. The of plain milling cutters should be 4 for cutters

and must be greater clearance on the teeth

over 3 inches in diameter, and 6 for those under 3 inches diameter. The clearance of the end teeth of end mills should be about 2 , and it is well to have the teeth a little hollowing, making them .001 or .002 inch lower near the centre than at the outside, so that the inner ends of the teeth will not drag on the work. This can be done by setting the swivel on the cutter grinder slightly away from 90.

Vibration of Cutters.

If

the clearance of a cutter

is

is

too great,

vibrations are likely to occur in operation, and this should be corrected

by regrinding the
cessful milling, as

teeth.
it

"Chattering"

a serious drawback to suc-

impairs the quality of the work, limits the capacity

and injures a machine, and reduces the life and efficiency of a cutter. While it is impossible in many cases to eliminate it, every precaution
should be taken to reduce
it

to a

minimum.

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107

CHAPTER

VII

General Notes on Milling, together with Typical Milling Operations

Milling, as we have already explained, is a process that cannot be governed by any fixed set of rules, but there are a few general instructions which, if carefully followed, will enable the machine to be more efficiently operated and largely influence the success that is attained. These we have collected in this chapter, ana, in addition, show illustrations of a number of common milling operations to give an idea of how various and widely different jobs can be set up.

GENERAL NOTES ON MILLING

Pickling Castings and Forgings.
chilling of the outside of castings

Due

to the rapid cooling or

a tough, hard skin, or very destructive to the cutting edges of the teeth of milling cutters. There is also considerable of the moulding sand left on castings, and this is likewise harmful to the cutting edges. The sand can be removed and scale softened to some degree by the process of pickling, and it is essential that this be done preparatory to milling. Castings are usually pickled in the foundry, but it is well to make sure that this has been done before attempting to mill them. It is also an advantage in some cases to have castings rattled after being pickled. Where they are small, and are to be finished rapidly, they should be annealed.
forgings,

and

scale forms, that

is

For pickling castings, a solution of oil of vitriol, or sulphuric acid, reduced with water to a specific gravity of 25 (Beaume hydrometer) is recommended. The castings should be stacked on a bench over a vat containing the solution, and the solution poured over them.
Castings should never be immersed in the pickling bath
are to be painted, because the iron
is
if

they

more or

less

porous, and the acid

that

is

absorbed in pickling

will

work out

after the pieces are finished,

causing the paint to flake

when

it is

Furthermore, the pickle works better poured over the castings and then allowed to dry off before
off.

another application of the solution.

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The time

required for the process

is

usually about a day, and the

solution should be poured over the castings from four to five times.

Forgings may be pickled by immersing in a solution of sulphuric acid and water of 30 specific gravity (Beaume hydrometer) for a
period of from 3 to 12 hours, according to hardness of scale.

When

either castings or forgings are pickled, they should be

thoroughly washed off with hot water, as this will wash out sand and The water may be conremove the acid better than cold water. veniently heated for this purpose by injecting steam into the cold

water pipe. Cutter Close to

End

of Spindle.

In

all

milling operations, espe-

should be taken to have milling cutters as near the nose of the spindle as practicable. This will reduce to a minimum any possible vibration and spring of the arbor. It also
cially the heavier ones, care

brings the table close to the face of the column and ensures additional

Other valuable points about cutters have been taken up in Chapter VI, and it may be well to review these previous to starting to operate a machine. Fastening Cutter on Arbor. See that the ends of the collars and washers are clean, for particles of dirt or chips between them will cause the arbor to be sprung when the nut is tightened. Small cutters can be held securely by the mere clamping effect of the collars on each side when the nut is tightened, but medium and large cutters should always be keyed to the arbor to prevent slipping. Manner of Driving and Supporting Arbors. Milling machine arbors are driven in several different ways, some of which are shown in Fig. 58. In A, the arbor has a tenon at the small end of the taper that fits a slot at the end of the taper hole in spindle, thus giving a positive drive. The method of driving arbors B and C is similar to that of driving face milling cutters, described on page 98. The arbor is provided with a clutch, and has threaded hole in end of shank; the clutch fits into recess in end of spindle, and the arbor is drawn into place and held securely by the drawing-in bolt, (see Fig.
rigidity.

58.)

The method
All milling

of driving collets is the

same as that

of arbors.

end of the cutter arbor.

for the outer adjustable centre shown at A is one form that is used for lighter classes, or work where an arbor with a flat tenon is employed. The centre serves to support the outer end of the arbor and helps to keep the flat tenon in place in the slot in the spindle. Another form of support is shown at B. This support is a bronze bushing mounted in the arm that extends down from the overhanging arm, and is used where an arbor with clutch drive is employed. An

machines are equipped with some support

The

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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example of the use of arm braces that extend from the knee to the overhanging arm and carry the bronze bushing for the outer end of the arbor is shown at C. These braces firmly tie the knee and overhanging arm together, and give a stiff support for the arbor. They should be used whenever the character of the work is heavy. This illustration also shows the use of an arbor yoke for stiffening the arbor between the cutters. This yoke should be used to bring a bearing either between or as near to the cutters as possible.

i.

nD
r"

zzz^J
FU*. 58

c
or

Before tightening or loosening the arbor nut,

when putting on

removing
bearing
is

be sure the arbor support is in position, so that a provided near the nut, otherwise the arbor is liable to spring.
cutters,

Clamping Work.

An

operator should pay particular attention to

clamping work on a milling machine, for the success of milling is more dependent on this than one would realize at first thought. It is an easy matter to place clamps on some work in such positions that the piece is sprung, consequently when the clamps are loosened and the piece resumes its natural shape, the milled surface is found inaccurate. Again, faulty clamping results in work becoming loosened during operation, and not only impairs the accuracy of the piece, but many

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times damages the cutters and machine.
that

Co.

Ill

work be clamped

solidly,

but

in

It is very essential, therefore, such a manner that it is not

sprung.

assortment of clamps or straps, together with jacks, a shim, shown on the opposite page. These accessories form an important part of the equipment of a milling machine, and are needed where a variety of work is done. Several sets of each style of strap, and different sizes of step blocks and clamping bolts should always be at hand for use on work of varied shapes.
step block and clamping bolt, are

An

Whenever clamping a
possible, at points

piece to the table, the straps should be

full bearing at each end and, if where the work extends down to the table beneath the strap. If it is necessary to place a strap over an overhanging part, such as on the piece of work shown on the next page, some support should be put between the overhanging part and the table, otherwise this part is liable to be sprung or broken off.

placed squarely across, so as to have a

Another point

in connection
It

with clamping such work

is

the

should always be placed as near the work as the slot in the strap or other conditions will permit, for in
this position
it

position of the clamping bolt.

will exert the greatest pressure

on the work and

will

not require setting up so tightly.

When milling work held in a jig or fixture, it is advisable to have the thrust of the cutter taken against the solid support, not against the removable member, for in this case there is more tendency toward vibrations that might loosen the clamping nuts.
When
duplicate pieces are milled, using a fixture, care should

be taken to clean the bearing points each

time before putting

LA
n
ldTpF^

Fig. 59

IT

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Right

en
!

i^

*//////

m
U,

Wrong

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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113

a new piece of work in place. A narrow, stiff hair-bristle brush is good for this purpose when milling cast iron, but one with wire bristles is better for cleaning out steel or wrought iron chips. It is well to clamp a piece lightly, then tamp it down at all bearing points with a hammer; after which it can be solidly fastened.
Aside from these few general instructions on placing and clamping work, little can be said, because the shape of a piece of work alone determines how it may be best fastened. But a study of the methods of clamping shown in the examples of work in this and succeeding chapters will be of great value to the reader.

)
Fig. 60

Setting Vise. Light work is usually held in a vise, as it is more convenient than any other method of fastening it to the table. To set a vise with plain base so that its jaws are parallel to the spindle, place an arbor in the spindle and then bring the vise jaws up to the arbor. (See Fig. 59) It can be set at right angles with the spindle by a square placed against the arbor and the jaws. The front of the table of the machine can also be used in setting the vise.
.

Swivel vises can be set by aid of the graduations on their base.

Direction to Move Work Under Cutter. Whenever possible, it is advantageous to feed the work in the opposite direction from that in which the cutter runs. (See A, Fig. 60). Then the cutter cannot draw the work in as it is liable to do when the table moves in the direction indicated at B. Moreover, when the piece moves as shown at A, the

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cutter teeth are

as the scale on the surface

brought into contact with the softer metal, and is reached, it is pried or broken off.

On the other hand, in milling deep slots, or in cutting off stock with a thin cutter, or saw, it is sometimes better to move the work with the cutter, as the cutter is then less likely to crowd sidewise and make a crooked slot.

When the work is moving with the cutter, the table gib screws must be set up rather hard, for the teeth of the cutter tend to draw the work in, and if there is any lost motion in the table, the teeth may catch and injure the cutter or work. A counter- weight to hold back
the table
is

excellent in such milling.

With
on a
if

vertical spindle milling machines,

flat surface, it
is

the cutter

when a cutter is working does not matter which way the table is fed, but milling a side of a casting, as well as a flat surface, the

table should be fed in the opposite direction to that in which the cutter
revolves, for the reasons already mentioned.

Limits in Milling to Size. The limit for error in size to which work should be milled depends entirely upon the character of the job. With some work, a limit of one-hundredth of an inch is plenty good enough, while many other pieces must be finished to within one-thousandth of
an inch of being exactly
are ordinarily obtained
parallel or straight, as the case
size,

may

be.

In milling to a given thickness or

the most accurate results

by straddle

mills or side milling cutters; for

side is milled at a time, and the piece has to be changed from one side to the other, it is hardly practicable to work to a smaller limit than two -thousandths of an inch. Side milling frequently requires more attention to keep the work smooth than ordinary

when only one

surface milling.

Very accurate milling may be done and by small end mills running at high speeds.

excellent surfaces obtained

In all cases where roughing and finishing cuts are to be taken on work, and precision is required, it is best to first remove most of the stock with a coarse feed, leaving enough for a light finishing cut. At a second operation, finish at a higher speed with a feed that will
give the required surface.

Some

light

work

will spring

when

the scale

and a thickness

of the

metal are removed by the roughing cut. It is, therefore, advisable to loosen the holding clamps and permit the piece to assume a natural form before taking the finishing cut; otherwise, whatever inaccuracy

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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115

that might result from the foregoing cause would be present in the
finished work.

Screws. Backapt to be present in the feed screws and nuts of any machine, especially in those that have been in use some time. To obviate errors in making fine adjustments, the operator should be very careful to eliminate all backlash before setting to the graduations on the feed screw dials. This may be done by turning the hand-wheel a quarter or half turn in the opposite direction to that in which the adjustment is to be made, and then bringing the wheel back to the point from which adjustment is to be made.
lash or lost motion
is

Remove Backlash or Lost Motion from Feed

Use of Oil or Other Lubricant.

Lubricant

is

used in milling to

obtain smoother work, to keep the cutters cool so that the teeth will retain their cutting edges longer, and, where the nature of the work
cutters.

wash the chips from the work or from the teeth of the is generally used in milling steel, wrought iron, malleable iron or tough bronze, where a smooth finish is desired. A soda water
requires, to
Oil

mixture can also be used to good advantage on these materials.

For very

light cuts, oil should

it

be applied to the cutter with a

brush; for heavier cuts,

should be allowed to drip freely upon the

cutter from a can, and on the heaviest cuts, a large supply of lubricant should be supplied by means of a pump, which can be affixed to the machine. A good quality of lard oil is generally used, but any animal or fish oils may be employed. An excellent soda water lubricant that is less expensive and cleaner to use than oil, can be made by mixing

together and boiling for one-half hour, J lb. sal soda, \ pint lard % pint soft soap and water enough to make ten quarts.

oil,

Cutting Cast Iron.

In cutting cast iron, lubricant

is

seldom used,

as cutters do not usually heat very much, and the chips are so fine that the use of a lubricant results in a sticky mass that clogs the
teeth of the cutter, and
is

difficult

to

clean

from the work and

machine.

Compressed air can be used to some advantage on cast iron, and keep the cutters cool and free from chips. In using compressed air care should be exercised not to have too much pressure, as it will scatter the dust and chips, which will fill bearings and cause trouble.
will serve to

Collars and Washers for Arbors. Collars sent with milling arbors are not always the right thickness to bring cutters into the desired

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Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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position.

In these cases, washers should be employed.

.001', .002',

The

following

thicknesses are convenient:

.032', as these give all steps

.004', .008',

.016',

and

from .001' to .032'.

The

collars should

likely to spring

be of uniform thickness, otherwise they are an arbor when they are clamped up.

Lead or Brass Hammer, and Brass Bar.

a
jig or vise.
it will

are useful to drive arbors or collets into the spindle, and seat

Lead or brass hammers work in

steel

as

mar

pieces.

protruding end

make

should not be used for these purposes, Short lengths of gas piping with a cap on the good handles for lead hammers.
f inch in diameter and five or six inches end mills, or the end of

hammer

A bar of brass or copper,

often

long, will also be found useful to place against

small collets after the mills are in place.

In this

way

the driving

is

more conveniently done, and any hammer may be used.

TYPICAL MILLING OPERATIONS

In the illustrations of milling operations given upon the following
pages,
it

case to

should be understood that we have not attempted in every show how a job should be rigged up for commercial manufac-

turing, as special fixtures designed solely for certain operations are then

Our object is simply to show the novice how any number likely to meet with daily can be best set up. If it is a question of performing the same operation continuously, special fixtures, by use of which the work can be more conveniently and
employed. of jobs he
is

quickly handled, can be designed.

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Milling a Groove in a Machine Part

In the illustration above, the

work
in a

is

of cast iron, in

which a

groove I inch wide

piece
is

is

to be milled parallel with the hole.

The

held on an arbor
Its

mounted

block and clamped to the

overhanging end rests on a set screw tapped into the base of a knee bolted to the table, and a bolt and strap clamp the end firmly to the side of the knee.
surface of the table.

A plain
the table
is

milling cutter, J inch face, 2 inches diameter, fed longitudinally.

is

used,

and

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Surfacing

Top

of a Bracket

a simple and common milling operation. The cast iron supported on an arbor that rests on V blocks at each end. Bolts and straps hold the arbor and V blocks in place, and the projecting portions of the bracket are supported by small jack screws. As the full width of surface is milled at one cut, the arm braces are used to support the arbor. Also, the cutter is placed as near the nose

This

is

bracket

is

of the spindle as the

work

allows.

Because of width of 'cut, a plain milling cutter with spiral teeth 6 inch face and 2f inch diameter, is used.

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119

Gutting Slot in Vise Casting

The operation shown on this page is that of milling a slot on the bottom of the base casting of a milling machine vise, such as that shown in Fig. 18. The casting is clamped directly to the table and the farther end is supported on parallels.

An
table
is

interlocking side milling cutter, f " wide, is used, and the fed longitudinally. The value of the interlocking cutter is

apparent here, for it is essential that the width of slot milled be maintained after the cutters have been ground. This is accomplished by packing thin washers between the two parts of the cutter.

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Milling

Slot in a Table

Milling a T slot consists, as we have already explained in Chapter VI, of two separate operations. A straight slot is first milled to the full depth with a plain milling cutter, which is % " wide in this case.

The work

is then turned on edge and clamped to knees so that it is square with the spindle. It is leveled by means of a surface gauge or height gauge, measuring from the straight slot to the top of the table.

standard \*

slot cutter is used,

and the table

is

fed longi-

tudinally in the path of the straight slot.

This job can be done to good advantage on a vertical spindle machine, or with a vertical spindle attachment, using a two-lipped end mill and T slot cutter.

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121

Milling Steel Block for Parallel Sides

This operation is, apparently, simple enough, but care must be exercised if accuracy is required. The piece is supported on parallels and clamped in a vise. In fastening it one must be careful to be sure that there are no particles of dirt or chips between the parallels and

bottom

of piece,
is

and that

it is

tamped down so that

is

it

seats properly

when

the vise

firmly clamped.
used, as this
is

plain milling cutter with spiral teeth

best

where a finished surface is desired. be better if considerable stock were

A cutter with
to be taken

nicked teeth would

off.

The
lubricant

table
is

is

fed longitudinally,

and

it

should be noted that

used upon the cutter.

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^f
Milling Seat on

1
'"'

Bottom

of Bracket

The
shown

flat

surface and

on a bracket can be milled

illustrated
is

in the

in this cut.

The bracket

of cast iron,

manner and is

clamped to the table by a bolt passing through a hole at the outer end of the casting, and a strap and bolt near the middle of the piece. A 60 angular cutter is used and the table is fed longitudinally.

smaller cutter of the

same angle can be

used, but

it will

require

several cuts to finish the piece.

This job, and others of a similar character, can also be done to good advantage on a vertical spindle milling machine or a horizontal machine fitted with a vertical spindle attachment.

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123

Face Milling Surface of Spiral Head Casting

This operation

illustrates the use of

a face milling cutter with

inserted teeth for surfacing a piece of work.

The

piece,

which

is

of cast iron,

is

square with the spindle.

strap in front prevents

clamped to a knee to keep it it being pushed

away from the cutter, toward which there is a strong tendency. The cutter is mounted directly on the nose of the spindle, and, in feeding, the work is moved longitudinally from right to left, or so as Only to force the work down against the table, rather than raise it.
one cut
is

taken over the surface.

124

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Three Surfaces at

One

Setting

gang milling is shown in the accompanying and one end of the casting are being milled simultaneously by the use of two plain milling cutters, and a larger
of light
cut.

An example

The two top

surfaces

side milling cutter.

The two plain milling cutters are 2\* diameter, \\" and \* wide respectively; and the side milling cutter is 8 * in diameter. To equalize the cutting speeds due to the wide difference between the diameters of the cutters, the large one is made of high speed steel, and the small ones of carbon steel. If only one or two pieces are wanted, this work can be done more speedily with an end mill, as it takes more time to set up and adjust the three cutters shown above than would be required for making special settings with an end mill.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

125

Milling Outline on Reverse Gear Plates on a No. 2 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

head to support the interis drilled at each end The ends of the plate, and then several plates are strung on rods. of the rods are allowed to protrude, and slots are cut in the vise jaws to receive them. When one side of the plates is milled, the vise is undamped and the plates are turned over, dropping the ends of the
spiral

These plates are used on the

mediate, or reverse gear.

Before milling, a hole

rods again into the slots in the vise jaws.

plates
is

The other side of the then milled, producing the entire outline of several plates
the material
is

at

two cuts and insuring duplication.

The outline is cut from the solid, and

cut
is

is steel,

hence the

a heavy one. Lard

oil

or soda water

used as a cutting lubricant.

126

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

L
Milling

End and Slot in Spiral Head Work Drivers on a No. 3 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

Several of these work drivers are placed in the special fixture shown and clamped by means of the set screws at the side and end.

The

cutter at one traverse mills the curved end

and the deep

is

slot

in the plates.
in the fixture,

Then

the set screws are slackened, each plate

reversed

and the other ends are milled to duplicate the

first.

solid steel,
is

cutter is 7" in diameter, and as the cut is taken from a heavy machine with rigid support for the cutter arbor required. Lard oil or soda water is used as a cutting lubricant in

The middle

this operation.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

127

Milling Bearings on Automatic Screw Machine Bed on a No. 3 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

put the caps on bearings, and bore them how bearings can be milled to good advantage. The caps can be milled at another operation so accurately that it is only necessary to pass a reamer through the bearings after the caps are put on to line them up exactly.
It is the usual practice to

out, but this operation shows

The
washers
It

cutter

is

made

in

two parts that are

interlocking,

and thin

may

be packed between to maintain the correct diameter.

end of the arbor because

should also be noted that the cutter has to be located at the of the high projection on the casting.

128

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

^4fffP

* JL

Li

H
r

lfe|h{Wfcl|

Milling Sides of Foot-stock for Spiral Head on a No. 3 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

This operation is of interest largely because the height of the sides is such that a gang of cutters of unusually large diameter is required. Three castings are lined up, strapped to the table, and milled at one cut. The outsides of the uprights are surfaced, and the space between is cut to the required width.
milled

employed are inserted tooth side milling cutters 12 Teeth are set parallel with the axis in the outside In the middle cutter, which is cutters, as their width is not great. wider, the teeth are set at an angle to give a shearing cut, and are nicked to break up the chips.
cutters

The

inches in diameter.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

129

Surfacing Bottom and Sides of Milling Machine Vise Base on a No. 4 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

The possibility of milling the deep sides of a casting, and same time surfacing the bottom, is illustrated in this cut.

at the

A special fixture is employed

on
three pins

to hold the piece,

which

is

supported

both ends of

and located in position against the fixture clamp the piece.

spiral cutter in the

stops.

Set screws at

The two

side milling cutters

shown are 16 inches

middle
is

the nicked tooth

in diameter, and 4 inches in diameter.

Only one casting can be milled at a time, owing to the distance

it

takes for the large cutters to clear the work at the beginning and
of the cut.

end

130

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Slide Seat of Vise on a No. 4 Plain Milling Machine

B Heavy
in the preceding

This

is

the second operation on the casting

shown

illustration.

The

cut

is

a simple, but heavy

one, being 17 inches wide

and

A of an

inch deep.

Interlocking inserted tooth milling cutters, 8 inches in diameter,

are used, the large diameter being necessary because of the height of

the casting at the ends.

Where

the end thrust on the arbor cannot be equalized, the

greatest thrust should be toward the spindle nose.

Thus

in the

above

operation, two right-hand angle cutters are used against one left-hand,

and the greatest thrust

is

toward the spindle nose.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

131

Surfacing Large Casting on a No. 4 Plain Milling Machine

B Heavy
shown
in

An
casting

excellent

example of heavy, plain gang milling

is

this illustration.
is

The

surface being milled

is

15" wide, and the

held in a special fixture.

is

The

table

fed longitudinally against the direction in which the

As the cut is comparatively heavy, nicked tooth employed, arid it will be noticed that the thrust is mostly toward the spindle nose.
cutters revolve.
cutters are

For such work as

the

this,

where considerable power

is
is

required^ to

drive the cutters, the Constant Speed drive machine

superior to

Cone drive

type.


132

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

ir

ti

_^

;;

^^5^Tt

i|-tiVl
9^pp,^^L

if
'f

^ s HB^M^jf

W**^

-^rSv' V

^ii^
i

t|

Cutting Slots in Circular Milling Attachment Table on a No. 4 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

Three

parallel slots are cut in the top of this table

by spacing

three cutters on the arbor

by means

of collars.

Considerable power

is

required for the operation, as the slots are

cut from solid stock to the depth of of an inch, and

table, in order to

A of an inch
work

wide.
to the

Specially shaped straps are necessary to fasten the

make

use of cutters of small diameter.

The

cutters employed are regular stocking cutters 6 inches in

diameter, and are rigidly supported on the arbor.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

133

Face Milling Front of Grinding Machine Bed on a No. 3 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

setting the

Jobs similar to this are done on the planer in many shops, but by work up as shown, it is often possible to get a greater production from the milling machine.

up against a parallel inserted in one of the table is no trouble lining up each successive casting. The saddle does not have to be readjusted for depth of cut each time. Straps at each end hold the piece on the table, and stops set in the table T slots prevent the tendency of the casting to slip, due to the
is

The bed

lined

slots,

so that there

action of the cutter.

134

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling

Ways on a Screw Machine Bed on a No. Heavy Plain Milling Machine

The value of gang milling, and the advantages of the milling machine over the planer, are very apparent in this operation, for it is essential that the ways on every bed be exact duplicates in width and distance apart. Once the gang of cutters is accurately set, each succeeding casting must necessarily be a duplicate of the first.
The bed has a boss cast on each end by means of which it is clamped
directly to the table.

After milling, the two bosses are taken

is

off.

The gang of cutters

two plain
spiral

composed
braces,

of four side milling cutters,

and
is

milling cutters with nicked teeth.

The arbor
is

firmly supported in the

arm

and the arbor yoke

employed

to bring a bearing nearer the cutters.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

135

Surfacing Bottom of Screw Machine Bed on a No. 5 Heavy Plain Milling Machine

for doing

This illustration shows the possibilities of the milling machine work that might be termed in many shops as suitable for

the planer only.

The extreme
large

weight, large size and powerful leverage due to the

piece, are all factors that serve to

overhang of the

make

this

an

unusual milling job that requires a rigid machine.

The work and

piece as
it is

fixture together

fastened to the table

weigh over 1000 pounds, and the is 25" high, and extends 35" out

from the cutter.

Another unusual point

milling cutter, which
is

is

the size of the inserted tooth face

26"

in

diameter.

136

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Pair of Grinding Machine Tables on a No. 5 Heavy Plain Grinding Machine

B
it is

Where the

size of

machine and character

plain

of

work permit,
tables

very advantageous to mill more than one piece at a time.

operation illustrates

This
are

how two

grinding machine

milled simultaneously.

The two
up

tables are held in a fixture, the essential features of

which

are plainly apparent in the cut.

of plain milling cutters

There are two

mills.
is

sets of cutters

made

and interlocking

Another feature of this operation yoke between the two sets of cutters.

the placing of the arbor

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

137

Milling Saddle of Vertical Spindle Milling Machine on a No. 5 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

Milling machines are employed wherever possible in manufacturing parts of milling machines in our works.

The

operation above

shows one example of this. The width of cut on this saddle is 17 inches, and of stock is removed, making a heavy cut.

of

an inch

The work is held in a special fixture, as it can be more firmly clamped, and more quickly put in place and removed from the table.
All of the cutters

inserted teeth.
is

It

have nicked teeth, and the larger ones have should also be noted that end thrust on the arbor
cutters of both right

equalized

by using

and left-hand angle

teeth.

138

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Heavy Gang Milling of Milling Machine Tables on a No. 5 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

The
of the

job shown above

of

is

that of milling the cast iron tables of

it is

small milling machines, and

an interesting example,

illustrative

economy

gang

of another are milled

fixture,

The top of one table and the bottom simultaneously. The castings are held in a special
milling.
is

and when one cut

taken, the piece at the left

is

removed,
fixture.

the one on the right turned over so that the ways on the bottom can

be cut, and a new casting

is

put on the right-hand side of the

and the cutters comprise four side milling cutters, one 9", one 11J", and two 7|" in diameter; five plain milling cutters, two 7f ", and three 4f * in diameter; and two slotting cutters, 6 15" in diameter.
table
is

The

fed longitudinally from left to right,

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

139

Gutting

Two

Grooves in Six Steel Gores at One Traverse

5

on a No.

B Heavy

Plain Milling

Machine

This illustration shows an unusually heavy milling operation,

consisting of cutting two grooves, each 1.17" wide and
six steel forgings at

A"

deep, in

one traverse of the

table.

Three

sets of index centres of a special design are

two

steel cores are

The

cutters

employed, and mounted on the arbor on each pair of centres. are of a special form to cut two grooves and the top
this,

of the intervening space between the grooves.

For such a cut as

a large arbor

is

required,

and
are,

it

must be

very

rigidly

supported;

intermediate

arbor

yokes

therefore,

placed between the cutters. Lard oil is used as a cutting lubricant.

140

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Surfacing Face of a Grinding Machine Apron on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

A vertical spindle milling machine is peculiarly adapted to work having a long projecting hub, or where it is necessary to surface off some part inside, such as in gear cases. The operation above is typical of such work, and shows a casting that must be milled all around the
outside edge.

is

The casting is clamped in a special fixture, and a shell end mill employed. The outline of the edge is followed by using the horizontal and transverse table feeds alternately for the different sides.

Brown &TSharpe Mfg.

Co.

141

Milling a Dovetail in Plain Milling Machine Saddle on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

The casting is held on a special fixture which has a slide corresponding to the slide on the top of the knee of the milling machine. The piece can be removed by simply loosening the gib.
The top plate of the fixture also swivels, so that one side of the ways can be milled on an angle for a taper gib. Both operations are,
therefore, completed at

one setting of the

fixture,

surfaces being milled in relation to each other.

is

thus insuring the 50 angular cutter

used for this operation.

142

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Surfacing and Milling Edge of Curved Casting on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

This illustration shows the use of a power-driven circular milling attachment, in connection with a vertical spindle milling machine for milling the surface and edge of a cutter carriage of an automatic gear
cutting machine.

The

special fixture

employed

is

more

for the

purpose of milling

the outside curved edge of the casting than for the operation shown.
It has a way cut to correspond to that on the back of the casting, and an arbor inserted through two holes in the piece and into the centre of the circular milling attachment insures the outer edge being milled

concentric with the holes.

All necessary

movement

is

obtained from the circular attachment.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

143

Gutting a Circular T Slot in Universal Milling Machine Saddle on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

The operation shown above illustrates another excellent example of the use of the circular milling attachment in connection with a vertical spindle milling machine, for cutting the circular T slot in the saddle of a universal milling machine.
The piece of work is centred by placing it over a stud and bushing inserted in the hole in the centre of the circular attachment table. It is prevented from swinging by four bolts with washers, two of which
are shown, and a strap from a stepped block across to the casting on each side fastens it to the table. The first, or plain, slot is cut out on a boring mill or can be milled at the same setting shown above, using a two-lipped end mill, which is then replaced by the T slot cutter.

144

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

An

Interesting Use of a Circular Milling Attachment No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

on the

Surfacing such a casting as this would ordinarily be done by following the outline of the piece of work, using the longitudinal and transverse automatic table feeds. But this necessitates shifting the
feeds at each corner of the casting.

better way was found when the casting and fixture were clamped to the table of a circular milling attachment and fed in a circular path beneath the cutter.

shifting feeds,

shorter distance the mill has to travel, the time saved in and the fact that the operator does not have to give his undivided attention to the job, are all important advantages.

The

The metal is \" thick. By the usual method, it is difficult to secure the flat, oil-tight surface that is easily obtained in the way described above.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

145

Milling Grooves in Rim of Pulley on the No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

Here a vertical spindle machine equipped with a circular milling attachment is shown milling belt grooves in the rim of a three step
pulley.

The pulley is easily fastened in place and a continuous cut is taken around the rim, using the automatic feed of the attachment. The knee is then lowered to bring the cutter at the right height for the next smaller step and the table is moved longitudinally to get the correct depth of cut. This operation is repeated for the smallest step
and the piece
is

finished.

This operation can also be done on a horizontal milling machine when equipped with both vertical spindle and circular milling attachments.

146

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling a Plain Surface on a No. 3 Vertical Spindle Milling Machine

work on a

such as that shown, to do the it is much more convenient. If a horizontal spindle machine is employed, and the work is clamped to the table, plain cutters of unusually large diameter are required, and when a face milling cutter is used, the work must be clamped to a knee. This, too, is unhandy when the casting is somewhat unwieldy.
It is advisable in milling castings

vertical spindle machine, as

The

piece of

work

illustrated

is

of cast iron,

and

it is

fastened

directly to the surface of the table

by means

of straps extending

from

step blocks to the casting and secured in place table T slots.

by

bolts set in the

The

face mill

employed has inserted

teeth.

The

table

may

be

fed longitudinally in either direction.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

147

Face Milling, Using Heavy Vertical Spindle Attachment on a No. 4 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine
It will

be seen from the above cut that in shops where the volume

of work does not warrant installing a vertical spindle milling machine,

the operation that would generally be done on that machine can be done on a horizontal spindle machine equipped with a vertical spindle attachment. The illustration shows a very heavy style of

attachment.

The
which
table
is

operation

is

that of face milling a surface on a cast iron piece

held in a special jig upon the table.

cutter
is

The
is

of the inserted tooth style, 9\" in diameter.

The

fed from left to right on account of projections at end of

casting.

148

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

J..V"

<Jl

t^;
;

^m

Face Milling, Using Heavy Vertical Spindle Attachment on a No. 4 B Heavy Plain Milling Machine

This operation is essentially the same as the one just described, with the exception that the casting in the first instance was fastened in a special fixture, while in this case it is clamped directly to the table and the cutter is held on an arbor.

The method
clearly

of

clamping needs

little

explanation, as

it is

very

shown

in the illustration.

If it

were not

for the height of the

hub

at the right of the cutter,

this job could easily

be done without the attachment with plain

milling cutters.

The

cutter

is

1\" in diameter and has inserted teeth.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

149

CHAPTER
Milling Operations

VIII

Gear

Cutting

do not propose in this chapter to go deeply into the subject it would be impossible to properly treat it in so limited a space. Neither do we intend to describe the manner in which gears are cut on automatic gear cutting machines designed especially for
of gearing, for

We

that purpose. Our object is rather to give a few practical points applying to the cutting of different kinds of gears on a milling machine, and to show illustrations of how various gear cutting jobs and work Anyone desirous of making a of a kindred nature can be set up. detailed study of gears is referred to the many books now published that are devoted exclusively to the subject,

among which

are our

"Practical Treatise on Gearing," and " Formulas in Gearing."

Cutting Spur Gears.

The

first

things that are necessary to

know

in

order to cut a spur gear, are the pitch, either diametral or circular, and number of teeth required. These must be had in order to select the
correct cutter to use.

We make
No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.

eight cutters for each pitch, as follows:

cutter will cut wheels from 135 teeth to a rack ii << II i " 134 teeth 55 ii << II 44 54 " 35 3 it << II 44 34 " 26 4 ii ii <i II " 25 21 5 ii ii ii 14 <t 20 " 17 6 << << II " 14 16 7 II II and 13 " with 12 8
1

<

<

<

<

For those who require a finer division of the number of teeth to be cut with each cutter than can be cut with the regular numbers listed above, we can furnish half numbers in cutters from 2 to 8 pitch
inclusive, as follows:

No. No. No. No. No. No. No.

2i 31 4i 5i 6i 7J

Ii cutter will cut wheels from .1 " " " 44 " " " ii " " " " " " " with " " " " i. " " "

80 teeth to 134 teeth i , i 54 42 i ,. 30 34

,

23 19
15 13

25
16

i 44

4
'

and 20
ii

ii

150

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Care should be exercised that the teeth of a cutter selected are ground radially and equidistant, for the teeth are so formed that unless ground in this manner, the correct shape is not produced in the work.
If

a universal milling machine

is

employed, the table should be

saddle.

set at exact right angles to the arbor

by the graduations on the

This precaution does not have to be taken on plain machines, as the

table
is

fixed at right angles to the spindle or arbor.

It is essential that the cutter

be exactly central is to be run fast, otherwise the gear will be cut "off centre," and will run more noisily in one direction than in the other. It may be set centrally Set the table or the cutter on the arbor as nearly as as follows: possible in position fasten the gear blank, or preferably an odd blank of about the size of the gear to be cut, on an arbor and lock it in Take a single cut, then remove the blank position on the centres. from the arbor, turn it end for end and put it back on. Permit the blank to remain loose on the arbor, and see if the cutter will pass through the groove already cut without taking any stock off on If the cutter is not exactly central, stock will be cut from either side. the upper part of one side of the groove and from the lower part of the If this is found to be the case, the table opposite side of the groove. can be slightly adjusted to compensate for the error and another trial cut taken.
with the axis of the gear blank, especially when the gear
;

Set Cutter Central.

Some

of the gear cutters

is

made by

us have a line on the tops of

the teeth that

central with the form,

gears, the cutter

may

and for ordinary slow running be centred by bringing this line to coincide

with the centre in the spiral head or foot-stock.

Measure Blanks.
sible to cut correct

Measure all gear blanks carefully. It is imposrunning gears from blanks that are of the wrong

diameter unless the error is small. The amount of error allowable in the diameter depends upon the pitch of the gear; the heavier the
pitch, the greater the allowable error.
It is better to return to the

lathe

any blanks that are oversize and throw away those that are

much undersize. If blanks are only slightly undersize, they can be cut by making allowance for the error in setting for
turned very

depth of teeth, and the resultant gears

not perfectly.

will

run satisfactorily, though

Secure Blank on Arbor. The next important step is to see that the work arbor runs true and that the blank does not spring it when

Brown & SharPe Mfg.

forced or tightened.

Co.

151

A good method of holding blanks is on arbors, such as our milling machine cutter arbors, that have a taper shank to fit the index spindle; the outer end of the arbor being supported by the foot-stock centre. Another way of holding blanks is by means of a shank arbor with expanding bushing, such as our gear cutting machine "work arbors/' A nut is located on the arbor at each end of the bushing, one nut forcing the bushing up on the arbor and holding the blank, while the other pushes the bushing off the taper and releases
the gear
If
tail

when
dog

finished.

common
is

arbor and dog are used, care should be taken that the

of the

fastened between the set screws provided on the spiral

head, so there will be no backlash between the index spindle and work;
also see that the

dog does not spring the arbor when

of Cut.

it is

clamped.

Set

Knee

for

Depth

height of the knee of the machine.

The depth of cut To make this

is

regulated

by the

setting, the

brought up until the cutter just touches the blank. moved out from under the cutter and the knee is raised the number of thousandths of an inch required for the depth of tooth, which can be ascertained from the tables on pages 321 to 324, or by dividing the constant 2.157 by the diametral pitch.
is

knee is Then the blank

When raising the knee, use the graduated dial on the vertical hand feed screw for a guide to get the required depth, but be sure to take out any backlash that may exist before making an adjustment.
Testing for Correct Depth. To make certain that the depth of groove cut is correct and the size of teeth accurate, cut two grooves into the face of the blank far enough so that the full form of the tooth is produced, and then measure the resultant tooth at the pitch line for The correct thickness and the depth of the tooth to the pitch line.
thicknesses of spur gear teeth of different pitches at the pitch line
are given in the tables on pages 321 to 324, or can be found

by

dividing the constant 1.57 by the diametral pitch.

By

cutting only part

grooves can be quickly

If, on the other hand, width of the face, there is liability, under some conditions, of more stock being taken from these grooves when the actual cutting is commenced and the cutter is allowed to pass through the same grooves a second time, thus making these

way across the face made and measured.

full

of the blank the trial

the grooves are cut across the

grooves too deep.

Chordal Thickness of Gear Teeth.

of gear teeth are required,
it

When

accurate measurements

is

necessary to work to the chordal

152

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

figures, /"

s"

= thickness of tooth and = distance from chord /" to top

</]

of tooth (See Fig. 61).

These dimensions vary from

the standard dimensions of tooth parts shown on pages 321 to 324.

The fewer

the number of teeth in the gear, the greater the variation.

The Table

of Chordal Thick-

ness /" and Distances from Chord to top of Tooth s* on page 325
gives these dimensions for gears of
1

diametral pitch.
figures

To

obtain /" and

pitch, divide

s" for

any diametral
given

the

in

the

table
of

opposite the required

teeth,

number

by the required diametral

pitch.

Example: Find t" and s" for a gear 5 diametral pitch, 23 teeth.
1.5696 1.0268
-f-

= =

.3139 .2054

= =

/".

s".

Fig. 61

To obtain t" and s" for any circular pitch, multiply the figures given in the table opposite the required number of teeth, by the addendum s (taking 5 from the Table of Tooth Parts, pages 321 and
322).

Example:

Find

t"

and

s'

for

af"

circular pitch gear, 15 teeth.

1.5679
1.0411
If

X X

.2387
.2387
of

= =

.3743 .2485

= =

/" s'
is

number
of teeth.

teeth required

not shown

in table,

take the nearest

number

An
teeth
is

accurate and convenient tool

for taking the

measurements
in Fig. 62.

of gear
this

shown

With

gear tooth vernier, the distance from the top of the teeth to the pitch line,

and thickness at the pitch

Fig. 62

line,

can

be accurately determined.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

153

Another tool, Vernier Caliper, No. 573, by use of which the bottom diameter of the teeth may be accurately measured to determine the depth of grooves, is shown in Fig. 63.

The depth of grooves may be ascertained when there are an even number of teeth by cutting two grooves opposite each other on the circumference of the blank and calipering the diameter from the bottom of the grooves, then computing the depth. When the number of teeth is uneven cut one groove and caliper the diameter from the bottom of the groove to the opposite side of the blank. In this last case be sure that the blank is of the correct diameter and runs true, otherwise the measurement will not be correct, unless allowance is made for these points.
Indexing.
Indexing gear blanks
is

essentially the

any other work, and the

instructions in Chapter

same as indexing IV are complete on

Fig. 63

this

subject;

therefore

it

is

unnecessary to

make any

additional

remarks here upon

this point.

Two or More Gears Simultaneously. If the holes in the blanks are straight, and the hubs do not project beyond the face, a number of blanks may be fastened together on a gang arbor and Care should be taken, however, if this is several gears cut at a time. done, to see that the sides of the blanks are exactly parallel, otherwise when the arbor nut is clamped, the blanks will spring the arbor, causing it to run out and making it impossible to produce accurate gears.
Cutting

Cutting Bevel Gears.

sible to cut gears

The

teeth of bevel gears constantly change

in pitch from their large to small end,

and for this reason it is imposwhose tooth curves are theoretically correct, with

rotary cutters having fixed curves, such as those used for cutting these
gears on a milling machine.

The

cutter employed

must be

of a curve

the correct form at the large end of the tooth, hence it will necessarily leave the curve too straight at the small end. It is,

that will

make

therefore, the practice to cut the teeth as nearly correct as possible,

154

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

finish the gears

Co.

and then

by hand,

filing

the small ends of

the teeth to get the correct curve.

Pitch of Bevel Gear. The pitch

of a bevel gear

is

always

considered as that at the largest end of the teeth.

Data Required to Cut Bevel Gears with Rotary Cutter. Pitch and number of teeth in each gear. The whole depth of tooth spaces at both large and
small ends of teeth.

The The The

thickness of teeth at both ends.

height of teeth above the pitch line at both ends.

cutting angle; the angle to set spiral head on

milling machine,

and the proper cutter or

cutters.

Fig. 64

Scratch Depth Line on Blank.

Before placing the blank on machine, measure the length of face, angles and outside diameter of blank, and, if all dimensions are correct, place the blank on the arbor
;

and fasten it securely in place then scratch the whole depth of space at large end with a depth of gear tooth gauge similar to that shown
in Fig. 64.

Selection of Cutter for Bevel Gears. The length of teeth or face on bevel gears is not ordinarily more than one-third the apex distance, Ab, Fig. 65, and cutters usually carried in stock are suitable for this face. If the face is longer than one-third the apex distance, special thin cutters must be made.

Rule for Selecting Cutter.

Na = No.
in

Measure the back cone radius a b for the gear, or b c for the
pinion.

Nb = No.
oc

of Teeth Gear of Teeth

This

is

equal to

in Pinion

the radius of a spur gear,

the

Centre Angle
of

Gear

number

of teeth in

which would determine

the cutter to use. Hence
twice a b times the diametral pitch equals the number of teeth for which the
cutter should be selected for

*'
-wi-

the gear.

Looking

in the list

given on page 149, the proper number for the cutter can be found.

Fig. 65

Thus, let the back cone radius a b be 4" and the diametral pitch be 8.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

155

cutter

Twice four is 8, and 8 x 8 is 64, from which it can be seen that the must be of Shape No. 2, as 64 is between 55 and 134, the range covered by a No. 2 cutter.

The number
also be found

of teeth for which the cutter should be by the following formula:

selected can

r Tan.

oc

Na = ^77 Nb
select cutter for gear

No. of teeth to No. of teeth to

If

Na = -^
Cos.
:

select cutter for pinion

Nb
-wr
is

the gears are mitres or are alike, only one cutter

is

needed;

if

one gear

larger than the other,

two may be needed.

Setting Cutter out of Centre. As the cutter cannot be any thicker than the width of space at small end of teeth, it is necessary to set it out of centre and rotate the blank to make the spaces of the right width at the large end of the teeth.

The amount to set cutter out of centre can be calculated with the table on page 326 and the following formula:
Set-over
A

Tc =

factor from table

-^

P =
Tc

diametral pitch of gear to be cut.

thickness of cutter used, measured at pitch
line.

rule, this would read: Find the factor in the table corresponding to the number of the cutter used and to the ratio of apex distance to width of face; divide this factor by the diametral

Given as a

pitch and subtract

the quotient from half of the thickness of the

line.

cutter at the pitch

As an illustration of the use of this table in obtaining the set-over, take the following example: A bevel gear of 24 teeth, 6 pitch, 30 degrees pitch cone angle and \\" face. These dimensions call for a No. 4 cutter and an apex distance of 4 inches.
In order to get the factor from the table, the ratio of apex distance 4 3.2 with length of face must be known. This ratio is T~ri ~ ~V or l lb l 31 about -r-. The factor in the table for this ratio with a No. 4 cutter
}
-

Next, measure the cutter at the pitch line. To do this, refer to the regular "Table of Tooth Parts" on pages 323 and 324, and get the depth of space below pitch line s + f. This depth of space below pitch line can also be found by dividing 1.157 by the diametral
is 0.280.

156

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

In the case of 6 pitch

Co.

0.1928 inch. The thickness then found to be 0.1745 inch. This dimension will vary with different cutters, and will vary in the same cutter as it is ground away, since formed bevel gear cutters are commonly provided with side relief. Substituting these values in the formula, the following result is obtained: - 280 1745 Q+ u which u-u-is ,u -a = nnA^bet-over = 0.0406 inch, the required L dimension. After selecting a cutter and determining how much to set it out of centre, proceed as follows:
pitch.

s+f =

of the cutter at the pitch line

is

Set the cutter central with the spiral head or universal index head spindle, as the machine may be equipped.

Set the head to the proper cutting angle. Set the index head for the
sector

number

of teeth to be cut, placing the

on the straight row

of holes that are

numbered

to start with.

Set the dial on the cross feed screw to the zero

line.

Scratch the depth of both the large and small end of the tooth to be cut in the blank.

Index and cut two or three grooves or centre cuts to conform to

the lines in depth.

Set the cutter out of centre the trial distance, according to the formula on the previous page, by moving the saddle and noting adjustment on the cross feed screw dial.

Rotate the gear

table
.is

in the opposite direction

from that

in

which the

moved

off

centre (Fig. 66), until the side of the cutter nearest

the centre line of the gear will cut the entire surfaces of the approaching
sides of the teeth.

After making one or more cuts in accordance with this setting,

move
table

the table the

same distance on the opposite

in the opposite direction

side of the centre

in

and rotate the gear

is

from that

which the
other.

moved

until the cutter just touches the side of a tooth at the

small end and cuts the entire surface of this side the

same as the

Cut one or more spaces and measure the teeth

thin pieces of metal and having a and width at the pitch line.
If

at both large

and

small ends, either with a gear tooth vernier or with gauges

made from
depth

slot cut to give the correct

the teeth at the large end are too thick

correct, the

amount

to set the table out of centre

if

On

the other hand,

the small end

is

too

when the small end is must be increased. thick when the large end is

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Table Noved

In

This Direction

For This Cut

Fig. 66

Fig. 67

158

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

correct, the

either case, the settings

amount the table is set out of centre is too great. In must be changed, and the operations of cutting repeated, remembering that the blank must be rotated and the table moved the same amount each side of centre, otherwise the teeth will not be central. It is well to bear in mind that too much out of centre
leaves the small end proportionately too thick,

and too

little

out of

centre leaves the small end too thin.

The adjustment
shown
space.
in Fig. 66,

of the cutter

and the rotating

of the

blank are

which shows the

setting, so that the right side of

cutter will trim the left side of tooth and widen the large end of the

The table has been moved to the right and the blank brought to the position shown, by rotating it in the direction of the arrow; the first out of centre cut was taken when the cutter was set on the other side of the centre.
After determining the proper

amount

to set cutter out of centre,

the teeth can be finished, without making a central cut, by cutting

round the blank with the cutter then on the other.

set

out of centre,

first

on one side and

prevent the teeth being too thin at either end, it is important, around the blank with cutter out of centre, to give careful attention to the rotative adjustment of the gear blank, when If by setting the cutter for trimming the opposite sides of the teeth. measurement, both ends are a little too thick, but proportionately
after cutting once
right, rotate the gear

To

blank and make

is

trial

cuts until one tooth

is

of

the correct thickness at both ends.

The

cutting can then be con-

tinued until the gear

finished.

Teeth

of incorrect thickness

may

be

more objectionable than a

slight variation in depth.

The

finished spaces, or teeth, as already mentioned, are of the

correct form at the larger ends,

and the teeth are

It
is,

of the correct thick-

ness their entire length, but the tops of the teeth at the small ends
are not rounded over enough.
file

therefore, generally necessary to

the faces of the teeth slightly above the pitch line at the small In filing the ends, as indicated by the dotted lines F F, Fig. 67.
teeth, they should not be reduced

any

in thickness at or

below the

pitch line.

When
it is

best to

cutting cast iron gears coarser than five diametral pitch, make one central cut entirely around the blank before

attempting to find the correct setting of the cutter or rotation of the blank for correct thickness of teeth and it is generally advantageous to take a central cut on nearly all bevel gears of steel.
;

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

159

Cutting Spiral Gears.

subject
of

In Chapter IV,

we have gone
inasmuch

into

the

cutting

spirals

thoroughly,

and,

as

spiral

gears are essentially cylinders having a succession of spiral grooves

evenly spaced on their periphery, many of the points we have treated apply equally well to cutting them.

An

important point

in cutting these gears is the selection of the

proper cutters to use.

It is impossible to give in concise

of rules for doing this that will be readily understood,

who

desires to cut spiral gears, should make a far study of the subject of spiral gearing than we can possibly give in this book. It is treated upon in our "Practical Treatise on Gearing," and ,, "Formulas in Gearing, both of which books are extremely useful to

form any set and anyone more complete

the practical

workman.
it is

One

point that

well to

remember

is

that in calculating spirals,

the angle should be figured as that at the pitch line of the teeth, and

not that on the surface or periphery of a gear.

Spirals of

any angle

to 45 can be cut

on

all

of our universal mill-

ing machines with the cutter swivel table

mounted

in the regular

swung

to the proper angle, while those of

way, and the an angle up to

55 with the axis, can be cut in some of our universal machines. If, however, the required angle is greater than that to which the table can be set, a vertical spindle milling attachment is required, and the adjustment for the cutting angle is then done with the attachment.

0>^
Fig. 68

^CD

To Set Cutter

Central. It is essential that the cutter be set central with the work centres, and it may be done as follows: First, set the table, or attachment, in case the latter is used, to the correct cutting

Take a trial piece, Fig. 68, which is simply a cylindrical piece with centre holes in the ends, and mount it on the work centres, dogging it to the spiral head spindle. Draw, or scratch the line B C on the side of the arbor at the exact height of the work centres, and then revolve the arbor one-quarter of a turn by means of the index crank;
angle.

that

is,

bring' the

mark B C

exactly on the top of the piece.

Now,
if

start the

machine and

raise the

knee until a gash

is

cut on the top

of the piece.

This gash shows the position of the

cutter,'

and

a and

160

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

is

Co.

b are equal, the cutter

course, bring
it

centred with the

trial piece,

which

will, of

central with the work.

is

The same method

piece

employed when using a

is left

vertical spindle

milling attachment, except the scratched line

at the side of the

where it is at the exact height of the and examined as described above. cut

centres.

The gash

is

then

Test Settings and Index Gears.

Before cutting a blank,

it is

well

to raise the knee until the cutter will just

make a

slight trace
is

on the
If

work

to see

if

the lead obtained

is

by the change gears

it is

correct.

the

material in the gear blank

expensive,

sometimes advisable to

make a

cast iron blank to experiment with before cutting into the

expensive material.

Fastening Blanks.

Spiral gears are

more

liable to slip in cutting

than spur gears. Small blanks may be dogged to the spindle, but the dog must be far enough from the blank so that it will not interfere with the cutter. For blanks that are more than three or four inches in diameter, it is better to use a taper shank arbor held directly in the spindle; and for still heavier work, the arbor may be drawn into the spindle with a threaded rod.
In cutting the teeth, either the cutter should be stopped after cutting each groove and positioned so that the teeth will not scrape the sides and bottom of the groove, the table being returned by hand or the knee should be dropped so that cutter will clear the groove just cut, and then run the table back to the starting point. Most mechanics prefer to stop the machine, for in dropping the knee, there is more liability of error, as the depth of cut has to be set for each groove, and this also takes more time than it does to stop the machine.
;

Cutting Teeth.

The remaining pages

of this chapter are

devoted to illustrations

and descriptive data of gear cutting and similar operations on milling machines. These operations show how different gear cutting jobs can be set up, and are given simply as suggestions for those not
familiar with this class of work.

Brown & Sharps Mfg.

Co.

161

Gutting a Spur Gear, Using the Spiral Head

Cutting a spur gear on a milling machine

rigging whatsoever
is

is

a comparatively

simple operation, as can be seen from the illustration.

required.

No

special

on an ordinary lathe arbor mounted on the centres and dogged to the spiral head spindle.
in this case is fastened

The blank

In commercial manufacturing, gears such as that shown would be produced in quantities on automatic gear cutting machines, but where only an occasional gear is wanted, such as in replacing a broken one, it is advantageous to cut it'on a milling machine. A new gear for a machine can usually be secured in this manner far quicker than it can be ordered and delivered.

162

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Gutting a Large Spur Gear, Using Gear Gutting Attachment

described in Chapter V.

This operation shows the use of the gear cutting attachment The gear being cut is too large to be accommodated by the spiral head centres without using raising blocks, and then the results are not as satisfactory as can be gained by using this attachment.
similarly to that
is

The gear is supported The advantage of a rim rest

that where the cut
is

illustrated,

and

it

on the opposite page. should also be noted

arm braces

to give

as heavy as that shown, it is advisable to use the added stiffness to the cutter arbor. The table is
is

fed from left to right, or so that the cut

against the rim rest.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

163

Gashing Teeth
Finishing a

in

Worm Wheel

a milling machine requires two sepagashing the teeth, shown above, is performed; and then the teeth are hobbed, as shown in the illustration on page 164.
rate operations.
First, the operation of

worm wheel on

In gashing the teeth, the blank is dogged to the spiral head spindle, and the swivel table is swung to the required angle. The vertical feed is used and the teeth are indexed the same as in cutting a spur gear. Most of the stock is removed in gashing, only enough being left to allow the hob to take a light finishing cut.

164

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Hobbing Teeth in

Worm Wheel
same
as in the operation of

The work

is

set

up

practically the

gashing the teeth, only the dog on the arbor is removed and the swivel The worm wheel revolves freely on the centres, table is set at zero.
being rotated by the hob.

The wheel can be hobbed

distance of the

to the right depth

by using a

steel rule

at the back of the knee to measure a distance equal to the centre

vertical slide to the top of the knee.

a line marked "Centre," on the This line on the vertical slide indicates the position of the top of the knee when the index centres are at the same height as the centre of the machine spindle.

worm and wheel from

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

165

Gutting Teeth in Bevel Gear

The

illustration

on

this

page shows a milling machine set up for

cutting the teeth of a bevel gear.

the hole. the table

The gear is held in place by a split bushing that is expanded in The spiral head is elevated to the proper cutting angle and
is

fed longitudinally from left to right.

In setting off centre to trim the sides of the teeth to the proper
thickness, the table
is

adjusted the required

amount on the knee and

then the blank

explained.

is

rotated

by means

of the index crank, as previously

166

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Gutting Teeth in Spiral Gear

The machine

is

shown,

in the illustration above, set in position

to cut a left-hand spiral gear of 45

angle.
in several previous

The
it is

gear

is

mounted

in the

same manner as

operations, but instead of remaining stationary as the table advances,

rotated

by means

of the required

change gears to give the correct

the

lead to the teeth.

The

table

is

fed longitudinally from left to right.

A right-hand spiral gear of the same angle may be cut in

manner by
setting the table to 45

same

the other side of zero and leaving

put the intermediate or reverse gear.

Brown & Sharpe Meg

Co.

167

Gutting Spiral Teeth in Milling Cutter

This operation shows the arrangement for cutting teeth

right-hand spiral milling cutter.

in

The work
and the saddle

is

6 inches long
is

and 3 inches
employed.

in diameter,

and an angular
is

cutter 3 inches in diameter

is

An

angle of lli

desired,

accordingly set to that angle and the head

is

geared

to give a lead of 48 ".

The work

is

mounted on an arbor that

is

is

head spindle, and care spindle and work.

taken that there

is

no

lost

dogged to the spiral motion between the

168

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Gashing a Hob

While this is not strictly a gear cutting operation, it is set up and performed in practically the same manner, the principal difference being in the shape of cutter used. Many hobs are gashed spirally, and this is done in a similar way to cutting the teeth in a spiral gear.
In this operation, the cut
is

braces, so that a coarser feed can be

heavy and it is advisable to use arm employed and the work done

more quickly.

The

the cutter and

An

oil

Oil is used on pan below the work. pump equipment can be used to good advantage on such jobs.

table

is

fed longitudinally from left to right.

collected

is

and strained

in the

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

169

W^^

lAL Mm.;J& jm
:

IfiP^K^ft
Gutting Teeth in Spiral Gear, Using

Compound

Vertical Spindle

Milling Attachment

This operation shows the use of a compound vertical spindle

milling attachment in cutting a spiral gear.

be noticed that where this attachment is used, the swivel and the angle of the spiral obtained by swinging the head of the attachment. The cutting is also done on the side, instead of the top of the gear.
It will
is

table

set at zero

In cutting left-hand spirals, the cutter would be at the back of

the blank, the head of the attachment swung to the other side of zero,

and an intermediate gear would be introduced

the direction of rotation.

in the train to reverse

170

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Gutting a Short Lead Spiral Gear, Using a Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment

When

the table cannot be

swung

to

the required angle, a

attachment may be used. The attachment is swung 90 up from zero, and the required angle of the spiral is then obtained
vertical spindle

by the swivel table. Where the lead is as short as that above, it is better to employ the special attachment shown in Chapter V, for the ratio of gearing of the spiral* head is such that severe stresses are brought to bear upon it in feeding the work. If, however, the job is set up as above, it is necessary to feed the work by hand.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

171

Milling Rack Teeth in Cylindrical Shaft

Sometimes

it is

required to mill a few rack teeth in a cylindrical

is at hand, this can be readily done. If one is not convenient, however, the work can be done in the manner shown above.

shaft or plunger,

and where a rack cutting attachment

The
screw.

shaft

is

the teeth are indexed

supported on a parallel and clamped in a vise, and by means of the graduated dial on the cross feed

Before indexing, care should be taken to remove backlash from

the screw.

172

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Cutting Teeth in Rack, Using Rack Gutting and Indexing Attachments

The method
illustration.

of cutting a steel rack, using the rack cutting

is

and

indexing attachments described in Chapter V,

clearly

shown

in this

are indexed

The rack is fastened in the vise of the attachment, and the teeth by the indexing attachment. The automatic transverse table feed is used and the direction of
from the back of the rack toward the
Oil
front, that
is,

cut

is

against the

direction in which the cutter rotates.

is

used as a lubricant.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

173

Gutting a

Worm Thread,
is

Using Rack Gutting Attachment

Another use of the rack cutting attachment on a universal

milling machine
illustrated
in this operation. It is especially
is

serviceable for cutting short lead spiral gears,

when the angle

such

that they cannot be cut on the milling machine in the usual way.

An advantage of

the rack cutting attachment over the vertical spindle

is

milling attachment for this purpose

that

work

of smaller diameter

can be accommodated, or a smaller cutter can be used.

The

cutting

is

done on the top

of the work,

and

oil

may

be led

to the cutter from the can shown.

174

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.

Gutting Blade Grooves in Bodies of Inserted Tooth Gutters

Nine of these steel cutter bodies are placed together on an arbor and clamped solidly by a nut at the end. The arbor is then driven into the spiral head spindle and the foot-stock is put in place. To
give the proper rake to the front of the blades, the saddle
is

set so

come directly over the spiral head and footstock centres. As the number of grooves cut is 20, indexing can be conveniently accomplished with any index plate.
that the cutter does not

side milling cutter 5 inches in diameter

of J".

and

**

wide

is

used,

and the grooves are cut to a depth

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

US

Sections of Milling Machine Departments in Our Works, Showing Erecting of Machines in Large Lots

176

Brown

&Y,Sharpe

Mfg

Co.

Constant Speed Drive Plain Milling Machine fitted with Motor Drive

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

177

CHAPTER IX

Cam Cutting, Graduating Milling Operations and Miscellaneous Operations

and cylindrical cams of all upon a milling machine, and a far more satisfactory job can be obtained than is possible by drilling around the outline on a cam blank, breaking it off and then milling
Cutting.
Face,
peripheral

Cam

ordinary sizes can

be

cut

or riling to a line.

When

it

is

required to cut several

it is

cams

of the

same

outline at

an advantage to add the cam cutting attachment, illustrated and described in Chapter V, to the equipment of the machine. The formers that are required to produce the different cams can be preserved, and it is then only a matter of a few minutes' time to set up the machine to cut any number of cams for which a former
frequent intervals,
is

at hand.

Another method that is often followed, in cutting peripheral cams, on automatic screw machines, is that of using the spiral head and a vertical spindle milling attachment. Illustrations of this are shown on pages 187 and 188. The spiral head is geared to the table feed screw, the same as in cutting ordinary spirals, and the cam blank is fastened to the end of the index spindle. An end mill is used in the vertical spindle milling attachment, which is set in each case
especially those for use

to mill the periphery of the cam at right angles to its sides, or, in other words, the axes of the spiral head spindle and attachment spindle must always be parallel to mill cams according to this method. The

cutting

is

principle of this

done by the teeth on the periphery of the end mill. The method is as follows: Suppose the spiral head is

elevated to 90, or at exact right angles to the surface of the table

geared for any given lead. It is then apparent advances and the blank is turned, the distance between the axes of the index spindle and attachment spindle becomes less. In other words, the cut becomes deeper and the radius of the cam is shortened, producing a spiral lobe, the lead of which is the same as that for which the machine is geared.
(see Fig. 69),

and

is

that, as the table

178

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Fig. 69

Fig. 70

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

179

Now, suppose
the spiral head
is

the same gearing

It
is

is

retained

and

set at zero, or parallel to the surface

of the table (see Fig. 70).

apparent, also, that

the axes of the index spindle and attachment spindle Therefore, as are parallel to one another. the blank between the axes of the index spindle and attachment spindle remains the same. As a result, the periphthe table advances, and
turned,
is

the

distance

ery of the blank,

if

milled,
is 0.

is

concentric or the lead

If,

then, the spiral head

is

elevated to any angle between

zero and 90 (see Fig. 71), the

amount of lead given to the cam will be between that for

which the machine is geared and 0. Hence it is clear that cams with a very large range of different leads can be obtained with one set of change gears, and the problem of milling the lobes of a cam is reduced to a question of finding the angle at which to set the head to obtain

any given

lead.

In order to illustrate the method of obtaining the correct angle,

drawings of two cams to be milled, and data connected with same,

are given in Figs. 72 and 73.
It is first

necessary to

know

the lead of the lobes of a cam, that

if

is,

the

amount

of rise of each lobe

continued the

full

circumference of

the cam.

This can be obtained from the drawings as follows:

For

cams where the face is divided into hundredths, as those shown: multiply 100 by the rise of the lobe in inches and divide by the number of hundredths of circumference occupied by the lobe. For cams that are figured in degrees of circumference: multiply 360 by the rise of the lobe in inches and divide by the number of degrees of circumference occupied by the lobe. Taking Fig. 72 for example, we have a cam of
one lobe which extends through 91 hundredths of the circumference,
100

and has a
which
is

rise .178".

Then

.178*

.1956 lead of lobe, or .196",

91
practical purposes.

near enough for

all

180

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Fig. 72

As a
regularly

.196" lead

is

much

less

than

.67",

which

is

the shortest lead*

obtainable on the milling machine, (see Table of Leads,

pages 229 to 247), the change gears that will give a lead of .67 " may be used, and then the angle of the head can be adjusted so that a lead of .196" will be obtained on the cam lobe with these change
gears.

The

rule for this

is:

Divide the given lead of the cam lobe by a lead obtainable on the machine, and the result is the sine of the angle at which to set
the head.

Continuing the calculation for the lobe of the cam in Fig. 72, we
therefore have:

.196"

~W
is

.29253

Hence, .29253
of sines

the sine of the correct angle.

Turning to the Table

very
shorter

and cosines on pages 300 to 308, we

find that .29253 is

the use of the short lead attachment illustrated and described in Chapter V, leads than .67 " are obtainable.

By

much

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

181

Fig. 73

near .29265, which is the sine of an angle of 17 and 1'. As the head is not graduated closer than quarter degrees, it will be satisfactory to elevate the head just a hair over 17; then, with the gearing for a lead of .67 ", a cam with a lead of .196" will be obtained.
spiral

in the sines
is

errors between the actual lead .1956" and .196", and and angles of this calculation can be safely ignored, as it not possible in practice to work very much closer than we have

The minute

outlined.

The

portion of the periphery of the

It is usually milled to

cam from
line,

91 hundredths to

zero, represents a clearance of the cutting tool prior to the beginning

of the throw.

or drilled, broken out,

and

filed.

In Fig. 73,

we have a cam with two

lobes, one, A,

having a

rise

of 2.493" in 47 hundredths,
in 29 hundredths.

and the other, B, having a rise of 2.443" On cams such as this, where it is necessary to
stock,
it is

remove considerable

usually the practice to

first

outline

182

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

the approximate shape of the lobes on the blank and

off the surplus stock.

drill

and break

Following the same method of figuring to find the lead of the

lobes on this cam,

we have:

^
,

=
u

5.304 " lead for lobe A,

and

100

2.443"

29

8 424
-

Af%AW

lead for lobe

more lobes on a cam, the machine is geared than the longest one required, which in this case is 8.424", then the other lobes are milled without changing the gears. Referring to the Table of Leads, we find a lead of 8.437", which is slightly larger than 8.424". This gearing is, therefore,
there are two or
for a lead slightly longer

Where

accepted, and

it

is

required to find the sine of the angle at which

to set the head for lobe B.

8.424
*

^7

.99846 sine of angle at which to set head.

Looking at

a table of sines and cosines, .99846 is found to be the sine of an angle of 86 and 49'. The head is, therefore, set at a trifle over 86f .

When
o*j2 7

lobe

has been milled, the head

is

set for lobe

A.
Referring

.62865 sine of an angle at which to set head.

again to the table of sines and cosines,

near to .62864, which

is,

is

we find that .62865 is very the sine of an angle of 38 and 57'. The head

therefore, set slightly under 39 for this lobe.

The
either

other portions of the periphery of this

filing to

by

a line before the blank

or

by

milling to the line

cam are formed up put on the milling machine after the lobes have been formed.
is

Whenever
will

possible, the job should

be set up so that the end mill

rigid.

cut on the lower side of the blank, as this brings the mill and table

nearer together and

makes the job more

It also

prevents chips
lines

from accumulating, and enables the operator to better see any that may be laid out on the face of the cam.

When the lead of the machine is over 2 inches the automatic feed can be used, but when the lead is less than 2 inches the job should be fed by hand, with the index crank, as shown on page 187.
the use of the calculations just given, we have compiled on pages 248 to 299 that give a wide range of leads from to 20" that can be obtained with the spiral head in the manner described. These tables will be found useful, as they give all data and settings without the necessity of figuring.
tables

By

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

183

Another use to which the milling machine may be put It is possible to obtain flat scales and verniers.* very accurate results, and when required, odd fractional divisions can be easily spaced.

Graduating.

is

that of graduating

This operation requires the use of the

pointed graduating tool which
is

spiral

head and a single

held stationary in a fly cutter arbor,

mounted

directly in the spindle, or can be fastened to the spindle

of a vertical milling or rack cutting attachment.

The

scale to

be

Fig. 74

graduated

is

clamped to the surface of the table

is

parallel to the table

slots.

No power

required for the operation, as the lines are cut

table transversely under the point of the tool, and this can be easily done by hand. The spiral head spindle is equal-geared to the table feed screw as shown in Fig. 74, and indexing for the divisions required is accomplished by means of the index plaies, the index crank being turned in the usual manner for each division.

by moving the

It

moves the
gearing
is

has already been explained that one turn of the index crank spiral head spindle *V of a revolution, and if equal

and the table feed screw, a complete revolution. The lead of the feed screw being .25 ", it is apparent that one turn of the index crank will advance the table an amount equal to .25" X tV,
employed between
this spindle
?V of

the feed screw will likewise

make

or .00625

Now,

Suppose it is required to graduate a scale with lines .0218" apart. if one turn of the index crank moves the table a distance of
is

*A method of obtaining fine divisions on a circular plate Indexing in Chapter IV.

mentioned under Differential

184

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

it

Co.

.00625 *,

will take

more than one turn

.02180
.00625

to

move

the table a distance

of .0218".

Hence,

.00305

.00625 Taking the remainder, .00305 ", and referring to the tables on pages

318 to 320,

we

find that

it is

very near .0030488, which

is

the distance

the table will be

moved by

using the 41 hole circle in one of the index

plates furnished and indexing 20 holes. The error between the actual remainder and the amount given in the table is so small that it can be safely ignored.

Therefore, to graduate a scale with divisions .0218 of an inch

apart, an index plate having a 41 hole circle would be used

and the

crank would have to make three complete turns and then be advanced 20 holes in the 41 hole circle for each division.
It

should be remembered

in

graduating that care must be

exercised to prevent backlash between the index crank

screw.

To

this end, the

crank should always be turned

and table feed in the same

direction.
If required, the ratio of gearing between the spiral head spindle and the table feed screw can be changed, but this complicates the operation somewhat and should be resorted to only when it is impossible to get accurate enough results with the method described. Upon referring to the tables on pages 318 to 320 and noting the extreme

fineness in divisions that

it is

possible to obtain,

it

is

apparent that

there

is little

occasion to change the ratio of gearing.

Accurate graduating can also be done by using scales and verniers such as illustrated and described in Chapter V.

Illustrations of

cam

cutting,

and many miscellaneous milling

of value to the reader.

operations will be found on the following pages, and a careful study

of the cuts

and descriptions may be

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

185

Gutting a Cylindrical Gam, Using

Gam

Gutting Attachment

For cutting a cylindrical cam, the head is bolted to the bed and the cam blank is supported on an arbor mounted on the attachment centres and dogged to the spindle. The table is raised to a point that brings the attachment centres at the
parallel to the table

same height as the

axis of the spindle.

is

movement

used for this operation and the necessary is obtained from the attachment, the table remaining clamped in one position.
spiral

end mill

to feed the

work

This view of the attachment shows very clearly the former on

the outer end of the head.

186

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

1 IB
BBfi^ jA"H

Mr?
W
1
1

L v
I Iff
.?.

Jl jRj

f^[
Gam
Gutting Attachment
is

Gutting a Face Gam, Using the

In this operation the head of the attachment

at right angles to the table

bolted to the bed

fastened to the

and the cam blank

is

attachment spindle by means of a bolt. A peripheral cam would be milled in the same manner. The necessary rotative movement is obtained by hand feed, and the longitudinal movement to give the proper lead and shape to the cam is produced by the cam former and the mechanism of the attachment, as described in Chapter V.
in

A spiral end mill one position.

is

used.

The machine

table remains

clamped

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

187

Milling a

Gam, Using

Spiral

Head and

Vertical

Spindle Attachment

The cam blank

is

mounted on an expansion arbor

inserted in the

taper hole of the spiral head spindle.

Suitable change gears are selected to give the approximate lead and the spiral head is elevated to obtain the exact lead; the vertical attachment is then set to bring the end mill parallel with the axis of the cam. Where such short leads as this are being milled, there is great stress brought upon the spiral head gearing in attempting to use the automatic feed. For this reason the extended crank is fastened over the regular index crank and the job is fed by hand.

188

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Screw Machine

for Spiral

Cam, Showing Use Head

of Extension

This shows the milling of a cam of long leads where the blank It is impossible to bring well up to the axis in one place. the spiral head spindle and the vertical attachment spindle near enough together to accomplish this deep cut when the spiral head is located in its usual position at the end of the table. The extension for the spiral head is designed to overcome this difficulty, and by using it the spiral head is located some distance in from the end of the table.

must be cut

The cam
lead.

in this case

has three lobes, each having a different

Change gears

to mill the longest lead are selected

and then

the angles of elevation of the head and attachment are changed to

obtain the shorter leads while using the same change gears.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

189

Milling Slot in Bushing, Using High Speed Milling Attachment

This operation furnishes a good illustration of the use of the high The end mill is only f " in diameter, and where such small mills are used, it is necessary to run them at much higher speeds than are ordinarily obtainable on the machine, otherwise the finest feeds, either by power or hand, present material to the cutter faster than the teeth can remove it, and as a result, there is constant danger of breaking the mill. With the high speed attachment, the machine spindle speeds are multiplied so that suitable speeds to combine with the available feeds are obtainable.
speed milling attachment.

The bushing being

slotted

is

fastened in the vise at a proper

height to bring the slot central.

190

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

yj.

jdjL

z^zt

^^Jijvrj"

^
work

S*50PwW

Milling Bearing Surfaces and Splitting Ring

This operation presents an example of light gang milling on of an interesting character. The ring is required to have two flat bearing surfaces, one at' each side of the projection on the top, and to be split midway between these bearings. All three operations are performed simultaneously by the method shown.

The when
fixture

ring

is

fastened to a knee

by means

of a nut

in the centre,

and clamps at each

side prevent the piece

and large washer from opening

cut through.
is

When

these pieces are milled in quantities a

employed

to hold them.

Two

side milling cutters

and

a slitting

saw comprise the gang.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

191

Milling Bolt Heads

The illustration above shows a method of milling the heads of square and hexagonal bolts, using a chuck on the spiral head spindle for clamping the work. It also furnishes a good example of the use of a pair of side milling cutters as " straddle mills." Two sides are finished at a cut, therefore completing a square bolt head with two cuts and a hexagonal one with three cuts.
In indexing the work, the
of

worm

of the spiral

head

is

thrown out

mesh and the

divisions are obtained from the rapid index plate on

the spindle nose.

As the material

is

of

wrought

iron, oil is

used in cutting.

192

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Angle on Block, Using Universal Milling Attachment

This operation

is

given chiefly to illustrate a use of the Universal

This attachment may be set in a vertical, removing any part of it from the machine. Thus the opposite side of the piece of work shown can be milled without removing it from the vise. The table is simply moved to the left and the head of the attachment is swung to the required angle on the opposite side of the vertical.
Milling Attachment.
horizontal, or angular position without
parallel to

In this manner both sides are milled so that they are exactly one another.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

193

Milling Angular Gib, Using Compound Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment

Angular cutters are not always at hand that will produce the proper angle on angular strips, gibs, etc., and when this is the case, the value of a Compound Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment can be
This attachment can be swung to mill a wide variety an ordinary end mill. It can be used to mill an angle on a long gib, similar to that shown above, or the head can be removed, turned quarter way around and put back in place, and used to mill an angle on a piece where, for some reason, it is advanappreciated.
of different angles, using

tageous to feed the table transversely.

194

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Clutch Teeth

This operation
is

is

very similar in the

Milling Bolts previously described.

way it is set up to the one of The character of the cut, however,

lighter and the arbor is supported at the outer end on a centre, whereas in the other operation, the end of the arbor runs in the arbor yoke bearing. A cutter of special form is used, and one tooth is finished at each cut, the cut beginning at the outside of blank and

finishing in the centre.

plates

Indexing in this case is accomplished with the regular index and crank as the number of teeth required cannot be indexed

with the plate on the spindle nose.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

195

1^

Milling

End Teeth

in

End

Mill
it

When
The

it is

required to mill end teeth in an end mill,

in the illustration

may be

done as shown
spiral

above.

mill is held by its shank in a collet that is inserted in the head spindle. The spiral head is adjusted to an angle to give the correct form to the teeth.

An angular cutter is used and the table is fed longitudinally. Indexing is accomplished with the index plates and crank in the usual
way.
Oil
is

used, as the material of the end mill

is

tool steel.

196

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Squares for

Wrench on Reamer Shank

A reamer of the type illustrated is necessarily rather long and cannot be accommodated on centres as a shorter piece would be. It is, therefore, passed through the hole in the spiral head spindle and is clamped in the chuck, while the wrench end is supported by the footstock centre.

An end
longitudinal

mill

is

movement

used and the work is fed vertically. To prevent of table, the small clamping lever shown on

the front of the saddle is set up. Where there are many pieces to be done, a more permanent method of fixing the table is by means of
stops that fasten on to the

bearing at the bottom of the table and

come against the

side of the saddle.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

197

Milling

Tenon on

Collet

A
A

taper plug having a centre hole at the large end

is

the hole in the collet, which

is driven into then mounted on the spiral head centres.

dog on the taper plug locks the

collet to the spiral

is

head spindle.

An end
periphery.
table
is

mill

is

used and the cutting

is

The

rapid index plate

done with the teeth on the used to index the work and the
both sides to the
mills

fed longitudinally.

The
same

table feed trip dog

is

set to insure milling

length.

If a quantity of this work is to be done, formed straddle would be employed with an entirely different arrangement.

198

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Flutes in Taper

Reamer

There are times when a shop requires a reamer of special size that cannot be procured readily, and in such cases one can be turned up and the flutes cut in the manner shown above. The spiral head is set at the angle of taper and the foot-stock centre is adjusted to correspond with it. The reamer blank is then mounted on the centres and dogged to the spiral head spindle.

A
table

stock cutter,

known
is

as a reamer fluting cutter,

is

used and the

is

fed longitudinally.

The procedure

the

same

for milling a straight reamer, except

that the spiral head and foot-stock are set at zero.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

199

Gutting a Spiral with End Mill

When a spiral slot with parallel sides is required an end mill should be employed and the job set up as shown above.
The
of the
spiral head centres are brought to a machine spindle. level

with the centre

The

table

is

at right angles to the spindle and the angle of the

spiral is obtained

by the combination

of

change gears used.

Either right or left-hand spirals can be cut in this way by simply leaving out or interposing an intermediate gear in the train
of

change gears.

200

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Gutting Slots in Screw Machine Tool, Using Slotting Attachment

The screw machine

slotting

tool
set

is

held by

its

shank

in

vise,

and the
hole
is

attachment

is

at an angle so as to give the proper

is

clearance to the cutter that

drilled for starting the slot.

intended for use in the

slot.

In slotting work, all necessary movements of the table are made by the hand feed. The swivel vise is very useful in connection with the slotting attachment, for the work can be swung to any angle or indexed, if it is desired to make a special shaped slot.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

201

Slotting Square Hole in Extension

Wrench

In this operation the piece of

position
;

work

is

too long to be set in a vertical

it is,

therefore, passed through the spiral

clamped

in the chuck.

The

slotting

head spindle and is attachment head is then set so

that the tool

moves

in

a path parallel to the top of the table.

The
position

ability to
is

swing the head from a vertical to a horizontal one of the features of the B. & S. attachment.

The

piece of

All necessary

work is indexed by means of the rapid index movements of the table are made by hand.

plate.

202

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Flutes of Twist Drill

The

This operation is very similar to that of cutting a spiral gear. drill blank is mounted on the spiral head centres and fastened to The spiral head is geared for the required the spindle with a dog. lead and the necessary angle is obtained by swinging the swivel table.

As the character
to

of the cut

is

heavy, the arm braces are employed

give additional rigidity to the arbor.

stock cutter of special

oil is

form,

known

as a twist drill cutter,

is

employed and

used in

cutting.

More complete information on Chapter IV.

this

subject can be found

in

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

203

Sawing Flat Stock

When

it is

necessary to saw a piece of

flat stock, it

may be strapped
it is

directly to the table in a position so that the line

where

to be cut

comes over a

slot.

A
in the

metal

slitting

saw

is

used to

split the piece

and the table

is

fed

same

direction to that in which the

saw

revolves.

This prevents

the tendency to raise the

work from the

table

and wedge the cutter;

In feeding the table in

also for the cut to run out of a straight line.

this manner, every precaution should be taken to eliminate backlash from the feed screw.

204

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Semi-Circle in

Top

of Spiral

Head Base
in
in

The
a
line

casting

the illustration,

clamped directly to the table, as clearly shown and the knee is raised so that the top of the piece is
is is

with the axis of the cutter.

shell

A
all

end mill
a mill

used and the table

is

fed transversely, bringing

the cutting upon the end teeth of the mill.

When

is

used in this manner,

it is

well to grind the teeth

on the periphery a

little

smaller at the back end, as this has a tendency

to prevent chattering.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

205

Boring Holes in Jig

The
tion.

use of a scale and vernier in connection with a boring bar,

is

boring holes where accurate spacing

required,

is

shown

in this opera-

Finer adjustments can be obtained in this

way than

are possible

using the dial on the longitudinal hand feed screw.

is strapped to the table, and the boring bar, which is a kind of fly tool, is held in a collet inserted in the spindle. Scales and verniers can also be furnished for the transverse and vertical movements of Brown & Sharpe milling machines.

The work

in reality

206

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Milling Curved and Flat Surfaces at one Setting of Work, Using Vertical Spindle and Circular Milling Attachments

combination of a vertical spindle and circular milling attachshown in this operation. With these two attachments, practically the same variety of work can be done as on a vertical spindle milling machine of equal capacity.

ment

is

job being done consists of milling a flat surface on the top and a curved surface at the end of it. The piece is set over a bushing inserted in the centre of the circular milling attachment table. The work is fed in a circular path by means of the hand-wheel, and when the flat cut is finished, the machine table is raised for milling the curved surface, but the work is not disturbed.
of a piece

The

With a vertical spindle milling machine, only the circular milling attachment is needed.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

207

Planing on a Milling Machine

This illustration shows a comparatively unusual operation on the Planing can be done on any milling machine by clamping the spindle and moving the table by hand but on our constant speed drive machines, the spindle can be clamped and the
milling machine.
;

power feeds

for longitudinal

movement

of table are

still

available.

clamping the spindle consists of a split ring that fits on the nose of the spindle, over which a bracket is clamped to the column. A bevel sleeve contained in the bracket closes the split ring on the spindle when the three bolts are tightened.
special device for

The

A fly tool is used, and

fed at its fastest feed.

if

power feed

is utilized,

the table

is

usually

The work is fed upward or transversely by means

hand feeds

of the vertical transverse or

often both are employed.

208

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Drilling Holes in

Bushing

method

of drilling holes in
is

round pieces of work where they

are required to be exactly spaced

shown

in this operation.
is

The bushing

is

held in the spiral head chuck and

if

indexed in
of holes

the regular way, or with the rapid index plate,

required can be obtained

the

number
is

by the

latter.

An

ordinary twist
is

drill,

held in a spring chuck,

employed and
drill

the table

usually fed

by hand.

collet

can be employed for a

having a taper shank.

TABLES

210

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 2

to

50

Plain

&

Differential Indexing
$4 T.

Gear on Spindle

Hole

JGT.

GEARED FOR 107

2 S o uj
cc

0
So si
u.

a:

L-

?S
3 5

33

hi

>

?5
Any
39
33
18
l

s > D O

O
.

s >

39
49
2 42
56

M
49

26
27

39
-7

106
95 S3 S5 75

40
4^

Any
41

3 39

^5

169
170

3*

*m *h

m
39
*5

65
5
2 26 39
33

49
2S
21

4-

132 132 132

30

43
44

43 33
7

12< 17*

Any Any
39
33
18

33
iS

29

29

39
45

a D
>

26

39
33

132 132
I32

16
"7
17

J!
is
ji

33

iS

69
43
3i

65
5

46
47
4S

23
47
iS

172

R
35

16S 165
161

IS

49

^ 49

140
142
19

18 19

43
*9

32

48 33
17

21

33
34

41

49
5

40

Any
27
iS

Any
S3
r

33

158

19
21

18*
35

Graduations
21

in

4ft

S7 23

33

7o7
147
3
r
>

TABLE

INDICATE

Any
33 39 33
18
J 3Q

23

27 18

SETTING FOR SECTOR OF

INDEX
MOVES
ARC

CRANK
EXCEPT

ARMS WHEN

126

39
24

39

132
132 132 37

THROUGH

"A ,"

lI3

33
iS

37 19
ig

CASES MARKED* WHEN THE INDEX

THROUGH

^5 65
25

3S 39

CRANK MOVES
ARC
"B."

118

39

>

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

211

INDEX TABLE
(0

51 to 92.
0)

5a
s>

z
< O <
CC

NO.I

HOLE
ceo

19 CO *3 go
z
17
14
17

zu
uj

IDLERS

z
u

NO.I

HOLE
tc

o
a
a w
z >

CC

1
5'

O
33* 24
*5 2

_UJ <? H li & o O is OZ hZ *

uj

(0

5 h s
z
12 20

<

s 11 a <o
>~

ZU
UJ 0-

IDLERS

O
<
a.

58 H <i z u o OtO o z 9Z 0 5
HI
1-

< D

Ul

ii
24

48

'24

44

69
70

20
19

118 40
112

56

44

52

39 49

30 39
35

28 49
12
21

4Q
'5

140
142 147

56
56

40 40

24

72

21

53

21
54

21

24

72
71

27 18

ii
27

"3 no
109

72 72

40 40

24

27

20
27

10 18
27

24

55

33

24 33 35 49
15 21

144
72

27

no
109
112

49
56
21

140
142
73

iS

10

78
28
49~

49
40 40

28

4s

24

44
44

49
57 21

35 49
15
21

140 56
142

24
24

44 44
74 75

21

12
21

J13 28
IO? 105
l

48

24

56

37
5

20 37

58

29 39

20 29 26 39
22 33 12

136
>5-

8
15

48 48

32 32

44
44 44

76
77

19 20

10 19 10 20
20

59

33
18

132

98
101

32

48

44

18 26 39
22 33 12 18

*3 2 48
132
l

32

78 79 So
81

39
20

39
10 10 20

39
60
33 is

98

4S

24

44

32

20

98
9S

*32 133 132

*3 2
127

20
4i

20
JO
41

48

24

24

44

39
61

26

39
22 33 12

48 48 48

32

24

44
44

82

96
98 32

33

32 32

24
24

83 84 85

26
21
17

IO 20
IO
21

48

24

44

is
62
31

44

94
92 91 92
SQ
-

20 3i
26

8 7

39
6j

39
22 33 12 18

J-

24 24

48
48

24 44 24
24 44

86
87

20

43
*s

43
7

33
18

132

15 15 33

40

24

24

44

132 24
123
121

48

44

SS

33
27

64

16

10

76

12 27

88
87

72
72

32

44

65
66

39
33

M 39
20 33 28

89
18

120

27

8 18 12
27 8 18

3*

44

88
87

90
1

49
67
21

49
12
21

28

48 48

44

18
9i

"3
116

28

44

39
23

18

39
10 23

91

24

48

24

44

68

17

10
17

92

86

1 1

212

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 93

ttO u -

to 125.
CD

z
2

NO.I

HOLE
ZW
tea

IDLERS

>

E> -0
i5

M
27

u.

<
CC

* <o
uj

Si
U>

Z* -

O
H
<

No.l

HOLE
ZUJ

IDLERS

ceo *

-J IL

z
12 27

O < O

H O

O
CO

< D

h| QZ w

Is
32 32 24
24

E> Ii

SO

z 44
44
13

O < CC O

* <> z

M
(-Z

5
O
CO

z ^0
4S

Ii 1?
44 44 44

8S
S7

24

39
114 33
iS
JI 5

93 iS 94

39
11

65
65 65

24
24

47
*9

8 iS 20 47

24

33 6 iS

43

33 82 S3

24

4S

95

8 19
21

23

8
-'3

6S 6S
65 6S 24
24

49
96
2
1

49 9
21

28
28

32
32

24 24 44

44

116

29

10

S5
7S

44
117

39
33
iS

39
11

24
24

56 56
56

97

20

8 20
20

40

43

33
6

9S

49
20

49
8 20

79
7S 73 73 7S 73
75 75
72

iS
2

65
65 6S

24 48 43

24
32 32 32

99

56

28

40

32

39
11S 33

39
11

44
44 44 44 44
44

100 20
101

8 20 8 20
8 20 8 20
15

33
6 iS
13

20
20

24

40

4s 32 24 24

24 44 44

iS

6S
6S
6S

4S
72
72

102

40

39
119 33
iS

39
1

24 24
^4

103 20

40

43

33

104 39
105 21

6
iS
3

39
8
21

65 65

72

39
86 40
24

39
11

106 43
107

16 43 8 20

73

24 32

4S

120

33
iS

33

65
6S 65
72 72 72 4S

20
27 16

73
73 73
7i

S^

64

24

A
J3

10S

10 27
16 12 33 13

39
32

39
1

-4

24

44
44

109

2S

24

44

121

33
iS

33

65
6S

24 24
32

24
24

no
in

33

44

39
33
iS

39
11

65 65
65

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

72

32
32

39
122

13

39
11

65

24
24

44
44

33

72
72

33
18

33
6

6S 65 65 65
65 63

4S

32 32
24

IS
13

32

IS
13
39
ti

4S
24
24

24
24 24

44 44
44

39
I

39
11

65 65
65
f>5

64 64
64
56

44
44

39
123

12

33
iS

33 6

33
iS

33

24
24

7s
'3

44 44 44
44

6 iS

24

24 44

39

39
1

124 3 1

10
31
13

"3

33
iS

33

^
65

S^
56

39
!25 33
iS

39
11

6S 65
65

24 24 24

40 40 40

24
24

44
14

6 18

33

Is

24

44

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

213

INDEX TABLE 26
1

to 168.
Z
CO *>

CO

I*
S >

Z V a u ? u.

NO.I
tt cc

HOLE

(DLERS
CEO X
-id
CM id
.

-0

O P < O
<
DC

z
H

NO.I

HOLE]

IDLERS

ceo
td

H
CO

CO 2 Ul- <1 c
OCO
2
id

id

2
LU > oz

_i

1*
z
13

CO

O
65 6S 65 24 24 24
24

5
48 48
48
56

00 ii ZZ
24
24

-1

(0 *

2 >

ii -0

i5 49

El To
z
14

< Q &

si

2a
GEAR STUD
GEAR

_ld

STUD

uj

0.

CO
1ST

ii
24
24

z 1

60

ON

2ND

ON

39
126 33
iS

39
11

44

M3
44
21

49 6
21
5

55

2S

-A

44 44

33 iS
13

56 54 54
55

2S

24

24

44

144 iS
"45 29

18 g 29

39
127 33

39
ii 33 6

6S 6S
*5
61

24 44
24 24

24
24

56
56

44
146

49
21

!4

49
6
21

28 2S
24

48
48 48 48

24 24 24 24

44
44 44

iS

iS
5

44
147

56 55

12s 16

75
13

49
24
72 72
-

M
49
6
21

39
129 33
iS

39
11

65
<3

24

44

21
1

56
53

24

44

33 6

24

24

44
44

48 37

12 37

rs
I

6S 60
5S 59
55

24

72

24

49
149
21

49 6
21

55 56
52

28
28

72
72

24

44
44

130 39
I

39
6 20 10 33

24

3I

20 33

40

28

44

150 5
'5
1

4
15
5

^2
133

20
l

20
S

48
5'

32

72

44

49
21

14

49
6
21

24 24

48 48 48 48

44
44
14

152
l

19
5

56
55
5<3

$3 20
5l

20
5

48
4S 5 50

32

56

44 44

49
*34
21

14

49 6
21

2S
23

20

20
S 3*
1

32

48

44

'55 3 1

^5

27

3
27

53
57

156 39
*57 20

39
5

136 17

J
17

20 20

48

32
4s

24
24 32 56

56 44

49
137
21

14 49
6
21

55 56
55

2S

24 24 32
32
32

56 56

158 20 159 20
160 20
161

48
4S
s

2S
56

i 20
1 JO
20 20
5

64

28

49
13S
21

M
49 6
21

44 44

56
55
5G

56 56
56

20

4S 4S

fi\

32

56

28
24 24
24
24

24 44 44

49
139
21

14

49
6
21

48 48

24
24

162 20
'63 20

4s

32

20

48
47
47

32

49
140
21

M
49

55

164 41
165 33

10
41
8

6
21

56 54
55 56

33

141

iS

h
14
49
6
21

48
56 56

40
32 32

44 24 44
24

166 20
167 20 168 21

20
5

48 48
47

332

48
56

24

44

49
142
21

20
5 21

24

44

44

214

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 169

z

NO.
1

to 2 1 4.

HOLE

IDLERS

oz

NO.I

HOLE
ZUI

IDLERS
-Id
ci td

> if -0
i5

L.

< 3 Q <

5
Sjj Of)

<2 z

58
(0

id

Si
72

Z X

do

z
5

2 So
48
45 47
56

MH
s>
27

O * U en
DC

-1

H- id

h O <

=i Ik

<
CC

si 53 < D li
IHH

.t

gz So So
72 72

A
56 56

169 20
170
171

20

32

24

44 187

4 27
4 18 10 4; 6 27 4 iS 4 19
4

43
43

43

24
24

24 24

17 21

4
1/

18

48

5 21

40

24

44

S3 47
27

40
43
32

172

43
27

10 43

44
189

64
64

24

44 44

173
18

h
4 x8

43
43
43 43
43

7=

S^ S^

32 J2

64
64

iS

43

32

24

72

190 *9 56 56
191

40 38 38
40
7;

^7
j-74

*
18

24
24

32
32

20
20

20
4

24

18 27

192

20

40 40 40

64
56

44
44

175

%
4

72 72
72
72

40
40

32 32
24

64

193 20

20

33 3S
39 38 33
38

iS
27

IB
27

43

64
64
64

194 20
*95 39

20
s

43

44

43
43

24
24

176
18
fs

39
10

24

196 49

49
4_

27

177
18
27
i

4 27

43 43

72
72.

48 43
32
32 24

24
24

*97 20 20 1 98

20
4

40 56
28

24

56

A
6.

20

40

32

*7

43
43

72 72 72
72

44 44

199 20

4 20
4 20 4

38 3S 38 3^ 33 33
37

100 40

64

32

73

18 27

4 18
27

200 20
201

43
43
43

48

32

20

20
20
4

72 72

24
24

40

24 48

24
24

179
iS

4 18

24

48

32

202 20

40

27

6 4 18

203 20 204 20
72

20

40 40

24
32

24

44 44

tSo
iS

43 43 43 43 43
43

4
20
8 41

24

27
1S1

4 27
4

24 24

48
4s

32
32
3^

24 24

205 4i 206 20
207 20

18 27
1S2
18

iS
27

72 72 72

4
20

38

40
40 40 40

48
56

24 24

44
44 44

24

44

4 20 4 20

38 38
33
37

18

32

24
24 24

44
44

20S 20

64
72

24
24

27
"83
iS

4 *7
4

4S 48

32 32

209 20
210 21
211

4
20

44

18
5

43
42
4-

44

4
21
3

184 23
185

^3

16

16
43
5 27
4

36 35

64-

28

44

37
27

8 37

212 43

86
72

24

24

48
40

6
27

43
43

48

64 64

24
24

44
44

213 27
2I 4

36
38

44 24

186
18

A.
18

48

20

20

40

56

32

64

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

215

INDEX TABLE 215

u.

to 270.
z *
u.

o Z
ffitn

z*

z
s

NO.

HOLE
zui

IDLERS
-Id
.

z E
tttt

NO.t

HOLE

r, K o *!3

15

II =
z
8.

HZ u. -

si

IDLERS
Li

< D O <
cc

<o
Id

CO
bi

H H si 00 do o Ow ii z 1 ZI r-Z 2 Z So
-1

< D

id

a id

Id

E >

S O

< <
D O

<o

ceo

ii

<? UJ-

<i a
lj

-id Mid

I5
245 49

is ii fo

z
S 49
3

215 43

43
27

35

30
32 32
31

216 27
217 21

36
37

246 18 4S 64
56 4s

18
3

24
48

24 56

24

44
44

4
21 3 16

24 24 24

44
14

247

iS

18

24

218 16 219 21 220 33

221
l

36
37 35 33 32 35 32

64
28

248 3 1

i 3'
3

4
21

44

249

18

18 18 18

32 32
32

32

48 40 44
32

24

44

6 33 *7
3.

25O 18
24 24 24
72

24

24 44 24 24 44

56

251

18 18

48 24 24
24

64

222

iS

iS

44
24

252

4 18
33
3

32

48
40
56

223 43 224 18 225 27

8 43
3

86
24

4S

24

64
64

253 33
2

29
32

56
24
44 24

iS
J.
27

44
24 44

54

iS

78
3

36
32 30 32 32

24 24
56

40
56

44

255 256

18
18

75
3

32 32

48
24

40

24

72

226 18
227 49

4 iS
8 49

18
S 49 43 7

64

24

44
24

64

28

72

257 49

30
3'

56 32

48

28

64

228 18

A
A
4
23

24

48

44 48

2 5S

43

64
72 72

24
44
44

44

229 iS
23O 23
23I 18
2 32 33

24

44

49
259
21

49
3 21
6_

26
28

24
24

34 32
33 32 32 32 32
32 32
*S

J. 18 .1

44

260 39
261

39
J. 29
3

29
26

29
18

29

29
20

48 40
56

64

24

72

4 18
3

48
24

56 24

44
56

262

20
8 49
5

23 30
29

28
64

44
24

234 18
2 35

18 47

263 49

28

72

47

264 33

33
7

236 iS
237 18

18

48 48
72 72

32 24

44
265

49
21

49
3 21 7

26 28
26 28 23
26

-/>

40
40

24 24

72 72

4 18
3

44
44

56

238 18 239 18

18
3

32
32

24

49
266
21

49
3 21

32 32
72

64 64
32 48

44

18

24

64

32
267

44 44
44

240 18
241
2 4-

4 32 iS
18

27

4
27
7

18
iS
18

32 32 32
32

72 72

24

64 32
24 32 32
24 24

24

49
268
21

49
3

28
28 64
32

A
18

44
44

21

23

48 40
28

44
24

2 43

64 43

269 20
270 27

20

28 28

244 18

24

44

A 27

216

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 271

01
1

to

31
Z O P
NO.I

z
H <
Q <
DC
id

NO.I

HOLE

IDLERS

HOLE
cc

IDLERS

i* CO xHJ i$ Hi T

a
5
e>z

-0

IL

< P Id H

u
id p:

Ld

-HI

ceo Ld -

z 49
27-I
7

M
5<5

60 o is ZI
0.

E> -0
i5
z

is si

< D O <
cc

cc

<
id

=>

H
to

55 3
26

< D id h OW S z

OJ Si
OCQ

Zyj

-id

ci id

Si
24
24
24
44

49
3

26 2S
26 28 26

72

24
2S7
24

49
21

49
3

24

^4

21

21

56

72

21

28

24
28

24 32 32 24

44 44

49
272
21

1.

49
3

56
55

64

24

49
2SS
21

2
49
3 21

26 28
26

21

64
24

24
56

28
56 56

24

44
24

49
273
21

1
49
3 21

24
24 56 56
56

49
2S9
21

7 49
3

24
24

72 72

28 26 28
26

24 48

-/->

21

28 26
25

24

24

49
274
21

z 49
J.
21

44

290 29
291
IS

4 29
2

48
40 40
32 32

44
44

5
7

40

4s

44

49
2 75

i 49
3 21

49
292
21

49
3 21 2 15

26 28
25

28 28 48 24
24 48 32

48 48
40
56

24

44

21

28 26
28

56 56 56

44
44 44
293

24

44

49
276
21

Z
49
7

*5

49
294
21

49
3

26
28

48 48
32

24 24 44

44
44

49
277
21

49
3 21 _7

26
2S

56
-/>

24
24 32 32

44

21
2

44

295

*5
5

25

49
278

49
3

26 28 28
26 28 26 28

56

48

24
24

296 37
297 33
24

37
33

26
23

2L

21
4_

56
24

48

2S

48

24

56
72
72

279 27
49
280
21

27

32

44
2 98

49
21

z
49
3

26 28
25 25

28 28
24

24

44 44

49
21

21
3

24
56

-99 23
7-

23
2

24

49
281
21

Z 49
3

24
24

56

24 24
56 24

24

300 5
jo 1 43

15
6.

21

72

56

24

43
16
2

26
24

24
32
72

48
72

24
24

44

282 43

43
_z_

26
26 2S

S6
56 56 56

24

24

302 16
24 24
24
44

49

283
21

49
3

303

IS
2

25
24

24

40

48 48
3^ 32 44
24

24

21 7

24 32 32 40

44

304 16 305
l

16
2

24 48
40
72
4s

49 284
21

49

26
28

44
44 44

15
2

25
25

44
44 24

JL
21

56
56

24
24

306
307

5
2-

24

49
2S5
21

49
21

26
28 26

15
2

25

40

56

56
56

40

M
24

44
44 44

308 16

16
2

24
25

32 40

48
48

44

49
2-86

z
49
3

48
4S

309

S
l

15

24

44

21

21

28

56

24

310 3

4 3i

24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

217

INDEX TABLE
0)

1 1

to
CO

355
z S
MO.l

NO.I

HOLE

IDLERS

HOLE

IDLERS

OB
si
III
3 11

k5 is -0
z
2

H < 5

5U

< B a

OZ

era 5g 55 UJtOS O z o o

-Ul W

UJ UJ

cqco

Si il
72

>

15

0 13
z
27
6

< 3 O < DC O
2 2
I

Q <o ceo 5 WW <2 <3 <\ u c z (JCO CO 1 il z 11 So

24

16

16
5

24 24

64

24

24

1 27
-2.

56 56

44

339
18
32
I

3 12 39 3 3 16
!

39
2

xS
2

24

44

16
2

24 24 24
24

2S 24 40 32 24
2S
4S

5<5

340 17
34i

22
21 21
2
I

17

3 T 4 16

16

32

56 24

43
27

43
3

86
32 32 40

24 32

40

3*5 16

2 16 2 16
2

64
64 64
S^

27
.2

64
64
64 24

44
44 24

342
44
18
iS
2

316 16
3i7 16

16 2 16 4

24 24 26 24

44

343

*5

15

25
21 21 21
21

S6

318 16
319 29
320 16
3 21
16

24
72

344 43
24
27

1
43

29
2
"16

4S

64

24

J.
27

24
24
172

40 40
3^

56 56

345
18 72 32

18
3

16
3

24
25

24

64

24

24

27

27
2

32

64
64 40
32
3= 24

346
64
24

322 23
3 23

23
2

24
24 24

44
44

18

iS

21
21
21 21
21

56
24

32
32

16

24
24

64 64
64

347 43
27

i
43
3 27 2

86
24

3 2 4 16

16
2

32

44

5^
56

34S
24 24 24 23
40

325 16

16
2

24
24
24

44
44

18
27

18
27

24
72 72
72

326 16
3^7
16

16
-2

32
32

24
2,

44 44 40 40

24
24 32
3-

43 48

349

16
5

H
35

18

18
3

21
21

3^S 4i
329

41
2

27

27
2

64
64 34 24
56

16

16 4 33
2

24
23

64 24

24

72

24
35i

iS 27

18
3 27 2

21
21

72

330 33
33i
16

24 24
72 72

16
2
if,

24

64
32 24 24 32
72

44

24

4s

24
24 44

iS

18
3

21 21 21 21
21

56

332 16
27

24
21
21

4S
72

44

27

27
2

24

24
24.

64 64
56 56
4S

JL -27
2

352
18
27
18
3

24
24
24

333
iS 16

iS
2

72

44 333
24

27
2

72 72
72 72 72 72

24

334

7S
4 33
16
5

24
23

56

44
24

18

18
3 27
2

24

335 33

48

u
32

40 64 24

27

21
2
I

-4

354
24
21

336 16
337 43

32 $6 32 40

44

iS 27

iS
3 27

43
40

24

43
2

56

21 21

24
24

355
24
72

338 16

16

24

44

18

78

40

218

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 356

ftg

to
to

399
Z O
<
NO.I

O
P <
u.

NO.I

HOLE
zui

IDLERS

kg
ui UI

z y

HOLE

CO s zS s > -0 S3
'di

z a
> <l z
Ui

<

ui 1-

? 3 .J 60 -0 oa 5a ii zx 15 9 Z z 5o 32

Si
vj

51

zw * z
<
>

IDLERS

-UI

K O
21
21

<

o
M
-

Oo>

IS

zz

00

27

$
A
3

21

72
72 72 72 72
72

24

27

27
2

72

56

32
32

64 64
40

24 24 24 24 44

356
iS

374
21
21

32 24 24
32

24 44

18
27

iS
3 27

72

56

27

*7
2

21 21
19

24 24

357
iS *7

375
21 21
21 21

78

44

18

IB

40

44

I
2

48 48

24
24

376 47
377 29

35S
18

18 43

32

4
3

19
21 21 18

24

24

56

359 43
27

86 48

32 100

24

27

27
2

32 32

64
64 56

24 24

44
44

1
27 2

378
21 21

18

ft
2

360
iS

ft
19

379 20
32
72 72 72 72 72
72

20
2

48

40

72

36i

'9 27

19
21 21

64
28 56 32

44

380 '9 24
38i
27 iS

19

"9
21 21

1
27

3^
18 27

24
24

56
56

24
24 24

44 44

IB

28

56

32

24 24 24
24
24 44 44 44

A
z

21
21

24
24
32

3S2 20

20
2

18 iS 18
18

40 40 40
32

72

363
it 27
3 64

78

3S3 20
3S4 20

20
2

68*

i
27

21 21 iS

20
2

64
.(S

44 44

18

2
2

32

44

385 20 3S6
20,.

20
2

365 20
27

20
3 27

32

48

24

56

20
4.

18 *5 18 18
l

40
32

56

44

21
21 21
21

48

32 32 24 24 24
24

24 24

44 44
24

3S7 43

43
2.

56

28

366
iS 27

48
72

3SS 20

20
2_

40 40

48

44

h
2

56

389 20
390 39
39i 20

20

44

56

367
18

18

72
72

56

24
24

A
2

27

368
18

*
h
41

21
21

24
24

24 24 28

64
64

20

18
16 iS 18

48

24

40

72

72 32

24

392 49

49
2

4
2

3 6 9 41

18

56

64

393 20

20
20
2

40 40 64 56 64
J

28
24

44

370 37
37
21

A
2

20
18
21
21

394 20
32
4S

56

21

56

24

64
64
64
24

395 20

20
2

iS

32

44

27

*
2

44
44

39 6 20
397 20

20
2

iS
18

28
24

40

J2

372
18

15
2

48 40 48
32

24

20
2

40

J2
32

373 20

20

18

72

398 20 399
21

2b
2 51

18 18

OO 40

64

32

64

44

*SF ECIA L QE AR.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

219

INDEX TABLE
Plain and Differential Indexing for Divisions

from 383 to 1008

Many
By

of these divisions can be obtained

by

plain indexing

and

differential indexing, using the gears

furnished with the machines.

all

the addition of eight special change gears

divisions from 383

to 1008

may

be indexed.

The
of teeth:

special

change gears required have the following numbers

46, 47, 52, 58, 68, 70, 76, 84.

220

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 383 TO 488

en CO o "

z
oc

No.1 Hole

Idlers
Z U o W
*-

=
ui

E" 2n

z o s

z
tc

JNo.1

Hole
e
uj

Idlers

K Q

m w 2 >

II
20 20 20 20 43 20 20 39 20 49 20 20 20 20 20 20
21

Q if 'I
5 Q

CM
.

U
-J

o u 2
w E >
ffi

K" 2d
Q

z O

I*
383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390
391 392 393 394 395

0
z
ft
tt",T

(5

6g Is

o zi Si
68* 44

d o

o o

n
20 23
21

'4
L.

5 Q 2 =

|5
436 437 438 439 440
441 442 443
1

0 O
z

n
24
24

o
c?w
o o

CM
.

5 l'o
48

zi 21
24 44 24

u -I o o

40 40
32

64

Ti (7

A A
5

48
56

40
32

28

56 64

44 44 44

43 33
21

~?$

ft ft ft

40 40 48
40 40 64 56 64 24

48 44 40
72

44 56

A ft A A A A

40
32 28 86

72

24

64 48 72

44
24

20 20
21

396 397 398 399 400

401 402 403

A A ?U A A
"2 IF

1 y

28

24

40 40
64

20
21 21

404 405 406 407 408 409 410

411 412 413

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 21 20
21 21

A A A A
2o

ft

100 40 32

28 24 32 32 32 32 64
76*

44 56 44

444 445 446 447 448 449 450

451 452 453

A A A
A
3

33 33
21

20
33 33

44

33 33 33

A A A A
3

ft ft

33"

56 28 64
72 64

32

24

24 24

40 40

A A A A
ft

ft

40 40 40 40

24

32

43 32 48 32 24 28 32 48
24 48 32 32 48 64 24 72 72
72 64 48 48

44
24 24 24 24
24 24 44 44 44 44 24

A
A A A A

ft ft ft

414 415 416 417 418 419 420

421 422 423

28 40 48 56
32

20 20
21

A
ft ft

20
33
21

40 56 40 44
48 40 72 86
72 56

56 24 44 44 24 24

44

44 44
44

32

4S 24

454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470
471 472 473

49 49
21 33 33

_-e

27
23

33 33
21

33 33

A A A A A A A A A
| ,

32 40 40 56 64 44 28 40 64 44 24 44 44 56 28 56 44 44 24

64
56

24

24
24

72

48 48
32

24 44

86 64 40 24
72 72 72 40 24 48

24 24

64 32

24 44

64 40 64

28
32

24

48
28

24
24

24 24 24 52* 24 72 64 72 68* 24 72 24 72
72 64

44 24 24 24 24 48 44 24 24 32 44 40 40

24 40 24

44
32 56

24

24

28
56

49 33 39 49 47 49 49
33 49

ft ft ft

20 20
21 43 21 21

A
ft ft
2
r

ft ft ft ft ft ft
ft ft

44 44 56 44 28 28 56
56

64 48
24 48 48

48

24 86 28 56 24 100 28 64 32 72 24 56 48 44

24 44 24
24 24 24

40
32 56

424 425 426 427 428 429 430

431 432 433 434 435

44 24 24 48
48 56

24 24 24
24

24 56
32 32

40
32 72

ft

24

20 20
21 43 21

A
2o"

40 40
28

ft
ft

64 24

24

44 24 24 44
24 24 24 44 44

474 475 476 477 478 479 480

481 482 483 484 485

49 49
27

49 49 49 37
33

'

'

ft

72

44
56

20 20
21 21

A A

ft ft

40 40 48
28

44

28 28 24

48 64
72

49 49
23 27 39 33

64 40

24 24

486 487 488

A A A fy A
ft

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft

48 56 56 56 24 56
56 56 24

32 32 64 32 40

28 28 32 28 28

76*

72 72 64

24

48 64
56

24

48 24 32 32 56 24

24 28 28 28
24 28 24 28
52*

64 44 40
24 56 72 32 44 32 100 64 44
72

44 56 56
32 24 44

24

46* 24

24

56 72 64

24

24

Special Gears:
46. 47. 52. 58. 68. 70. 76, 84

Special Gear

5 '

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

221

INDEX TABLE 489 TO 594

CD

S;
E
ffl
Ifl

xS

Z E X D S O
u.

N0.1 Hole
z

Idlers
Z u

No.1

Hole
Z
Id

Idlers

OX
?

i*

*.

In
^ S

E Q

z >

^5
23

1
489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500
501 502 503

6 O

z 49
33 41 29

*8 Ss is
58* 32
68* 24

u
-1

<N

Id
-1

of>

zi zi
24 24

u 2 >
ffl

D ~ O
v.

O X

5 Q

Q
CM id
.

I!
39 27
15 15

1 2?

I*
542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550
551

0
z

H
52* 44

U 00 QO 2s O (0 zi zi ll
0-

5 ?

-J

-J

A A
tt
3

46

64
72 56 72

44 28
32 32 32 56 56

A
1

A A
T8 17
TY>
3

32

72

40
32 32 72 72 72 32 32 72 28 72 24 24

39 27 49 49 27 49 49 49 49
23

504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541

49 49 49 39 49 49 49 49 49
27

49
27 43 49

A A A A & A A A A A A A A A A A A a a
,*,

48 64 40 24
56 24 32 32 32

24 24

24 56 44 32 32

43
24 24

24 28 24 28 28 28 28 32
28 28

64 64 32
32 64

44
24

39 27 27 27
15

48 48
24
24
24

24

A
1

44 24 24 24
24

T.T

40
24 48 56

48 56 56 56 56
56 56 56 24 56 56 56 28 56 32 56 72 32 56 28 72
72

46* 64

40
32 32 32

48 40 44 48 86 64 48 64 24
72
76*

24

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 44 24
24

56

552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560

561 562 563

29 27 49 27
15 15 15

JL
.,---

64 32 64 64 64 56 64 48 64 64 64
72

24 24

24

24
44

44 24 24 24

1
i

9 1

24 24

48 40 24

A
A
V
;>

40
44

28 28 28
28
28 24 28 28 32

12V
j_.

49
27 39 27 29 27 27 27 49
31

A A

48 32 56 48
56
76-

64 48 24 64 64 44 64 100 64
72 64 64

A A
2

24

24 44

564 565 566 567 568 569 570

571 572 573

27 39 43 27 27 29 43
15

IS
1?'

40 48 24 86
72 72
58*

44 32

64 72 64 86 64
72

24

44

24 24

44 44
24 24

40 56 44
24
24 44 32

32 32 24

64 64 64
68* 44

X-

43
15 15

A h A
h
1
1 1

86 24 86 32

24
24 40 24

40
58*
s

29
15

i\<

43
15 15 41 15 15

3
1
1

32 86

A
1

T6
3

40 40
32 24 40 86 48

28 28

64 24

56 56 44 64 64 44 64 32 64
72

44

24 44

s r

A
"^"7"

48
72 72 72 56 32 72 72 24 72 72 72 72 72
52*

A A
%
'%

27 27
.

A A
-h

15

48 64 24 68* 48 32 24 40 32 64 28 64 24 24 24 44 43 56 32
|

64
72

64

64 64
72 72

24

574 575 576 577 578 579 580

581 582 583

3 r
1

43
15 15

A
3

32

h
1

44

64 40

'-'
'

40 48 40
72

64 40 64 44 64 56
76*

24 24 44 24

44

24

44

29
15 15
'1
1
i

27
27

27 27 27 39 27 29

A
"a"
,-

32 32

48

43 48
56 24 24
32

32

49
27 39

A A
3

A A

28 58* 56 28 48
72
52* 56

64 64 64 43 64 56 32 40 64 32 72
56

32

40
24 40

48
64 32
86

44
24
56

27
15 15 15
JL
1
1

24

44
24

44

584 585 586 587 588 539 590

591 592 593

5
j

48
24 72
58*

Tj
1 1

64 24
56 28 32 48 32 24 72

48

40

29
15 15 15 15 16
15

24

A 6 A
A
35

TT 1 1 5

40
72

24 44

44

44

40

48

24

594

33

43 40 24 72 32

44 44 44

28 56

40 28

48 64
* Special

Special Gears:
46. 47. 52. 68, 68. 70. 76.

Gear

84

222

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 595 TO 700

5t

J
ID
(/>

u O
2 >

gs
595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647

*5
15 15

5? 5 Oo u z 2 6 o 6 o Oil) zi U* Si 6 ll z
5
1

z DC X 3 ft O
M.

NO.IHOLE
z Z
or

Idlers
Ul

ntf>

a z K X

NO.1 HOLE
Z O Z Z
Id
1

Idlers

eg

-j

-i

m w

u
40
24 24 24

u
16

5
<5

OB
<r

"4
U.

z
.

CM
-j

I*
648 649 650
33 16 16 16 33 16 16 16 18 16 16 33 16
16 17 16

ow

2 oo oo

Is
32

zx zi
24 24 24 24 24

33 16 43 15 29 43 15 16 15 15
15 16 15 15 15 15

A A A A A A A A A
A A
i

72 72

44 64 86

24 56 56 44

24 32 72 72 84 72 64 24 72 24

44

24
24 44 24

58* 56

48

A
ft
1

32 72 32 72 72 72 32

24 24 24

24

40

24 28

40 40

5
.7

16
15 15 16

A A A A
A
*A

40 48
72

48 48 64 24
32

44 24 24

44 24 24 24

44 44
24 44 24 44

44 48 48

40
32

40 64
72 24 32

48 32
72 56 24

40 24
32

33 15 16 31 15 16 16 16
15 16 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 16

A A A A
i

44 40 48 40 64 64
24 24 32 40 32 64 64 64 64 64 64 24 56 24

32 28

48 86 48
72

24 44 24

44

To
l

24 24

24 24

56 72
68*

24

44

49 29 33
16 33 16 16

49
15 16 16

A A A A A A A A A A To A 4 A A A A A A A
1
r'ii

24 40 28
72 24

44 40

56 24 56 24 56 24 24

44
44

28

56

72 32

28

48
24 32

28 24 56 24 24
72 64
76*

44 44 44 24
56

44

651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688

49
18 16 16 33

33
S3 18 16

33 33
16 18 18

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
,',

64
72 64 64 32 72 64 64 24 32 64

44
44 24 44

28

44 32 24 24 24

40
48 24 24
56 44

48 40 44 24 48 56 48 24
56 72
76*

24
24

44 24 44
24 24 24 24

64 64 64 24
32 56

48 24

24 64
32

48 48
44 56

32

44
72 72 24

44
32

72 48 24 48 40 72 72 56 24 40 48 64
'

56
24 24 44

44 44
24 44 24 24 24

24 24 24 44

48
72

44
24

:C\

44
32

48 40
72

A A A
A
i

24 24
44 24 24 24 24 44

24 24 24 44

48
24 28

32

49
17 33 33 16 18 18 15 18 16

86 56 44 56 64 86 64 40 86 44
72 56

40
24 24 44

TT

689 690
24
691 692 693 694 695 696 697

39
18 18 18 18 17 18 18 17 18 18 18

A A A A A A A A
1"

44 48 32
32 24

40 24 24
24 24

56 64

48 24

24

48 24
56

44

48 44 44
72 64 56 24 64 64

64 28
32 24 28

48 64 56

1
l

Ttj

T-T

24 24 32 72 24 28

24 24
44 24 24 24

44 44 44

698 699 700

A A A A A A A A A A A

48
32

24
24 32

40
58*

48
72 32
68*

56

TS"

64 48 56

44 24

44

72

24

24

24 24 72 48 72

100 32 56 24 24

44

44

24
32

40

48 56 64

44

Special Gears: 46. 47, 62, 68. 68. 70, 76. 84

'Special Gear

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

223

INDEX TABLE 701 TO 606

o o
u =
m
co

* z
DC

NO.IHOLE
X z Z u

Idlers
1

0)

OW O
> lj

z
a.

No. 1 Hole X z o z

Idlers Z
id
1

z >

I*
701 702 703
17 18 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 33 17 18 21 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

0 o
z

k.

"a Si 'I
o

CM

(/>

5s to
32

zi zi
24

o o

-i

6 o

s> 11

m w

r
u.

"a 'I
otn

*.

u
-i

CM
.

I*
754 755 756 757 758 759 760
761 762 763
21

6
z

(J

ll It
28 32 32 40 48 24
32

21 zi

o o

U -J o o

704 705 706 707 708 709 710

711 712

713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720

721 722 723

A A A A A A A A A A A A A
h
,',-

68* 48

24 24 72

56 24
72

56 44

20
18

24

24

48
72
72

72
72 72

64
72 72 72 72 72 72

724 725 726 727 728 729 730 20

731 732 733

734 735 736 737 738 739 740

741 742 743 744 745

17 18 18 18 18 18 33 41 18

37
18 21

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ft A A A A A A A A A A A

32 28 24

64
56

44

64 58* 24
64
32

44 24 52* 24 48 24 44 24 40 24 32 44 32 24 28 44 24 44 40 32 32 64
72
68*

64 40 56

20 20 33
19

39
18 21

764 765 766 767 768 769 770 24 24

771

20
18

20 39 20
19

68* 52* 24

24 32 72 72
72 72 72 72

24 28 24

64
56 48

64 32
32

44
24 24 24 44 44 44 44
24 44 24 24 44 24 24
24

64 32 48 48
72 72

48 56

24 28

40 24 28 32 32 56
72 32 52 56

24 24 24 24

48
72 24 32 72

24 56 56 24

24 32 28 24

40 64 64 64
76*

24 44 24 24

20
18 18

746 747 748 749 750

751 752 753

20
18 18 19 13 19 18 18

A A
r'

A A tV A
,',

48 32 40 48
72

56 48 24 48

24
32

56 64
76*

24

44

64

24

40
32 72
76*

64

A A A A

24
76* 24

72

48

48 44

24 100 32 72 48 24 32 56 44 40 24 32 48 24 64 32 64

44 24 44 24 24 44
24 24

772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806

20 20 20 20
18

20 20
21

20 20 39 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 39 20 20 20 20
21

A A A A A A A tV A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
1

24

23"

56 48

40 24

86 72 64 86 72 72
76*

44 24

44
44 24

52* 32

48 24

24 24 40 48 40 43 40
32 40

44

56 48
72 72
68*

24 24

44

40

24

24 44 44 44

76* 32

64

32 64 72

24

40 40 24 32 40 24 40 32 48 48 48 40
32

44 58* 44 56 44
48

24

32

72 72

40 48
72

28 24 24 24

40
40 40 40

44 48
76*

24 44 44 44 56

44

72

A
1

A A A
i
i

,-,

39 20
21 21

20
21

20 20

A A A A 13 A A A A fi a a a
1

217

40 48 40 48 48 64 56 48 64 64

68 32 24 28
52*

44 56 44
56

24 24 24 28
24 32

40 40
40

24 44 24 48
32

44 24
44

40
40 56 64 64

M
32 28 32

100 40 100 24

24
52* 32

40 48
76*

44
24

48 24 64
56 40

28 56 28 64 64

32

52* 44 76*

100 24

^15

32 24

40 48 28
32

24

44
24 24
Gear

Special Gears:
46. 47. 62. 68. 68. 70. 76.

* Special

84

224

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX TABLE 807 TO 912

o O =

u 2

x *" 3"
oc

No.1 Hole

Idlers

z O

Z
d 5 ?
2

Id

to ft * O

z B

No.1 Hole

Idlers
Z
Id

m m

I >

ga
807 808 809 810
811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859

H
20 20 20 20 20 20
21

Jd Q
eg
.

o 3 o o 21 zi 0 o* Sn s< aw O z
T-

2? <1 u

u
-i

o u 2

"

a:

?n
O
h.

z o z

5
? *
2

-1

o en 2 >

Z*
860
861

H
43
21 21

d o z
4T ft ft 1 2& ft ft ft
ft

si id

2?

o
.

-i

Sg 6g w ,_ o

ctf)

zi zi

o o

o o

.V
1

27T

20 20 20 43 20 39
41

20
21

39 20
21

21

20
21 21

20
21

20 20
21

20 20
21

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
ft

64 72 64 48 64 40 56 40
32

32

40

24 24 32 24

40 40 40
24

28 48 48 24 44
24 72 28 24 32 48

24

24
24 24 24 44 24

24 24 24 44 24 44

40 24 40 24
32 28 40 56 48 40 56 72 32 56 40 40 56
32

44 44 44
24

24

32

48 48
48 24 86 48 40 32
72 32

44
24

28

40
24

56

52* 32

24 44 44 44
24 44 24

24 44
24

24
24

32

862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880
881 882 883 884 885 886

20
21 21 20 21 21 43 21 43 20 21 23 43 21 23 43

ft
ft-

ft ft ft ft
2?
1

ft
ft is ft ft ft ft
i

24 72 40 28 56 40 56 48 86 28 86 40 56 32 86 28 86 86 32 86 24 48 40 86 40 86 56 24 86
46*

24

24

44 56
32 44 24

72 32 24 48 100 24 72 24 72

28 32

48

44 24 24 44 24

24
24 44 24 44 24 24 24

64
24
24

24 24

48
24 24 24

72 40 44
72

48 48 40

44 64
72

44
24

48 24 24 24 86
32

46* 24

48 86
72
76*

24

44
24
24 24 24

24

43 43 43
21 21

24 64 48
32 56 24

28

44
32

32

48
56

44 48 24 64 48 24
56 72 24

ft

44 44 24 44 44
t

43 43
21

43 20
21

ft ft ft ft ft ft
ft ft

40 72 86 86 86 48
72 40 32 86 72 86 56 72
72 56 86 40 56 40 72 28 56

24 24

24 44

887 888 889 890

891 892 893 894 895

48
24 56 24 44 24 24

24 32
24 40 56 32 24

48 56
76*

20 43 20 43 21 21 43 23 43 43
21

ft ft ft ft
ft ft

48 48 48 40
48 44
56 64

72

20 20 43
21

43
21 21 21 21 43

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
ft
,',

24
56 28

48 24 48
56 24 32

24 64 72 56 24 48 24 40 44 32
28 72

24 24 24

24 24 24 44

44
44 24 24 44 24 44 24 24 44 24

896 897 898 899 900

901 902 903 904 905

43 20 23 23 23 43 23 43 43

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
ft

72 24 100 24 86 32 72 24 64 56 24 24 72
58* 44

28 24

40 56 48 86

24

44 24
24 24 24 24 24 44 24

86 86 28 86

40 24
86 48 86 24 47 86 47 48 56 48 28

72 72 24 40 100 24 72

24 24

64

24 24 44 24 24

47

24 24
24

20
21 20 21 21 21

32 32 28 48

ft

40 64
68*

ft ft
ft

43 906 47 907 23 908 49 909 23 910 49

911 912
23 21

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
ft

46* 46* 28

32

24 44 48

56 56
24 24 44 24 24 24

64
24 56

40 100
46* 76*

72
24

72 48 24 72 40 100
68* 46* 52*

24

24
76*

24

ft ft ft

64 24 40 46* 48 56 64

28 32

72

46* 44

64
24

64 24
72
in

24
No. 2 HOLE

Special Gears:
46, 47. 62. 68. 68. 70. 76.

84

I f 'Special

Bolt for 1st and 2nd Stud Gears Gear

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

225

INDEX TABLE 913 TO 1008

m E a u 2
*

No.1 Hole

Idlers
Z U Sco
CM
.

2" Pa
b.

z
k o
I

; o

o
DC

15 il
23 23 21 21 49 21

tf)

"4
0
z
<5

U
-J

-i

Oil)

zi zi

o o

o o

-
|

I*

OX b a 22 m '4 05 s > Q Ok o
in

M U

C X

No.1 Hole

Idlers
Z U z 2
cc

n
49
23

5 o

u
24

H
to

CM
.

Qtl)

zi zi
44
24
24 24 24

o o

u J

o o

913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950
951

47
23
21

A A A A
A A A A A
2T
27
1
1

A A A

48 48 56 28 28 28 64
32 56 56 28 28 56

24 24 48 32

64 48 48 48 40 64 24 44
24 32

46* 28 46* 24 24 100 24 76* 72 44 32 52* 47* 56

24 24
24

966 967 968 969 970

971

49
21 23 23

49 49 49 21
21

28 58* 28

72

24

64
76*

28 24 24

64
68*

44
24
24

23
21 23

49 49 49 23 23 49 49 49 49
21

47
23 49 23

49
49 49 49 49 23 49 49 49 49 49
23

A A A A A A A A A A
I

A A

48 28 32
56 24 56

86 46* 28 24 64 46* 24 28 100

24 24 24

23"

48 48 24 46* 24 56 40 56 44
56 28 28 32

28

48 64
28 72 64 86 48 72

44
24 24

46* 52*

24 28 28 28
24

ft

44
24 24

44
32
32 32

46* 28

2:i

56 24
56

32 28

48
76*

28 28 28 28 24 28
28

952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960

961 962

49 49
49

A A A A A A A A A
ft,
ft-

ft,

28 56 56 56
56 56 56 56 56

24 72 40
68*

24 44

48

44
32

48 64
58*

46* 24

24

40 32

48
58*

64

24

49 49 47 49

963 23 964 23 965 49

A A A A
l

ft

A A

24 32 46* 40 56 24 56 32 56 32 28 56 32 47* 24 56 24 46* 24 46* 44 56 24

28 28 32 28 28 28
28 32 28 24 24 28

72
52*

56 64
46*

24

972 27 973 49 974 23 975 27 976 23 977 23 978 23 979 47 980 49 981 27 982 47 983 23 984 23 985 23 986 29 987 49 988 23 989 49 990 27 991 49 992 49 993 49 994 49 995 49 996 27 997 49 998 49 999 27 1000 49 1001 49 1002 49 1003 49 1004 49 1005 27 1006 23 1007 49 1008 49

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
ft

56
46* 47* 24

32

48

28 32 28 48 24 86 46* 24 24 100 46* 48 32 68* 32 56 28 64 56 32 48 24 46* 48 32 72 24 40 24 56 46* 48 24 56 46* 48 32 76* 46* 58* 32 64 47* 48 32 52*
56

24 24 24 24 24

A A A A A A A A A A
ft
ft,

,'r

24
47* 46* 46* 46*

44 48 56 48

24
32 32

48 56
72

24
24 48 24 28 24 56 28 $6

64
100 72 32
68*

52- 40

24 24 24 24
24 24 24

ft

A A A A A A A A A A A
A
ft,

ft

64 24 46* 48 56 24 32 40 70* 40 56 24 70* 40 56 56 24 48 56 70* 40 56 24 24 56 32 28 56 32 56 32 56 32 72 48 46* 64 56 24 56

32

56

24 64 44 32
52*

28 24 56 28
28

32 40 64
68*

24

24 24 24 44 24
24 24

48
72

44
24
24 44 24 24 24 24 24 24

28 28 46* 28 48 24 100 32 86 28 72 64 24

40 24 44

44 24 40
56 48 86

56

24 24 24

48 40

Special Gears:
46. 47. 62. 66. 66. 70. 76.

'Special Gear

84

226
*

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

STUD

Q
=1

H
ON CO

z
GEAR

<
100
MACHINE

-?

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2nd

86 72

X
VORM

in

(0 -J

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V
SCF

9\
pfci ON

<

64

0N

AC

FURNISHED

56
GEAR

E
0)
GEARS

48

X
\_

GEAR

44

m
Li.
TURN

bJ

o
z H H D

IN

40
INCHES

-i

o I uj o

TEETH

32
IN

s
ONE

28 OF
LEAD

It

L
NO

Ml

o
TO OR

QUAF
MILL

O
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24(2)
NOS.

THE

_i -i

c
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D
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NE
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UNIV

o
h.

ae

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GLE

OF
LE

o
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0)

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a:"

o
ONE
MILL

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SADD

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z < u H <

M
t-

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u h u

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fc
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<

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^

li.

o
111

DRILL,

o
z
UJ U-

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TURN
LErtD
CUTTER,
SPIRAL

io io * * -*

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c:

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fc

X o a a
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EC

NOOOOIOfOrtOMO^N
~ilN re|-#
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t-U-fW^MNt

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SPIRAL

mM HknN MN NOOMO^NOOOMOrONOOiMn
n|*

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TANGENT

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CSIOO\i>.inri<(MO00i>lDr0r4OO^r>^O^rri(S
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iao

HaoOO^NHOsNin^N^OvQO'OWfONMOOQO NrOHOOOOTtiHOOOMO^^pHOa 00 <T lO ^ *5

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W3<OPONNNNNNNCMHHHHHNHHHHH
k
HHe*M|-*!*W<
h|-*m|N r-WrtHi

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rt|N

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<
wunx 3NO ox
S3HON|
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IOOroOOOCOOU)HNOlOOOOO5NHaNNH QO^rOOOOOONfONaiOON^^fOWNHiCnO
vOvOOOOOOOOOOtNOOtN^T^C^OOOOCMtS 0000OOOO00OO0000J>OOt^vOOJ>00O00OJ^JN OONOOOON^OONOO^OOOO^NOOOOOOOONOOO

"I

M3BDS NO

d V30

anis NO UV2* ONZ

>

anis no uv3 XSL

)

WHOM NO

U\ 73Q

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

ft

Co.

227

O
mi

io in

t< t< Tt

^^
i-f-i<N

Q 5
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in
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fN^Osjt^lO^C^O
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to
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Z I Q < E I

o
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r

o
cc UJ

io
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lOIO^^^-^-^fOPO
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io
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0) -J

1^
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X * UJ E

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HHW NOOiMOroNOWOW

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a,

z
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3
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z

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^*

^C ^*

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fj ^O

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K < i T Id

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en ui

B f
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ss
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oo

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< o
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z UJ o z

i
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tr

PTJ

NHOMn^NOOOMnfONOO c> N NO fO N O 00 O W ^ -H O 00 N WU)^^^^^^fO)rorOfO>tNN

Ifl

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Z
CM

So
H
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pO
ft

NOOONW^hOOOO^'OhOOOMO
iOi^^^^^TprOPOPOrOPOPOC4tNrN|f>JtN
lOiO^^^^^^r^r0f^ror0rOC4CSirs|rNjjcs]tNi

PO
t
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a
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N^t>Nin^NO00jNV))NOt>N'O^f0N

h.
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t
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ft

K
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^000iWi^l>iNO^NHC>OOOin^NHO
U^l^^rt^Tt^^ro^^ro<rirnfNfNlrNJcNfNrN|(N^H-H

2
lb

ft

44

u
tx

cvioooJNinro^ooooin^^ooo^irTrro^ooNo6

z < u < | X
Q. Q.

u H U
EB

ft

ONinrONOOO'OUj'O MOCOMO^oONbaoONO 6 inTf^Tt^^^rOrofOrnrOrO(N(NCgNN(NM-H-HrH-i

JNinr0i-iO0bvb^*rr)^iO00'
dlNBI^I
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ft

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z
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228

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

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anxs no uvso qnz
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NdOM NO UV30

nSoooooonooooooooooooonSoooo

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

229

TABLE OF LEADS
This table contains
all

the leads that can be obtained with any

possible combination of the change gears furnished with Universal

Milling Machines

made by Brown

&

Sharpe Mfg. Co., even though

some

of the leads are not available for use

on account of the gears

interfering or not reaching.

Combinations of gears that are too

small in diameter to reach for right-hand spirals can generally be used

for left-hand spirals, as the reverse gear
is

then required and will

enable the gears to reach.

For further information regarding the

use of these tables, see Chapter IV.

The change
following
72,

gears that are furnished with the machines have the

of teeth: 24 (2 gears), 28, 32, 40, 44, 48, 56, 64

numbers

86 and 100.

230

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS,
DRIVEN

.670"

TO
LEAD

2.182'
DRIVEN
IN

DRIVER DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN
l*T

DRIVER

DRIVER DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHES

GEAR

1TGEAR 2NDGEAR

ON

WORM
24
24 24

ON 8TUD
86 86
72 86 64
72

ON STUD
24
28

ON 8CREW INCHES WORM

IOO
1-527

GEAR ON

LEAD

IN

GEAR

GEAR 2N0QEAR

ON 8TUD
44
72 72

ON STUD
28

1GEAR 2NDQEAR GEAR ON ON ON ON SCREW INCHES WORM STUD STUD SCREW

GEAR ON
IOO

GEAR

670
78l

24
24

1.886 1-905

24

56 56

44
32

IOO

IOO IOO IOO

IOO

1-550

40
40 56 48
32

86
IOO

24
24 24

72 86
100
IOO

800
893

24
32

1-556
1.563 1.563 1-595 I.600 I.60O

28 24

1.919
1.920

64
40

44
32

24 24
24

86 86 56

IOO IOO

9O0 930
933
I

24
24
28
24

28
24 24

1-925
1.944

28
24

64 48
64

44
28
32
28

86
IOO

86
IOO
IOO

72
72

24 24

72

48
56
72

32 32

1.944

28
24

029
042
047

56 86
64

IOO
IOO

28
24

1-954
1-956

40
72 72

86
IOO

28
24 24
24 24

32
24 28

I.60O
I.607

48
24 28

IOO

32
28 24
24

44 44 40
24

86
IOO IOO

24
24

56

64 86

1.990
1-993

86 86
72
IOO IOO IOO IOO

050
067

64
72 72

1.628 I.628
I.637

48
64
86

56 40 48 56 64
86

I
1

32
28

28 32
24

32

86
IOO IOO

2.000

085
116 196

86
IOO

44
44
28
24

2.000 2.000 2.000 2.009 2.030

24

40
40 40
72 32

24

86 56

40
24

I.65O
I.667 I.667

64 56

28
32
24 24

24
24 24 24

86
IOO IOO IOO

24
24
24

72
72

200 200 200

221

48 56 64
64 86
72
72

24

48 64

I
I

28 32 28

I.667

32 24
28

72

44
64

86

I.674 I.680 I.706

I.7II

24 24 24 28

40 40
72 72

86
IOO

2035
2.036

28

40
32 24

86
IOO

24 24
24

86
IOO

28 24

44
44

228
240 244

44

44
44

86
IOO
IOO

2.045
2.047
2 -057

64
IOO
IOO

32
32 24

86
IOO

40
24

86
28

44
24

28
24

1.714
1.744

24
24 24

56
64

40
40
32

250

64

72
IOO

86
IOO

2.057 2.067

24

56
72

48
40

100

302

28
24 24 24
24

86 44
72

40
24-

1-745

44
64 44
72

32
24

86
72
IOO IOO

309
333

IOO
IOO IOO IOO

1.750
1.776

28
24

40
28

IOO

2.083

64
86

40
64

40 48
32
24

86
IOO IOO

2.084 2.084
2.093

28
32

340
37i

86 56

1.778
1.786 1.786

32
24

40
64

86 64

56

S6

24
24 24

48
24

86 86
IOO
IOO IOO

395 395 395

24 24 24

48 56 64 48 64 56
86

86 86 86
IOO

32 24

86

48

IOO IOO
IOO

2.093 2.100

32 64
64 32 44
72 72

28

1.800
1.800
1.809
1.

64
32
72

48
24

56

32
28

24
28 24 28 28

2.100
2.100
2.121
2 133

28
24

48
28
28

400

24
28 24

40
24 56 32

86
72
IOO

I
I

400
429
433

32
24

IOO
72
IOO IOO

818

44 86

24
24

72
IOO

1.823

64

28
24 28 24

44
24

1.S60
1.861
1.861

56
72

86

2.133

32
24
24 24

48
32
24

IOO

440
447

40
72

24 24 28
24

48
32
32

86 86
100 IOO IOO

2.143

56 48
72

64

32
28

86
72
IOO

48
4S

2.143
2.171
2. 171

56
86 86 86
IOO IOO

458
467

64
72

1.867
1.867 1.867

56
32

24 32
24
24

44

72
72
4s

56

28 28
28 24

48
72

488 500
522

86 64

40
40
24

IOO

28 24
24

48
24

2.171

48
56 40

IOO

1-875
1-875

64 64

2.178
2.182

72

44

86

56

28

44

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

231

TABLE OF LEADS, 2.188" TO 3.080"

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN
1ST

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN
1T

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER
lT

DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHES
2.188 2.193

GEAR ON

WORM
24
24

GEAR 2MDGEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR ON ON ON ON STUD 8TUD SCREW INCHES WORM

GEAR 2"0GEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR ON ON ON ON 8TUD SCREW INCHES WORM 8TUD

GEAR 2H0GEAR GEAR

ON STUD
24

ON 8TUD
28

ON SCREW
ICO ICO IOO

48
56

28

64
86
100

25OO
2.5OO 2.500
2.5OO
2.5OO

24

48
56
64

28

56
64
72

2.8CO
2.8CO

24 32 24 24 28

44

28
24

32

64 48
32

56 56
24

2.200

24
28 32

48
56 64 48 56
86

44
44 44 32 32

48
32

2.800
2.812

2.200 2.200
2.222 2.222
2.233

100

24

48
32 56
72

64
72

64
72

100 72 72
100

24
32 28

24

2.828
2.843 2.845

44
72 72

32

24
28

2.5H
2-532
2-537

44 56

ICO
86 86
100

40
32
28 24 24
24

44
64
56
32

86
100

40
24
28

48
32

24 28

44
44

40
40

2.849
2.857
2.857

64

86

2.233
2.238

40
64

86 86
100

2.546 2.558

48 56
28

56
72
72
100

44
32
24

32
28
24

64 56 48

44 44 44 44
24

86

48
24

2.240

28
24

40 40
72

2.558 2.558
2.567
2.571

86
86
100

2.857 2.865
2.867

2.250
2.274

64
86
100 72

44
86 24
28

86
72

56
24

32 32
24

44 40 44 40 40 40 40
28
24 72

28
24
^

48
40 48 40
86

100
100

2.286 2.292
2.326

56 64
64

56
72

2.88o
2.894 2.894

40
72

48 64
56

2-593

28

32 32 56

86

32
24

86

2.605 2.605

28 40
24

86
100
100

32

72

86
100

2.326 2.326
2-333

48 56 48

86
86
100

2.909
2.917 2.917
2.917

32
24
28 28 24

44 64
64

40
56

28 28 24
24

2.6l8
2.619 2.625

44 56 40

48

72

24
24 24

44
28

72

48
32

72

2-333 2.333 2-344

40 44
86

72

64
100

48
32

64
72

56
100

2.640 2.658
2.667
2.667

40
56
72

44 40 48
40
32

2.917

28

28

32

86
100 100

2.924
2-933

32

56
72

44
48
44

86
100
100

2.368
2.381
2.381

28
32

44
86

32 64

86
100
72

40
32
24 28 24 32
24

44
32
24 28

48

2-934 2.946
2.950 2-977

48
56

24
24 24 24

56

40
28

2.667
2.674

40
64

72

44
40
64

64 86
100

2.386
2.392

44
56
28

64
86

44
40
72
72

72

44
86

48
24

2.678

56
86

64
100

40
28 24 24
24

2.392

86
100

2.679
2.70O
2-713
2.727

2.984

48 40 40
32

44
28

86 56

2.400 2.400 2.424

2.431

28 32 24 28 24

56
64

48
48 32

64 48
44

100

3.000

100
72
72

28
24
24

40
32 28
24

86
64

3.000
3.000 3.000 3.000

32

64
100

44
64

40
48
24

40
28

2.727 2.727

44 44
56

56
48
100 100

40
24 24 24 28 24 32 28 24 24
28

64 40

100

2.442 2.442 2.442 2-445

32 64
64
72

86 86

24
24

48
72

28
24

48
56

2-743 2-743

64
48
32

3030
3-044
3-055 3.055

44
44 44
44

40
48 48
56

86
100
100
100

32
24

56
28

86
100

40 28
44
32
24

44
56 48 48
64 56

2-743

100
100
72 72

2.450 2.456
2.481 2.481

64 86
72
72

2.750 2.778
2.778 2.778
2.79I

40
32 24

64
64

44

100
72 72 72

40

3-056 3.056

64 56 48

44 44
44

86

48
56 56 ^4

40
28 48

86
100

40
28
32

72

3056
3.070

2.489

32 28

72
72

86
86

40
40

44 44

86
100

2.489

64

100

2.79I

48

3080

232

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 3.086 * TO

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN

3.896'
DRIVEN DRIVER
lT

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHES
3.086
3-I0I 3-I0I
3.III

GEAR

1T

GEAR 2N0QEAR GEAR

ON

WORM
24
40
32 28

ON 8TUD
56
72

ON STUD
72

LEAD IN ON 8CREW INCHE8

100
3.349
3.360

GEAR l"GEAR 2N0QEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR ON ON ON ON ON WORM STUD STUD SCREW INCHE8 WORM 48
56

GEAR 2"06EAP GEAR ON ON ON STUD 8CREW 8TUD

40

24 24

86
100

3.637

48
40

44

24 28

72 64

48

86

40
40

3.646 3-655
3-657

48
56
56

48 40
72 44
56

40
32 56
32

86
72
100

3-360
3-383

48
32

28

100

40
64
72

44
32

86
100

44
64

40
56

86
72

3-III

40
24

3403
3.409

28
24
32

3.663 3.667 3.667 3-673

64

28

86
100

3-II7

56

44 48
72 72

40 44
48
56 32 24

64
86 86
100

40

48
40
28 86 56

44
24

3.125 3.125
3.126

28
24

40

64
64
100

3-4U 3-4"
3.422

44
24

72

48
86

40 56
72

44

24
72 24

56
100

48
24

44
24 40

3.684
3.686

44
86
32

3.I4O 3.143

86
56
100

64
100

3428
3-429

40
28 56

56
100

100
72

40
28
32

44
72

3704
3721
3-721

48
24

40 32
24

3-150
3-175
3.182

64
72

3429 3438
3.438

40
24 28

48

100

24

86 86 86
100
100

56

40
32 28

48
56
64

44 44
48
24

64 64
86 86
100
100

64

48
56
72

28
24

44
44
56

64

3.721 3-733

64 48
56

28 56
32

3.182 3.189 3.189

48
86

3-488 3.488
3-491
3.491

40

32
24
24

48
32

40
64

32

3-733 3-733 3-733

48

28
86 64
100

86
56 86

44
44

24
32

64
28

48
24 32 32

28 32
24

100
100

3.190 3.198

64

48
32

40
28

44
64

3.492

56 64
32

44
56

72
100 100

3-750 3-750 3-750 3-763

3.771

24
24 28

48
56

3.200 3.200 3.200

3.214 3-214
3.214 3.225
3.241

56

3-500 3.500
3.500

40
28

28

24
24 24 24
24 24

100

64
32

48
100

40
32 28

56 64 56
28

48
28

64
100 100 100

24 56 32
28
100

28
24

40 40

64

86

48
24 24 86

64

3.500 3.520
3-535
3-552

48
100

44
24

48

56

32
28 56

40 44 44 44
72

44

3-772 3-799 3.809 3.810 3-8io 3.818 3.819

3.822
3.837 3.837

44
28
32 24

64
64
72

40
24

72

56
24

48
28

86
72
72

86 86
100 100

28
24

48
24

40 28
56

3.552

48

28

64

56 56

3-256
3.256

86

3.556
3.564
3.565
3.571 3.571

40
56
28

64
28

32 24

48 28 44
32

72

24

86

48
86
100

44

40
64 72

44
72
100

3.256
3.267

32
28

64
48
40
86 32

56
56

48

44

72

40
86 24

24

48
56
86

40
40
64
28 24

56

3-273

24
44

24

44
100

32

64
100

32 64

44
48
24

86 86
100 100

3.275
3.281

64
28
48
24

3-572 3.582

48 44
72

44

24

64
100 100

40
56

86 86
100

3-840 3.840 3.850 3.850

3.876

64
32

40 40
64
32
72

3.300
3.300 3.308
3-333

44

64
32 72

3.588 3.600
3.600

48
56

44
32
32

72
72

48
64 56
32
72

24
32

44
28

100
100

64
48

86
72 72

100
100

44
100

64
56

3.600
3.600 3.618

72

28
24

24
32

86
72

3-333
3-333

28
28

48
32

48
56
24

100

3.889 3.889 3.889 3.896

64

56
24

48
100

56
72

40
32 32

86

56
24

48
24

72
72 56

3-345

28

86
72

3-636 3.636

44 44

48
56

28

3-349

40

86

100

28

24

44

40

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

233

TABLE OF LEADS, 3.907" TO

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN
DRIVER

4.778"
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN
1ST

DRIVER

LEAD

1MGEAR 2HPGEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR ON ON ON ON INCHES WORM STUD STUD 8CREW INCHE6 WORM
IN

GEAR ON
28

3-9<>7

40 40
72

48
24
64

86

4.2O0

48 56
.28

GEAR 2N0QEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR 1GEAR 2"0GEAR GEAR ON ON ON ON ON ON ON 8TUD 8CREW 8TUD 8TUD 8CREW INCHE8 WORM STUD IOO 32 IOO 4.480 64 56 40 56
32 32 24
ICO
.IOO

3-907

56

86
100
100

4.200

448o
4.5OO 4-500

64
72

40

28

IOO
IOO

3-9"
3-920
3.927

44
28 72

4.2OO
4.2O0
4.242

48
28
32

64
40
32
72

40
24 24

40
44
56

56

72

48

IOO

48
24
IOO

64

24
44

100

28
28

44
44

48
72

4-500
4-522

40
86
72

3.929 3.929
3-977

32
24
28

64
56 64

4.242

48

28
28

48
44
72 28

44 4o
5b

4-537

56
24

48

4.242

24

44 56
48

56
32

72

4-545
4-546

44 44
44
72

40 40 40 64
28
24

48 56
64

3-979
3.987
3-987

44
24

86
86'

4253
4.264
4.267
4.267

64

86

28
32

40
48
32
32

40

44
32

86
IOO IOO
72

4-546 4-548 4-558

4-567

40
24 28
24 24 28
72 32

56

86

64 48
28
24
24

48
72

44
56
72

86
86 86
100

4.000

40 40
24

48
56
100

64 44
24

40
44 56
28

4.000 4.000
4.000
4.01

4.278 4.286 4.286 4.286 4.3OO

4.300

40
28
28

40
48
44.

48
64 64
IOO IOO
IOO

4-572 4-572
4.582

40
32
72

64

40 48 86
44 44 44 32 64 44

72

32

40
28

IOO

64
100

32

56 56 64

48
28 32
24

44
64
32

IOO

4.019 4.040

48

86
86

4.583
4-583

44

48
24

72
72

40 48
24

72 86 86

44
32

4.059
4.060

32 64 28

4-300 4.320
4-341
4-341

86
72

48 40
72

4-584
4-584
4.651

48 48
24

44 44
24

64
56

24

100

28

4.070

40
56
28

86 86
100 100

48 56
64 28
100

56
32 28
32 24 32

86 86
86

40
64

86
IOO

4.070
4-073 4.073 4.074
4.091

40
64 56 32 24
24

48
48

4.655
4.667

44

32

4-342 4-342
4.361

28 40
56

40
24 40

52

48
IOO

44

32

24
64

86 86

4.667

28
24

48
44
32 40

44
48
24

72

4.667
4.667

72 72 IOO

64

4363
4-364

24

40
44 56
24

44
100

48 40
24

40 48
28

28

4091 4093
4.114

44
86
.100

40 40
24

48 44
28

4.667 4-675 4-675

4.687

56
24

32

44
24

4.365

72
64

44

48
72

28
56
40 72 44

4375
4-375 4-375 4.386

48

44
32

24 24

56
64
IOO IOO

4.114

32

100

24

32

28
24

48
64

40
56
86 44
64

4-125
4-135

24

44 64
28

64
86

56
24

48
28

4.688
4.691

86 44

72
24
24

40
56
28

44 48
44

86 86
100

4.144
4.167 4.167 4.167 4.167

86 56
72

4.386
4.400

44
24

56
24

4.714
4.736 4.736 4.762
4.762
4.762

40 44
44
28 48

56 86 86
72

48
64

40 48 40

28
32
24

40
32
24

4.444
4-444

64
24

56
24

28 32
24
24

72 72 72

56 40 40

48
82

64
72
100

40
64 32
24

4.444

64 64

48

32

56
72

4.167

56
72

86

4465
4.466

4o 40
32
64

86

40

56
32

48
28
24

4.186 4.186

64
32

86 86 86
86

48 44
56 86

32
28 44
24

86
86

4773
4-773

24
56 48 86

44

48

4477
4-477

44
44 72

64 64
100

4.186 4.186

72

48 56

24

86
72

4-773 4.778

28

72

28

4-479

64

40

234

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 4.784" TO 5.733

DRIVEN

DRIVER
l T

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHE8
4.784

GEAR

ON

WORM
72

OEAR 2NDQEAR GEAR l"GEAR 2N0QEAF GEAR LEAD IN GEAR LEAD IN GEAR l'TQEAH 2N0QEAR GEAR ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON 8TUD 8TUD 8CREW INCHE8 WORM 8TUD 8TUD 8CREW INCME8 WORM STUD 8TUD 8CREW

56
28

32
24

86 86
100 100
100

5-II6
5-1*9

44 86
64

24

24
24 32

86
72

5-358 5-375

64
86 72
72

86

72

100 100

4785
4.800

48

56

64
32 64 44
24

40
24

48
56 64
72

24

24
24 24

5-120
5-133 5-^34 5-142 5-143
5-

40
48
24

100

5-4oo

100 IOO

4.80O
4.800

28
32

56 44
72

44
28

100
100 100

5.400

48
32
28

5413
5.426
5-427

64
40

86 86

4.800
4.813
4.821

48 40
56

32 28
24

100

56
28

40
24

44
72

64

24
24

40
56

40
56 48
32

48
40
44

56
28 28

86
72 56

64
72 72
72 72

143

40
32

48
24

5-444 5-455 5-455

4.849
4.849
4.861

32

44 44
32

48
24 28

5-I56

44
86
100

64
100

64
40

5-i6o

40
72

24

44

48
28

64
64
100 100

5168
5-i8 5

32 32 28
32

86
72

5469
5-473

40
86

32 44
28 28

4.861

56
48
72

64 64

40
56
28 28 24

28

24

28
24 32

4.884

86
86 86 86
72

5.186

64 56
32 100

48 48

72 72

5-486
5.486 5.486

64
48

4.884
4.884

48
32

5-186
5-195

100 100

48
56
32
24

44 64
40

40
24 28

56
72

48
44

56
40 4o
32

64
24

4.884 4,889
4.898 4.900
4.9I
I.

32

5.209

5-500 5-5oo
5-5oo 5-5oo 5-556 5-568
5-58I

48
64
100

40
28 32

44
32 28

5210 5210
5.226 5-233

64 56
86
72 72

86

44

32 44 28
24

56
100

40 64 64 44
28 48
56

32
28

86
72

40
44

56

40
24

56 72

40
86

56 56 44

44
32 28

64
100

40
32
24 44

86
100
72

40 56 64
56
72

4.914

5-236

44
32
28

28

64
86

4-950

56
72

72
100

5-238 5-238
5-238

44
32
44 24

24
24 32 24

4-950
4.961
4.961

64 48
72
72

44 32

56
72

5-58i
5-58i

86
86

64
64 56
100 24

86 86
100

48
28
24

48
24

48 64
24 28 32 24 28 24

5250 5250
5-250
5-256

32 40 40
72

40
64 64
100
100

5-582

48 56 48 64 48
72

86
100 100
100

4.978
4.98f
5-ooo;

56

5.600 5.600

24
24

24
28

56 24
24 32

86 56

48
86

28
44

5.600
5-625 5-625

32
32

28
24

5.000

24

64
72

5280
5-303
5-316 5-3i6

48
28

40
44
28
56

44

64

5.000
5-oi7 5-023

48
86
72

40
32
64 28

48 86
86

48
56 44 56

24

64
64
72

48

100

40 40
72

5625
5-657
5-657

72

28
32

40
28

86
100 100
100

56
72

5029
5.029 5-040
5-o74

44

32

5-328
5-333 5-333 5-333 5-333 5-347

44
24

86
100
72 72

44
28

100

64
72

56
40

44
28

40

32
24

5-657

64
56 48
24 24

44
32
28 28
24

72

64
32

40
40

5-698
5-714

28
24

86
72

40
64
100

44 56 64 44

48
32
28

86
72

48

5.080

40

48
64 32 28 32 56

64
56
28 24 24

100
72

5-714 5-714

32

48

5.088
5.091

86
100

44

32
24

56
56 64
100
.00

56
28

40
32

5-348
5-357 5-357

44
40
40 40

72

5-714 5-73Q
5-733

64

48
48 48
72

5091

40 48 48

44
72

64 56

40
86

44 32

5093
5- io 5

40
28

44 56

64

5-357

48

64

5-733

86

48

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

2*5

TABLE OF LEADS, 5.756" TO

DRIVEN

6.757'
DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHES
5.756

1"GEAR 2M0QEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR I'TGEAR 2N0QEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR l"GEAR 2MDQEAR GEAR ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON WORM STUD STUD SCREW INCHES WORM STUD STUD SCREW INCHES WORM STUD STUD SCREW
GEAR
72

64 56

44
24

86 64
100

6.089 6.IO9
6.II2 6.122 6.125
6.I37

72

44

32

86
100 72

6.417

44
24

40
28 28 32

28 24
24 24

48
32

5-759
5.760

86 72

56
24

44
24

48
44
24

6.429

40
72

32

6.429
6.429 6.429 6.429 6.450

48
48
72

64
36 56

5-788
5.814 5.814

64
100 100
100

56
32
28
24

86 86 86

40
56
72

28

56

64 56
48

40
44

28
24

64
64 86
100

48 56
'

24 32 48
24

72

64
ICO

5.814 5.818 5.833

5.833

86
100

6.I4O
6.143

48 86
56

40 56 40

44

86 86
100

64
32 72

64
28

44
24

40
24

40
44

6.450 6.460
6.465

IOO

48 64
72
72

6.I60

100

40
32

86
72

~
32
56

24 32 32

28
24

64 56

44 48
24

5.833
5.833 5.833 5.833
5.847

6.I7I

72

56
28
24

48
24

100

6.482 6.482 6.512 6.512 6.512 6.515

40
28
24

72 72

48
56 56

28
32

6.172
6.202

72

100

40
56

48 64 56
28

64
72

40

32

86
86
72 72

24 32
24

86 86
86
72
100

48 44
32
2S 32

6.202 6.222

64
64
56 32

48

40
28

64 48
86 56 48
72 44 56
72

28 28
24

64
44 72
44 64

86

40 40
28

5.848
5.861

86 86
100 100

6.222
6.234 6.234
6.234

32
24

44 24

40
24

44
56
56

6-534
6-545

28
24

5.867
5.867

64

44 44
24

24 32

40 44 48
32

44
100

48
32

44
24

48
24

6-545

40 40
24

5-893
5.893 5.893

44

56

6.25O
6.25O 6.25O 6.255 6.279

40
24

64 48
56
100

6.548
6.563

56

44

28 56 64 44

24

64

40
40 86
72 72

32

64
64 64
86
100
100

48
86 56

44 44

64
100

32 44

28

6.563 6.563 6.578 6.60O 6.6O0 6.645

6.667

48
32

28
28

5-912

32 48
24 32

48
72

5.920
5.926
5-952

40
32
24

86
72

64
32

86 86

56
32

44 44

64
100

48
56

6.279
6.286
6.286

48
72
100

72

44

40
28

56
100 100

48 56

44
32 28 28
24

5.954
5-969
5.969
5-972

64 44
56
86

40
24

32
28
.

86 86

44
72

40
28

86 56
56

6.3OO 6.3OO
6-343

32

64
32
32

48
24 24 24 28 32

48

44
24

86
72 72 72

72
100

64
44
28

56
24

100

6.667 6.667
6.667

48
56

86
72

48
72 72 72
100

5-972

86

28

6.350

40
64

32 40
24

48
56 64 86
100

24
24

5.972

86
72

64
56

32

6-350
6.364

56
44

72

6.667 6.667

5.98o

40
28

86 56

56 56
24

48 64 44
86

24

6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000

6.016 6.020
6.061

48 48 48
72

40
40 32

6.364

44
24

32

6.689
6.697

72

56
24
32

32

64
100
100

6.364 6-379
6-379 6-379 6.396

28
24

S* 40 48
56 40
28

64
86

40 40
28

64
48

28
28

6.698
6.719 6.719
6.720
6.735

72

48
32

32

86
86 86
100
100

86 86 56 44
72

24 28

64
64
100

44 86

64
100

64
44

56

48 40
24

40
44

28

32
24 24
28

48
24

40
48
100

32

48 72
72

6.400
6.400

64
48 56

56

6.061

44

40
28

32
32

6.750 6-757

40 56

24

64
100

6.077

64

6.400

100

86

44

236

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 6.766" TO 7.883

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER
DRIVEN
DRIVER DRIVEN
DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN GEAR ON INCHES WORM

6.766
6.784

l"GEAR J"GEAR GEAR GEAR l"GEAR 20GEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR l"GEAR 2"GEAR GEAR LEAD IN ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON STUD 8CREW INCHE8 WORM STUD STUD SCREW 8TUD STUD SCREW INCHES WORM STUD
44
48
32
32

64
lOO

40
28
28 24

86

7-159
7-I63 7-I67

72

44

2S

64
86
72 100

7-525

86 86

32
64 28

28
56

lOO
IOO lOO

86
72

56
86

40
40

44
24

7-525
7-543 7-576
7-597
7.601
7.61

6.806 6.S18
6.8l8
6.822 6.822

56

48
100

44
24

40 48
44

44 64
86

7.167

86
72

48
28

40
24

44
24

72

44
24

40
32

7.I76 7.I76 7.200 7.268

7.272
7-273

86

56

28 28

86
72

72 72

56 24

48
24

86
100

86
72 64 64

44
44 48
56 28

64
86
32

48
56
2S

44
32 24

.86
72

40 32

86
56
72 72

6.825
6.857 6.857

100

64

40
28

86
56 44

7.619 7.619

40
56 56
100

64 32
64

44
24

48
24 32 24
28

64

40

24
32

24
24

7.620
7.620

64

6.857
6.857

48 48
44

40
28
24

7-273
7.292
7.292

44

48
64

48
56

28

72

40
24

56

48
32 24 28 28 32

40
28

7.636

40
40
32
72

44

6.875

64

40 40
44
64
72 72

48
64
86
100

7-636 7.639
7.644
7-657

48 44
86 56
72

44
72
100

6.875
6.875

44 44
86
100
100 100

32

24 28

48
56
100

7.292

28

40
64

32

7-3io 7-314
7.326

40
32
28

6.880 6-944
6-944 6-945

40
48 64 56

32
24 32 28

32

28

64
86 86
56

72
72
72.

86 86
64
100

7.674 7.675

48 32
48 56

44
44
24

7.326
7-33o
7-333 7-333

64

56
24

48
86 86 64 56
72
100 100

86

44
24

7.679

6.968
6-977 6-977 6-977

86

48
32

28 40 24

72

44 48

40
44
32
24

7.679 7.680
7.700

32

64
100

48
100 72

86 86 86
100
72

40

72

40
32

48 44
24

40

7-334
7-347
7-371

44
48
86

40
28
56 28

48
56
100
100

100

48 44
28 56
24

40 48
32

7714
7-752

40 48
72

56
86 86

6.982
6.984

64 44
64 28

48
24 28

32

7-372

86
100

7-752

48
28
24

6.984
7.000

44
24 24

72

7.400 7.408 7.408

7.424 7.442
7.442

44
24

86
72 72

7.77S

32

24

48
72 72 72

40
48 64
100

40
64
56

32

7778
7-778
7-778 7.792
7.792

56

24

7.OOO

56
56
56
72

40
40
32

48

40
28
24

48
64

24
32
28

28 28
24

7.000 7.000
7-oi3

32

44
24

48 86 86 86
72
100

40
24

64
4S

40
48
100
100

44
56 64 64 86
100

44

56
100
72

24 28 64
24

32 32

44
48
56

40
24
28

7.040
7.071

64
56

40

44
40

7.442

56
86

7.813
7.813

44

7-465
7.467

40
28

64

7-815 7.818

56

40

48 40
2S 48 24 24

7.104 7.106
7.

56
100

44
72

48
44
32

86 86
72 72
7.467
7.467

86
86
72

44
48

56

24

32
56 24

100 100

7.838
7.855 7.857 7.857 7.872 7.875 7.8S3

64
100

in

64

40
24

64
48
56

48
24 28

44
24

7.130

44
56

28

7.500 7.500 7.500

7.500

64 64
56 56

44 44 44
72

56

7.130
7-143

48
28
28

44
32
24

72

24 28 28 32

28
28

48
64

40

64

48
72

32

32
28

7.143 7-143

40 40

48

48
48

40
48

64
100

24

24

56

7.500

72

64

86

44

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

237

TABLE OF LEADS, 7.920" TO

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER
i

9.302'
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN GEAR ON INCHE8

7.92O

1" GEAR 2N0QEAR

WORM
72
lOO

ON STUD
40
56 32

ON STUD
44
32 28

GEAR GEAR LEAD IN ON ON SCREW INCHES WORM

lOO
8.333
8.333 8.334 8.361 8.372
8-377

GEAR 2"GEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR ON ON ON ON 8TUD 8TUD SCREW INCHE8 WORM 32

GEAR 2JUGEAR
ON STUD
28 24

GEAR

ON 8TUD
44 44
44

ON SCREW
86
100 100
100

48
IO0

40
24 28
28
24

72 72 56
72

8.772

48 48
64 56
100
72

7-936
7-954

72

40
24

8.800
8.800

40
56 86

44
64
72

40
86
72

32
28

7-955
7-963

44

40
32

40
24

8.800

44
28

48
28

86
56
100

8.838 8.839
8.889

44
56 24 28

72

7-974
7-994

48
100

40
44 40
24

86

86
72

44
24

24

44
24 32 32
28

64
72 72 72

64
32
24

86
100

8.40O
8.400

28

64 56 48
56

8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000

64
32
64

56
72

32

48
56
24

100
100

8.889
8.889

40

8.400
8.437 8.457
8.484

48
32 44
24

24

40 40
28
24

24

48
56
100
100

72
100

64
86

8.909
8.929

40

44
56
64 86

64
56

28

32
28 28

100
100

48
56

24 32

8.000
8.000
8.02

40

32
64 56
56

44

8.929 8.930
8-953

48 44
44 56
72

40
28
28

8.485 8.485

44

48
48
72

64
56
86
.

40
32

48
44
28

32
24

48
64
64

44 44
28

32

86
56. 72
72

8.021

8.485 8.506 8.523

8.527

48
32 24

8.959

48
32
64

8.021

48
56

44
40
24

64
100

86 64

8-959 8-959
8-959

86

24

8.035 8.063
8.081

64

44
24

86
86

48

86

40 44

64
72
72

44
86

40 40
32
28

86
72

48
40
28
32

28
56
32
24

56
100

64
100

40
28

8.532

56
24

8.960 8.980
9.OOO 9.OOO

64

8.102

48
44
32

8-534
8.552

64
86 56

100

44 48
72

56

8.119

64
56
100

48

86 86 86
100
72

44
40
32

64
72

40 48

8.140

40
28 56 44 32
32 28
24 24

8.556
8.572 8.572
8-572

44
24 32 24 32

40

24

8.140
8.145 8.148 8.149 8.163
8.167 8.182 8.182 8.182 8.182 8.186
8.212

40
44

64

56

9.OOO
9.OOO 9.OOO

72 72
72

40 40
32
72 24

28
32

56
64
100

64 64

48 48
72

28
24

64
56 56 64
100

48
24

40 56
28
24 28

44 40
56

72

8.572 8-594

48
32 24

9.O44
9.O74
9.O9I
9-

100

86
72

28

56

44
86
72
100

40
24

56

40
32

48
44

8.600

40
100

24

44
64

48
72 72 72

8.640
8.68i

40
64 24 24

48
40
28 32

100
72

"5

48

44
44

48
56'

9- '34

72
100

44
56

48

86 86 56
100

28
32

8.682

64

86

9-!37

44
32

44 40
64
28 56

64 86
72
100 100

8.682
8.682
8.687
8.721
8.721

56
64

86 86
72

9-J43 9-*43

64 64
72

40
28

64
86 72 72

44 44
32

48
44
32

56 32 24

40
56

86
100
100

9.164
9.167

44
24

700
48 56
64
72

8.229 8.229

86

44 44 44

24
28 32

64
24

64 40
28
24

48
32

86

9.167
9.167 9.167

24

8.250 8.250
8.306 8.312

44 48
100

32

40 64
86 56

8.727

48
44
28 56 56

44
72

24
32

40
56

44

8.730

40
24

48
72

44 44
24

40
32
24

8.750 8.750

32

9.210
9.214

40 40

86 56

64

44
24

32
24

24 24
28

48
64

86
100

8-333 8-333

40 40

48
64

8.750 8.750

9.260 9-302

48
24

32

72 86

24

32

48

24

64

48

40

238

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 9.303" TO

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN

10.477

DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

tEAOIN GEAR 1TGEAR 2M0QEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR ("GEAR 2NGEAfl GEAR LEAD IN ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON INCHE8 WORM STUD STUD SCREW INCHE8 WORM 8TUD STUD SCREW INCHE8
9-303
9-303

GEAR 1" GEAR 2M0GEAR GEAR ON ON ON ON WORM 8TUD 8TUD 8CREW

IOO

56 64
IOO

28

40
40
32
28

86 86 86

9- 6 75

86
IOO

64 48 48 44
24

72

IOO

10.101

44
28

32 32
28
56

72 72

32

9.690
9.697

40
32

86

IO.I59
IO.I75

64
IOO
IOO

9-303
9-333
9-333

40

64 64

44
72

32

86 86

64 56 56
56 32

40
40
24

48

9.697 9-723
9.723

48
28

IO.I75
IO.I82
IO.I82

64 40 40
24 24

32

48
IOO

40
56
IOO IOO

48
72

64 56

28

44 44
72

9-333 9-333

40 48
28

32

40
28

32

40
24 28

72

9-723
9-741

40
44

72

10.186 10.209 10.209

10.228
10.233 10.233

44
56
56
72

40
28
28

9-334
9-351
9-351

40 44
56
64

24

56 86
86

64

48
72

24 32

9.768
9.768 9.768
9-773

72

48
32
24

56

32 44
24
28

48
64
86
86

44
32

56
72

48
28
24

40
44

9-375

48
IOO

40
24

86

48 56
64 86 86
86

9-375
9-375

40 48
44
56

64 64
IOO

86 86 86

44
44 44

48
56

44 44
24

72

40 48 44
28

9-773 9-773

28 32

10.233

32
28

86
72

9-382
9-385 9.406

86 86
86

64
72

10.238

72

9.778 9.796
9.796

64 64

40
28
28

44
24 32
24

10.238
10.238
10.267

48
56
24

32

56
72
100

40
28

64

56 56

48 44
24

9.428
9.429 9.460
9.472 9-524

44

24

40 56
IOO

48
72

56

48
86

40 40
44
28
24

44
44
56 32 32

9.818
9.822

40
32 28

44
56

10.286

48
72 72

28

40 56
IOO

44

40 40
32

10.286 10.286

40
28

32

64 40 40 48
64
72

86

9.822

44
86

64
100

40
44

48
56
72

9.828 9.828 9.844

9.900
9.921

28
56 32 32 56
24

10.312
10.313

48
72

32

64 64
IOO

9-524

86
72 72
100

64
28

IOO

48
40
72

44 48
64
28 32 56 32

9524
9-524 9-545 9-546
9-546
9-547

28

40

64
IOO

10.320

86
100

48 44
32

40
28
24

56
48 44

44

10.336
10.370
10.370
10.371

86
72

40
32
28

72

64

24
24

56

9-923

64
IOO

86

56 64 40 64
IOO IOO
IOO

72 72

48
56
100

32

28

44
64
72
72

9-943 9-954
9.967

44 48
56 28 28

64
72

48
28

44 64

48
44
32

86
IOO IOO

40
48
24
24

10.390

44
56
72

9-549

86 86

10.390
10.417

44
32

40
24

9-556

86
72
72

40
28

9.968
10.000
10.000

9-569 9-569
9.598 9.600 9.600

32 64

86

56 48

48
56 48 56

10.417

48

28

56

56
56 24

86

24 32 32
28 24
24

28
24

10.417
10.417

48 64

32

64
72

86
72

40
32

64
100
IOO

10.000 10.000
10.000 ro.ooo
10.033
10.033 10.046
10.057

64 64
56 48
86

IOO

48
56

28

10.419
10.451
10.451

64
86 86 72
72

40
32

86
72
72

56 64
72

28

48

32 32 28 56

64
64
100 IOO

28 56 40

9.600 9.600
9.625
9.625 9-643 9-643 9-643

32 48
32

48 64
28

IOO

64
32

IOO

10.467

86
100

44 56
72
72

40
64

86
72

48 4o
28 32

10.473

44
24 28 28

64
32 32

40
32
28 56

44
24

48
44
24

86
IOO

10.476 10.476
10.477
10.477

44 44
48 64

56 48
72

56 64
64

64
86
72

24

10.078

64
IOO

44
44

72

48

10.080

40

56

48

56

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

239

TABLE OF LEADS, 10.500* TO

DRIVEN

12.272'
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER.

DRIVER DRIVEU DRIVER

flT

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

1TQEAR 2"GEAB

LEAD IN INCHES
10.500
IO.5OO

GEAR ON

GEAR 2H0QEA.R GEAR

WORM
56

ON STUD
32
32

ON 8TUD
24 28
28

ON SCREW
40
40

LEAD IN INCHES
11.

GEAR

ON

ON
STUD
24

WORM
48
56 64
IOO

ON STUD
40 40 40
32
28

GEAR LEAD IN GEAR 1"GEAR 2HDG6AR GEAR ON ON ON ON ON 8CREW INCHE8 WORM STUD STUD SCREW
72 72
72
II.667
II.667

in

64 56 56
72

32 32
24

28

48
72

48
72

II. Ill II. Ill

II. Ill

28

48
32

IO.5OO

40
40 56
44

48
64 64 86

32 40
32

II.667

64

IO.5OO
IO.558
IO.57I

56
86
100

48
44

72

11.688

44
28 32

40
44
24

56
86

"137
II. 160 II. 163
II. 163

56
IOO

44 64 86
86
86

n.695
11.719
11.721

64
IOO

40
40 28

56
24 28

40
32

64 86 44
100

IO.606
IO.606
IO.63I

56

44
24

48
44 86
86 86
72
100

72

72

40 40
24

56
24

40 64
72
100

56
72

48
64

11.728

86
64

28

40
56 44

II. 163

48
32

"733
11.757

44
28

IO.655

44

ILI63
II. 169

64 86

48
32

86

86
72

32 48
28

64 56

IO.659
IO.667 IO.667 IO.667

48
40
24

44

56
64
100 100

11.785 11.786

44
24

64

48
40
32 28

II.I98 II.200

86 56 64 44
72
72 72

48
24

40

44

32 56

64 64
44

48
56

11.786
11.786 11.825
11.852

48
48
86 64
100
IOO
IOO

32
28

44

40 24 32
28

48

11.200
11.225
II.25O

32
23 24

44 44
32
24

64
IOO
72
72

IO.694
IO.694

48
72

40
24 24
28

56 64

32
24

56
40

44
24

IO.713 IO.714

32

II.250 II.25O
11-313

32 32 44
28

48
56
72
IOO

11.905 11.905

28

48

32 28

40 40
24

56
64

48
56 24
24

32

56
72

IO.714
IO.714 IO.714

48
100
72

64
72

56

11.905
11.938

48 44
24

40

56 56

II.314 11.363
11.363 11.363
1 1.

44
24 28 32
28 24 24 24

56

86
72

48 40
40 40 32
32
24

40
24

100
100 IOO

44 44
44

48
56 64

11.944
11.960

86
72

IO.750 IO.750 10.750 IO.750

86
86 86 86
72

48
56 64
100 100

28
24

40
24

86

28
32

12.000 12.000
12.000

48
56
64
72

40 40

40I

86 32 64 64

44
24
28 24 24

48
28

28

24 24

40

II.429

32

40
48
100

I0.8OO
IO.853

48
40
40 32
24

II.429
II.429 II.429

48
56 56

12.000 12.000
12.031

40
24

32

56
86
72

86
72

72

40
44

IO.859
IO.909

44

48
72

32
28

56 86

32

64
IOO

44
28 24

48
44
44

n-454 H-459
n-459
11.467

40
24
32 24

44
64

12.040
12.121
12. 121

40
24

56 32 40
28

IO.909 10.909 IO.909

IO.913 IO-937 IO.937 10.945

56

44 44
86

40
40 32

40
64
100
IOO

44

48
64
100

24 24

48
IOO IOO

44 32 64
44
44 24

48
72
72

32
56 32

44
72

12.153
12.153

44

11.467

86
72

48 32
28

64 44
24
24

56 64

56
100

40
28 56

64 64
100

n.512

86

12.178
12.216 12.222

72

86

40 44

n.518
11.518
11.5x8

86
86

64
56 64
IOO

86

40 32
44

64

86

32

44

48
72 72 72

IO.949
IO.972

86
64

48
28
24

44

72
100

86
72
100 IOO

56 40 48
24

48
64 40
24

12.222
12.222

48
56

24 28

48
24 24

11.520

44
44

II.OOO
11.021

44
72

40
56
100

H-574
11.629
11.638,

72

12.222

64 48 56
72

32
28

28 56
24

86

12.245
12.250
12.272

40
28 24

56

II.O57
11. Ill

86

72

64
56

40
24

32
24

44

32
32

40 44

40

32

48

11.667

48

240

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS,
DRIVEN
DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER
lT

12.272"
DRIVER

TO

14.322'
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN
1"

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN

DRIVER

LEAD IN GEAR ON INCHE8 WORM

12.272
12.277

GEAR GEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR GEAR 1" GEAR 2"DGEAR GEAR LEAD IN LEAD IN ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON STUD STUD 8CREW INCHES WORM STUD 8TUD SCREW INCHE8 WORM

GEAR 2M0GEAR GEAR ON ON ON STUD STUD 8CREW

72
100

44
56
28

48

64 64
IOO

I2.9OO

86
86

32

48
72

100 IOO
72

13.566
I3-6II

IOO

48
24
32

56
28

86

44
40
32

I2.9OO
I2.963 I2.9S7

48
24

56 48
IOO

48 44

12.286 12.286
I2.3I8
12.343

86
86

56
IOO

40
32

13.636
13.636

40
24 40

40
48
28

56 64
IOO

44
48
24

56 64
86

40 44
24 28

44
48
86
72

86
72

44 48
44.

13.020
13-024

TOO

40 48

13.636
I3.643

72

56
64 86

64

44
32 64
28

12.375
12.403

72

40
24

64

13-024 I3-030

32

56
32 48
32

86

13.650 I3-650
I3-672

86
86
100

64
64 64

40 56
24 32

86
72

44
44
28

48
72

56 32

72

12.444

40
28

I3.O30
13.062 13.082 I3-090

86 64
IOO

64 44 56

I2.468

44
44 56
32 64 64

56 86

13.682
I3-7 I 3

86

40 40
28
28 24 24 28

28

I2.468
I2.468
I2.5OO
12.500

48
64

28

64
40
28

72

64
64

48
24 32
24

44
24 24 28

48
24

72

32

44
48

I3-7I5

40 40
32 64 64
100

40 48
56
100 100

I3-096
I3-096
13-125

44

40 40
28

I3-715 13.750

48
44

40

44
72

24
32
24

56
48
64

12.500

40
24 28

13750
13-750
13.760

48

44 44
64 24

T2.5OO
12.500

40 40 40
40 44
32

48 56
64

13-125

72

28

56
86
100

13-125
13.125 13.139
I3.I57 13.163
13.200

56
72

32 48 40
28

48 56
44

64
64 72

40 24

12.500
12.542

100

32 28

13.889 13-933
13-935 13-953 13-953

72 72
.72

86

48

86
72

86 86
72
IOO

48
24 24

56
28

I2.508
12.558
I2.57I

86
72

64 48

100

44
24

86

86
56

86
72

28

56
100

40
48
40 44
24

86

64

40 28
32

44
32

24

44
28

40
44
28

86
56
72

12.572

44

40
IOO

I3-258 13.289

100 100

44
28

48
86

13.960 13.968
14.000 14.000 14.000
14.025

86

I2.60O
12.627

72
100

56

32 64
24

64 56

44

40 48

72

13.289
13-333 13-333

100

56
24

86

24
24

40
40
40

12.686 12.698
12.727 12.728

100
64

44
28
32

86
72

64 64
56

48

48
64
72 72 72

28
28

40
28 24
28

24
28 28
32

28
32

56
48
72 72

32

64
56

44

13-333 13-333
13-333

44
28
32

48
24

56

24
24

44 44
72 86

56
64
IOO

48 48
48

14.026
14.063
14.071

44 64
100

12.728
12.732

48
100

40
72

48 28

44 48
44

13.393

56 28
32

64
64

86 86
72
100

44

12.758
12.791

64
100

13-393
13.393 13.396
13.437

IOO IOO

24
24

14.078
14.142

48
40

44
44 40

56

40
48
28

86

56
86

56
64
72

12.798 12.800 12.800

12.834

86
64

40
56 48

56
100 IOO

72

40
32

64
28

14*04
14.260 14.286 14.286 14.286

44
24

86 86 86

56
64

56 40 48
64
IOO

44
24

64
56

24 40
24 28

13-438

24 32 28
32

24
24

24

28

44

48 40 64
So"

I3.438

48 56 40
64
100

24
32

40 40
32

56
56

12.834
12.857

44
72 72 72

28
32
24

13469
13-500

48
72

44
24

14.286
14.318 14.319

40
32

56

12.857

24
28 28

13500
I3.5I4 13.566

72

40
28

48

72 72
IOO

28

44
64 64

12.857

24
24

48 32

86
100

44
28

44 48

56
44

12.858

48

24

86

14322

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

241

TABLE OF LEADS,
DRIVEN

14.333''
DRIVER DRIVEN

TO

16.914"
DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

l*T

LEAD IN INCHES

1"GEAR 2"<QEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR 1*TGEAR 2N0QEAR GEAR LEAD GEAR IN ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON WORM STUD STUD SCREW INCHE8 WORM 8TUD STUD 8CREW 1NCHE8 WORM
GEAR ON
86
86

GEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR ON ON ON STUD 8TUD SCREW

32
24

M-333
'4-333

40
24

32 40

48
IOO
72

15-238
15-239

64

28
28 24

48
32

72

I5.989

IOO

44
24

86

64
64
56
44
IOO IOO
72

48
56 44

16.OOO
16.OOO
16.OOO
16.O42

64

40
40 40
64

14-333

86
72 72
72

40
2S
24 28

48 48
48 56 64
40
24

15-239
15.272 15.278

32

48
56
56

24

32 32 44

M-352
14.400
14.400 14.400

86
100 IOO 100

40
24

48 40
44
24

28
24 32
24

48
72

15.279
I5-30b 15-349

40
28
24

16.O42
I6.043
I6.O7I
16.O7I

56
44
72
72

44
28

48
32 56
64

72
100

32
32
24 24

56 86

14.536
14-545

86

44
24

32
28

40
40
24

64

44
44

15.357
15-357 15-357

86 86 86
72 72 72

28
24

48
56

M-545
14-545
i4-53
14-583

48
56 50 50
100

32
32

24 32

16.125 I6.I25

86
86 IOO
IOO IOO

32

40
04
72 72

2S
32
24

44
48
64 48 32
86
64
|

28

64
56

40
24

48
28

40 40
28

I5429
15429
I5.469

40
28 32

48
24

16.204 16.204
16.233

40 64
100

48
44

56

14-5S3

40
24

44
72

40 56

56 86

14-584
14.651

40
72

28

15480
15.504
15-504

86
IOO
IOO

40

l6.280 16.288
16.296
16.327 16-333

IOO

40
44
24

32

56 48
24

48
24

64
32

86 86
72

86

40
44

48
72

I4A59
14-659
14.667

86

44
32

64 64 56
72

86
64

44 48

15.556
15-55<>

64 64

32
24
24 24

56
28 32
28

28
24

40
28 24

56

40
24

44
32 32

48 48
24 72

40
44

14.668
14.694

44
72

40
56
IOO

15-556
15-556

56
32 56

I6.364

24

28 28

16.370
16.423

IOO

48
32
28

44
44

56
72

14-743

86
86
100

48

15-556

24

48

86
72

14.780
14.800 14.815

40 44
24
24

44
56 40
28

64 86
72

15.584

48
IOO

28
24 32

40
24 24 28 32 28

44

16.456

64
44 44

IOO

15-625
I5.625 I5-625
15.636
15-^77 15-677
15-677 15-7I4

64
48

16.5OO 16.5OO 16.612

16.623
I6.667 Ib.667

72

40
32

48

64

IOO

48
IOO

4o
86
44

14.849
14.8S0
14.SS4

56
100

44
56
86 86 72
IOO

IOO

32

56
44

28 28
28

40
32

43
28
24

40
56

86 86
86 86

40
32
24

64 56 64
IOO

64
64 86

48 64 64
28 56 56

40 40
32

48
48

14.884
14-931

48 40
56
72 24

28
56 24 44

32

32
24

48
24 24 32

16.667

40
40

48
72

14.933

64
100

44

I6.667
16.722

IOO

48 56 48 56
64

14.950
15.000

56
24 28
24

86

I5714
15-714

48
64
72 72

86
72 72
72

40
24

72

48
56
72 72 72

32 32

44 28 56

I6.744 I6.744
16.744
16.752 16.753
16.797

86 86

15.000 15.000 15.000

24

15-750

32 40 24 56
28

40
64
IOO
72

28 32

24 28

48
56 64 64
IOO

I575O
15-767

86 56 44 64
100

24 24

86
IOO
IOO

44
64
32

86
86 86
72 72

44
28

48
24

15.000
15.000

32

15-873

56
86
100 100

28

48
56 32

I5-874

72

32
24

40
56

i5-5o
15-150

32

I5.909
I5-909
I5-925

IOO

40
32
4s

28

44 44
72

16.800
16.875
16.892

44

48
72

56 86

40
64

32

48
44

64
56 86

15151
15.202

44 44

48

86
IOO

40 44

86

56

72

I5-926

86

24

32

72

16.914

64

242

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS,
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN

16.969"
DRIVER

TO

20.20'
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN

LEAD IN INCHES
16.969
16.970

GEAR I" GEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR

ON

WORM
64
64

ON STUD
44
24

ON STUD
56
28

ON SCREW
48
44

LEAD IN INCHES
I7.9I8
17-959

GEAR 1*GEAR 2<>GEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR 1GEAR 2M05EAR GEAR ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON WORM STUD STUD SCREW INCHES WORM STUD STUD SCREW 86 64
72

32

48
44
24

72

I9.O9I

72 IOO

24

28
44 64 64

44
72

2S
24

56

I9.096
I9.III

32

16.970
I7-045

56
IOO 100

24
32

32
24

44
44 64
72

I8.OO0
I8.I8I
18.18! I8.l8l

40
44 44
44 44

86

40
28

72 86

56

28 32

40
40
32

I9.I36
I9.I97 19.197

72 86
86
72

I7.O46
I7.062
17.101

44 28 44 32 32
28

48
40
56
23

64
IOO

32
28
24

40

56
64
100

86 86
86
64

40
24

40
64

64
44 56
32

18.182 18.229

48
IOO
IOO
IOO

40 28
28

19.200

I7.I02
I7-14I

32
24

48
64 64 86

I9-250 I9.285
19-285

56
72

32 32

44

40
56
64 32
IOO

48
24 24

18.229 18.229
I8.273 18.285 18.333 18-333
IS.367

48
48
24 72

17-I43
17.144

64

48
28

56 44

72 72

28
28 32
24 24 24 24

48
72 72 72
100

24
28 24

28

IOO

I9.2S6
19-350

17.144 17.144

32 32 64

48
56 56

64
56 64 72

28
28
32 23 28

32 44
44

40

86
100

48
48
56 40 56 64
72

19-380
19-394

40
32 28

86

17.144 I7.I88

48 40
32

64
40
56
IOO IOO

44
24

44

64
100 100 100

40
24

19.444 19.444 19.444

I7.200

86 86 86 86
100

64
56

18.428 18.428 18.476 18.519

86 86 86
IOO
IOO

40 56
24

48
72

I7.200 I7.200
17-275
I7.361

28
24

40 32
24

48
44 32

40
28

48
72

19480
19.480
19-531

44

56
32
24

64
72

IOO
IOO

44
32
24 24

48

56
64

40 56
64 48
72

I8.5I9
18.605
18.663
18.667
lS.667

48 40
64
24
24

64

72

40
56

I7-364 17-373 17.442 17.442

^7-454

64 86
100
100

86
72

IOO 100

64
86 28 32 56

86
72

19-535

72 86

86 44 56 44 56 32
100

44
32

19-545

24
48 48
44

86 86 44

64
56 64
72
72
IOO

40

19-590

64
72

28

48
40
24
24

40 48
56

19635
19.642

40 40
28

64
56

48
24

18.667

40
44 28 32
24

IOO

17.500
17-500 17-500

32
32

18.700 I8.700 18.750

64
32
24

19.643

44
86
72

40 64 56
44

48
72

28 28

44

19656
19.687 19.710

28
32

24 24

48
64 56
72

40
64

64

17500
17-550

56

48
32 56

18.750
18.750 18.750 18.770 18.812
I8.8I2

72 72
IOO

40
40 48
44
28

86
100 IOO

40
28

48
72

86
100

28

32

48
64
72

19.840
19.886
19.887

40
56
28

17.677 17.679

44
32

40
28
32

44 32
24

64
44
72

72 72

44
44 32

55
64

86 86

TOO
86
IOO

17.679
17.778

28
24 24

40 64 40 48
86
28

19.908
19-934

40 48
32
24

64 64 64
100
100

48
72 72

86 48
100 IOO

40
28 44

56

28
24 24

86

17.778 17.778
17-858 17-858
17.858
17.917
17.917

48
56
24

18.858

44

20.00
20.00 20.00
20.07

72

48
32

28
24

18.939 I9.O29 I9.O48

I9.O48 I9.O48

40
72 32

64
56

56
64

44
24

24
24

24

28
100

28 28
24
24

32
24

40
64
64
56
72

86
IOO

56
72 72

100

48
64
56

24

40 40 48
56

56

20.09 20.16
20.16

56

64 64

86 86

32
28
24

23

48
44

86 86
IOO

48
32 44

I9.O9O 19.090

32
44

48

64
72

17.918

86

24

48

48

20.20

64

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

243

TABLE OF LEADS, 20.20" TO 24.55"

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHES

GEAR 11QEAR 2"DOEAR

ON

WORM

ON STUD

ON STUD

LEAD IN GEAR I'TGEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR 1TGEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON INCHE8 WORM 8TUD STUD 8CREW SCREW INCHES WORM STUD STUD SCREW
21.43

GEAR ON

IOO

28 32
24

24

40
64

23.04
23.04

86 86 86
100
IOO

32 28
28 24 32 28 24 32

48 48
24

50 64
32
*

20.20
20-35 20.36
20.4I

72
IOO

28 32

44 56 56 32 28

56
86

21.48
21.50

IOO

44
24

86
72

40
48
72

23.04
23.I4

64
IOO

40
28

44 56 32 44

21.82 21.82 21.82

21.82

44 28 32
28
24

64 44 48

40 64
56

72

IOO

23.26

86
86

2O.42

56
72

24 32

64
56
72
100

44
44
44

23.26 23.26
23-33
23-33

IOO IOO

20.45

40
64

48
32 56
28

48 56
28

86

2O.48

86 86 86

48
28
28 24

56
72

21.82 21.88 21.88

21.90 21.94

64

48
24 32

20.48
20.48 2O.48
20.57
2O.57

48
32
32

40
32
24

64
40
72

48
64
72

24
24 28

48
56
56.

IOO

23.33

28

86
72 72
72

86

44 40
72

23.38
23.44

40
72

44 64 64 44 64

40
28

64
32

86
86

28

56

IOO

48
32

40
48
64
72

21.99
22.00

44

64 40
4o

2344
23.45

IOO

48 48
56

2O.63 20.63

32 24 24
28 32

44
44 56

64 48
56
72

32
24 28

44

86 86
72 72

40
32
28 24

72

22.00 22.00
22.04
22.11

44 44
48
72

23-52
23.57

20.74

64
64
IOO IOO

40
56
IOO

44
44 44

48
56
32

20.78
20.83

40
48 32
28 24 56
28
72

44
72

28
28

23-57
23-57

86
IOO

48

28

20.83
20.83

24
24 24

64
56

22.22
22.22

40
24

64
32 40

72

IOO
IOO

40
64
72
IOO IOO

24

23.81
23.81 23.81 23.81

IOO

48
28 28 24

64 48
32

56
72

20.83

48
72

22.22 22.32 22.32 22.32 22.34

24 24

48 86 56

IOO
IOO

2O.9O
2O.9O
2O.93

86
86
IOO

32 24

64 40

48
56
72
72

48
86

32
28

100

32

40
28
24 24

40
64
32

64
56 44

23.89 23.89 23.89 23.89 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00

86
86

32 28 24
24

64
56

2O.95
20.95

64

44
44 32

48 56 28 40

86 86

44
28

64
44 56
72
72

22.34
22.40

86 86

48
32
72

72

2O.95

86

32
24 24 24

40

48
64 64
32

48 48 40

2I.OO
2I.OO

32

48 56
28 44

22.40
22.50 22.50

86
72
72

40 48
24

64
72

40
24

40
24

48 40
56

32

2I.OO
21.12
21.12
21.21

'56
64
IOO

28
32

48 48
86

40 40
64 56

86

32 28
24 24

22.50
22.73 22.80

72

28
24

56
24 56
28 24

64
44

86

44 40

64
44
86
72

IOO

24.00
24-13

56
28

56
IOO

86 86

48
24

44

86
86

44
72

21.32
21-33 21-33

44
86 32 28
44

22.80
22.86

44
28 28

24.19 24.24
24.31

40
24 32

64
44
72

IOO

56
24

64 48 64
72

24 24

64
IOO
IOO

4o
56

64 44
56
IOO
72
72

40
24

22.86 22.86
22 91

32

2I.39 21.39
21-43
21-43

24 24

24 44

48
56

56 40

24-31

24
32

28

48 44
24

48
56

24-43

86

4o
.32

40
28
24

48 40 40 40

22.92

IOO

40
24

44 40 64
72

48
32
IOO

24.44 24.44
24-54

44
64
72

24
24 32
32

48
56

22.92
22.93

44 86 86

44

48
44

21-43

24
56

48
44

21-43

48

28

32

23.O4

48

24-55

IOO

56

244

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 24.55" TO

DRIVEN

31.11
DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

1ST

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER

1ST

LEAD IN INCHE8
24-55
24.57
24.57

GEAR ON

WORM
100

GEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR tTGEAR 2NDQEAR GEAR ON ON ON ON ON ON ON 8TUD SCREW STUD SCREW INCHES WORM STUD 8TUD
28

LEAD IN INCHES
28.57
28.57 28.57 28.57

GEAR

ON

WORM
IOO

GEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR ON ON ON STUD STUD 8CREW 56

28 32
28

44 64
32

64
5<>

26.52

lOO
IOO

24 28 28
24

28

44 86

64

40

86

40
28
24

26.58
26.67
26.67 26.67

64 56 32
32
72

48 64
IOO 72
100 100

40 40
32
56

24
28

86
86 86
72

40 64
48

64
56

48
28

24.64 24.64

44 44 44
86
4S

40
32 48
64

32

48
IOO IOO
IOO

24

24 56

28.64 28.65 28.65

44
32 24

2475
24.88
24-93

32
72

40 48 44

26.79 26.79

43
32
28 28
2S

44 44
64 32

100

48
43
24

56 64
32

64 72

28 24

26.79 26.79
26.S8 26.88 26.88

2867
2867
29.09 29.09
29.I7

86

40
24 24
128

48

25.OO 25.OO 25.00

40

48
32 32 40

IOO

86
64 64
IOO

40
44
44

48
56
100

24
28
24 24

40
40
24 28

86
86

56 48
24

64
64
32

48
56

24

25.00
25.08

86
72

24 32
24

40
24 24

56

48

86

40
48
56

27.OO
27-13

48
56 86
28

40
86
72

29.I7
29.I7

56
IOO
100

40
28
72
72

32

25.O9
25.13
25- 14

86 86
64 64

40 44
28

56
72

IOO
IOO

40
44
44
44

2715
27.22 27.27 27.27

44
24

29.22
29.32

56

44
56

40
32

56
IOO
72

24

86 86

48
32
24

25-45 25-45
25.46
25.51

44

40
24 28

48
40 64 56 56 48

44
44
72

29.32

48

56
100

24

48 44 40
72

44
72

29-34
29-39 29-56

64
72

44
64

40
56

24
28 64

27.30
27-34 27.36
27.43

86
IOO

28 32 28

100
100

56

32 40 28 32
24
24

64 44

86
100

44
40

40
48 56
72

25.57

44

86

29.76

25.60 25.60
25-67
25.71

86 86 56
72 72 72

28
24

40
40

48
56

64
56

40
28

29.76 29.86
29.86 29.90

IOO
100

24
4o
24 28 28

40
86

27.50 27.50 27.50 27.64

27.78

44
44 44
72

24 24 56
24

44
48
64
24 72

40
56 32
28
100

48
72

32

86
IOO

4o
72

48
86 32

48
56
72

2571
25.72 25.80 25.97 25-97

86
100

40
32 28 24
24

30.00 30.00

56
72

48
64 56
72
.

64
56

32
28

48

86
100

24

27.78 27.78 27.78

27.87 27.92

IOO
IOO

72 72

30.00
30.23

72

48
64

44
28

64.
32

56

48 32
56

86
100 100

32

100
100 100

44
48

IOO

48
72

30.30

48
24

64

44
44

26.04
26.04
26.06

32

40 40
64
32
72

86 86
IOO

24
28

30.30
30.48 30.54 30.56
30.61 30.71
30.71

32
32 86

24

64 48 44
86

40
S6

44 48

64
IOO

24

28

86 86
100 72

44
24 32 40
24 32
24

28.OO

64
32 24 28

44
24

64

26.06 26.16

28.00
28.OO 28.05 28.06
28.13 28.I5 28.I5

64 56
72

56 43

40
40
44

44
IOO

40
48 48
64
24

24
56 56 56 28

28
24

26.18 26.19
26.25 26.25

64 40
56
56

44
28

48
44
72

86 86 86
72
IOO

44
72 72 72

100 IOO 86

28

56

32 24

48

40
28
24

64

30.72

64
32 56

44
44

48
56 40

30.86
31-01 31-11

28
24
24

48
64

40
86

26.25
26.33
26.52

24 28
44

28 48
56

86
72

86
100

28.29
28.41

28 32

44

64

56
32

48
24

48

IOO

40

44

3111

56

24

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

245

TABLE
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN

OF LEADS,
DRIVEN

31.1 1'
DRIVER

TO

41.99'
DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN
DRIVER

DRIVER

DRIVER DRIVEN

LEAD

IN

NCHE8 WORM
31. II

GEAR ON

Ih'GEAR 2N0GEAR

GEAR

ON STUD
24
28 24
24

ON STUD
28
56 48
24

ON SCREW
24 64

LEAD IN INCHE8

GEAR 1MQEAR 2M0GEAR GEAR

ON

WORM
IOO

ON STUD
44
44
48
24

ON STUD
48
56

LEAD IN ON SCREW INCHE8

GEAR ON

1ST

WORM
72 86
100

GEAR 2NDGEAR GEAR ON ON ON STUD STUD SCREW

24

64
IOO
IOO

3409
34.20
34-29
34-29

32 32

37.50 37.63

40
56

32

31-25

86
72

32 24
24 24
24

40
44 28

31-25

64
32

64
64.

28
56
28

37-88

40 40
56 44
86

31-25
31-27

IOO

72

38.10
38.18

64
72 IOO IOO

86
86

40
32

64
56
56
28

44 48
64
32

34-29
34-29

64
72

32

48
32

44
48
56

31-35
31-35

24
32 32
28 24

28 40 56
64

38.20 38.39
38.39 38.57 38.89
38.96

86
86
64

24 24
28

34.38
34-55 34-55
34-72

IOO

44
72 72

40
28 28
24

31-36
31.43
31-43
3i 50

86 86
100

86
72

40 48
40 48
64 56 48

32

44

32
28

32
24

48
72
IOO

24
32
72

44
56

40
72

48
86

56
IOO

40
28

34-88
34-9
35-00

100 100
72

24 56
24 24 24

28
32 28

44

31.75 31-82 3I-85 31.99

32.00
32.00

64
56

86

44 48
32
,

39-09 39.09
39.09
1

86 86 86
100

44
44 44 40 40

IOO

44 24

40
72

56

86
IOO

64
86

35-oo 35-oo
35- 10

56
72

48
28

24 28
24

56 28 24
24

48
40-

24

39-29
39-42

44 44

64

56

86
100

28 32

64
72

56
64

86

64
56
IOO 72

48
44
72

40 32
40
32

35.16

32.09
32.14 32.14

35-18
35-36 35.56
35-71 35-71

86
72

44
32 24

72

40
28
24

39-49
39-77

86
100 72

28

72

56

56
28

44 32

32
24 28 24

56

44
48
32

40
72

64
IOO
IOO IOO

40.00
40.00

64
56

3225 3225
32.41

86 86
IOO

48
40
24 28 24
32 28
24

40
32
72

32
24 24

64
48
24
64

56 56

64 64
56
72

48
56

40.00

48
48
32
72

32
28 24

35-72

28 48

40.00
40.00

24
24 32 28
32 24

32.47

100

40
40 64
56

44

35-83 35-83

86 86 72 72
72
IOO IOO
IOO IOO

32 28 32
28

32.58
32.73

86
72 72 72
IOO

44
44

56 64
56 48

48
40

40.18
40.18
40.31
40.31

100 100

56 64

36.00 36.00
36.00 36.36

72 72 72
86

32.73 32.73
32.74 32-74

44 44
48
56

40
40 40
32

86 86
IOO IOO

48
64

48 44

24

28 24

44
48
24
24

64
56
56 28

40.72
40.82 40.91

44
28

48
56

IOO

44
44

36.46

64
72

32.85

86
72
IOO 100

24
24
24

48

36.46
36.46
36.67

64
32 24 32
28

IOO

40
28 24 24

44
48
56 28

33-co 33-33
33-33 33-33

44
32

40
40

40.95
40.95

86
86

64

48
64 56
86
IOO IOO

24 24 24 28 24

44 44 44 48
64

64
32

48
24

64

40
32 28
24

36.67

40.96

86 72
72
IOO IOO

64 56

40
40 40 48
86

36.67 36.86 37-04

41.14
41-25
41.67

28
24

64

40 32
48

33-33 33-33
33-5*

24

40
72
72

44
64

48
86
IOO

24
28

32 28

44
40

37-33 37-33 37-40

32
24

86
56 64
72

41.67
41.81 41.81

56

48
48
24

33-59 33-79
33-94

64 28 24

64
72 IOO
IOO

40

86 86

24
24 24

56

86

44
56
72

40
44

28

44
40

28
44
86

64
IOO

37-50 37.50

48
32

41.91

64
IOO

28

34-09

48

44

48

40

41.99

32

64

246

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF LEADS, 42.00" TO

DRIVEN

74.65'
DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN
1T

DRIVER

DRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN

ORIVER

DRIVER
1*1

DRIVEN DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHES

GEAR

GEAR 2KDGEAR GEAR

ON

WORM
72

ON STUD 24

ON STUD
56

1GEAR 2N0GEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAR LEAD IN ON ON ON ON ON ON INCHE8 WORM SCREW INCHES WORM STUD STUD SCREW
40
48.OO

GEAR

GEAR 20GEAR GEAR ON ON ON STUD STUD SCREW

24 28

42 OO

72 86
100 100

24
32
24 24

64
72

40
40 48
24

56.31

86
100 100

44 64
44.

28 40 32 40

48.38 42.23 42.66 42.78 42.86 42.86

57-H
57.30
57-33 58.33

86 100

28 28
24 28
24

44
86

32 72

48.61
48.61

56
28 86

24
24 24
28

86
100

64
56 72

56
100
72

44

24
40 28

48.86

100

40
24

44
24 32

40
44 44
28 24

48
40
64 56

48.89

64
100

44 44 64

58-44
58.64
59-53 59-72

100

49-U
49-14
49.27 49-77

28 28
24
24

86
100

24
24
24 24
24

72

43-00
43-00 43-00
43-64 43-75
43.9**

86
86

32 28
24 24 32

40 40
40 44 40 44
24

86

40
32
72

40 40
64
56

86
100
100
100

44
86 56 48

86
72
72

86
72

48
64 56
72

60.00
60.00

32
28
24

50.00 50.00 50.00

28
24 24

40 40
24

100

60.00
60.61

72
100
100

24
24

48
64 86
64

86 64
100

32 24

72
100

40
64 56
72 72

44 44
32
28
24

44-44
44.64
44.68

40
40

50.00

32
24

40 40 44
44 28 32

61.08
61.43 61.43

32
28
24
24

28
28

32

5"i7
50.26
51.14 5I.I9 5^-43 51-43 51.95

86
86
100

86 86

86
100

64
86

44

28 32 24
.28

48
56
72

4479
44-79

40
24

48
32
32

62.22

64
100
100

86
72
72

40
56

86
72

40 64
48 64

62.50 62.50 62.50

62.71

24

48
32
32

45 -oo
45.00
45-45 45-45

28
24

28
24

56

48
64

32 44

72
100 100

24
28 24 24
24

28

100

48
56

100 100 100

32
24

44
32

86
100 100 100

24

32

48
56

44 44

52.08
52.12

40
64
56 56 56

63-99
63.99

28
24

86 86
72

48
56

45-46

28 24
24 24

86 72
100

44 32

45 6i
45-72

86

56

44
28

52.50
53-03 53-33
53-33
53-57

64.29
64.50 65.48 65.70
66.67

28
24 24 24 24

40 40
28
24

64
100 100

48
44
72
72

24 24 24

44
28 24 48

86
100

72

45-S4
45-92
46.07 46.07

40
56

64

44 44

28 28
24

64
100

48
72
72

86

86

48
56
32 32 24

28
24

100
100
100
72

64
86
72

40 40 44
28 32 24

86
86 64 56
100

72

53-57

100

56

67.19

32
24 24 28 24 28
24

46.07
46.67
46.67

28
24

48
56

68.18
53-57

100

28

48
72

32

68.57
69.11

64
72

24
32

48
72
72

53.75

86
86
86
100

24
24

48
32
32

S6
100
100

46.88
46.88
47-15

48
64
28

5375
53-75
54-85

48
56
86

69.44

40
86 56 64

100

24
24

28
28
24

69.80
70.00

44
24 32
28

72
100 100
100

44 64
64
32

56
24

72
100

47.62
47-62 47.62

28
24

48
56

55-oo
55.28

72 86
100 100
100 100

44
72

71-43
71-43 71.67

28 24
24 24
24

28
24

40
24

100

48
64 56

24
24

28
'

55-56

32

86 86 86
100
100

32
28
24

4778
47-78

86

64
32

48
24
56 64

55 56
55-99

24
24

64
86

48 64 48

71.67 71.67
72.92

86
100
100

24 32 28

48
56 86

47.99 47-99

86 86

55-99 56.25

32

86
72

24
24

32

100

32

40

74.65

48

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

247

TABLE OF LEADS, 75.00" TO

DRIVEN DRIVER DRIVEN DRIVER
1ST

149.31
DRIVEN

DRIVEN

DRIVER
lit

DRIVEN

DRIVER

DRIVER DRIVEN
1ST

DRIVER

LEAD IN INCHES
75 uu

GEAR ON

WORM
100
100

GEAR ^NLGEAR GEAR LEAD IN GEAfi ON ON ON ON INCHES STUD SCREW STUO WORM

GEAR l^GEAR GEAR ON ON ON STUD STUD SCREW

LEAD IN INCHES

GEAR

ON

GEAR 20GEAR GEAR ON ON ON

WORM

STUD

STUD

SCREW

^
24

72

40 24
40

7&-39
76-79

44
86
64 72
72

100
72

28
24

So.oo
So. 36

24 32 32

100

28
24

S0.63
81.44
Si. go

86
100

n
24
24 24

86

44 28
32 28 24 24

86
100

64 64
56

83-33 *3-33

TOO
IOO

S3 -33
S3.61

24
24 24

48
56
86
72

86
.100

S9-59
92.14

40
28 32 28

86
100
100

24
24

93-75 95-24
V5-56 95-98 97.22
107.14

72

24
24

64 64
86

86
100 100 100

24
32
24

28
24

56
72

24
,4

28
24

107.50
III. II
1

86
100 100 100
100

72

24

64 86
72

24

11.98

24
24 24

32 24

125.00

127.98
149-31

86
86

28
24

100

24

248

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLES OF LEADS FOR CAM LOBES

Obtained with Spiral Head and a Vertical Spindle Milling Attachment Set at an Angle

The method

of using the Spiral

Head and a

Vertical Spindle
is

Milling Attachment for cutting the lobes of cams

described in

Chapter IX, and the following tables have been worked out to enable the machine to be set up without the necessity of figuring the leads and settings.
In compiling these tables,
for

we have employed
'

the same combi-

nations of change gears as those in the 'Table of Approximate Angles

Cutting Spirals,"

all

of

which

will

reach without interfering.

have been grouped together so that when a machine is set for any lead, and it is desired to change to another lead, the operator can quickly determine whether the required lead is available without changing the gears already on. As this is often the case in this work, the saving in time that is effected is readily appreciated.
practical leads obtainable with each set of change gears

The

A selection of cam leads from to 20" is listed, and it should be understood that these are the leads or amount of rise in a complete circle, not the amount of rise of a lobe in a fractional part of the circumference. From the amount of rise of the lobe it will be necessary before using these tables to calculate the lead or rise if the lobe were continued the full circumference. This is easily found as explained on page 179.
In using these tables to set up a machine to mill any required
lead, the

followed

down

column under the heading "Approximate Lead" is first until the range of leads is found which embraces the

required one.

Then

follow the horizontal line across until the nearest

dimension to the exact lead required is found. At the top of the column containing this dimension will be found the required combination of change gears, and in the next two columns at the right, and in line with the dimension selected, will be found the angles at which to set the spiral head and vertical milling attachment.

Example:

the spiral head and vertical milling attachment to cut a lead of .1476 *.

Required, the change gears and angles at which to set cam with a

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Following

Co.

249

down

the

first

column we

find .145-50,

which embraces

Following this line across horizontally we find .1474", which is sufficiently near to .1476"' for all practical purposes. At the top of the column containing .1474'" is the proper combination of change gears, 24, 86, 32, and 100, and in the two columns at the right and in line with .1474" are the necessary angles; 9J for spiral head, and 80 for vertical milling attachment.
the required lead.

When
to

the machine

is

already set for a given lead and

it is

desired

know whether another

required lead can be obtained

without

changing the gears, proceed as follows:

32,

Example: Machine is set with a combination and 86, and a lead of .1080" is required.

of gears, 24, 72,

Follow down the column of exact leads that are given under the combination of change gears for which the machine is set until .1081" This is sufficiently near to .1080" for all practical purposes. is found. Hence it is possible to obtain this lead without changing the gears, by setting the spiral head at 5 and the vertical milling attachment
at 85.

In milling cams in this

spiral head,

way an

angle of greater than 80 with the

spiral head.

which

is

the greatest angle listed in these tables, should

be avoided to prevent going beyond the range of the

vertical

spindle milling attachment with offset spindle, as

77, is preferable for this

shown on page

work, as

it will

reach nearer

to the spiral head spindle

set nearly vertical.

when

milling small

cams with the head

We also manufacture an extension by the use of which the spiral head can be moved farther in on the table to bring the spiral head and This extension vertical spindle attachment spindles nearer together. is furnished on special order.
The standard end
mill is of sufficient length for practically all

leads on ordinary screw machine cams, for long leads usually extend

over only a partial turn of the cam.

The mill should be of the same diameter as the roll to be used with the cam, and, in laying out cam, work from the centre of
the
roll.

The change gears that are furnished with Universal Milling Machines have the following numbers of teeth: 24 (2 gears), 28, 32, 44, 48, 56, 86 and 100.

250
XXtf

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

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17.600

17.680

17.760

18.000

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18.158

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XXV 1VOIXM3A

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18.520 18.585

17.480

17.552

17.624

17.695

17.766

17.836

17.907

17.975

18.045

18.113

18.181

18.250

18.318

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18.203
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anxs no auz 99 anxs no xsi 82 WUOM NO UV3Q 21

'XXV 1VOIXM3A

17.423

17.486

17.547

17.609

17.670

17.730

17.791

17.850

17.910

17.970

18.029

18.088

18.146

18.319

18.375

18.431

18.488

18.543

18.598

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17.660

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18.004

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18.147

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17.400-40

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17.520-60

17.560-00

17.600-40

17.640-80

17.680-20

17.720-60

17.760-00

17.800-40

17.840-80

17.880-20

17.920-60

17.960-00

18.000-40

18.040-80

18.080-20

18.120-60

18.160-00

18.200-40

18.240-80

18.280-20

18.320-60

18.360-00

18.400-40

18.440-80

18.480-20

18.520-60

18.560-00

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

'XXV 1VOIXU3A

Co.
n\p

299
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19.005

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19.121

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19.237

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19.352

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18.697
18.803 18.909 19.013 19.120
19.223 19.329

19.537

19.741

19.843

19.945

20.049

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'XXV 1VOIXH3A

18.617

18.711

18.806

18.900

18.996

19.089

19.180

19.272

19.366

19.458

19.550

19.732

19.822

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18.600
18.686

9$ ^
18.858
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19.279

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19.362
19.444

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19.610
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18.770

19.111

19.196

19.528

19.853

19.934

20.014

20.094

19.771

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19.000

19.076

19.150

19.222

19.296

19.513 19.586

19.658

19.729

19.800

19.870

19.940

20.010

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19.956
20.013

19.104

19.168

19.230

19.293

19.356

19.417 19.478

19.540

19.600

19.660

19.720

19.780

19.839

19.898

20.071

WdOM NO dV3Q *9
'XXV !VOIXd3A

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19.959 20.003
20.092

19.132

19.184

19.235

19.285

19.337

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19.866

19.912

X3S OX SIONV aV3H1VdldS X3S OX 310NV

00 t^ t^t^ t^ CM CM CM CM CM
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ro co *? * y*

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19.647

19.680

19.714

19.779

19.842

19.873

19.905

19.964

20.025

20.054

WUOM NO MV3Q 98
avsn aXVWIXOdddV

18.600-50

18.650-00

18.700-50

18.750-00

18.800-50

18.850-00

18.900-50

18.950-00

19.000-50

19.050-00

19.100-50

19.150-00

19.200-50

19.250-00

19.300-50

19.350-00

19.400-50

19.450-00

19.500-50

19.550-00

19.600-50

19.650-00

19.700-50

19.750-00

19.800-50

19.850-00

19.900-50

19.950-00

20.000-50

20.050-00

300

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES *

I
/

2
Cosine
.99985 .99984 .99984 .99983 .99983 .99982 .99982

O
Cosine
.99939 .99938 99937

3
Sine
.05234 .05263 .05292 .05321 .05350 .05379 .05408 .05437 .05466 .05495 .05524
.05553 .05582 .05611 .05640 .05669 .05698 .05727 .05756 .05785 .05814 .05844 .05873 .05902 .05931 .05960 .05989 .06018 .06047 .06076 .06105

4
/

Sine
.00000 .00029 .00058 .00087 .00116 .00145 .00175 .00204 .00233 .00262 .00291

Cosine

Sine
.01745 .01774 .01803 .01832 .01862 .01891 .01920 .01949 .01978 .02007 .02036

Sine
.03490 .03519 .03548 .03577 .03606 .03635 .03664 .03693 .03723 .03752 .03781 .03810 .03839 .03868 .03897 .03926 .03955 .03984 .04013 .04042 .04071
.04100 .04129 .04159 .04188 .04217 .04246 .04275 .04304 .04333 .04362
.04391 .04420 .04449 .04478 .04507 .04536 .04565 .04594 .04623 .04653

Cosine
.99863 .99861 .99860 .99858 .99857 .99855 .99854 .99852 .99851 .99849 .99847

Sine
.06976 .07005 .07034 .07063 .07092 .07121 .07150 .07179 .07208 .07237 .07266
.07295 .07324 .07353 .07382

Cosine
.99756 99754 99752 .99750 .99748 .99746 .99744 .99742 99740 .99738 .99736 .99734 99731 .99729 .99727 .99725 .99723 .99721 .99719 .99716

2 3
4 5 6 7

60 59 58
57 56 55 54 53 52
51

49936
99935 99934 99933 99932 99931 .99930 .99929

.W98i
.99980 .99980 .99979 .99979 .99978 .99977 99977 .99976 .99976 99975 .99974 .99974 99973
.99972 99972 99971 .99970 .99969 .99909 .99968 .99967 .99966 .99966 .99965 .99964 .99963 .99963 .99962 .99961 .99960 .99959 99959 .99958
.99957 .99956 .99955 99954

8 9
10
II

50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 43
41

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20
21

.00320 .00349 .00378 .00407 .00436 .00465 .00495 .00524 .00553 .00582
.00611 .00640 .00669 .00698 .00727 .00756 .00785 .00814 .00844 .00873

.99999 .99999 99999 .99999 99999 .99999 .99999 .99999 .99998 .99998 .99998 .99998 .99998 .99998 .99997 99997 -99997 .99997 .99996 .99996
.99996 .99996 99995 .99995 99995 99995 99994 99994 99994 .99993
.99993 .99993 .99992 99992 99991 .99991

.02065 .02094 .02123 .02152 .02181 .02211 .02240 .02269 .02298 .02327

.99927 .99926 .99925 .99924 .99923 .99922 99921 .99919 .99918 .99917
.99916 .99915 .99913 .99912

.99846 .99844 .99842 .99841 .99839 .99838 .99836 .99834 .99833 .99831
.99829 .99827 .99826 .99824 .99822 .99821 .99819 .99817 .99815 .99813

.074"
.07440 .07469 .07498 .07527 .07556
.07585 .07614 .07643 .07672 .07701 .07730 .07759 .07788 .07817 .07846
.07875 .07904 .07933 .07962 .07991 .08020 .08049 .08078 .08107 .08136

.997M
.99712 .99710 .99708 .99705 .99703 .99701 .99699 .99696 .99694 .9969a .99689 .99687 .99685 .99683 .99680 .99678 .99676 .99673 .99671 .99668 .99666 .99664 .99661 .99659 .99657 .99654 .99652 .99649 .99647 .99644 .99643 .99639 .99637 .99635 .99632 .99630 .99627 .99625 .99622 .99619

40
3 2 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31

22
23 24 25 26

.02356 .02385 .02414 .02443 .02472

.02501

999"
.99910 .99909 .99907 .99906 .99905

2
29

30
31

.02530 .02560 .02589 .02618 .02647 .02676 .02705 .02734 .02763 .02792 .02821 .02850 .02879 .02908 .02938 .02067 .02996 .03025 .03054 .03083 .03112 .03141 .03170 .03199 .03228 .03257 .03286 .03316 .03345 .03374 .03403 .03432 .03461 .03490

30
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

.00902 .00931 .00960 .00989 .01018 .01047 .01076 .01105 .01134 .01164
.01193 .01222 .01251 .01280 .01309 .01338 .01367 .01396 .01425 .01454 .01483 .01513 .01542 .01571 .01600 .01629 .01658 .01687 .01716 .01745

.99904 .99902

99901
.99900 .99898 .99897 .99896 .99894 .99893 .99892

.06134 .06163 .06192 .06221 .06250 .06279 .06308 .06337 .06366 .06395
.06424 .06453 .06482 .06511 .06540 .06569 .06598 .06627 .06656 .06685
.06714 .06743 .06773 .06802 .06831 .06860 .06889 .06918 .06947 .06976

.9981a .99810 .99808 .99806 .99804 .99803 .99801 99799 99797 99795
99793 .99792 .99790 .99788 .99786 .99784 .99782 .99780 .99778 .99776

20
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
11

.04682

42 43
44 45 46 47

.047"
.04740 .04769 .04798 .048^7 .04856 .04835 .04914 .04943
.04972 .05001 .05030 .05059 .05088 .05117 .05146 .05175 .05205 .05234

99953
.99952 .99952
99951 .99950 .99949

99991
.99990 99990 .99989

48 49 50
51

.99890 .99889 .99888 .99886 .99885 .99883 .99882 .99881 .99879 .99878
.99876 .9987s ..99873 .99872 .99870 .99869 .99867 .99866
.99864

.08165 .08194 .08223 .08252 .08281 .08310 .08339 .08368 .08397 .08426

10

52 53 54 55 56
57 58

59 60

.99989 .99989 .99988 .99988 .99987 .99987 .99986 .99986 .99985 .99985

.99948 .99947 .99946 .99945 .99944 .99943 .99942 99941 .99940 99939

.99863

.99774 99772 .99770 .99768 .99766 .99764 .99762 .99760 .99758 .99756

.08455 .08484 .08513 .08542 .08571 .08600 .08639 .08658 .08687 .08716

1
7

6
5 4

3
2
I

Cosine
/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

8c)

821

8;7

8()

8 5

* Courtesy of the International Correspondence Schools.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

301

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

5
Sine
.08716 .08745 .08774 .08803
.08831 .08860 .08889 .08918 .08947 .08976 .09005

6O
Cosine
.09619 .99617 .99614 .09612 .99609 .99607 .99604 .99602 .99599 99S96 99594
99591 .99588 .99586 99583 .9958o .99578 99575 99572 99570 .99567

7
Sine
.12187 .12216 .12245 .12274 .12302 .12331 .12360 .12389 .12418 .12447 .12476

8
Cosine
.99255 .99251 .99248 .99244 .99240 .99237 .99233 .99230 .99226 .99222 .99219 .99215 .99211 .99208 .99204 .99200 .99197 .99193 .99189 .99186 .99182 .99178 .99175 .99171 .99167 .99163 .99160 .99156 .99152 .99148 .99144
.99141 .99137 .99133 .99129 .99125 .99122 .99118

9
Cosine
.99027 .99023 .99019 .99015 .99011 .99006 .99002 .98998 9994 .98900 .98986
.98982
9

Sine
.10453 .10482 .10511 .10540 .10569 .10597 .10626 .10655 .10684 .10713 .10742
.10771 .10800 .108-9 .10858 .10887 .10916 .10945 .10973 .11002 .11031

Cosine
99453 .99449 .99446 .99443 99440

Sine
.13917 .13946 .13975 .14004 .14033 .14061 .14090 .14119 .14148 .14177 .14205
.14234 .14263 .14292 .14320 .14349 .14378 .14407 .14436 .14464 .14493

Sine
.15643 .15672 .15701 .15730 .15758 .15787 .15816 .15845 .15873 .15902 IS93I

Cosine
.98769 .98764 .98760 .98755
.98751

60 59 58
57 56 55 54 53 52
51

3 4 5 6

99437
.99434 .99431 .99428 .99424 .99421

I 9
10
ii

.98746 .98741 .98737 .98732 .98728 .98723

.98718 .98714 .98709 .98704 .98700 .98695 .98690 .98686 .98681 .98676
.98671 .98667 .98662 .98657 .98652 .98648 .98643 .98638 .98633 .98629

50

12
13 14 IS 16 17 18 19

20
21

.09034 .09063 .09092 .09121 .09150 .09179 .09208 .09237 .09266 .09295

.99418 99415 .99412 .99409 .99406 .09402 .99399 .99396 99393 .99390 .09386 .99383 .99380 99377 99374 .99370 .99367 .99364 .99360 99357
.99354 99351 99347 99344 99341 .99337 99334 .99331 .99327 .99324

.12504 .12533 .12562 .12591 .12620 .12649 .12678 .12706 .12735 .12764
.12793 .12822 .12851 .12880 .12908 .12937 .12966 12995 .13024 .13053
.13081 .13110 .13139 .13168 .13197 .13226 .13254 .13283 .13312 .13341

978

.98973 .98969 .98965 .98961 .98957 .98953 .98948 .98944

.IS959 .15988 .16017 .16046 .16074 .16103 .16132 .16160 .16189 .16218
.16246 .16275 .16304 .16333 .16361 .16390 .16419 .16447 .16476 .16505
.16533 .16562 .16591 .16620 .16648 .16677 .16706 .16734 .16763 .16792

49 48
47 46 45 44 43 42 41

40 39 38
37 36 35 34 33

22 23
24 25 26 27 28

29 30
31

.09324 .09353 .09382 .09411 .09440 .09469 .09408 .09527 .09556 .09585 .09614 .09642 .09671 .09700 .09729 .09758 .09787 .09816 .09845 .09874

.99564 .99562 .99559 .99556 99553 .99551 99548 99545 99542 99540 99537 99534 99531 995-8 99526 .99523 .99520 .99517

.11060 .11089 .11118 .11147 .11176 .11205 .11234 .11263 .11291 .11320 .11349 .11378 .11407 .11436 .11465 .11494 .11523 .11552 .11580 .11609
.11638 .11667 .11696 11725 .11754 .11783 .11812 .11840 .11869 .11898
.11927 .11956 .11985 .12014 .12043 .12071 .12100 .12129 .12158 .12187

.14522 .14551 .14580 .14608 .14637 .14666 .14695 .14723 .14752 .14781
.14810 .14838 .14867 .14896 .14925 .14954 .14982 .15011 .15040 .15069
.15097 .15126 .15155 .15184 .15212 .15241 .15270 .15299 .15327 .15356 .15385 .15414 .15442 .15471 .15500 .15529 .15557 .15586 .15615 .15643

.98940 .98936 .98931 .98927 .98923 .98919 .98914 .98910 .98906 .98902
.98897 .98893 .98889 .98884 .98880 .98876 .98871 .98867 .98863 .98858

33
31

30
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32 33 34 3S 36 37 33 39 40
41

.99"4
.99110 .99106

.995U 995II
.99508 .995o6 .99503 99500 .99497 99494 .99491 .99488 .99485 .99482
99479 994/6 .99473 99470 .99467 .99464 .99461 .99458 99455 .99452

.98624 .98619 .98614 .98609 .98604 .98600 .98595 .98590 .98585 .98580

20
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
II

42 43
44 45 46 47 43 49 50
SI

.00903 .09932 .09961 .09990 .10019 .10048 .10077 .10106 .10135 .10164

.99320 .99317 .99314 99310 .99307 99303 99300 .99297 .99293 .99290 .99286 .99283 .99279 .99276 .99272 .99269 .99265 .99262 .99258 .99255

.13370 .13399 .13427 .13456 .13485 .13514 .13543 .13572 .13600 .13629
.13658 .13687
.13716,

.99102 .99098 .99094 .99091 .99087 .09083 .99079 .99075 .99071 .99067
.99063 .99059 .9905s .90051 .90047 .99043 .09039 .99035 .99031 .99027

.98854 .98849 .9884S .98841 .98836 .98832 .98827 .98823 .98818 .98814 .98809 .98805 .98800 .98796 .98791 .98787 .98782 .98778 .98773 .98769

.16820 .16849 .16878 .16906 .16935 .16964 .16992 .17021 .17050 .17078
.17107 .17136 .17164 .17193 .17222 .17250 .17279 .17308 .17336 .17365

.98575 .98570 .98565 .98561 .98556 .98551 .98546 .98541 .98536 .98531 .98526 .98521 .98516 .98511 .98506 .98501 .98496 .98491 .98486 .98481

10

.10192
.10221 .10250 .10279 .10308 .10337 .10366 .10395 .10424 .10453

52 53 54 55 56 5? 58 59

9 8
7

60

.13744 .13773 .13802 .13831 .13860 .13889 .13917

6
5 4 3 2
1

Cosine
/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

8,\

8;3

8;2

8 1

8 D

302

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

10
/

11
Sine
.19081 .19109 .19138 .19167 .19195 .19224 .1925a .19281 .19309 .19338 .19366

12
Sine
.20791 .20820 .20848 .20877 .20905 .20933 .20962 .20990 .21019 .21047 .21076

13
Sine
22495
.22523 .22552 .22580 .22608 .22637 .22665 .22693 .22722 .22750 .22778 .22807 .22835 .22863 .22892 .22920 .22948 .22977 .23005 .23033 .23062

14
/

Sine
.17365 .17393 .17422 .17451 .17479 .17508 .17537 .17565 .17594 .17623 .17651

Cosine
.98481 .98476 .98471 .98466 .98461 .98455 .98450 .98445 .98440 .9843s .98430

Cosine
.98163 .98157 .98152 .98146 .98140 .98135 .98129 .98124 .98118 .98112 .98107
.98101 .98096 .98090 .98084 .98079 .98073 .98067 .98061 .98056 .98050

Cosine
.97815 .97809 .97803 .97797 97791 .97784 .97778 97772 .97766 .97760 97754 .97748 97742 97735 .97729 .97723 97717

Cosine
97437 .97430 .97424 .97417 .97411 .97404 .97398 97391 .97384 .97378 97371 .9736s 97358 97351 97345 .97338 97331 .97325 .97318 .97311 .97304

Sine
.24192 .24220 .24249 .24277 .24305 24333 .24362 .24390 .24418 .24446 .24474
.24503 .24531 .24559 .24587 .24615 .24644 .24672 .24700 .24728 .24756

Cosine
.97030 .97023 .97015 .97008 .97001 .96994 .96987 .96980 .96973 .96966 .96959 .96952 96945 .96937 .96930 .96923 .96916 .96909 .96902 .56894 .96887
.96880 .96873 .96866 .96858 .96851 .96844 .96837 .96829 .96822 .96815
.96807 .96800 .96793 .96786 .96778 .96771 .96764 .96756 .96749 .96742

60
59 58 57 56 55 54 53

2 3 4 S

6
7

8 9
10
ii

52
51

50

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20
21

.17680 .17708 17737 .17766 .17794 .17823 .17852 .17880 .17909 .17937 .17966 .17995 .18023 .18052 .18081 .18109 .18138 .18166 .18195 .18224
.18252 .18281 .18309 .18338 .18367 .1839S .18424 .18452 .18481 .18509

.98425 .98420 .98414 .98409 .98404 .98399 .98394 .98389 .98383 .98378
.98373 .98368 .98362 .98357 .98352 .98347 .98341 .98336 .98331 .98325

.19395 .19423 .19452 .19481 .19509 .19538 .19566 19595 .19623 .19652

.21104 .21132 .21161 .21189 .21218 .21246 .21275 .21303 .21331 .21360

.977"
.97705 .97698 .97692

49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
31

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

.19680 .19709 .19737 .19766 19794 .19823 .19851 .19880 .19908 .19937
.19965 .19994 .20022 .20051 .20079 .20108 .20136 .20165 .20193 .20222

.98044 .98039 .98033 .98027 .98021 .08016 .98010 .98004 .97998 .97992 .97987 .97981 97975 .97969 .97963 .97958 97952 .97946 97940 97934

.21388 .21417 .21445 .21474 .21502 .21530 .21559 .21587 .21616 .21644

.97686 .97680 .97673 .97667 .97661 .97655 .97648 .97642 .97636 .97630
.97623 .97617 .97611 .97604 .97598 97592 .97585 97579 .97573 .97566

.23090 .23118 .23146 .23175 .23203 .23231 .23260 .23288 .23316 .23345
.23373 .23401 .23429 .23458 .23486 .23514 .23542 .23571 23599 .23627

.97298 .97291 .97284 .97278 .97271 .97264 .97257 .97251 .97244 .97237 .97230 .97223 .97217 .97210 .97203 .97196 .97189 .97182 .97176 .97169

.24784 .24813 .24841 .24869 .24897 .24925 .24954 .24982 .25010 .25038

30
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32 33 34
35 36 37 38 39 40
41

.98320 .9831s .98310 .98304 .98299 .98294 .98288 .98283 .98277 .98272
.98267 .98261 .98256 .98250 .98245 .98240 .98234 .98229 .98223 .98218
.98212 .98207 .98201 .98196 .98190 .98185 .98179 .98174 .98168 .98163

.21672 .21701 .21729 .21758 .21786 .21814 .21843 .21871 .21899 .21928 .21956 .21985 .22013 .22041 .22070 .22098 .22126 .22155
.122183

.25066 25094 .25122 .25151 .25179 .25207 .25235 .25263 .25291 .25320
.25348 .25376 .25404 .25432 .25460 .25488 .25516 .25545 .25573 .25601

20
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
11

42 43 44 45 46
47 48 49 SO
51

.18538 .18567 .18595 .18624 .18652

.18681 .18710 .18738 .18767 .18795

.20250 .20279 .20307 .20336 .20364 .20393 .20421 .20450 .20478 .20507
.20535 .20563 .20592 .20620 .20649 .20677 .20706 *20734 .20763 .20791

.97928 .97922 .97916 .97910 .97905 .97899 .97893 .97887 .97881 .9787s .97869 .97863 .97857 .97851 .97845 .97839 .97833 .97827 .97821 .97815

.22212 .22240 .22268 .22297 .22325 .22353 .22382 .22410 .22438 .22467 .22495

.97560 .97553 97547 .97541 .97534 .97528 97521 97515 .975o8 97502
.97496 ,97489 ,97483 .974/6 97470 .97463 .97457 97450 97444 97437

.23656 .23684 .23712 .23740 .23769 .23797 .23825 .23853 .23882 .23910
.23938 .23966 23995 .24023 .24051 .24079 .24108 .24136 .24164 .24192

.97162 97ISS .97148

97MI
.97134 .97127 J97I20 .97113 .97106 .97100 .97093 .97086 97079 .97072 97065 .97058 .97051 .97044 .97037 .97030

.96734 .96727 .96719 .96712 .96705 .96697 .96690 .96682 .96675 .96667
.96660 .96653 .96645 .96638 .96630 .96623 .96615 .96608 .96600 .96593

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

.18824 .18852 .18881 .18910 .18938 .18967 .1899s .19024 .19052 .19081

.25629 .25657 .25685 .25713 25741 .25769 .25798 .25826 ^25854 .25882

9 8
7

6
5 4 3 2
I

Cosine
/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine
7;

Sine

Cosine
7<

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

7<)

7i1

-0

7 5

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

303

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

15
/

6
Cosine
.96126 .96118 .96110 .96102 .96094 .96086 .96078 .96070 .96062 .96054 .96046

17
Sine
.29237 .29265 .29293 .29321 .29348 .29376 .29404 .29432 .29460 .29487 .29515 .29543 .29571 .29599 .29626 .29654 .29682 .29710 29737 .29765 29793
.29821 .29849 .29876 .29904 .29932 .29960 .29987 .30015 .30043 .30071

18
Sine
.30902 .30929 .30957 .30985 .31012 .31040 .31068 .31095 .31123

9
/

Sine
.25882 .25910 .25938 .25966 .25994 .26022 .26050 .26079 .26107 .26135 .26163
.26191 .26219 .26247 26275 .26303 .26331 .26359 .26387 .26415 .26443 .26471 .26500 .26528 .26556 .26584 .26612 .26640 .26668 .26696 .26724

Cosine
.96593 .96585 .96578 .96570 .96562 .96555 .96547 .96540 .96532 .96524 .96517

Sine
.27564 .27592 .27620 .27648 .27676 .27704 .27731 .27759 .27787 .27815 .27843
.27371

Cosine
.95630 .95622 .95613 .95605 95596 .95588 .95579 .95571 .95562 .95554 .95545

Cosine
.95106 .95097 .95088 .95079 .95070 .95061 .95052 .95043 95033 .95024 .95015 .95006 .94997 .94988 94979 94970 .94961 94952 .94943 .94933 .94924
.94915 .94906 .94897 .94888 .94878 .94869 .94860 .94851 .94842 .94832
.94823 .94814 .94805 94795 .94786 94777 .947C8 94753 .94749 94740

Sine
.32557 .32584 .32612 .32639 .32667 .32694 .32722 .32749 .32777 .32804 .32832

Cosine
.94552 94542 .94533 .94523 .94514 .94504 94495 .94485 .94476 .94466 94457
94447 .94438 .94428 .94418 .94409 94399

60
59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52
51

2 3
4 5

6
7

8 9
10
ii

3"Si
.31178
.31206 .31233 .31261 .31289 .31316 .31344 .31372 .31399 .31427 .31454

50

12 13 14
IS 16 17 18 19

20
21

.96509 .96502 .96494 .96486 .96479 .96471 .96463 .96456 .96448 .96440
.96433 .96425 .96417 .96410 .96402 .96394 .96386 .96379 .96371 .96363 .96355 .96347 .96340 .96332 .96324 .96316 .96308 .96301 .96293 .06285
.06277 .96269 .96261 .96253 .96246 .96238 .96230 .96222 .96214 .96206

.27899 .27927 .27955 .27983 .28011 .28039 .28067 .28095 .28123 .28150 .28178 .28206 .28234 .28262 .28290 .28318 .28346 .28374 .28402
.28429 .28457 .28485 .28513
28S4I

.96037 .96029 .96021 .96013 .96005 95997 .95989 .95981 95972 .95964 95956 .95948 95940 95931 .95923 95915 .95907 .95898 .95890 .95882
.95874 .95865 .95857 .95849 .95841 .95832 .95824 .95816 .95807 .95799
.95791 .95782 ,95774 .95766 95757 95749 .95740 95732 .95724 .95715

.95536 .95528 .95519

.95511 95502 .95493 .95485 95476 .95467

.95459
95450 95441 .95433 95424 .95415 .95407 .95398 .95389 .95380 95372
.95363 95354 95345 95537 .95328 95319 95310 95301 .95293 .95284

.32859 .32887 .32914 .32942 .32969 .32997 .33024 .33051 .33079 .33106
.33134 .33161 .33189 .33216 .33244 .33271 .33298 -3Z326 33353 .33381

94390
.94380 94370 .94361
94351 94342 94332 .94322 .94313 .94303 .94293 .94284 .94274 .94264

49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41

40

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

.31482 .31510 .31537 .31565 .31593 .31620 .31648 .3167s .31703 .31730
.31758 .31786 .31813 .31841 .31868 .31896 .31923 .31951 .31979 .32006

39 38
37 36 35 34 33 32
31

30

32 33 34 35 36
37 38

39
40
41

.26752 .26780 .263o8 .26836 .26864 .26892 .26920 .26948 .26976 .27004

.28569 .28597 .28625 .28652 .28680

.30098 .30126 .30154 .30182 .30209 .30237 .30265 .30^92 .30320 .30348

.334o8 .33436 .33463 33490 .33518 33545 33573 .33600 .33627 .33655

.94254 94245 .94235 .94225 94215 .94206 .94196 .94186 .94176 .94167

29
28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

20 19 18 17 16
15 14 13 12
II

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

.27032 .27060 .27088 .27116 .27144 .27172 .27200 .27228 .27256 .27284 .27312 .27340 .27368 .27306 .27424 .27452 .27480 .27508 .27536 .27564

.28708 .28736 .28764

.128792

.28820 .28847 428875 .28903

-28931 .28959

.30376 .30403 .30431 .30459 .30486 .30514 .30542 .30570 30597 .30625
.30653 .30680 .30708 .30736 .30763 .30791 .30819 .30846 .30874 .30902

.95275 .95266 .95257 .95248 .95240 .95231 .95222 .95213 95204 95195

.32034 .32061 .32089 .32116 .32144 .32171 .32199 .32227 .32254 ,32282 .32309 .32337 .32364 .32392 .32419 .32447 .32474 .32502 .32529 .32557

94730 .94721 .94712 94702 .94693 .94684 .94674 .94665 .94656 .94646
.94637 .94627 .94618 .94609 .94599 .94590 .94580 94571 .94561 94552

.33682 33710 33737 .33764 33792 338i9 .33846 .33874 33901 .33929 .33956 .33983 .34011 .34038 .34065 .34093 .34120 .34147 34175 .34202

94157 94147 .94137 .94127 .94118 .94108 .94098 .94088 .94078 .94068
.94058 .04049 .94039 .94029 .94019 .94009 93999 .93989 .93979 .93969

10

53 53 54 55 56

.96108 .96190 .9618a .96174 .96166

.9613(8

a8987
.29015 .29042 .29070 .20098 .29126 .29154 .29182 .29209 .29237

3 59
60
/

.96150 .96142 .96134 .96126

95707 .95698 *95690 .95681 .95673 .95664 95656 .95647 .95639 .95630

.95186 .95177 .95168 95159 .95150 .95142 .95133 95124

9 8
7

6
5 4 3 2
I

.95"5
.95106

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
*

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

7*\

71[

7*\

71

7<5

304

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

20
/

21
Sine
.35837 .35864 .35891 .359i8 35945 35973 .36000 .36027 .36054 .36081 .36108

22
Sine
.37461 .37488 .37515 37542 .37569 37595 .37622 .37649 .37676 .37703 37730

23
Sine
39073 .39100 .39127 .39153 .39180 .39207 .39234 .39260 .39287 .39314 39341 .39367 39394 39421 .39448 39474 39501 .39528 39555 .39581 .39608

24
/

Sine
.34202 .34229 .34257 .34284
.343 11

Cosine
.93909 93959 93949 93939 .93929 .93919 93909 .93899 .93889 .93879 .93869
.93859 .93849 .93839 .93829 .93819 .93809 93799 .93789 93779 .93769
93759 .93748 .93738

Cosine
.93358 .93348 93337 .93327 .93316 .93306 .93295 .93285 .93274 .93264 .93253
.93243 .93232 .93222 .93211 .93201 .93190 .93180 .93169 93159 .93148
.93137 .93127 .93116 .93106 .93095 .93084 .93074 .93063 .93052 .93042
.93031 .93020 .93010 .92999 .92988 .92978 .92967 .92956 .92945 .9293s

Cosine
.92718 .92707 .92697 .92686 .92675 .92664 .92653 .92642
.92631 .92620

Cosine
.92050 .92039 .92028 .92016 .92005 .91994 .91982 .91971 .91959 .91948 .91936
.91925 .91914 .91902 .91891 .91879 .91868 .91856 .91845 .91833 .91822 .91810 .91799 .91787 .91775 .91764 .91752 .91741 .91729 .91718 .91706 .91694 .91683 .91671 .91660 .91648 .91636 .91625 .91613 .91601 .91590

Sine
.40674 .40700 .40727 .40753 .40780 .40806 .40833 .40860 .40886 .40913 .40939

Cosine
.91355 .91343 .91331 .91319 .91307 .91295 .91283 .91272 .91260 .91248 .91236
.91224 .91212 .91200 .91188 .91176 .91164 .91152 .91140 .91128 .91116

60 59
58 57

2 3 4 5 6
7

56
55 54 53 52
51

8 9
10
ii

34339 .34366 .34393 .34421 .34448 34475 .34503 34530 34557 .34584 .34612 .34639 .34666 .34694 .34721 .34748 34775 .34803 .34830 .34857 .34884 .34912 34939 .34966 .34993 .35021

.92609
.92598 .92587 .92576 .92565 .92554 .92543 .92532 .92521 .92510 .92499

50 49 48
47 46 45 44 43 42
41

12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19

20
21

.36135 .36162 .36100 .36217 .36244 .36271 .36298 .36325 .36352 .36379 .36406 .36434
.36461

37757
.37784 .37811 .37838 .37865 .37892 .37919 .37946 37973 .37999

.40966 .40992 .41019 .41045 .41072 .41098 .41125 .41151 .41178 .41204
.41231 .41257 .41284 .41310 .41337 .41363 .41300 .41416 .41443 .41469

40

22 23 24 25 26
27

93728
937i8 .93708 .93608 .93688 .93677 .93667 .93657 .93647 .93637 .93626 .93616 .93606 .93596
.93;85

28 29 30
3i

.36488 .36515 .36542 .36569 .36596 .36623 .36650

.36677 .36704 .36731 .36758 .36785 .36812 .36839 .36867 .36894 .36921

.38026 .38053 .38080 .38107 .38134 .38161 .38188 .38215 .38241 .38268
.38295 .38322 .38349 .38376 .38403 .38430 .38456 .38483 .38510 .38537 .38564 .38591 .38617 .38644 .38671 .38698 .38725 .38752 .38778 .38805

.92488 .92477 .92466 92455 .92444 .92432 .92421 .92410 .92399 .92388
.92377 .92366 .92355 .92343 .92332 .92321 .92310 .92299 .92287 .92276 .92265 .92254 .92243 .92231 .92220 .92209 .92198 .92186 .92175 .92164

.39635 .39661 .39688

397 1 39741

.39768 .39795 .39822 .39848 .39875

.91104 .91092 .91080 .91068 .91056 .91044 .91032 .91020 .91008 .90996

39 38 37 36 35
34 33 32 31 30

.35048

32 33
34 35

35075
.35102 .35130 .35157 .35184 .35211 .35239 .35266 .35293 .35320 35347 35375 35402 .35429 .35456 .35484

36 37 38 39 40
41

93575 .93565 93555 93544 93534 .93524 .93514 .93503 93493 .93483 93472 .93462

.39902 .30928 39955 .39982 .40008 .40035 .40062 .40088 .40115 .40141 .40168 40195 .40221 .40248 .40275 .40301 .40328 .40355 .40381 .40408
.40434 .40461 .40488 .40514 .40541 .40567 .40594 .40621 .40647 .40674

.41496 .41522 .41549 .41575 .41602 .41628 .41655 .41681 .41707 .41734

.00984 .90972 .90960 .90948 .90936 .90924 .90911 .90899 .90887 .90875
.90863 .90851 .90839 .90826 .90814 .90802 .90790 .90778 .90766 .90753
.90741 .90729 .00717 .90704 .90692 .90680 .90668 .90655 .90643 .90631

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

20
19 18 17 16 15 14
13

42 43 44 45 46
47

48 49 50
51

355"
.35538 .35565

.36948 .36975 .37002 .37029 .37056 .37083 .37110 .37137 .37164 .37191
.37218 .37245 .37272 .37299 .37326 37353 .37380 .37407 37434 .37461

.92924 .92913 .92902 .92892 .92881 .92870 .92859 .92849 .92838 .92827 .92816 .92805 .92794 .92784 .92773 .92762 .92751 .92740 .92729 .92718

.91578 .91566 .91555 .91543 .91531 .91519 .91508 .91496 .91484 .91472
.91461 .91449 .91437 .91425 .91414 .91402 .91390 .91378 .91366 .91355

.41760 .41787 .41813 .41840 .41866 .41892 .41919 .41945 .41972 .41998
.42024 .42051 .42077 .42104 .42130 .42156 .42183 .42209 .42235 .42262

12
II

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

35592 .35619 .35647 .35674 35701 .35728 35755 .35782 .35810 .35837

93452 93441 93431 93420 .93410 93400 .93389 93379 .93368 .93358

.38832 .38859 .38886 .38912 .38939 .38966 .38993 .39020 .39046 .39073

.92152 .92141 .92130 .92119 .92107 .92096 .92085 .92073 .92062 .92050

9
8
7

6
5 4 3 2
I

Cosine
/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

6c>

6*1

6;7

6(3

6 5

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

305

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

25
/

26
Sine
.43837 .43863 .43889 .43916 43942 .43968 .43994 .44020 .44046 .44072 .44098 .44124 .44151 .44177 .44203 .44229 .44255 .44281 .44307 44333 44359
.44385 .44411 .44437 .44464 .44490 .44516 44542 .44568 .44594 .44620

27
Sine
.45399 .45425 .45451 45477 .45503 .45529 .45554 .45580 .45606 .45632 .45658
.45684 .45710 .45736 .45762 .45787 .45813 .45839 .45865 .45891 .45917 45942 .45968 45994 .460- j .46046 .46072 .46097 .46123 .46149 .46175
.46201 .46226 .46252 .46278 .46304 .46330 .46355 .46381 .46407 .46433

28
Cosine
.89101 .89087 .89074 .89061 .89048 89035 .89021 .89008 .88995 .88981 .88968

29
Sine
.48481 .48506 .48532 .48557 .48583 .4C608 .48634 .48659 .48684 .48710 .48735
.48761 .48786 .48811 .48837 .48862 .48888 .48913 .48938 .48564 .48989

Sine
.42262 .42288 .42315 .42341 .42367 .42394 .42420 .42446 .42473 .42499 .42525
.42552 .42578 .42604 .42631 .42657 .42683 .42709 .42736 .42762 .42788 .42815 .42841 .42867 .42894 .42920 .42946 .42972 .42999 .43025 .43051
.43077 .43104 .43130 .43156 .43182 .43209 43235 .43261 .43287 .43313

Cosine
.90631 .90618 .90606 .90594 .90582 .90569 90557 90545 .90532 .90520 .90507

Cosine
.89879 .89867 .89854 .89841 .89828 .89816 .89803 89790 .89777 .89764 .89752 .89739 .89726 .89713 .89700 .89687 .89674 .80662 .89649 .80636 .89623

Sine
.46947 .46973 .46999 .47024 .47050 .47076 .47101 .47127 .47153 .47178 .47204
.47229 .47255 .47281 .47306 47332 .47358 .47383 .47409 .474f4 .47460 .47486 47511 47537 .47562 .47588 .47614 .47639 .47665 .47690 .47716
47741 .47767 47793 .47818 .47844 .47869 .47895 47920 .47946 47971

Cosine
.88295 .88281 .88267 .88254 .88240 .88226 .88213 .88199 .88185 .88172 .88158

Cosine
.87462 .87448 .87434 .87420 .87406
.87391 .87377 .87363 .87349 87335 .87321

2 3 4 5

6
7

60 59 58 57 56 55
54 53 52 51 50

8 9
10
ii

12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19

20
21

.90495 .90483 .90470 .90458 .90446 .90433 .90421 .90408 .90396 .90383
.90371 .90358 .90346 .90334 .90321 .90309 .90296 .90284 .90271 .90259

.8895s .88942 .88928 .8891s .88902 .88888 .88875 .88862 .88848 .88835

.88144 .88130 .88117 .88103 .88089 .88075 .88062 .88048 .88034 .88020

.87306 .87292 .87278 .87264 .87250 .87235 .87221 .87207 .87193 .87178
.87164 .87150 .87136 .87121 .87107 .87093 .87079 .87064 .87050 .87036
.87021 .87007 .86993 .86978 .86964 .86949 .8693s .86921 .86906 .86892

49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41

40
39 38
37

22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30
31

.89610 .89597 .89584 .89571 89558 .89545 89532 .89519 .89506 .89493 .89480 .89467 .89454 .89441 .89428 .89415 .89402 .89389 .89376 .89363
.89350 .89337 .89324 .89311 .89298 .89285 .89272 .89259 .8924s .89232

.88822 .88808 88795 .88782 .88768 88755 .88741 .88728 .88715 .88701 .88688 .88674 .88661 .88647 .88634 .88620 .88607 .88593 .88580 .88566
88553 .88539 .88526 .88512 .88499 .88485 .88472 .88458 .8844s .88431
.88417 .88404 .88390 .88377 .88363 .88349 .88336 .88322 .88308 .88295

.88006 .87993 .87979 .87965 .87951 .87937 .87923 .87909 .87896 .87882 .87868 .87854 .87840 .87826 .87812 .87798 .87784 .87770 .87756 .87743

.49014 .49040 .49065 .49090 .49116 .49141 .49166 .49192 .49217 .49242

36 35 34 33 32
31

30
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32 33 34
35 36 37 38 39 40
41

.90246 .90233 .90221 .90208 .90196 .90183 .90171 .90158 .90146 .90133

.44646 .44672 .44698 .44724 .44750 .44776 .44802 .44828 .44854 .44880 .44906 .44932 .44958 .44984 .45010 .45036 .45062 .45088

.49268 .49293 .49318 49344 .49369 49394 .49419 49445 49470 49495
.49521 .49546 49571 .49596 .49622 .49647 .49672 .49697 .49723 .49748

20
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
II

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

.43340 .43366 .43392 .43418 .43445 .43471 43497 .43523 .43549 43575 .43602 .43628 .43654 .43680 .43706 .43733 43759 .43785 .43811 .43837

.90120 .90108 .90095 .90082 .90070 90057 .90045 .90032 .90019 .90007 .89994

.45"4
.45140

.46458 .46484 .46510 .46536 .46561 .46587 .46613 .46639 .46664 .46690

47997 .48022 .48048 .48073 .48099 .48124 .48150 .4817s .48201 .48226

.87729 .87715 .87701 .87687 .87673 .87659 .87645 .87631 .87617 .87603 .87589 .87575 .87561 .87546 .87532 .87518 .87504 .87490 .87476 .87462

.86878 .86863 .86849 .86834 .86820 .86805 .86791 .86777 .86762 .86748
.86733 .86719 .86704 .86690 .86675 .86661 .86646 .86632 .86617 .86603

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

.89^1 .89A8
.89456 .89943 .89930 .89918 .8990s .89892 .89879

.45166 .45192 .45218 .45243 .45269 45295 .45321 45347 45373 45399

.89219 .89206 .89193 .89180 .89167 .89153 .89140 .89127 .89114 .89101

.46716 .46742 .46767 .46793 .46819 .46844 .46870 .46896 .46921 .46947

.48252 .48277 .48303 .48328 .48354 .48379 .48405 .48430 .48456 .48481

49773 .49798 .49824 .49849 .49874 .49899 .49924 .49950 .49975 .50000

9 8
7

6
5 4 3 2
I

Cosine
/

Sine

Cosine
6;5

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

6,\

0>

62

6i

6(D

'

306

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. 'Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

30
/

3 i
Sine
.51504 .51529

32
Sine
.52992 .53017 .53041 .53066 .53091

33
Sine
.54464 .54488 54513 54537 .54561 .54586 .54610 .54635 .54659 .54683 .54708

34
Sine
55919 .55943 .55968 .55992 .56016 .56040 .56064 .56088 .56112 .56136 .56160
.56184 .56208 .56232 .56256 .56280 .56305 .56329 .S6353 .56377 .56401

Sine
.50000 .50025 .50050 .50076
.50101 .50126 .50151 .50176 .50201 .50227 .50252

Cosine
.86603 .86588 .86573 .86559 .86544 .86530 .86515 .86501 .86486 .86471 .86457

Cosine
.85717 .85702 .85687 .85672 .85657 .85642 .85627 .85612 .85597 .85582 .85567
.85551 .85536 .85521 .85506 .85491 .85476 .85461 .85446 .85431 .85416

Cosine
.84805 .84789 .84774 .84759 .84743 .84728 .84712 .84697 .84681 .84666 .84650
.8463S .84619 .84604 .84588 .84573 .84557 .84542 .84526

Cosine
.83867 .83851 .83835 .83819 .83804 .83788 .83772 .83756 .83740 .83724 .83708

Cosine
.82904 .82887 .82871 .82855 .82839 .82822 .82806 .82790 .82773 .82757 .82741
.82724 .82708 .82692 .82675 .82659 .82643 .82626 .82610
.8259s 82577
.82561 .82544 .82528 .82511 .82495 .82478 .82462 .82446 .82429 .82413

60
59 58 57
56 55 54 53 52
51

2 3 4
5

51554
.51579 .51604 .51628 .51653 .51678 .51703 .51728 .51753 .51778 .51803 .51828 .51852 .51877 .51002 .51927 .51952 .51977 .52002 .52026 .52051 .52076 .52101 .52126 .52151 52175 .52200 .52225 .52250
.52275 52209 .52324 .52349 .52374 .52399 .52423 .52448 .52473 .52498

6
7

.53"5 S3U0
.53164 .53189 .53214 .53238

9
10
ii

50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41

12 13
14 IS

16

\l 19 30 31

.50277 .50302 .50327 .50352 .50377 .50403 .50428 .50453 .50478 .50503 .50528 .50553 .50578 .50603 .50628 .50654 .50679 .50704 .50729 .50754

.86442 .86427 .86413 .86398 .86384 .86369 .86354 .86340 .86325 .86310
.86295 .86281 .86266 .86251 .86237 .86223 .86207 .86192 .86178 .86163

S3263
.53288 .53312 S3337 .53361 .53386

.534"
53435 .53460 .53484

.845"
.84495

.54732 .54756 .54781 .54805 .54829 .54854 .54878 .54902 .54927 54951 .54975 .54999 .55024 .55048 .55072 .55097 .55121 55145 .55169 .55194 .55218 .55242 .55266 .55291 55315 55339 .55363 .55388 55412 .55436 .55460 .55484 55509 55533 .55557 .55581 .55605 .55630 .55654 .55678

.83692 .83676 .83660 .83645 .83629 .83613 .83597 .83581 .83565 .83549
.83533 .83517 .83501 .83485 .83469 .83453 .83437 .83421 .83405 .83389
.83373 .83356 .83340 .83324 .83308 .83292 .83276 .83260 .83244 .83228

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 33
31

33 33 34 25 26
27 28 29 30
31

.85401 .85385 .85370 .85355 .85340 .8532s .85310 .85294 .85279 .85264

.53509 53534 53558 .53583 .53607 .53632 .53656 .53681 53705 53730
53754 .53779 .53804 .53828 .53853 .53877 53902 .53926 53951 53975

.84480 .84464 .84448 .84433 .84417 .84402 .84386 .84370 .84355 .84339
.84324 .84308 .84292 .84277 .84261 .84245 .84230 .84214 .84108 .84182 .84167 .84151 .84135 .84120 .84104 .84088 .84072 .84057 .84041 .84025 .84009 .83994 .83978 .83962 .83946 .83930 .83915 .83899 .83883 .83867

56425 .56449
.56473 .56497 .56521 .56545 .56569 .56593 .56617 .56641

30
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40
41

.50779 .50804 .50829 .50854 .50879 .50904 .50929 .50954 .50979 .51004 .51029 .51054 .51079 .51104 .51129

.86148 .86133 .86119 .86104 .86089 .86074 .86059 .86045 .86030 .86015 .86000 .85985 .85970 .85956 .85941 .85926

.85249 .85234 .85218 .85203 .85188 .85173 .85157 .85142 .85127 .85112 .85096 .85081 .85066 .85051 .85035 .85020 .85005 .84989 .84974 .84959 .84943 .84928 .84913 .84897 .84882 .84866 .84851 .84836 .84820 .84805

.56665 .56689 .56713 .56736 .56760 .56784 .56808 .56833 .56856 .56880

.82396 .82380 .82363 .82347 .82330 .82314 .82297 .82281 .82264 .82248
.82231 .82214 .82198 .82181 .82165 .82148 .82132 .82115 .82098 .82082

20
19 i3 17 16
15 14 13 12
11

42
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

.5"54 .5"79
.51204 .51229 .51254

.859"
.85896 .85881 .85866
.85851 .85836 .85821 .85806 .85792 .85777 .85762 .85747 .85732 .85717

.52522 .52547 .52572 52597 .52621 .52646 .52671 .52696 .52720 .52745

54000 .54024 54049 .54073 .54097 54122 .54146

.54171 .54195 .54220

.83212 .83195 .83179 .83163 .83147 .83131 .83115 .83008 .83082 .83066

.56904 .56928 .56952 .56976 .57000 .57024 .57047 .57071 .57095

.57"9
57143 .57167 .57191 .57215 .57238 .57262 .57286 57310 .57334 .57358

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

.51279 .51304 .51329 .51354 .51379 .51404 .51429

.5M54
51479 .51504

.52770 .52794 .52819 .52844 .52869 .52893 .52918 .52943 .52967 .52992

.54244 .54269 .54293 .54317 .54342 .54366 54391 .54415 .54440 .54464

.55702 55726 55750 .55775 .55799 .55823 .55847 .55871 .55895 .55919

.83050 .83034 .83017 .83001 .82985 .82969 .82953 .82936 .83920 .82904

.82065 .82048 .82032 .82015 .81999 .81982 .8196s .81949 .81932 .81915

9 8
7

6
5

4
3 2
I

Cosine
/
1

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine
5)

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

5<>

Si1

5<5

5 5

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

307

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

35
Sine
57358 .57381 .57405 .57429 .57453 57477 .57501 57524 .57548 .57572 .57596 .S7619 .57643 .57667 .57691 .57715 .57738 .57762 .57786 .57810 .57833

36
Sine

37
Sine
.60182 .60205 .60228
.60251 .60274 .60298 .60321 .60344 .60367 .60390 .60414

3
Sine
.61566 .61589 .61612 .61635 .61658 .61681 .61704 .61726 .61749 .61772 .61795

8
Cosine
.78801 .78783, .78765 .78747 .78729 .78711 .78694 .78676 .78658 .78640 .78622

39
Sine
.62932 .62955 .62977 .63000 .63022 .63045 .63068 .63090 .63113 .63135 .63158 .63180 .63203 .63225 .63248 .63271 .63293 .63316 .63338 .63361 .63383

Cosine
.81915 .81899 .81882 .81865 .81848 .81832 .81815 .81798 .81782 .81765 .81748
.81731 .81714 .81698 .81681 .81664 .81647 .81631 .81614 .81597 .81580

Cosine
.80902 .80885 .80867 .80850 .80833 .80816 .80799 .80782 .80765 .80748 .80730
.80713 .80696 .80679 .80662 .80644 .80627 .80610 .80593 .80576 .80558
.80541 .80524 .80507 .80489 .80472 .8045s .80438 .80420 .80403 .80386

Cosine
.79864 .79846 .79829 .79811 79793 .79776 .79758 79741 .79723 .79706 .79688
.70671 .79653 .79635 .79618 .79600 .79583

Cosine
.77715 .77696 .77678 .77660 .77641 .77623 .77605 .77586 .77568 .77550 77531

2
3

m
.59037 .59061 .59084 .59108 .59131 .59154 .59178 .59201 .59225 .59248 .59272 .59295 .59318 .59342 .59365 .59389 .59412 .59436 .59459 .59482

60 59
58 57 56 55 54 53 52
51

4
5

6
7

8 9
10
ii

.58825 .5SS49 .58873 .58896 .58920 .58943 .58967 .58990 .59014

50
49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41

12 13 14 IS 16
17 18 19

.60437 .60460 .60483 .60506 .60529 .60553 .60576 .60599 .60622

.79565 .79547 .79530

20
21

.6064s
.60668 .60691 .60714 .60738 .60761 .60784 .60807 .60830 .60853 .60876

.795"
.79494 .79477 79459 79441 .79424 .79406 .79388 79371 79353 79335
.79318 .79300 .79282 .79264 .79247 .79229 .79211 .79193 .79176 .79158

.61818 .61841 .61864 .61887 .61909 .61932 .61955 .61978 .62001 .62024 .62046 .62069 .62092 .62115 .62138 .62160 .62183 .62206 .62229 .62251
.62274 .62297
.62320.

.78604 .78586 .78568 .78550 .78532 .78514 .78496 .78478 .78460 .78442 .78424 .78405 .78387 .78369 .78351 .78333 .78315 .78297 .78279 .78261
.78243 .78225 .78206 .78188 .78170 .78152 .78134 .78116 .78098 .78079
.78061 .78043 .78025 .78007

77513 77494 .77476 .77458 77439 .77421 .77402 .77384 .77366 .77347

40

22 23 24 35 26
27

28 29 30
31

.57857 .57881 57904 .57928 57952 .57976 .57999 .58023 .58047 .58070
.58094 .58118 .58141 .58165 .58189 .58212 .58236 .58260 .58283 .58307

.81563 .81546 .81530 .81513 .81496 .81479 .81462 .81445 .81428 .81412

.63406 .63428 .63451 .63473 .63496 .63518 .63540 .63563 .63585 .63608 .63630 .63653 .63675 .63698 .63720 .63742 .63765 .63787 .63810 .63832
.63854 .63877 .63899 .63922 .63944 .63966 .63989 .64011 .64033 .64056 .64078 .64100 .64123 .64145 .64167 .64190 .64212 .64234 .64256 .64279

.77329 .77310 .77292 .77273 .77255 .77236 .77218 .77199 .77181 .77162

39 38
37 36 35 34 33
32 31

30
29 28
27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32 33 34 3S 36 37 38 39 40
41

.81395 .81378 .81361 .81344 .81327 .81310 .81293 .81276 .81259 .81242
.81225 .81208 .81191 .81174 .81157 .81140 .81123 .81106 .81089 .81072
.8 1 OSS

.59506 .59529 .59552 .59576 .59599 .59622 .59646 .59669 .59693 .59716 .59739 .59763 .59786 .59809 .59832 .59856 .59879 .59902 .59926 .59949
.59972 .59995 .60019 .60042 .60065 .60089 .60112 .60135 .60158 .60182

.80368 .80351 .80334 .80316 .80299 .80282 .80264 .80247 .80230 .80212
.80195 .80178 .80160 .80143 .80125 .80108 .80091 .80073 .80056 .80038
.80021 .80003 .79986 .79968

.60899 .60922 .60945 .60968 .60991 .61015 .61038 .61061 .61084 .61107

.77U4
.77125 .77107 .77088 .77070 .77051 .77033 .77014 .76996 .76977

.62342 .62365 .62388 .62411 .62433 .62456 .62479 .62502 .62524 .62547 .62570 .62592 .62615 .62638 .62660 .62683 .62706
.62728 .62751 .62774 .62796 .62819 .62842 .62864 .62887 .62909 .62932

20
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
II

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

50
51

.58330 .58354 .58378 .58401 .58425 .58449 .58472 .58496 58519 .58543
.58567 .58590 .58614 .58637 .38661 .58684 .58708 .58731 .58755 .58779

.61130 .61153 .61176 .61199 .61222 .61245 .61268 .61291 .61314 .61337
.61360 .61383 .61406 .61429
.61451 .61474 .61497 .61520 .61543 .61566

.79140 .79122 .79105 .79087 .79069 7905 .79033 .79016 .78098 .78980 .78962 .78944 .78926 .78908 .78891 .78873 78855 .78837 .78819 .78801

.77988 .77970 .77952 .77934 .77916 .77897

.77879 .77861 .77843 .77824 .77806 .77788 .77769 77751 77733 77715

76959 .76940 .76921 .76903 .76884 .76866 .76847 .76828 .76810 .76791
.76772 .76754 .76735 .76717 .76698 .76679 .76661 .76642 .76623 .76604

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

6o

.81038 .81021 .81004 .80087 .80970 .80953 .80936 .80919 .80902

9 8
7

79951
79934 .79916 .79899 .79881 .79864

6 5 4 3 2
I

Cosine
/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

5<f

5:i

5;2

53[

5<3

308

Browx & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL SINES AND COSINES

/

40
Sine
.64279 .64301 .64323 .64346 .64368 .64390 .64412 .64435 .64457 .64479 .64501
.64524 .64546 .64568 .64590 .64612 .64635 .64657 .64679 .64701 .64723

4i
Sine
.65606 .65628 .65650 .65672 .65694 .65716 .65738 .65759 .65781 .65803 .65825
.65847 .65869 .65891 .65913 .65935 .65956 .65978 .66000 .66022 .66044 .66066 .66088 .66109 .66131 .66153 .66175 .66197 .66218 .66240 .66262
.66284 .66306 .66327 .66349 .66371 .66393 .66414 .66436 .66458 .66480
.66501 .66523 .66545 .66566 .66588

42
Sine
.66913 .66935 .66956 .66978 .66999 .67021 .67043 .67064 .67086 .67107 .67129
.67151 .67172 .67194 .67215 .67237 .67258 .67280 .67301 .67323 .67344

43
Sine
.68200 .68221 .68242 .68264 .68285 .68306 .68327 .68349 .68370 .68391 .68412
.68434 .68455 .68476 .68497 .68518 .68539 .68561 .68582 .68603 .68624

44
Sine
.69466 .69487 .69508 .69529 .69549 69570 69591 .69612 .69633 .69654 .69675
.69696 .69717 .69737 .69758 .69779 .69800 .69821 .69842 .69862 .69883
.69904 .69925 .69946 .69966 .69987 .70008 .70029 .70049 .70070 .70091

Cosine
.76604 .76586 .76567 .76548 .76530 .76511 .76492 .76473 .7645s 76436 .76417

Cosine
75471 75452 75433

Cosine
.743M
.74295 .74276 .74256 .74237 .74217 .74108 .74178 .74159 74139 .74120 .74100 .74080 .74061 .74041 .74022 .74002 .73083 .73963 .73944 .73924
73904 .73885 .7386s .73846 .73826 .73806 .73787 .73767 73747 .73728

Cosine
.73135 .73116 .73096 .73076 .73056 73036 .73016 .72996 .72976 .72957 .72937
.72917 .72897 .72877 .72857 .72837 .72817 .72797 .72777 .72757 72737 .72717 .72697 .72677 .72657 .72637 .72617 .72597 .72577 .72557 .72-37 .72517 72497 .72477 .72457 .72437 .72417 .72397 .72377 .72357 .72337

Cosine
71934 .71914 .71894 .71873 .71853 .71833 .71813 71792 .71772 .71752 .71732

2 3 4
5

60 59 58
57

.754U
.75395 75375 .75356 75337 .753i8 .75299 .75280
.7S26i .75241 .75222 .75203 .75184 75165 .75146 .75126 .75107 .75088

56 55
54 53 52
51

6
7

8 9
10
ii

50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41

12 13 14 IS 16

n
18

19 20
21

.76398 .76380 .76361 .76342 .76323 .76304 .76286 .76267 .76248 .76229

.717"
.71691 .71671 .71650 .71630 .71610 .71590 .71569 .71549 .71529

40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
31

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

.64746 .64768 .64790 .64812 .64834 .64856 .64878 .64901 .64923 .64945
.64967 .64989 .65011 .65033 .65055 .65077 .65100 .65122 .65144 .65166

.76210 .76192 .76173 .76154 .76135 .76116 .76097 .76078 .76059 .76041
.76022 .76003 .75984 .75965 .75946 .75927 .75908 .75889 .75870 .75851

.75069 .75050 .75030 .75011 .74992 74973 74953 74934 .74915 .74896 .74876 .74857 .74838 .74818 74799 .74780 .74760
.74741 .74722 74703

.67366 .67387 .67409 .67430 .67452 .67473 .67495 .67516 .67538 .67559

.68645 .68666 .68688 .68709 .6S730 .68751 .6S772

ss
.68835
.68857 .68878 .68899 .68920 .68941 .68962 .68983 .69004 .69025 .69046
.69067 .69088 .69109 .69130 .69151 .69172 .69193 .69214 .69235 .69256

.71508 .71488 .71468 .71447 .71427 .71407 .71386 .71366 .71345 .71325 .71305 .71284 .71264 .71243 .71223 .71203 .71182 .71162 .71141 .71121

30

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

.67S80 .67602 .67623 .67645 .67666 .67688 .67709 .67730 .67752 -67773
.67795 .67816 .67837 .67859 .67880 .67901 .67923 .67944 .67965 .67987

.73708 .73688 .73669 .73649 .73629 .73610 .73590 73570 73551 73531

.70112 .70132 .70153 .70174 .70195 .70215 .70236 .70257 .70277 .70298

29 28 27 26 25
24 23 22
21

20
19 18
17 16 15 14 13 12
II

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

.65188 .65210 .65232 .65254 .65276 .65298 .65320 .65342 .65364 .65386 .65408 .65430 .65452 .65474 .65496 .65518 .65540 .65562 .65584 .65606

.75832 .75813 75794 75775 .75756 .75738 .75719 75700 .75680 .75661
.75642 .75623 .75604 .75585 .75566 75547 .75528 .75509 .75490 75471

66610
.66632 .66653 .66675 .66697 .66718 .66740 .66762 .66783 .66805 .66827 .66848 .66870 .66891 .66913

.74683 .74664 .74644 .74625 .74606 .74586 .74567 .74548 .74528 74509

735"
73491 .73472 73452 .73432 73413 73393 73373 73353 -73333

.72317 .72297 72277 722S7 .72236 .72216 .72196 .72176 .72156 .72136
.72116 .72095 .72075 .72055 .72035 .72015 .71995 .71974 71954 .71934

.70319 .70339 .70360 .70381 .70401 .70422 .70443 .70463 .70484 .70505 .70525 .70546 .70567 .70587 .70608 .70628 .70649 .70670 .70690 .70711

.71100 .71080 .71059 .71039 .71019 .70998 .70978 .70957 .70937 .70916 .70896 .70875 .70855 .70834 .70813 .70793 .70772 .70752 .70731 .70711

10

52 53 54 55 56 57
58 59

60

.74489 .74470 .74451 74431 .74412 74392 .74373 74353 .74334 .74314

.68008 .68029 .68051 .68072 .68093 .68115 .68136 .68157 .68179 .68200

.73314 .73294 .73274 .73254 .73234 .73215 .73195 .73175 .73155 .73135

.69277 .69298 .69319 .69340 .69361 .69382 .69403 .69424 .69445 .69466

%
7

6
5

4 3 2
I

Cosine
/

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine
4;

Sine

Cosine

Sine

Cosine

Sine
/

4<>

4*1

4(>

.0 4!)

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

309

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

i
/

4
/

Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang
.00000 .00029 .00058 .00087 .00116 .00145 .00175 .00204 .00233 .00262 .00291
.00320 .00349 .00378 .00407 .00436 .00465 .00495 .00524 .00553 .00582
.00611 .00640 .00669

2 3 4
5

Infinite 3437-75 1718.87

"45.92
859.436 687.549 572.957 491.106 429.718 33i.97i 343-774
312.521 286.478 264.441 243.552 229.182 214.858 202.219 190.984 180.932 171.885

I
9
10
IX

.01746 .01775 .01804 .01833 .01862 .01891 .01920 .01049 .01978 .02007 .02036 .02066 .02095 .02124 .02153 .02182 .02211 .02240 .02269 .02298 .02328
.02357 .02386 .02415 .02444 .02473 .02502 .02531 .02560 .02589 .02^19

57.2900 56.3506 55.4415 54.5613 53.7086 52.8821 52.0807 s 1. 3032 50.5485 49.8IS7 49.1039
48.4121 47-7395 47.0853 46.4489 45.8294 45.2261 44-6386 44.0661 43.5081 42.9641

.03492 .03521 .03550 .03579 .03609 .05638 .03667 .03696 .03725 03754 .03783
.03812 .03842 .03871 .03900 .03929 .03958 .03987 .04016 .04046 .04075
.04104 .04133 .04162 .04191 .04220 .04250 .04279 .04308 .04337 .04366

28.6363 28.3994 28.1664 27.9372 27.7117 27.4899 27.2715 27.0566 26.8450 26.6367 26.4316

.05241 .05270 .05299 .05328 .05357 .05387 .05416 .05445 .05474 .05503 .05533

19.081 i8.9755 18.8711

18.7678 18.6656 18.5645 18.4645 18.3655 18.2677 18.1708 18.0750

.06993 .07022 .07051 .07080 .07110 .07139 .07168 .07197 .07227 .07256 .07285

14.3007 14.2411 14.1821 14.1235 14.0655 14.0079 13.9507 13.8940 13.8378 13.7821 13.7267

60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52
51

50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41

12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19

20
21

26.2296 26.0307 25.8348 25.6418 25.4517 25.2644 25.0798 24.8978 24.718s 24.5418
24.367s 24.1957 24.0263 23.8593 23.694S 23.5321 23.3718 23.2137 23.0577 22.9038

.05562 05591 .05620 .05649 .05678 .05708 .05737 .05766 .05795 .05824
.05854 .05883 .05912 .05941 .05970 .05999 .06029 .06058 .06087 .06116 .0614S .06175 .06204 .06233 .06262 .06291 .06321 .06350 .06379 .06408

17.0802 17.8863 17.7934 17.7015 17.6106 17.5205 17.4314 17.3432 17.2558 17.1693
17.0837 16.9990 16.9150 16.8319 16.7496 16.6681 16.5874 16.5075 16.4283 16.3499

.07314 07344 .07373 .07402 .07431 .07461 .07490 .07519 .07548 .07578

13.6719 13.6174 13.5634 13.5098 13.4566 13.4039 13-3515 13.2096 13.2480 13.1969
13.1461 13-0958 13.0458 12.9962 12.9469 12.8981 12.8496 12.8014 12.7536 12.7062

40 39 38
37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30

22
23 24 *5 26 27 28 29 30
3i

.00698 .00727 .00756 .00785 .00815 .00844 .00373

.C0902 .00931 .00960 .00989 .01018 .01047 .01076 .01105 .01135 .01164
.01193 .01222 .01251 .01280 .01309 .01338 .01367 .01396 .01425 .01455 .01484 .01513 .01542 .01571 .01600 .01629 .01658 .01687 .01716 .01746

163.700 156.259 149.465 143.237 137.507 X32.219 127.321 122.774 118.540 1x4.589

42.4335 41.9158 41.4106 40.9174 40.4358 39.9655 39.5059 39.0568 38.6177 38.1885
37.7686 37.3579 36.9560 36.5627 36.1776 35.8006 3S-43I3 3S.069S 34.7151 34.3678
34.0273 33.6935 33.3662 33.0452 32.7303 32.4213 32.1181 31.8205 31.5284 31.2416 30.9599 30.6833 30.4116 30.1446 29.8823 29.6245

.07607 .07636 .0766s .07695 .07724 .07753 .07782 .07812 .07841 .07870

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

xxo.892 107.426 104.171 101.107 98.2179 95.4895 92.9085 90.4633 88.1436 85.9398

.02648 .02677 .02706 .02735 .02764 .02793 .02822 .02851 .02881 .02910 .02939 .02968 .02997 .03026 .03055 .03084 .031x4 .03143 .03172 .03201
.03230 03259 .03288 .03317 .03346 .03376 .03405 .03434 .03463 .03492

.04395 .04424 .04454 .04483 .04512 .04541 .04570 .04599 .04628 .04658
.04687 .04716 .04745 .04774 .04803 .04833 .04862 .04891 .04920 .04949

22.7519 22.6020 22.4541 22.3081 22.1640

22.0217*

16.2722 16.1952 16.1190 16.043s 15.9687 15.8945

15.821

2I.88I3 21.7426 21.6056 21.4704

15.7483 15.6762 15.6048

1 5.

.07899 .07929 .07958 .07087 .08017 .08046 .08075 .08104 .08134 .08163 .08192 .08221 .08251 .08280 .08309 .08339 .08368 .08397 .08427 .08456
.08485 .08514 .08544 .08573 .08602 .08632 .08661 .08690 .08720 .08749

12.6591 12.6124 12.5660 12.5109 12.4742 12.4288 12.3838 12.3390 12.2946 12.2505

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

20

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO
51

83.8435 81.8470 79-9434 78.1263 76.3900 74.7292 73.1390 71.6151 70. 1 533 68.7501

21.3369 21.2049 21.0747 2O.9460 20.8l88 20.6932 2O.569I 20.4465 20.3253 20.2056
20.0872 19.9702 19.8546

.06437 .06467 .06496 .06525 .06554 .06584 .06613 .06642 .06671 .06700 .06730 .06759 .06788 .06817 .06847 .06876 .06905 .06934 .06963 .06993

5340

15.4638 15-3943 15.3254 15.2571 15.1893 15.1222 15.0557 14.9898 14.9244

12.2067 12.1632 12.1201 12.0772 12.0346

ix. 9923

\t
17 16 15 14 X3 12 II 10

11.9504 11.9087 11.8673 11.8262 11.7853 11.7448 11.7045 11.6645

11. 6248

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 6o

67.4019 66.1055 64.8580 63.6567 62.4992 61.3829 60.3058 59.2659 58.2612 S7-2900

29.37"
29.1220 28.8771 28.6363

.04978 .05007 .05037 .05066 .05095 .05124 .05153 .05182 .05212 .05241

14.8596 14-7954

9 8
7

147317
14.6685 14.6059 14.5438 14.4823 14.4212 14.3607 14.3007

197403
19.6273 19.5156 19.4051 19.2959 I9.I879 I9.08l I

6
5 4 3 2
I

11.5853

u.5461
11.5072 11.4685 1 1. 4301

Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang .Tang Cotang

f

Tang
1

8c>

88

8;7

8(5

8.5

310

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

/

5
Tans: Cotang
.08749 .08778 .08807 .08837 .08866 .08895 .08925 .08954 .08083 .09013 .0904a
.09071 .09101 .09130 .09159 .09189 .09218 .09247 .09277 .09306 .09335
1 1. 4301 11.3919 11.3540 II.3163 II.2789 II.2417 II.2048 II.1681 II.1316 11.0954 II.0594

6O

9
/

Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang

.10510 .10540 .10569 .10599 .10628 .10657 .10687 .10716 .10746 .10775 .10805
.10834 .10863 .10893 .10922 .10352 .10381 .11011 .11040 .11070 .11099

2 3

4 5 6

i
9
10
II

9.51436 9.48781 9.46141 9-43515 9.40904 9.38307 9.35724 9-33155 9.30509 9.28058 9.25530
9.23016 9.20516 9.18028 9.15554 9-13093 9.10646 9.0821 9.05789

.12278 .12308 .12338 .12367 .12397 .12426 .12456 .12485 .12515 .12544 .12574
.12603 .12633 .12662 .12692 .12722 .12751 .12781 .12810 .12840 .12869

8.14435 8.12481 8.10536 8.08600 8.06674 8.04756 8.02848 8.00948 7.99058 7.97176 7-95302
7-93438 7.91582 7.89734 7.87895 7.86064 7.84242 7.82428 7.80622 7.78825 7.77035
7.75254 7.73480 7.71715 7.69957 7.68208 7.66466 7.64732 7.63005 7.61287 7-59575

.14054 .14084 .14113 .14143 .14173 .1420a .14233 .14262 .14291 .14321 .14351
.14381 .14410 .14440 .14470 .14499 .14529 .14559 .14588 .14618 .14648

7.II537 7.10038 7.08546 7.07059 7.05579 7.04105 7.02637 7-01 1 74 6.99718 6.98268 6.96823

.15838 .15868 .15898 .15928 .15958 .15988 .16017 .16047 .16077 .16107 .16137
.16167 .16196 .16226 .16256 .16286 .16316 .16346 .16376 .16405 .16435

"

6.31375 6.30189 6.29007 6.27829 6.26655 6.25486 6.24321 6.23160 6.22003 6.20851 6.19703

60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52
51

50

12
13 14 15 16

17 iS 19

20
21

II.0237 IO.9882 10.9529 IO.9178 IO.8829 IO.8483 I0.8I39 10.7797 10.7457 IO.7119
IO.6783 IO.6450 IO.6118 10.5789 IO.5462 IO.5136 IO.4813 10.4491 IO.4172 IO.3854

903379
9.00983

6.95385 6.93952 6.92525 6.91 104 6.8968S 6.88278 6.86874 6.85475 6.84082 6.82694

6.18559 6.17419 6.16283 6.15151 6.14023 6.12899 6. 1 1 779 6.10664 6.09552 6.08444
6.07340 6.06240 6.05143 6.04051 6.02962 6.01878 6.00797 5-99720 S.08646 5-97576
5.96510 5-9S448 5-94390

49 48
47

46
45 44 43 42

41

40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
31

"

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

.09365 .09394 .09423 .09453 .09482 .09511 .09541 .09570 .09600 .09629 .09658 .09688 .09717 .09746 .09776 .09805 .09834 .09864 .09893 .09923 .09952 .09981 .10011 .10040 .10069 .10099 .10128 .10158 .10187 .10216
.10246 .10275 .10305 .10334 .10363 .10393 .10422 .10452 .10481 .10510

.III28 .11158 .11187 .11217 .11246 .11276 .11305

."335
.11364

."394
.11423 .11452 .11482

8.98598 8.96227 8.93867 8.91520 8.89185 8.86862 8.84551 8.82252 8.70964 8.77689
8.75425 8.73172 8.70931 8.68701 8.66482 8.64275 8.62078 8.59893 8.57718 8.55555

.12899 .12929 .12958 .12988 .13017 .13047 .13076 .13106 .13136 .13165
.13195 .13224 .13254 .13284 .13313 .13343 .13372 .13402 .13432 .13461
.13491 .13521 .13550 .13580 .13609 .13639 .13669 .13698 .13728 .13758

.14678 .14707 .14737 .14767 .14706 .14826 .14856 .14886 .14915 I494S .14975 .15005 .15034 .15064 .15094 .15124 .15153 .15183 .15213 .15243 .15272 .15302 .15332 .15362 .15391 .15421 .15451 .15481

6.81312 6.79936 6.78564 6.77199 6.75838 6.74483 6.73133 6.71789 6.70450

6.691 16

.16465 .16495 .16525 .16555 .16585 .16615 .16645 .16674 .16704 .16734 .16764 .16794 .16824 .16854 .16884 .16914 .16944 .16974 .17004 .17033
.17063 .17093 .17123 .17153 .17183 .17213 .17243 .17273 .17303 17333 .17363 .17393 .17423 .17453 .17483 .17513 .17543 .17573 .17603 .17633

30
39 38
27 26 35 34 33 22
21

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

10.3538 IO.3224 IO.2913 IO.2602 IO.2294 IO.1988 IO.1683 IO.1381 10.1080 IO.0780
IO.O483 IO.O187 9.98931 9.96007 9.93IOI 9.9021 9.87338 9.84482 9.81641 9.78817

.HSU
.11541

."570
.11600 .11629 .11659 .11688 .11718

7.57872 7.56176 7.54487 7.52806 7.5II32 7.49465 7.47806 7.46154 7-44509 7-42871

6.67787 6.66463 6.65144 6.63831 6.62523 6.61219 6.59921 6.58627 6.57339 6.5605S 6.54777 6.53503 6.52234 6.50970 6.49710 6.48456 6.47206 6.45061 6.44720 6.43484
6.42253 6.41026 6.39804 6.38587 6.37374 6.36165 6.34061 6.33761 6.32566 6.31375

593335
5.92283

591236 590191
5.89I5I 5.88114 5.87080
5.86051 5.85024 5.84001 5.82982 5.81966 5-809S3 5-79944 5.78938 5.77936 5.76937
5-75941 5-74949 5-73960 5-72974 5-71993 5.7IOI3 5.70037 5.69064 5.68094 5.67128

20
19 18 17 16 IS
14 13

42 43
44 45 46 47 48

."747 ."777
.11806 .11836 .11865 .1189S .11924

49 50
51

."954
.11983 .12013 .12042 .12072 .12101 .12131 .12160 .12190 .12219 .12249 .12278

8.53402 8.51259 8.49128 8.47007 8.44896 8.42795 8.40705 8.38625 8.36555 8.34406
8.32446 8.30406 8.28376 8.2635s 8.24345 8.22344 8.20352 8.18370 8.16398 8.14435

7.41240 7.30616 7-37999 7.36389 7.34786

733190
7.31600 7.30018 7.28442 7.26873 7.25310 7-23754 7.22204 7.20661 7-19125 7-17594 7.16071 7-14553 7.I3042 7-i 1537

12
II

.155"
.15540
.15570 .15600 .15630 .15660 .15689 .15719 .15749 .15779 .15809 .15838

10

976009
9.73217 9.70441 9.67680 9.64935 9.62205 9-59490 9.56791

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

954106 9.5M36

.13787 .13817 .13846 .13876 .13906 .13935 .13965 .13995 .14024 .14054

9 8
7

6
5

4 3 2
I

Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang

/

Tang
/

84\

8;$

8s

8i

80

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

311

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

10
/

I]

12

13

14
/

Tangr Cotang
.17633
I

Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang

.19438 .19468 .19498 .19529 19559 .19589 .19619 .19649 .19680 .19710 .19740

3 4 5 6
7

8 9
10
il

.17663 .17693 .17723 .17753 .17783 .17813 .17843 .17873 .17903 .17933
.17963 .17993 .18023 .18053 .18083 .18113 .18143 .18173 .18203 .18233 .18263 .18293 .18323 .18353 .18384 .18414 .18444 .18474 .18504 .18534 .18564 .18594 .18624 .18654 .18684 .18714 .18745 .18775 .18805 .18835

5.67128 5.66165 S.65205 5.64248 5.63295 5.62344 5.61397 5.60452 5-5951 5.58573 5.S7638

5.I445S 5.13658 5.12862 5.12069 5- 1 1 279 5.10490 5.09704 5.08921 5.08139 5.07360 5.06584 5.05809 5.05037 5.04267 5.03499 5-02734 5.0I97I 5.0I2IO 5.00451 4.99695 4.98040

.21256 .21286 .21316 .21347 .21377 .21408 .21438 .21469 .21499 .21529 .21560 .21590 .21621 .21651 .21682 .21712 .21743 .21773 .21804 .21834 .21864
.21895 .21925 .21956 .21986 .22017 .22047 .22078 .22108 .22139 .22169

4.70463 4.69791 4.69121 4.68452 4.67786 4.67121 4.66458 4.65797 4.65138 4.64480 4.63825
4.63171 4.62518 4.61868 4.61219 4.60572 4.59927 4.S9283 4.58641 4.58001 4.57363

.23087 .23117 .23148 .23179 .23209 .23240 .23271 .23301 .23332 .23363 .23393 .23424 .23455 .23485 .23516 .23547 .23578 .23608 .23639 .23670 .23700
.23731 .23762 .23793 .23823 .23854 .23885 .23916 .23946 .23977 .24008

4.33148 4.32573 4.32001 4.31430 4.30860 4.30291 4.29724 4.29159 4.28595 4.28032 4.27471
4.26911 4.26352 4.25795 4.25239 4.24685 4.24132 4.23580 4.23030 4.22481 4.21933

.24933 .24964 .24995 .25026 .25056 .25087 .25118 .25149 .25180 .25211 .25242

4.01078 4.00582 4.00086 3-99592 3.99099 3.98607 3.98II7 3.97627 3.97139

60 59 58
57

56
55 54 53 52
51

396651
3.96165 3.9S68o 3.9SI96 3.94713 3-94232 3-93751 3.93271

50

12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19

5.56706 5.55777 5.54851 5.53927 5.53007 S.52090

5.5"76
5.50264 5.49356 5-48451

20
21

.19770 .19801 .19831 .19861 .19891 .19921 .19952 .19982 .20012 .20042
.20073 .20103 .20133 .20164 .20194 .20224 .20254 .20285 .20315 .20345 .20376 .20406 .20436 .20466 .20497 .20527 .20557 .20588 .20618 .20648

.25273 .25304 .25335 .25366 .25397 .25428 .25459 .25490 .25521 .25552

49 48
47 46 45 44 43 42
41

392793 392316 391839

3.91364

40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
31

22 *3 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

5.47548 5.46648 5.45751 5.44857 5.43966 5.43077 5.42192 5.41309 5.40429 5.39552
5.38677 5.37805 5.36936 5.36070 5.35206 5-34345 5.33487 5.32631 5.31778

4.08188 4.97438 4.96690 4.95945 4.95201 4.94460 4.93721 4.92984 4.92249 4.91516 4.90785 4.90056 4.89330 4.88605 4.87882 4.87162 4.86444 4.85727 4.85013 4.84300 4.83590 4.82882 4.82175 4.81471 4.80769 4.80068 4.79370 4.78673 4.77978

4.56726 4.56091 4.55458 4.54826 4.54196 4-53568 4.52941 4.52316 4.51693 4.51071
4-50451 4.40832 4.49215 4.48600 4.47986 4-47374 4.46764 4.46155 4.45548 4.44942

4.21387 4.20842 4.20298 4.19756 4.I92I5 4.18675 4.l8i37 4.17600 4.17064 4.16530 4.15997 4.15465 4.14934 4-14405 4.13877 4.13350 4.12825 4.12301 4.11778 4.1 1256

.25583 .25614 25645 .25676 .25707 .25738 .25769 .25800 .25831 .25862 .25893 .25924 2595S .25986 .26017 .26048 .26079 .26110 .26141 .26172
.26203 .26235 .26266 .26297 .26328 .26359 .26390 .26421 .26452 .26483
.26515 .26546 .26577 .26608 .26639 .26670 .26701 .26733 .26764 .26795

3.90800 3.90417 3.89945 3-89474 3.89004 3-88536 3.88068 3.87601 3.87136 3.86671
3.86208 3-8S74S 3-85284 3.84824 3.84264 3.83006 3.83449 3.82992 3.82537 3.82083 3.81630 3.81177 3.80726 3.80276 3.79827 3.79378 3.78931 3.78485 3.78040 3-77595
3.77152 3.76709 3.76268 3.75828 3.75388 3-74950 3.74512 3.74075

30
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

530928
5.30080 5.29235 5.28393 5.27553

.22200 .22231 .22261 .22292 .22322 .22353 .22383 .22414 .22444 .22475
.22505 .22536 .22567 .22597 .22628 .22658 .22689 .22719 .22750 .22781
.22811 .22842 .22872 .22903 .22934 .22964 .22995 .23026 .23056 .23087

.24039 .24069 .24100 .24131 .24162 .24193 .24223 .24254 .24285 .24316
.24347 24377 .24408 24439 .24470 .24501 .24532 .24562 .24593 .24624
.24655 .24686 .24717 24747 .24778 .24809 .24840 .24871 .24902 .24933

20
19 18
17 16

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

.18865 .18895 .18925 .18955 .18986 .19016 .19046 .19076 .19106 .19136
.19166 .19197 .19227 .19257 .19287 .19317 .19347 .19378 .19408 .19438

526715
5.25880 5.25048 5.24218 5.23391 5.22566
5.21744 5.20925 5.20107 5.19293 5.18480 5-17671 5. 16863 5.16058 5.15256

.20679 .20709 .20739 .20770 .20800 .20830 .20861 .20891 .20921 .20952 .20982 .21013 .21043 .21073 .21104 .21134 .21164 .21195 .21225 .21256

4.44338 4-43735 4-43*34 4.42534 4.41936

4.10736 4.10216
4.09699-

441340 440745
4.40152

4.09182 4.08666 4.08152 4.07639

407127
4.06616 4.06107
4.05599 4.05092 4.04586 4.04081 4.03578 4.03076 4-02574 4.02074

15 14 13 12
II

477286
4.76595

439560 438969
4.38381 4-37793 4.37207

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

475906
4.75219 4-74534 4.73851 4.73170 4.72490 4.71813

9 8
7
-

436623
4.36040 4-35459 4.34879 4.34300 4.33723 4.33148

6
5 4 3 2
1

4.7"37
4.70463

40IS76
4.01078

373640
3.73205

60

5.U455

Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang

/

Tang
/

7<?

71

7 7:

76

7.5

312

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

15
/

16
Tang
.28675 .28706 .28738 .28769 .28800 .28832 .28864 .28895 .28927 .28958 .28990
.29021 .29053 .29084 .29116 .29147 .29179 .29210 .29242 .29274 .29305

17

18

19
/

Tan*
o
I

Cotangr
373205
3.72771 3.72338 3.71907

Cotangr
3.48741 3.48359

Tangr Cotangr Tangr Cotansr

30573 .30605 .30637 .30669 .30700 .30732 .30764 .30706 .30828 .30860 .30891

Tangr
.34433 .34465 .34498 34530 .34563 .34506 .34628 .34661 .34693 .34726 .34758
.34791 .34824 .34856 .34889 .34922 34954 .34987 .35020 .35052 .35085

Cotangr
2.90421 2.90147 2.89873 2.89600 2.89327 2.8905s 2.88783 2.88511 2.88240 2.87970 2.87700

J 4 5 6 7

8 9
10
ii

.26795 .26826 .26857 .26888 .26920 .26951 .26982 .27013 .27044 .27076 .27107

347977
3-47596 3.47216 3.46837 3.46458 3.46080 3-45703 3.45327 3.44951 3.44576 3.44202 3.43829 3.43456 3.43084 3.42713 3-42343 3.41973 3.41604 3.41236
3.40869 3.40502

3.2708s 3.2674s 3.26406 3.26067

371476
3.71046 3.70616 3.70188 3.69761 3.69335 3.68909 3.6848s 3.68061 3.67638 3.67217 3.66796 3.66376 3.65957 3.65538
3.65 1 21

325729
3.25392 3-25055 3.24719 3.24383

324049
3.23714
3.23381 3.23048 3.22715 3.22384 3.22053 3.21722 3.21392 3.21063 3.20734 3.20406

.32493 .32524 .32556 .32588 .32621 .32653 .32685 .32717 .32749 .32782 .32814 .32846 .32878

3.07768

60
59 5& 57 56
55 54 53 52 51

307464
3.07160 3.06857 3.06554 3.06252 3.05950 3.05649 3.05349 3.05049 3-04749

50 49 48 47 46 45
44

12 13

M
IS 16 17 18 19

20
21

.27138 .27169 .27201 .27232 .27263 .27294 .27326 .27357 .27388 .27419
.27451 .27482 .27513 .27545 .27576 .27607 .27638 .27670 .27701 .27732

.30923 .3095s .30987 .31019 .31051 .31083 .31115

.329"
.32943 .32975 .33007 .33040 .33072 .33104 .33136

.3"47 .3"78
.31210
.31242 .31274 .31306

3.64705 3.64289 3.63874 3.63461 3.63048 3.62636 3.62224 3.61814 3.61405 3.60996 3.60588
3.60181 3-59775 3.59370 3.58966 3.58562 3.58160 3.57758 3-57357 3.S69S7 3.56557

3.04450 3.04152 3.03854 3.03556 3.03260 3.02963 3.02667 3.02372 3.02077 3.01783
3.01489 3.01196 3.00903 3.00611 3.00319 3.00028 2.99738 2.99447 2.99158 2.98868

2.87430 2.87161 2.86892 2.86624 2.86356 2.86089 2.85822 2.8SSSS 2.85289 2.85023
2.84758 2.84494 2.84229 2.83065 2.83702 2.83439 2.83176 2.82914 2.82653 2.82391

43 42
41

40
39 38 37 36
35

22 23 24 25 26

2
29 30
31

.29337 .29368 .29400 .29432 .29463 29495 .29526 29558 2950O .29621 .29653 .29685 .29716 .29748 .29780 .29811 .29843 .2987S .29906 .29938

3.20079 3.19752

340136
3-3977 3.39406 3.30042 3.38679 3.38317 3-37955 3.37594

319426
3.19100 3.18775 3.18451 3.18127 3.17804 3.17481 3.I7IS9
3.16838 3.16517 3.16197 3.15877 3.15558 3.15240 3.14922 3.14605 3.14288 3.X3972 3.13656 3.13341 3.13027 3.12713 3.12400 3.12087

31338
.31370 .31402 .31434 .31466 .31498 .31530

.33x69 .33201 .33233 .33266 .33298 33330 .33363 33395 .33427 .33460 33493 .33524 33557 .33589 .33621 .33654 .33686 .337x8 .33751 .33783
.33816 .33848 .33881 .33913 33945 .33978 .34010 .34043 34075 .34108
.34140 34173 .34205 .34238 .34270 .34303 .34335 .34368 .34400 34433

.3S"8
.35150 .35183 .35216 .35248
.35281 3S3 1 .35346

34 33 32
31

.35379 35412
.35445 .35477 .35510 35543 .35576 .35608 .3S64I .35674 .35707 35740

30
39 28 37 26 25 24 23 22
21

32 33
34 35 36 37 38 39

40
41

.27764 .27795 .27826 .27858 .27889 .27921 .27952 .27083 .28015 .28046
.28077 .28109 .28140 .28172 .28203 .28234 .28266 .28297 .28329 .28360
.28391 .28423 .28454 .28486 .28517 .28549 .28580 .28612 .28643 .28675'

3.37234 3.36875 3.36516 3.36158 3.35800 3.35443 3.35087 3.34732 3.34377 3.34023

.31562 .3X594 .31626 .31658 .31690 .31722 .31754 .31786 .31818 .31850 .31882 .31914 .31946 .31978 .32010 .32042 .32074 .32106 .32139 .32171
.32203 .32235 .32267 .32299 .32331 .32363 .32396 .32428 .32460 .32492

2.98580 2.^8292 2.9S004 2.97717 2.97430 2.97144 2.96858 2.96573 2.96283 2.96004
2.95721 2.95437 2.95155 2.94872 2.94591 2.94309 2.94028 2.93748 2.93468 2.93189

2.82130 2.81870 2.81610 2.81350 2.81091 2.80833 2.80574 2.80316 2.80059 2.79802
2.79545 2.79289 2.79033 2.78778 2.78523 2.78269 2.78014 2.77761 2.77507 2.77254

20
19 18 17 16
IS 14 13 12
II

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

3.56159 3.5S76I 3.55364 3.54968 3-54573 3-54179 3.53785 3-53393 3.53001 3.52609 3.S2219 3.51829

.29970 .30001 .30033 .30065 .30097 .30128 .30160 .30192 .30224 .30255
.30287 .30319 .30351 .30382 .30414 .30446 .30478 .30509 .30541 .30573

3.33670 3.33317 3-32965 3.32614 3.32264 3.31914 3-31565 3.31216 3.30868 3.30521
3.30174 3.29829 3.29483 3.29139 3.28795 3.28452 3.28109 3.27767 3.27426 3.27085

3.H775
3.1 1464

3.11153 3.10842

35772 .35805 .35838 .35871 35904 35937 .35969 .36002 .3603S .36068
.36101 .36134 .36167 .36109 .36232 .36265 .36298 .36331 .36364 .36397

10

52 S3 5455 56 57 58 59 60

3.5M4I
3.51053 3.50666 3.50279 3.49894 3.49509 3.49125 3.48741

3.10532 3.10223 3.09914 3.09606 3.09298 3.08991 3.08685 3.08379 3.08073 3.07768

2.92910 2.92632 2.92354 2.92076 2.91799 2.9IS23 2.91246 2.90971 2.90696 2.00421

2.77002 2.76750 2.76498 2.76247 2.75906 2.75746 2.75496 2.75246 2.74997 3.74748

9 8
7

6
5 4 3 2
I

Cotangr
/

Tang

Cotangr

Tang

Cotangr

Tangr Cotangr Tangr Cotangr

Tangr
/

74

73

72

7i

7<3

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

313

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

20
/

21
Tang
.38386 .38420 .38453 .38487 .38520 .38553 .38587 .38620 .38654 .38687 .38721
.38754 .38787 .38821 .38854 .38888 .38921 .38955 .38988 .39022 .39055

22

23

24
/

Tang
.36397 .36430 .36463 .36406 .36529 .36562 .36595 .36628 .36661 .36694 .36727

Cotansr
2.74748 2.74499 2.74251 2.74004 2.73756 2.73509 2.73263 2.73017 2.72771 2.72526 2.72281
2.72036 2.71792 2.71548 2.71305 2.71062 2.70819 2.70577 2.70335 2.70094 2.69853

Cotang:
2.60509 2.60283 2.60057 2.59831 2.59606 2.59381 2.59156 2.58932 2.58708 2.58484 2.58261
2.58038 2.57815 2.57593 2.S737I 2.57150 2.56928 2.56707 2.56487 2.56266 2.56046

Tansr Cotangr Tansr Cotansr

.40403 .40436 .40470 .40504 .40538 .40572 .40606 .40640 .40674 .40707 .40741

Tansr
.44523 .44558 .44593 .44627 .44662 .44697 .44732 .44767 .44802 .44837 .44872
.44007 .44942 44977 .45012 .45047 .45082

Cotansr
2.24604 2.24428 2.24252 2.24077 2.23902 2.23727 2.23553 2.23378 2.23204 2.23030 2.22857

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ii

2.47509 2.47302 2.47095 2.46888 2.46682 2.46476 2.46270 2.46065 2.45860 2.45655 2.4S4SI
2.45246 2.45043 2.44839 2.44636 2.44433 2.44230 2.44027 2.43825 2.43623 2.43422

.42447 .42482 .42516 .42551 .42585 .42619 .42654 .42688 .42722 .42757 .42791
.42826 .42860 .42894 .42929 .42963 .42998 .43032 .43067 .43101 .43136

2.35585 2.35395 2.3520s 2.35015 2.34825 2.34636 2.34447 2.34258 2.34069 2.33881 2.33693 2.3350s 2.33317 2.33130 2.32943 2.32756 2.32570 2.32383 2.32197 2.32012 2.31826
2.31641 2.31456 2.31271 2.31086 2.30902 2.30718 2.30534 2.30351 2.30167 2.29984 2.29801 2.29619 2.29437 2.29254 2.29073 2.28891 2.28710 2.23528 2.28348 2.28167

60 59 58
57 56 55 54 53 52
51

50

12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19

2"
21

.36760 .36793 .36826 .36859 .36892 .36925 .36958 .36991 .37024 .37057

.40775 .40809 .40843 .40877 .40911 .40945 .40979 .41013 .41047 .41081

.45U7
.45152 .45187 .45222
.45257 .45292 .45327 .45362 .45397 45432 .45467 .45502 .45538 .45573

2.22683 2.22510 2.22337 2.22164 2.21992 2.21819 2.21647 2.21475 2.21304

2.21 132'

49 48 47 46
45 44 43 42
41

40 39 38 37 36
35 34 33 32 31 30

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

.37090 .37123 .37157 .37190 .37223 .37256 .37289 .37322 .37355 .37388
37423 37455 .37488
37521 37554 .37588 .37621 .37654 .37687

2.69612 2.69371
2.691 3

2.68892 2.68653 2.68414 2.68175 2.67937 2.67700 2.67462 2.67225 2.66989 2.66752 2.66516 2.66281 2.66046 2.6581 2.65576 2.65342 2.65109
2.64875 2.64642 2.64410 2.64177 2.63945 2.63714 2.63483 2.63252 2.63021 2.62791
2.62561 2.62332 2.62103 2.61874 2.61646 2.61418 2.61 190 2.60963 2.60736 2.60509

.39089 .39122 .39156 .39190 .39223 .39257 .39290 .39324 .39357 .39391
.39425 .39458 .39492 .39526 39559 .39593 .39626 .39660 .39694 .39727
.3976i

2.55827 2.55608 2.55389 2.55170 2.54952 2.54734 2.S45I6 2.54299 2.54082 2.53865
2.53648 2.53432 2.53217 2.53001 2.52786 2.52571 2.52357 2.52142 2.51929 2.5I7I5

.4i"5
.41149 .41183 .41217 .41251 .41285 .41319 .41353 .41387 .41421
.41455 .41490 .41524 .41558 .41592 .41626 .41660 .41694 .41728 .41763

2.43220 2.43019 2.42819 2.42618 2.42418 2.42218 2.42019 2.41819 2.41620 2.41421
2.41223 2.41025 2.40827 2.40629 2.40432 2.40235 2.40038 2.39841 2.39645 2.39449 2.39253 2.39058 2.38863 2.38668 2.38473 2.38279 2.38084 2.37891 2.37697 2.37504
2.3731 2.371 18 2.36925 2.36733 2.36541 2.36349 2.36158 2.35967 2.35776 2.35585

.43170 .43205 .43230 .43274 .43308 .43343 .43378 .43412 .43447 .434Bl
.43516 .43550 .43585 .43620 .43654 .43689 .43724 .43758 43793 .43828

2.20961 2.20790 2.20619 2.20449 2.20278 2.20108 2.19938 2.19769 2.19599 2.19430
2.19261 2.19092 2.18923 2.18755 2.18587 2. 184 19 2. 1825 2.18084 2.I79I6 2.17749

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

.37720
.37754 .37787 .37820 .37853 .37887 .37920 37953 .37986 .38020 .38053

.45608 .45643 .45678 .45713 .45748 .45784 .45819 .45854 .45889 .45924 .45960 45995 .46030 .46065 .46101 .46136 .46171 .46206 .46242 .46277

2
27 26 25 24 23 22
21

20
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
11

42 43 44 45 46 47 48

49 50
51

39795 .39829 .39862 .39896 .39930 .39963 .39997 .40031 .40065

2.51502 2.51289 2.51076 2.50864 2.50652 2.50440 2.50229 2.50018 2.49807 2.49597

.41797 .41831 .41865 .41809 .41933 .41968 .42002 .42036 .42070 .42105 .42139 .42173 .42207 .42242 .42276 .42310 .42345 .42379 .42413 .42447

.43862 .43897 .43932 .43966 .44001 .44036 .44071 .44105 .44140 .44175
.44210 .44244 .44279 .44314 .44349 .44384 .44418 .44453 .44488 .44523

2.27987 2.27806 2.276^6 2.27447 2.27267 2.27088 2.26909 2.26730 2.26552 2.26374

2.I7S82 2.I74I6 2.17249 2.I7083 2.I69I7 2.I675I 2.1658S 2.16420 2.I62S5 2.l6090
2.15925 2.15760 2.I5S96 2.15432 2.15268 2.I5I04 2.14940 2.14777 2.I46I4 2.I445I

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

.38086 .38120 .38153 .38186 .36220 .38253 .38286 .38320 .38353 .38386

.40098 .40132 .40166 .40200 .40234 .40267 .40301 .40335 .40369 .40403

2.49386 2.49177 2.48967 2.48758 2.48549 2.48340 2.48132 2.47924 2.47716 2.47509

2.26196 2.26018 2.25840 2.25663 2.25486 2.25309 2.25132 2.24956 2.24780 2.24604

.46312 .46348 .46383 .46418 .46454 .46489 .46525 .46560 .46595 .46631

9 8
7

6
5 4 3 2
I

Cotansr
/

Tang

Cotansr

Tansr Cotansr Tansr Cotansr Tansr Cotansr

'

Tansr
/

6<)

6*1

6;

66

6 5

1 I

1 I 1

3 5 1

314

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

25
/

26

27

28

29
/

Tang Cotang Tang: Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang
.46631 .46666 .46702 .46737 .46772 .463o8 .46843 .46879 .46914 .46950 .46985 .47021 .47056 .47092 .47128 .47163 .47199 .47234 .47270 .47305 .47341

a 3 4 5

2.14451 2.14288 2.14125 2.13963

2. 1 380

6
7

8 9
10
ii

2.13639 2.13477 2.13316 2.13154 2.12993 2.12832

2.12671 2.12511 2.12350 2.12190 2.12030 2.11871 2.11711 2. 1 1 552 2.11392 2. 1 1 233

.48773 .48809 .48845 .48881 .48917 .48953 .48989 .49026 .4906a .49098 .49134 .49170 .49206 .49242 .49278 .49315 .49351 .49387 .49423 49459 .49495 .49532 .49568 .49604 .49640 .49677 .49713 .49749 .49786 .49822 .49358
.40894 .49931 .49967 .50004 .50040 .50076 .50113 .50149 .50185 .50222 .50258 .50295 .50331 .50368 .50404 .50441 .50477 .50514 .50550 .50587
.50623 .50660 .50696 .50733 .50769 .50806 .50843 .50879 .50916 .50953

2.05030 2.04879 2.04728 2.04577 2.04426 2.04276 2.04125 2.03975 2.03825 2.03675 2.03526
2.03376 2.03227 2.03078 2.02929 2.02780 2.02631 2.02483 2.02335 2.02187 2.02039
2.01891 2.01743 2.01596 2.01449 2.01302 2.01 155 2.01008 2.00862 2.00715 2.00569

.50953 .50989 .51026 .51063 .51099 .51136

.5"73
.51209 .51246 .51283 .51319 .51356 .51393 .51430 .51467 51503 .51540 .51577 .51614 .51651 .51688
.51724 .51761 .51708 .51835 .51872 .51909 .51946 .51983 .52020 .52057
.52094 .52131 .52168 .52205 .52242 .52279 .52316 .52353 .52390 .52427 .52464 .52501 .52538 .52575 .52613 .52650 .52687 .52724 .52761 .52708

1. 9626 1.96120 1.95979 1.95838 1.95698 1-95557 1.95417 1.95277 1.95137 1.94997 1.94858

.53171 .53208 .53246 .53283 53320 .53358 53395 .53432 53470 53507 .53545

1.88073
1. 8794

1.87809 1.87677 1.87546 1. 874 1 1.87283 1.87152

1. 87021 1. 86891

1.86760 1.86630 1.86499 1.86369 1.86239 1 .86109 1.85979 1.85850 1.85720

1. 8559

.55431 .55469 55507 55545 .55583 .55621 .55659 .55697 .55736 .55774 .55812

1.80405
1. 8028

1.80158 1.80034

60 59 58
57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50

1.799"
1.79788 1.79665 1-79542 I.794I9 1.79296 I.79I74
1. 70051

1.94718
1. 94579

12 13 14 IS 16

1.94440 1. 94301
1. 94162

n
18 19

20
21

1.94023 1.93885 1.93746 1.93608 1.93470

.53582 .53620 .53657 .53694 53732 .53769 .53807 .53844 .5388a 53920
53957 53995 .5403a .54070 .54107 .54145 .54183 .54220 .54258 .54296

1.85462 I.8S333 1.85204 1.8507S 1 .84946 1.84818 1.84689 1. 84561 1.84433 1.84305 1.84177 1.84049 1.83922 1.83794 1.83667 1.83540 1. 834 1 I.83286 1. 83 1 59 1.83033 1.82906
I.82780 1.82654 1.82528 1.82402 1.82276 1. 82 1 50 1.82025
1. 81899

.55850 .55888 .55926 .55964 .56003 .56041 .56079 .56117 .56156 .56194
.56232 .56270 .56309 .56347 .56385 .56424 .56462 .56501 .56539 .56577 .56616 .56654 .56693 .56731 .56769 .56808 .56846 .56885 .56923 .56962

1.78929 1.7S807 1.78685 1.78563 1. 7844 1.78319 1.78198 1.78077 1-77955

1.77834 1.77713 1.77592 I.7747I I.7735I 1.77230 1.77110 1.76990 1.76869 1.76749

49 48 47 46 45
44 43 42
41

40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
31

.47377

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

.474"
.47448 .47483 .47519 47555 .47590 .47626 .47663 .47698
47733 .47769 .47805 .47840 .47876

2.II075 2.I09I6 2.10758 2.IO60O 2.10442 2.10284 2.I0I26 2.O9969 2.O981 2.O9654

1.93332 1.93195 1.93057 1.92920 1.92782 1.9264s 1.92508 1. 9237 1.92235 1.92098
I. 91962 I. 91826

30 29 28
27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

.479"
.47948 .47984 .4^019 .48055
.48091 .48127 .48163 .48198 .48234 .48270 .48306 .48342 .433/8 .43414

2.09498 2.09341 2.O9184 2.09028 2.08872 2.08716 2.08560 2.08405 2.08250 2.08094
2.07939 2.0778s 2.O763O 2.07476 2.07321 2.07167 2.07014 2.O6860 2.06706 2.06553
2.O64O0 2.06247 2.06094 2.05942 2.O579O 2.05637 2.05485 2.05333 2.05182 2.05030

2.00423 2.00277 2.00131 1.99986 I.99841 1.09695 1.99550 1 .99406 1. 99261 1.99116

1.91690 1. 9 1 554 I.91418 I. 91 282 I.9II47 I.91012 I .90876 I. 9074

I.90607 I.90472 1.00337 I.90203 I.90069 1.89935
I. 8980

54333 54371 .54409 .54446 .54484 .54522 .54560 54597 .54635 .54673

1.76629
1. 76510

1.76300 1. 7627 1.76151 1.76032 I.759I3 1-75794 1.7567s I-7SS56

20
19 18 17 16
15 14 13 12
II

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

I.98972 1.98828 I.98684 I.98540 I.98396 1.98253 I.98110 1.97966 1.97823

I. 9768

547"
.54748 .54786 .54824 .54862 54900 .54938 54975 .55013 55051

.57000 .57039 .57078

1-75437
1. 75319

.S7"6
57155 .57193 -S72Z2 .57271 .57309 .57348

1.89667 1.89533 I.89400

I.8I774 1. 8 1 649
1. 81524
1. 8 1 399 1.81274 1.81150 1. 8 1025 1 .80901 1.80777 1.80653 1.80529 1 .80405

1.75200 1.75082 1.74064 1.74846 1.74728 1. 74610 1.74492 1-74375

I.742S7 1. 74 1 40 1.74022 1.7300S 1.73788 1.73671
1. 73555

10

52 K3 54 55

S6 57
58 59 6o

.48450 .48486 .43521 .48557 .43593 .48629 .48665 .48701 .48737 .48773

1.97538 1-97395 1.97253

1.97m
1.96969 1.96827 1.96685 1.96544 1.96402 1. 96261

.52836 .52873 .52910 .52947 .52985 .53022 .53059 .53096 .53134 .53171

I.89266 1.89133 I.89000 I.88867 1.88734 1. 886c 2 1.88469 1.88337 1.88205 1.88073

.55089 .55127 .55165 .55203 .55241 .55279 55317 55355 55393 55431

.57386 .57425 .57464 .57503 .57541 .57580 .57619 .57657 .57696 .57735

9 8
7

6
5

1.73438 1. 73321 1.73205

4 3 a
1

Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang

/

Tang
/
i

64

63

6:2

6]t

6(0

2 1

7 1

4 1

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

315

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

/

3 o

3 i

32

33

34
/

Tang
57735 57774 .57813 .57851 .57890 .57929 .57968 .58007 .58046 .58085 .58124

Cotangr
1.73205 1.73089 1.72973 1.72857 1.72741 1.72625 1.72509 1.72393 1.72278 1. 72163 1.72047
1. 71932

Tang: Cotang: Tangr Cotang: Tangr Cotang: Tangr

.60086 .60126 .60165 .60205 .60245 .60284 .60324 .60364 .60403 .60443 .60483

Cotangr
1.48256 1.48163 1.48070 1.47977 1.47885 1.47792 1.47699 1.47607 1-47514 1.47422 1.47330
1.47238 1.47146 1.47053 1.46962 1.46870 1.46778
1. 46686

2
3 4 5

6
7

8 9
10
ii

1.66428 1.66318 1.66209 1.66099 1.65990 1.65881 1.65772 1.65663 I.65S54 1.65445 1.65337 1.65228 1.65120 1. 6501 1.64903 1.64795 1.64687 1.64579 1. 6447 1.64363 1.64256
1. 64 1 48

.62487 .62527 .62568 .62608 .62649 .62689 .62730 .62770 .62811 .62852 .62892 .62933 .62973 .63014 .63055 .63095 .63136 .63177 .63217 .63258 .63299

1.60033 1.59930 1.50826 1.59723 1.59620 I.S95I7 1.59414 1. 593 11 I.59208 1.59105 I S0002

.64941 .64982 .65024 .65065 .65106 .65148 .65189 .65231

.65272 .65314 .65355

.65397 .65438 .65480 .65521 65563 .65604 .65646 .65688 .65729 .65771 .65813 .65854 .65896 .65938 .65980 .66021 .66063 .66105 .66147 .66189

1.53986 1.53888 1.53791 1.53693 1-53595 1.53497 1.53400 1.53302 1.53205 1. 53 107 1. 53010
1.52913 1.52816 1.52719 1.52622 1.52525 1.52429 1.52332 1.52235 1.52139 1.52043

.67451 .67493 .67536 .67578 .67620 .67663 .67705 .67748 .67790 .67832 .67875

60 59 58
57 56 55 54 53 52
51

50

12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

.58162 .58201 .58240 .58279 .58318 .58357 .58396 .5843S .58474 .58513
.58552 .58591 .58631 .58670 .58709 .58748 .S8787 .58826 .58865 .58005 .58944 .58083 .59022 .50061 59I0I

1.71817
1. 7 1 702

1.71588

I.7M73
1.71358
1. 71244

1.71129 1.71015 1. 70901

1.70787 1.70673 1.70560 1.70446 1.70332
1. 70219 1. 70106

.60522 .60562 .60602 .60642 .60681 .60721 .60761 .60801 .60841 .60881
.60921 .60960 .61000 .61040 .61080 .61120 .61160 .61200 .61240 .61280

I.58900 1.58797 1.58695 1.58593 1.58400 1.58388 I.58286 1. 58 1 84 1.58083 I.S7981

1.57879 1.57778 I.S7676 1.57575 1.57474 1.57372 I.5727I 1.57170 1.57069 I.56969 1.56868 I.56767 1.56667 I.56566 1.56466 1.56366 1.56265 I.56165 I.56065 I.5S966 1.55866 1.55766 1.55666 1.55567 1.55467 1. 55368 1.55269 1.55170 1. 5507 1.54972
1.54873 1.54774 1.54675 1.54576 1.54478 1-54379 1.54281 1.54183 1.54085 1.53986

.67917 .67960 .68002 .68045 .68088 .68130 .68173 .68215 .68258 .68301
.68343 .68386 .68429 .68471 .68514 .68557 .68600 .68642 .68685 .68728
.68771 .68814 .68857

49 43 47 46
45 44 43 42
41

1.46595 1.46503 1. 464 1

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32
31

21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

1.6404 1.63934 1.63826 1.63719

1. 636 1

1.69992 1.69879 1 .69766

1.69653 1. 6954 1.69428 1.69316 1 .69203 1. 69091 1.68979 1.68866 1.68754 1.68643
1. 68531

1.63505 1.63398 1 .63292 1.63185 1.63079 1.62972 1.62866 1.62760 1.62654 1.62548 1.62442 1.62336 1.62230 1. 62 1 25
1. 62019

.63340 .63380 .63421 .63462 .63503 .63544 .63584 .63625 .63666 .63707
.63748 .63789 .63830 .63871 .63912 .63953 .63994 .64035 .64076 .64117
.64158 .64199 .64240 .64281 .64322 .64363 .64404 .64446 .64487 .64528 .64569 .64610 .64652 .64693 .64734 .64775 .64817 .64858 .64899 .64941

1.51946 1.51850 1.51754 1.51658 1.51562 1. 5 1 466 1.51370 1.51275 1.51179 1. 5 1084
I.50988 I.50893 1.50797 I.50702 I.50607 1.50512 1. 504 1 1.50322 1.50228 I.50I33
1.50038 1.49944 1.49849 1.49755 1. 4966 1.49566 1.49472 1.49378 1.49284 1.49190
I.49097 I.49003 I.48909 I.48816 I.48722 I.48629 1.48536 1.48442 1.48349 I.48256

1.46320 1.46229 1.46137 1.46046 1. 45955 I.45864 1.45773 I.45682 1.45592 1. 4550

30
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22
21

32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39

.59U9
.59179 .59218 .59258 .59297

.61320 .61360 .61400 .61440 .61480 .61520

.61561 .61601 .61641 .61681

40
41

.66230 .66272 .66314 .66356 .66398 .66440 .66482 .66524 .66566 .66608
.66650 .66692 .66734 .66776 .66818 .66860 .66902 .66944 .66986 .67028
.67071 .67113 .6715s .67197 .67239 .67282 .67324 .67366 .67409 .67451

.68900
.68942 .68985 .69028 .69071
.691 14

.69157

I.454IO 1.45320 I.45229 I.45I39 1.45049 1.44958 I.44868 1.44778 I.44688 1.44598
1.44508 I.44418 1.44329 1.44239 1.44149 I.44060 1.439/0 1. 43881 1.43792 1.43703
I. 4361

20
19 18
17

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51

.59336 .59376 .59415 59454 59494 59533 59573 .59612 .59651 .59691
.59730 .59770 .59809 .59849 .59888 .59928 .59967 .60007 .60046 .60086

1.68419 1.68308
1. 68196

1.68085 1.67974 1.67863 1.67752

1. 6764

1.67530

.61721 .61761 .61801 .61842 .61882 .61922 .61962 .62003 .62043 .62083

1.61914
1. 61808 1. 61 703 1.61598 1.61493 1.61388 1. 61 283 1. 61 179

1. 61074

.69200 .69243 .69286 .69329 .69372 .69416 .69459 .69502 .69545 .69588
.69631 .69675 .69718 .69761 .69804 .69847 .69891 .69934 .69977 .70021

16 15 14 13 12
II

10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 6o

1.67419 1.67309 1.67198 1.67088 1.66978 1.66867 1.66757 1.66647 1.66538 1.66428

.62124 .62164 .62204 .62245 .62285 .62325 .62366 .62406 .62446 .62487

1.60970 1.6086s 1. 60761

1. 60657

1.60553 1.60449 1.60345 1. 6024 1.60137 1.60033

1.43525 1.43436 1.43347 1.43258 I. 43 1 69 I.43080 1.42092 I.42903 I.42815

9 8
7

6 5 4 3 2
I

Cot an* Tang Cotangr Tang- Cotang- Tangr Cotang- Tang: Cotangr
/

Tangr
/

5*)

s*s'

5;

5<)

.0
5.

5 4 1

7 1 1

316

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

/

35

36

37

38

39
Cotang
1.23490 1. 23416 1.23343 1.23270 1.23106 1.23123 1.23050 1.22977 1.22904 1. 2283 1.22758
1.22685
1. 22612

Tangr Cotang: Tang: Cotang

.70021 .70064 .70107 .70151 .70194 .70238 .70281 .70325 .70368 .70412 .70455
1. 4281

Tang Cotang Tangr

75355 75401 75447 75492 .75538 .75584 .75629 .75675 .75721 .75767 .75812

Cotang: Tangr
1.27994 1.27917 1. 27841 1.27764 1.27688 1. 2761 1.2753s 1.27458 1.27382 1.27306 1.27230 .80978 .81027 .8107s .81123 .81171 .81220 .81268 .81316 .81364 .81413 .81461 .81510 .81558 .81606 .8165s .81703 .81752 .81800 .81849 .81898 .81946
.81995 .82044 .82092 .82141 .82190 .82238 .82287 .82336 .82385 .82434 .82483 .82531 .82580 .82629 .82678 .82727 .82776 .82825 .82874 .82923

2
3 4 5 6
7

8 9
10
ii

1.42726 1.42638 1.42550 1.42462 1.42374 1.42286 1.42198 1 .42110 1.42022

1. 41934
1. 41847 1. 4 1 759

.72654 .72699 .72743 .72788 .72832 .72877 .72921 .72966 .73010 .73055 .73100

1.37638 1.37554 1.37470 1.37386 1.37302 1.37218 I.37I34 1.37050 1.36967 1.36883 1.36800

1.32704 1.32624 1.32544 1.32464 1.32384 1.32304 1.32224 1.32144 1.32064 1.31984
1. 31904
1. 31825

.78129 .78175 .78222 .78269 .78316 .78363 .78410 .78457 .78504 .78551 .78508
.78645 .78692 .78739 .78786 .78834 .78881 .78928 .78975 .79022 .79070

60

3
57 56 55 54 53 5a
51

50

12 13 14 IS 16 17 i3 19

20
21

.70499 .70542 .70586 .70629 .70673 .70717 .70760 .70804 .70848 .70891
.70935 .70979 .71023 .71066 .71110

I.41672 I. 4 1 584 I.4I497

1. 41409

1.41322 1. 4 1 235 I.41148 1 .41061

.73144 .73189 .73234 .73278 .73323 .73368 .73413 73457 .73502 73547

1.36716 1.36633 1.36549 1.36466 1.36383 1.36300 1.36217 1.36134 1. 3605 1.35968
1.35885 1.35802 I-3S7I9 1.35637 1.35554 1.35472 1.35389 1.35307 1.35224 1. 35 142

.75858 .75904 75950 .75996 .76042 .76088 .76134 .76180 .76226 .76272 .76318 .76364 .76410 .76456 .76502 .76548 .76594 .76640 .76686 .76733 .76779 .76825
.76871 .76918 .76964

1.31745
1. 31666

1.31586 1.31507 1.31427 1.31348 1.31269 1.31190 1 .31110

1. 3 103

1.27153 1.27077 1. 27001 1.2692s 1.26849 1.26774 1.26698 1.26622 1.26546 1. 2647 1.26395 1.26319 1.26244 1.26169 1.26093
1. 26018

1.22539 1.22467 1.22394 1. 2232 1.22249 1. 22176 1. 22104 1. 22031

1. 21959

49 48 47 46
45 44 43 42
41

40

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

1.40974 1.40887 1.40800

1. 40714

.73592 .73637
.73681 .73726 73771 .73816 .73861 .73906 .73951 .73996 .74041 .74086 .74131 .74176 .74221 .74267 .74312 74357 .74402 74447

.79"7
.79164 .79212 .79259 .79306 79354 .79401 79449 .79496 79544
79591 .79639 .79686 79734 .79781

1.30952 1.30873 1.30795

1. 30716

.7"54
.71198 .71242 .71285 .71329 .71373 .71417 .71461 .71505 .71549 .71593 .71637 .71681 .71725 .71769 .71813 .71857 .71901 .71946 .71990 .72034 .72078 .72122 .72167 .72211

I.40627 1.40540 1.40454 I.40367

1. 4028
1. 40195

1.30637 1.30558 1 .30480

1. 3040

1.30323
1.30244
1. 30166

1.25943 1.25867 1.25792 1.25717

1.21886 1.21814 1.21742 1.21670 1.21598 1.21526 1. 21454 1.21382 1.21310

1. 21 238

3
37 36 35 34 33 32
31

30
29 28 27 26 25 24
23

I. 40109

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

I.40022 1.39936 1.39850 1.39764 1.39679 1.39593 1.39507 1. 39421 1.39336

I.392S0
1. 39165

1.35060 1.34978 1.34896 1. 34814 1.34732 1.34650 1.34568 1.34487 1.34405 1.34323
1.34242
1. 34160

.77010 .77057 .77103 .77149 .77196 .77242 .77289 77335 .77382 .77428 77475
77521 .77568 .77615 .77661

1.30087 1.30009 1.29931 1.29853 1.29775 1.29696 1.29618 1. 2954

1.29463 1.29385 1.29307 1.29229 1.29152 1.29074 1.28997
1. 28919

1.25642 1.25567 1.25492

1.254 1

1.21166
1. 21094

1. 21023

.79829 .79877 .79924 .79972 .80020

.80067 .80115 .80163 .80211 .80258 .80306 .80354 .80402 .80450 .80498

1.25343 I.25268 I.25I93 1.25113 I.25044 1.24069

I.2489S 1.24820 1.24746 1.24672 1.24597 1.24523 1.24449 1.24375 1. 24301 I.24227 I.24I53 1.24079 1.24005 1. 2393 1.23858 I.23784 I.2371O 1.23637 I.23563 1.23490

1.20951 1.20879 1.20808 1.20736 1.20665 1.20593

22
21

20

42 43 44 45 45 47 48 49 50
51

1.39079 1.38994 1.38909 1.38324 1.38738 1.38653 I.38S63 1.38484

.74492 .74538 .74583 .74628 .74674 .74719 .74764 .74810 .74855 .74900 .74946 .74991 .75037 .75082 .75128 .75173 .75219 .75264 .75310 .75355

1.34079 1.33098
1. 339i6

1.33835 1.33754 1.33673 1.33592

1.3351

1.28842 1.28764

.8297a .83022 .83071 .83120 .83169 .83218 .83268 .83317 .83366 .83415
.83465 .83514 .83564 .83613 .83662

1.20522 1. 20451 1.20379 1.20308 1.20237 1. 20166 1.2009s 1.20024 1.19953 1. 19882
1.1981X
1. 19740

*
17 16 15 14 13 12 II 10

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

6o

.72255 .72299 .72344 .72388 .72432 .72477 .72521 .72565 .72610 .72654

1.38309 1. 383 1 I.38229 I.38I45 I.38060 1.37976 I. 37891 1.37807 1.37722 1.37638

1.33430 1.33349 1.33263 1. 33i87 I.33I07 1.33026 1.32046 1.32865 1.32785 1.32704

.777o8 77754 .77801 .77848 .77895 77941 .77988 .78035 .78082 .78129

1.28687
1.

28610

1.28533 1.28456 1.28379 1.28302 1.28225 1.28148 1.28071 1.27994

.80546 .80594 .80642 .80690 .80738 .80786 .80834 .80882 .80930 .80978

9 8
7

.837"
.83761 .83811 .83860 .83910

1.19669 X. 19599 I.19528 I. 19457 I. 19387 1.19316 I. 19246 I.19I75

6
5 4 3 2
1

Cotang Tang: Cotang: Tang- Cotans: Tang- Cotang: Tangr Cotang Tangr
/ /

5'

5;5

5-2

5<3

5 3 7 1

3 4 2

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

317

NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS

40
;

42

43

44

Tansr Cotang
.83910 .83960 .84009 .84059 .84108 .84158 .84208 .84258 .84307 .84357 .84407
.84457 .84507 .84556 .84606 .84656 .84706 .84756 .84806 .84856 .84906

Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang

.86929 .86980 .87031 .87082 .87133 .87184 .87236 .87287 .87338 .87389 .87441
1. 15037

a 3 4 5 6

I 9 10
ii

1.19175 1.19105 1. 19035 1. 18964 1.18894 1. 18824 1. 18754 1. 18684 1.18614 1. 18544 1.18474
1. 1 8404

14969 14902 1. 14834 1. 14767 1. 14699 1. 1 4632 1.14565 1. 14498 1. 14430 1. 14363
1. 1.

.90040 .90093 .90146 .90199 .90251 .90304 .90357 .90410 .90463 .90516 .90569
.90621 .90674 .90727 .90781 .90834 .90887 .90940 .90993 .91046 .91009

1.11061
1.

10996

1.10931
1. 10867
1. 10802
1. 10737

1. 1 0672

1. 10607 1. 10543
1. 10478

1.10414
1. 10349

.93252 .93306 .93360 .93415 .93469 93S24 .93578 .93633 .93688 .93742 .93797
.93852 .93906 .9396i .94016 .94071 .94125 .94180 .94235 .94290 94345 .94400 9445S 94510 .94565 .94620 .94676 .94731 .94786 .94841 .94896

1.07237 1.07174 1.07112 1.07049 1.06987 1.06925 1.06862 1.06800 1.06738 1.06676 1 .06613
1.06551 1.06489 1.06427
j. 06365

.96569 .96625 .96681 .96738 .96794 .96850 .96907 .96963 .97020 .97076 .97133
.97189 .97246 97302 .97359 .97416 97472 .97529 .97586 .97643 97700 .97756 .97813 .97870 .97927 .97984 .98041 .98098 .0815s .98213 .98270 .08327 .98384 .98441 .98499 .98556 .98613 .98671 .98728 .98786 .98843
.98901 .08958 .99016 .99073 .99131 .99189 .99247 .99304 .99362 .99420

1.03553 1.03493 1.03433 1.03372 1. 033 1 1 .03252 1. 03 1 92 1. 03 1 32 1.03072 1. 0301 1.02952

60
59 53
57 56 55 54 53 52
51

50 49 48 47 46 45 44
43

12 13 14 IS 16 \l 19

1. 1 8334

20
21

18264 1.18194 1.18125 1. 18055 1.17986 1.17916 1. 1 7846 1. 17777

1.

.87492 .87543 .87595 .87646 .87698 .87749 .87801 .87852 .87904 .87955
.88007 .88059

1. 14296 1. 14229

1.10285
1. 1 0220

1.14162 1.14095 1. 1 4028 1.13961 1. 1 3894 1. 13828 1.13761 1. 13694

1. 13627

1.02892 1.02832 1.02772

1. 027 1

1.10156 1.10091 1. 10027 1.09963 1.09399 1.09334 1.09770 1.09706 1.09642 1.09578 1. 095 14 1.09450 1.09386 1 .09322 1.09258 1. 091 95 1.09131 1.09067 1.09003 1.08940 I.08876 1.08813 1.08749 I.08686 I.08622 I.085S9 1.08496

1.06303
1. 0624

1.02653
1. 02593

1.06179 1.06117 1.06056 1.05994

I.02533 1.02474
1. 024 1

42
41

I.02355
I.0229S 1.02236 1. 021 76 1 .02117 1.02057
1. 01098 1. 01939
1. 01879

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28
27 26 25 24 23 22
21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
3i

.84956 .85006 .85057 .85107 .85157 .85207 .85257 .85308 .85358 .85408
.85458 .85509 .85559 .85609 .85660 .85710 .85761 .85811 .85862 .85912

1.17708 1. 1 7638 1. 17569 1.17500 1. 1 7430 1.17361 1. 17292 1. 1 7223 1.17154 1.1708s 1.17016 1.16947
1. 16878

.9"53
.91206 .91259 .91313 .91366 .91419 .91473 .91526 .91580 .91633

.88no
.88162 .88214 .88265 .88317 .88369 .88421 .88473
.88524 .88576 .88628 .88680 .88732 .88784 .88836 .88888 .88940 .88992

1.13561 1.13494
1. 13428 1.13361 1.1329s
1. 1 3228

1.13162 1. 13096 1. 13029

1.12963 1. 1 2897 1. 1 2831 1. 1 2765 1. 12699 1. 1 2633 1.12567 1. 1 2501 1. 1 2435 1. 12369
1. 1 2303

1.05932 1.05870 1.05809 1.05747 1.05685 1.05624 1.05562 1.05501 1.05439 1.05378
1. 053 1

I. Ol820
1 .01761

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41

1.16809 1.16741 1. 16672 1. 16603 1. 16535

1. 1 6466

1.16398

.91687 .91740 .91794 .91847 .91901 .91955 .92008 .92062 .92116 .92170
.92224 .92277 .92331 .92385 .92439 .92493 .92547 .92601 .9265s .92709 .92763 .92817 .92872 .92926 .92980 .93034 .93088 .93143 .93197 .93252

94952 .95007 .95062

1. 01 702
1. 01642

1. 0525S
1. 05 194

9Su8
95173 .95229 .9S284 95340 95395 .95451
.95506 95562 .95618 .95673 .95729 .95785 .95841 .95897 95952 .96008 .96064 .96120 .96176 .96232 .96288 .96344 .96400 .96457 .96513 .06569

1.05133 1.05072
1. 05010

I.OIS83 i. 01 524
1. 01465 1. 01406

1.04949 1.04888 1.04827 1.04766

1. 0470S

I.OI347
1. 01 288

1. 01 229

1. 01 1 70

20
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
11

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Si

.85963 .86014 .86064 .86115 .86166 .86216 .86267 .86318 .86368 .86419 .86470 .86521 .86572 .86623 .86674 .86725 .86776 .86827 .86878 .86929

1.16329 1.16261 1.16192 1.16124 1. 16056 1.15987 1.15919 1.15851 1.15783 1.15715
1. 1 5647

.89045 .89097 .89149 .89201 .89253 .89306 .89358 .89410 .89463 .89515
.89567 .89620 .89672 .89725 .89777 .89830 .89883 .89935 .89988 .90040

1. 1

2238 1.12172 1.12106 1.12041

1.11909 1.11844 1.11778 1.11713

I.H975

I.08432 1.08369 1.08306 1.08243 1. 081 79 1.08116 1.08053 1.07990 1.07927 I.07864
1. 07801

1.04644 1.04583 1.04522

1. 0446 1. 04401

1.04340 1.04279 1.04218 1. 04 1 58

I.0III2 1. 01 053 1.00994 1.00935 I.O0876 I .OO818 1.00759 r.0070I 1.00642 I.OO583
1.00525 I.OO467 1 .00408 i.oq350 1. 00291 1.00233 1.00175 1. 001 16 1 .00058
1. 00000

10

1.1

52 53
54 55 56

1.15579 1.15511 1. 15443 1.15375 1.15308

1. 1 5240

%
59

1648 1.11582 1.11517 1.11452 1.11387 1.11321 1.11256

1.11191 1.11126 1.11061

1.07738 1.07676
1. 076 1

6o

1.15172 1. 15104 1. 1 5037

1.07550 I.07487 1.07425 1.07362 1.07299 1.07237

1.04097 1.04036 1.03976 1. 0391 1.0385S 1.03794 1.03734 1.03674 1. 0361 1.03553

.99478 .99536 99594 .99652 99710 .99/68 .99826 .99884 .99942

I. 00000

\
7

6
5 4 3 2
I

Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang Tang Cotang

/

Tang
/

49

4*1

4;

4<)

4.5

318

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX MOVEMENTS OF SPIRAL HEAD

FOR

LONGITUDINAL GRADUATING ON A MILLING MACHINE

Movement
of Table
(0

-J

U o c

Movement
or Table

z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 49 47 43
41

u -J o

0)

u o c
-J

Movement
or Table

u o c

Movement
or Table

-J

z
9
5

u o

(0

u o c

O
19

.0001275 .0001330 .0001454 .0001524 .0001603 .0001689 .0001894 .0002016 .0002155 .0002315 .0002551 .0002660 .0002717 .0002907 .0002976 .0003049 .0003125 .0003205 .0003289 .0003378 .0003472 .0003676 .0003788 .0003826 .0003906 .0003989 .0004032 .0004167 .0004310 .0004361 .0004573 .0004630 .0004808 .0005068 .0005102 .0005319 .0005435 .0005682 .0005814 .0005952 .0006048 .0006098 .0006250

39 37
33 31 29 27

2 2
1

49 47
23 43 21 41

2
1

2
1

2
1

20 39
19

2
1 1

37
18 17 33

2 3
1

49
16

3 2
1

47
31 15

2 3 3 2 3 3

4 4
.

29 43 41 27 39 37 49

47
23 33 43 21 31 41

2 3

4
2
3

4
2

20

.0006377 .0006410 .0006465 .0006579 .0006649 .0006757 .0006944 .0006944 .0007268 .0007353 .0007576 .0007622 .0007653 .0007813 .0007979 .0008012 .0008064 .0008152 .0008333 .0008446 .0008621 .0008721 .0008929 .0008929 .0009146 .0009259 .0009308 .0009375 .0009469 .0009616 .0009869 .0010081 .0010136 .0010174 .0010204 .0010417 .0010638 .0010671 .0010776 .0010869 .0011029 .0011218 .0011363

4
3 2
5

49 39 29
19

4
3 2 5 2

47 37 27
18 43
17

4
5 6
2

33 41

49
16

6 5

47 39
31

4
3 2 5

23
15

4 6
7 3

37 29 43 49
21 41

6 4 7
3 5

6
3 5

27 47 20 33 39
19 31

6 7
8 3

37 43 49
18

8
7 5

47
41

4
3 7

29 23
17

39 33

.0011479 .0011574 .0011628 .0011718 .0011824 .0011905 .0011968 .0012096 .0012195 .0012500 .0012500 .6012755 .0012820 .0012930 .0013081 .0013158 .0013257 .0013298 .0013513 .0013587 .0013722 .0013888 .0013888 .0014031 .0014113 .0014422 .0014535 .0014628 .0014706 .0014881 .0015086 .0015152 .0015202 .0015244 .0015306 .0015625 .0015625 .0015957 .0015989 .0016026 .0016128 .0016204 .0016303

49
27 43 16 37
21

8
3 7

4
9 6

47
31 41 20 15

8 4
3 10

8 6
9

49 39 29 43
19 33

4
7 10

8
5

47 37
23 41

9 6 4
11

27
18

49
31

9
10
11

4
5 7 8

39 43 47 17
21

9
10 12 5

29 33 37
41

49 20
16

4
12 11 10 8 7

47 43 39
31

27 23

.0016447 .0016581 .0016666 .0016768 .0016892 .0017045 .0017241 .0017288 .0017361 .0017442 .0017628 .0017857 .0017857 .0018144 .0018292 .0018382 .0018518 .0018581 .0018617 .001875 .0018896 .0018939 .0019021 .0019132 .0019231 .0019396 .0019532 .0019737 .0019818 .0019947 .0020161 .0020271 .002035 .0020485 .0020833 .0020833 .0020833 .0020833 .0020833 .0020833 .0021277 .0021342 .0021552

5 13

49
15 41 37 33 29

4
11

10

9 8
13 5 12 11

47
18

43 39
21

6
14

49
31 41 17 27 37

9
12 5

8
11

14

6
13 10

47 20
43 33 23 49 39 29
16 19 41

7 15 12

9
5

6
13 15

47
31

10
12 14 16 13 5 11

37 43 49 39
15 33 27 21 18

9
7

6
16 14 10

47
41

29

For method of using the above table see pages 183 and 184.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

319

INDEX MOVEMENTS OF SPIRAL HEAD

FOR

LONGITUDINAL GRADUATING ON A MILLING MACHINE

Movement
of Table
m u

u
mi

o c

Movement
of Table

z
17

o 49
23 43

u o

u o K

Movement
of Table

mi

o
21

u o

u mi o
c

Movement
of Table

mi

o
41

m u o

a o
K

o 49 27 37 47 20
15

.0021682 .0021738 .0021802 .0021875 .002196 .0022059 .0022176 .0022436 .0022607 .0022728 .0022866 .0022959 .0023027 .0023148 .0023257 .0023438 .0023649 .0023706 .0023809 .0023937 .0024038 .0024192 .0024235 .0024306 .002439 .0024455 .0024622 .002471 .00250 .00250 .0025266 .0025339 .0025463 .002551 .002564 .0025736 .0025862 .0025915 .0026164 .0026209 .0026316 .0026515 .0026596

8
15 7 13

20 37
17 31

6
11

14 17 12 15 18 7 10 16

39 47
33 41

49
19

27 43
16

6 14
11

37 29
21

8
18 15 12 19 7 16

47 39
31

49
18 41 23 33 43 20 15

9
13 17

8 6
19 15
11

20
16 7 12 17 18 13

47 37 27 49 39
17

29
41 43 31 19 33

8
14

20

47

.0026785 .0026785 .0027028 .0027174 .0027243 .0027344 .002744 .0027618 .0027777 .0027777 .0027925 .0028017 .002806 .0028125 .0028225 .0028409 .0028717 .0028846 .0028963 .002907 .0029167 .0029256 .0029337 .0029412 .0029605 .0029762 .002989 .0030094 .0030172 .0030241 .0030303 .0030406 .0030448 .0030488 .0030524 .0030586 .0030611 .003125 .003125 .003125 .0031889 .0031915 .0031978

9 21 16 10 17 7 18 19

49 37 23 39
16 41

43
18

8
12 21 13

22 9
14 15 17 18 19

27 47 29 49 20
31

20
7 22 23

33 37 39 41 43
15

47 49
17 19
21

8 9
10
11

13 14 15 16 18

19 20
21 23

24
9 10

8 25 24 22

23 27 29 31 33 37 39 41 43 47 49 18 20 16

49 47 43

.0032014 .003205 .0032095 .0032197 .0032257 .0032327 .0032408 .0032607 .0032738 .0032895 .0033088 .0033164 .0033245 .0033333 .0033431 .0033538 .0033654 .0033784 .0034091 .0034273 .0034375 .0034439 .0034482 .0034574 .0034722 .0034722 .0034885 .0035063 .0035156 .0035255 .0035325 .0035474 .0035714 .0035714 .0035904 .0035984 .0036186 .0036289 .0036339 .0036585 .0036637 .0036765 .0036858

21

20 19
17 16 15 14 12
11

39 37 33
31

29 27 23
21

10

9
26 25 8 23 22
21

19 17

49 47
15

43 41

20 18 17
11

39 37 33
31

27
16

26 10
15

20 49 29 47
18 27 43 41 16 39 23

24 23 9 22
13 21 12

37
21

28 27
19
11

49 47
33 19
31

18

25 24
17 10

43 41

29
17

23

39

.003699 .0037038 .0037163 .0037234 .003750 .003750 .0037793 .0037878 .0038043 .0038112 .0038195 .0038265 .0038305 .003846 .0038564 .0038692 .0038794 .0038853 .0039063 .0039246 .0039352 .0039475 .003954 .0039636 .0039773 .0039894 .0040064 .0040322 .0040443 .0040541 .0040625 .00407 .0040759 .0040817 .0040948 .004116 .0041223 .0041666 .0041666 .0041666 .0041666 .0041666 .0041666

29
16 22

28
12

9 26 20 14 25
11

43 33 23
41 18

30
19

49
31

24 29
13 18

39 47
21

23
10

29 37
16

27
17 12 31

43 27 19 49
41 33

26
21

30 25 20
11

47 39
31 17

24
13

28 15 32 19 27
31

37 20 43 23 49 29
41

22 14 18
12 10

47 33
21

27
18 15

26

39

For method of using the above table see pages 183 and 184.

320

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

INDEX MOVEMENTS OF SPIRAL HEAD

FOR

LONGITUDINAL GRADUATING ON A MILLING MACHINE

Movement
of Table
u

-J

O
oe

Movement
of

z
33 29 25
21

Table

u o

mi

o c

Movement
of Table
-1

mi

o
41

u o K

Movement
of Table

C0 -J

o
43 37 31 19 39 33 20 47 27
41

w o

-J

u o K

o 37 39 27
41

.0042091 .0042152 .0042232 .0042338 .0042553 .0042685 .0042765 .0042971 .0043104 .0043268 .0043368 .0043477 .0043562 .0043605 .004375 .0043883 .0043922 .004398 .0044119 .004421 .0044354 .0044643 .0044643 .0044871 .004506 .004514 .0045213 .0045259 .0045452 .004561 .0045732 .0045835 .004592 .0046055 .0046194 .0046296 .0046371 .0046473 .0046512 .0046543 .0046875 .0046875 .0047195

49 43 37
31

32 28
13
11

47
41 19 16

20 27 34 16
23

30
14 33 26 19
12

29 39 49 23 33 43 20 47 37 27
17 41 31 21

29 22
15

35 28
31 13

49 39 43
18

.0047256 .0047299 .0047349 .0047414 .004762 .0047796 .0047873 .0047968 .0048074 .0048384 .004847 .0048613 .0048613 .0048782 .0048912 .0048989 .0049202 .0049244 .0049345 .004942 .0049569 .0049677 .0049745
.005 .005

31

28 25
22 16 13 36 33 30

37
33 29 21 17

47 43 39
31

24 38
14 21

49
18

27
41 23

32 18 29 37 26
15

37 47
33 19 43 29 39 49 20
15

34
23 31

39
16 12 33 25

34
21

47 29
33 37 41 15

24 27 30
11

36
14 17

49
19 23 27 31 39 43 47 20 16

20 23 29 32 35
15 12

37

49

.0050308 .0050402 .0050532 .0050596 .0050676 .0050785 .0050876 .0050928 .0051022 .0051136 .0051281 .0051474 .0051627 .0051721 .005183 .0051861 .0052083 .0052296

41 31

38
17

47
21

30
13

37
16 43 27

35 22 40 27 32 14 19 24 34 39 15 41

49 33 39
17 23

29
41

47
18

49

.0052327 .0052365 .0052419 .0052635 .0052884 .005303 .0053125 .0053194 .0053242 .0053364 .0053572 .0053572 .0053781 .005388 .0054057 .005417 .0054348 .0054434 .0054486 .0054522 .005469 .0054848 .0054878 .0054924 .0055148 .0055238 .0055555 .0055555 .0055746 .0055852 .0055925 .0056035 .0056088 .0056123 .005625 .0056403 .005645 .0056546 .005669 .0056816 .0057065 .005718 .00574

36
31

26
16 33 28 17

40
23 35 42
18 37 25 32
13

49
21

43 29 37
15 23 31

20 27 34 41
14

39 47
16

43 36 29
15

49
41 33 17 43

38 24
16 33

27
18

42 17 26 35 44
18

37 47
19

29 39 49 20
41 31 21

.0057433 .0057692 .0057874 .0057927 .0058142 .0058187 .0058336 .0058466 .0058512 .0058599 .0058674 .005871 .0058825 .0059027 .0059122 .0059215 .0059294 .0059375 .0059455 .0059524 .0059598 .0059782 .0059841 .0059951 .0060188 .0060346 .006048 .0060607 .0060812 .0060898 .006098 .0061052 .0061171 .0061224 .00625

34 36 25 38 40 27
14

43 29
15 31

29 44
15

47
16

46
31

49 33
17 18 37 19 39 20 41
21

16 17 35 18 37 19

39 20
41 22

45 47 26 28 30 32 36 38 40 42 46 48

43 23 47 49 27 29
31 33

37 39 41 43 47 49
1

37 28 19 39 30
21 43

45

43 33 23 47 49

For method of using the above table see pages 183 and 184.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

321

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS

CIRCULAR PITCH
of
Depth

IN

FIRST

COLUMN

inch.

Space

or

on

Depth
Line.
Tooth.

of
Tooth.

of
End.
Thread-Tool

Top.

Line.

"i^"

per
Linear.
Thickness

of below
Width Pitch Whole

at
Width

$
P'

Threads

Teeth

1*
p
1.6755

Tooth Pitch
Working

of
Depth

of

at
Thread

i" p'
i

D"

.+/

D"+/

P'x.3005 P'X.3354

2 8 15

1.5708 1.0000 .6366 1.27C2 .7366 1.3732 .6190 .6707

.9375 .5968 1.1937 .6906 1.2874 .5803 .6288

If
14

4
7

1.7952
1.9333

.8750 .5570 1.1141 .6445 1.2016 .5416 .5869 .8125 .5173 1.0345 .5985 1.1158 .5029 .5450
.7500 .4775 .7187 .4576 .6875 .4377 .6666 .4244
.6562 .4178

14

8 13"
2 3
18 23

14
lfr

2.0944 2.1855 2.2848 2.3562 2.3936 2.5133

2.6456

.9549 .5525 1.0299 .4642 .5030

.9151 .5294

.9870 .4449 .4821

.9441 .4256

14 14 l*
14

8
11

.8754 .5064 .8488 .4910

.8356 .4834

.4611 .4471

JL
4
16 21

.9154 .4127

.9012 .4062 .4402

4 6
16

.6250 .3979
.5937 .3780 .5625 .3581 .5312 .3382

.7958 .4604 .7560 .4374

.7162 .4143

.8583 .3869 .4192 .8154 .3675 .3982

.7724 .3482

14 14 14
l

IT
8 9
16 17

2.7925

.3773

2.9568
3.1416

.6764 .3913 .6366 .3683 .5968 .3453

.7295 .3288 .3563

.5000 .3183
.4687 .2984

.6866 .3095 .3354

.6437 .2902

u
i

14
14 14 14 14 14 14 if
14-

3.3510
3.5904

.3144

.4375 .2785
.4062 .2586

.5570 .3223
.5173 .2993

.6007 .2708 .2934

#
4
3 4
11 18

3.8666

.5579 .2515 .2725

.5492 .2476 .2683

3.9270

.4000 .2546
.3750 .2387
.3437 .2189 .3333 .2122 .3125 .1989

.5092 .2946 .4775 .2762 .4377 .2532 .4244 .2455

.3979 .2301

4.1888 4.5696
4.7124
5.0265

.5150 .2321
.4720 .2128

.2515

.2306

8 3 5 8

.4577 .2063 .2236

.4291 .1934

.2096

3 5

5.2360 5.4978
5.5851

.3000 .1910
.2857 .1819 .2812 .1790

.3820 .2210 .3638 .2105

.3581 .2071

.4120 .1857 .2012

.3923 .1769 .1916

JL
7 9
18

14

14

.3862 .1741

.1886

322

Brown-

& Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTSContinued

CIRCULAR PITCH
of
IN

FIRST

COLUMN

or

inch

a
Linear.
Thickness

f
on
Line.

Space
LiDe.

3
of

p.

o
End.
Thread-Tool

fc" 1

per

to

o
"s

of

below
"Width

g%
p'
1

Threads

Jfi
Teeth

Tooth Pitch

Pitch

at

Depth

1
p
7

D"

+/

D'4-/.

PXKKS P'X.33S4

6.2832 .2500 .1592 .3183 .1842 .3433 .1547 .1677

4 9
7

21
2f

7.0685 .2222 .1415 .2830 .1637 .3052 .1376 .1490

16

7.1808 .2187 .1393 .2785 .1611 .3003 .1354 .1467 7.3304 .2143 .1364 .2728 .1578 .2942 .1326 .1437 7.8540 .2000 .1273 .2546 .1473 .2746 .1238 .1341 8.3776 .1875 .1194 .2387 .1381 .2575 .1161 .1258

S
7

2*
2f

8 5 8 8 4
11

2f 2f
3
Si-

8.6394 .1818 .1158 .2316 .1340 .2498 .1125 .1219

9.4248 .1666 .1061 .2122 .1228 .2289 .1032 .1118
10.0531 .1562 .0995 .1989 .1151 .2146 .0967 .1048 10.4719 .1500 .0955 .1910 .1105 .2060 .0928 .1006

T
6
16

8
10

Si

8 7
1

3i
4

10.9956 .1429 .0909 .1819 .1052 .1962 .0884 .0958

12.5664 .1250 .0796 .1591 .0921 .1716 .0774 .0838
14.1372 .1111 .0707 .1415 .0818 .1526 .0688 .0745

4 8
1

4i
5

5 8
16

15.7080 .1000 .0637 .1273 .0737 .1373 .0619 .0671 16.7552 .0937 .0597 .1194 .0690 .1287 .0580 .0629
17.2788 .0909 .0579 .1158 .0670 .1249 .0563 .0610

5f

8
11 1

5f
6

6 8
13
1

18.8496 .0833 .0531 .1061 .0614 .1144 .0516 .0559

20.4203 .0769 .0489 .0978 .0566 .1055 .0476 .0516
21.9911 .0714 .0455 .0910 .0526 .0981 .0442 .0479

6i
7

7 8
15

7i
8
9 10
16

23.5619 .0666 .0425 .0850 .0492 .0917 .0413 .0447

T
l

25.1327 .0625 .0398 .0796 .0460 .0858 .0387 .0419

28.2743 .0555 .0354 .0707 .0409 .0763 .0344 .0373

JL
10
1

81.4159 .0500 .0318 .0637 .0368 .0687 .0309 .0335

16
1

50.2655 .0312 .0199 .0398 .0230 .0429 .0193 .0210 62.8318 .0250 .0159 .0318 .0184 .0343 .0155 .0168

80

20

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

323

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTS

DIAMETRAL PITCH
IN

FIRST

COLUMN
Space

"o3

on

1Thickness

Line.

Line.

of
Tooth Pitch

.SPh

-Cu
of

J*
Depth

below

Pitch

1
P
P'
i

D"
4.0000
2.6666 2.0000
1.6000
1.3333 1.1429

+/.
2.3142
1.5428
1.1571
.9257 .7714 .6612 .5785 .5143

D"+/.
4.3142
2.8761 2.1571 1.7257
1.4381

H A
Z l

6.2832

3.1416
2.0944
1.5708 1.2566 1.0472
.8976 .7854
.6981

2.0000
1.3333

4.1888
3.1416
2.5133

1.0000
.8000 .6666 .5714

1M
1J4

2.0944
1.7952

1M
2

1.2326

1.5708
1.3963

.5000
.4444

1.0000
.8888
.8000
.7273

1.0785
.9587

2M 2M 2^
3

1.2566
1
.

.6283

.4000
.3636 .3333 .2857

.4628

.8628 .7844

1424

.5712
.5236

.4208
.3857 .3306
.2893

1.0472
.8976 .7854
.6283

.6666 .5714 .5000

.4000 .3333

.7190

3^
4
5

.4488
.3927

.6163
.5393

.2500

.3142

.2000
.1666 .1429 .1250
.1111

.2314

.4314
.3595
.3081

6
7

.5236

.2618
.2244 .1963 .1745
.1571

.1928
.1653

.4488
.3927
.3491

.2857

8 9
10
11

.2500
.2222

.1446 .1286 .1157 .1052 .0964

.2696 .2397
.2157
.1961

.3142 .2856 .2618 .2417 .2244

.1000
.0909

.2000 .1818

.1428
.1309

12
13
14

.0833 .0769 .0714

.1666
.1538 .1429

.1798 .1659
.1541

.1208 .1122

.0890
.0826

324

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF TOOTH PARTSContinued

DIAMETRAL PITCH
IN

FIRST

COLUMN
4-9

Space

on
Line.

the
Module.

Line.

gtJ

3 O
S.ts

Thickness

of
Tooth

below

IS
P.

or
Pitch

Addendum

O
P'.

-^or
Depth

Pitch

of

%
D"4./
.1438 .1348 .1269

t.

8.

D".

+/
.0771

15 16
17
18

.2094
.1963

.1047
.0982

.0666

.1333

.0625

.1250
.1176 .1111 .1053

.0723 .0681

.1848 .1745
.1653
.1571

.0924
.0873 .0827

.0588
.0555
.0526

.0643
.0609 .0579 .0526 .0482

.1198

19 20

.1135
.1079

.0785
.0714

.0500

1000
.0909 .0833 .0769

22

.1428
.1309

.0455 .0417
.0385 .0357 .0333
.0312

.0980
.0898

24
26
28

.0654 .0604
.0561

.1208
.1122
.1047

.0445
.0413 .0386
.0362 .0340
.0321-

.0829

.0714
.0666

.0770
.0719

30
32

.0524
.0491

.0982

.0625 .0588
.0555 .0526

.0674

34
36 38

.0924
.0873
.C827

.0462

.0294 .0278
.0263

.0634 .0599
.0568
.0539

.0436 .0413

.0304
.0289 .0275

40
42

.0785

.0393

.0250 .0238
.C227

.0500
.0476

.0748 .0714
.0683

.0374
.0357
.0341
.0327

.0514 .0490
.0469 .0449
.0431

44

.0455

.0263
.0252
.0241 .0231

46
48
50 56

.0217

.0435
.0417
.0400
.

.0654
.0628
.0561

.0208
.0200
.0178

.0314 .0280 .0262

.0357
.0333

.0207
.0193

.0385

60

.0524

.0166

.0360

1 1

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co

325

TABLE GIVING CHORDAL THICKNESS OF GEAR TEETH (*") AND DISTANCE FROM CHORD TO TOP OF TOOTH (s")
NUMBER
OF TEETH
t'

S*
1022

NUMBER
OF TEETH

t*

S*
1.0123
1.0121

NUMBER
OF TEETH

t*
1.5707 1.5707 1.5707 1.5707
1.5707

S*
1.0066 1.0065
1.0064

6 7

55 2 9

1.

60
61

5705

5568
5607

1.0873

5706

8
9 10
1
1

1.0769
1

5628 5 6 43
5 6 54
5 663

.0684

52 53

5706
5706 5706

1.0119
1.0117

94 96 96 97 98
99
100
101

1.0064
1.0063
1.0062
1. 1.
1

1. 061

54
65 56 57 58 69 60
61

1.0114 1.0112
I.OIIO

1.5707

1.0559 1.0514 1.0474

5706
5706

1-5707 1.5707
1.5707 1.5707 1:5707 1.5707 1.5707 1.5707

12 13

006 006

5670
5 6 75
5 6 79

5706 5706
5706 5706 57o6 5706
5706 5706
.5706

1.0108

14
16 16 17 18 19

1.0440
1.0411

1.0106
1.0105
1.0102
I.OIOI
1. 01

5683

1.0385 1.0362 1.0342

5686
.5688 .5C90

1.0324
1.0308 1.0294
1.0281

20
21

5692

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

5694 5 6 95

5696 5 6 97 5698 5698 5699

1.0268
1.0257
1.0247

1.0237

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71

00

1.0098
1.0097

1.0095

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10

1
1

.0060

1.0060

1.0059 1.0059 1.0058 1.0058

1.0057 1.0057

1.5707
1-5707
1.5707

1.0056
1.0056
1.0055

5706

1.0094
1.0092
1.

II

1.5707 1-5707 1-5707

1.5707

5706
.5706

009

12 13

1.0055

5707 5707
5707
n

1.0090 1.0088
1.0087

14
15 16 17 18 19

1.0054
1.0054
1.0053

1-5707
1-5707
1-5707

1.0228 1.0220
1.0213

5700
5700
570i

1.0208

57oi

1.0199
1.0193

32 33 34 36 36 37 38 39 40
41

5702 5702 5702 5702

1.0187
1.0181

1.0176
1.0171

5703
5703

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81

5707

1.0086
1.0085
1 1

1.0053
1.0053

5707
5707

1.5707
1.5707 1.5707 1-5707

.0084
.0083

1.0052

5707
5707

120
121

1.0052
1.

1.00S1

005

5707 5707 5707 5707

5707

1.00S0

1.0079
1.0078
1.0077

1.0167

1.0076
1.0075

5703

1.0162

5704 5704
5704
5704 5705

1.0158
1-0154
1. 01

50

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

1.0147 1.0143
1. 01

5705
5705.

40

1.0137

5705
5705

1.0134
1.0131

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91

5707

5707 5707 5707 5707 5707

5707

1.0074
1.0074
1.0073 1.0072
1.0071

122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

131

1-5707
1.5707 1-5707

1.0051

1.0050
1.0050

1.5707
i-57o7
i-57o7 1.5707 1-5707 1.5707

1.0049
1.0049

1.0049
1

.0048

1.0048
1.0047 1.0047

1.5708

1.0070

5707 5707 5707 5707

1.0069
1.0068

132 133 134 135

150

1.5708

1.0047
1.0047

1.5708 1.5708

1.0046
1.0046

1.5708

1.0068
1.0067

1.5708 1.5708
1.5708

1.0045

5705
5705

1.0129

92
.93

250
Rack

1.0025
1.

1.0126

5707

1.0067

0000

326

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE FOR OBTAINING SET-OVER FOR CUTTING BEVEL GEARS

RATIO OF APEX DISTANCE TO WIDTH OF FACE =
No. or

APEX ^6
1

3
1

3%
1

3%
1

3%
1

4
1

4V4
1

4V2
1

4 3/4
1

5
1

5%
1

7
1

8
1

Cutter

.254

.254

.255
.271 .271

.256
.272 .273 .287
.293

.257 .273

.257

.257 .274

.258
.275
.282

.258

.259

.260 .280 .287

.305

.262 .283

.264

2
3

.266
.266 .275

.268

.274 .278
.293

.277
.283

.279
.286
.302

.284
.292
.311

.268 .280 .285

.275
.291

.280

.290

4
5

.285 .290
.323

.296

.298
.300

.298
.302
.343 .343
.352

.308
.313

.280
.311

.295

.296 .334

.298 .337
.334
.338

.307 .348
.350
.361

.309
.352

.315
.362

6
7 8

.318
.298
.286

.328

.330 .324
.319

.340

.356
.370 .380

.289
.275

.308
.296

.316
.309

.329
.331

.338
.344

.360 .368

.376 .386

TABLE OF CUTTERS, PITCHES, GEARS AND ANGLES FOR TWIST DRILLS

it.

o C
Li

_l _i

0) 10

CE

5 tn u I I
Q.

K < Q z

c <
O
-J

I o
<

<1

s"

H
.06

i o z a
(0

c c < o

si z
0.

A
*

.67

.08
.11

1.12

A i A 1 A i A * H
I it
i

1.67 1.94

24 24 24
32 24

.15 .19
.23

2.92

86 86 64 64 64

3.24 3.89

.27
.

.31

4.17 4.86
5.33

.35

.39
.44 .50

6.12

6.48
7.29
7.62 8.33 8.95
9.33

.56
.62

ii
l

.70
.77
.85

40 56 40 40 43 56 56 56 64 48 86
56

48 48
72

24 40 32 28 56 28 24 48
56 32 28

100 100 72

72 72 72 72

16 20' 19 20' 19 25' 21

64 40 40 48 48 48
32 48 40

64 72
72 64 72 64 56 72 56 72

20 21 20 10' 20 30' 20 20 12'

19 30'

40 40 32 40 28 48

20 19 19 19 19 20

20'
50'
30'

20'
40'

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

327

TABLE OF CUTTING SPEEDS

ft.

MINUTE

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

27.5

30

35

40

45

50

55

DlAM.

REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE

917 458 306 229
1070 535 357 267 214 183 153 178 131 153 134 115 91.7 107
76.4 65.5 57.3 50.9 45.8 41.7 38.2 35.3 32.7 30.6 28.7 25.5 22.9 20.8
19.1 17.6

Vl6

Vs
3 /l6

1222 611

1375

Y 5 /l6
* 7 /l6
\/2 5

/s

407 306 244 204

175 153 122 102
87.3 76.4 67.9 61.1 55.6 50.9 47.0 43.7 40.7 38.2 34.0 30.6 27.8 25.5 23.5 21.8 20.4
19.1 17.0 15.3 13.9 12.7 11.8 10.9 10.2 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.6 6.9 6.4 5.9 5.5
5.1

688 458 344 275 229 196

172 138 115
98.2 85.9 76.4 68.8 62.5 57.3 52.9 49.1 45.8 43.0 38.2 34.4 31.3 28.6 26.4 24.5 22.9 21.5
19.1 17.2 15.6 14.3 13.2 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.1 9.5 9.1 8.6 7.8 7.2 6.6 6.1 5.7 5.4
5.1

1528 764 509 382 306 255 218

191 153

1681

1833

/8

4 f/ 7/8
1

lVs 1V4
l /8
3

1V2
l /8 l 3 /4 l 7/8
5

2V4 2V2
2
3

/4

3V4 3V2
3 3 /4

4 4Va
5

5V2 6 6V2
7

7V2 8
'8V2

16.4 15.3 14.3 12.7 11.5 10.4 9.5 8.8 8.2 7.6
7.2 6.7 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.2

89.1 76.4 66.8 59.4 53.5 48.6 44.6 41.1 38.2 35.7 33.4 29.7 26.7 24.3 22.3 20.6 19.1 17.8 16.7 14.9 13.4 12.2
11.1 10.3 9.5

127 109
95.5 84.9 76.4 69.5 63.7 58.8 54.6 50.9 47.7 42.4 38.2 34.7 31.8 29.4 27.3 25.5 23.9 21.2
19.1 17.4 15.9 14.7 13.6 12.7

840 560 420 336 280 240 210 168 140

120 105
93.4 84.0 76.4 70.0 64.6 60.0 56.0 52.5 46.7 42.0 38.2 35.0 32.3 30.0 28.0 26.3 23.3 21.0
19.1 17.5 16.2

917 611 458 367 306 262 229

183 153 131 115 102 91.7
83.3 76.4 70.5 65.5 61.1 57.3 50.9 45.8 41.7 38.2 35.3 32.7 30.6 28.7 25.5 22.9 20.8
19.1

2139 1070 713 535 428 357 306 267 214

178 153 134 119 107
97.2 89.1 82.3 76.4 71.3 66.8 59.4 53.5 48.6 44.6 41.1 38.2 35.7 33.4 29.7 26.7 24.3 22.3 20.6
19.1

2445 1222 815

611

2750
1375 917

489 407 349 306 244 204

175 153 136 122
111 102 94.0 87.3 81.5 76.4 67.9
61.1 55.6 50.9 47.0 43.7

688 550 458 393 344 275 229

196 172 153 138 125 115 106
98.2 91.7 85.9 76.4 68.8 62.5 57.3 52.9 49.1 45.8 43.0 38.2 34.4 31.3 28.6 26.4 24.5 22.9 21.5 20.2
19.1 18.1 17.2 15.6 14.3 13.2 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.1 9.5

3056 1528 1019 764

611

509 437 382 306 255 218

191

3361 1681 1120 840 672 560

480 420 336 280 240 210

187 168 153 140 129 120 112 105
93.4 84.0 76.4 70.0 64.6 60.0 56.0 52.5 46.7 42.0 38.2 35.0 32.3 30.0 28.0 26.3 24.7 23.3
22.1 21.0 19.1 17.5 16.2 15.0 14.0 13.1 12.4 11.7

170 153 139 127 118 109 102

95.5 84.9 76.4 69.5 63.7 58.8 54.6 50.9 47.7 42.4 38.2 34.7 31.8 29.4 27.3 25.5 23.9 22.5 21.2
20.1 19.1 17.4 15.9 14.7 13.6 12.7 11.9 11.2 10.6

9 9V2
10
11

8.9 8.4 7.9 7.4 7.0 6.7

6.1 5.6 5.1

12 13 14 15

4.8 4.4
4.1

11.9 11.2 10.6 10.1 9.5 8.7 8.0

7.3

15.0 14.0 13.1 12.4 11.7 11.1 10.5 9.5 8.8

8.1 7.5 7.0

16 17 18

3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2

4.8 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.7

4.8 4.5 4.2

6.8 6.4 6.0 5.6

5.3

4.8

6.6 6.2 5.8

17.6 16.4 15.3 14.3 13.5 12.7 12.1 11.5 10.4 9.5 8.8 8.2 7.6 7.2 6.7 6.4

17.8 16.7 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.2 11.1 10.3 9.5 8.9 8.4 7.9 7.4

40.7 38.2 34.0 30.6 27.8 25.5 23.5 21.8 20.4

19.1 18.0 17.0 16.1 15.3 13.9 12.7 11.8

10.9 10.2 9.5 9.0 8.5

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

27.5

30

35

40

45

50

55

328

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

TABLE OF CUTTING SPEEDS-Continued

PKM MINUTK
FT.

60

65

70

75

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

DlAM.
16

REVOLUl IONS PER MINUTE

3667
3973 1986 1324 993 794 662 568 497 397 331 284 248 221 199
181

1833 /l6 1222

5/16

V, ;/

4278 2139 1426

1070

*/* 16 V/
4 ^ 7/8
1

# j>

lVs 1V4
l 3 /8

1V2
l 5/8 l 3 /4 7 l /8

917 733 611 524 458 367 306 262 229 204 183 167 153
141 131 122

856 713
611

4584 2292 1528 1146 917 764 655

573

4889 2445 1630

1222 978 815

698
611

2V4 2V2
2
3

115 102

166 153 142 132 124

535 428 357 306 267 238 214 194 178

165 153 143 134 119 107
97.2 89.1 82.3 76.4 71.3 66.8 59.4 53.5 48.6

458 382 327 287 255 229 208

191

489 407 349 306 272 244 222 204

188 175 163 153 136 122

no
99.3 90.3 82.8 76.4 70.9 66.2 62.1 55.2 49.7 45.1 41.4 38.2 35.5 33.1 31.0 29.2 27.6 26.1 24.8 22.6 20.7
19.1 17.7 16.6 15.5 14.6 13.8

917
83.3 76.4 70.5 65.5 61.1 57.3 50.9 45.8 41.7 38.2 35.3 32.7 30.6 28.7 27.0 25.5 24.1 22.9 20.8
19.1 17.6 16.4 15.3 14.3 13.5

/4

176 164 153 143 127 115 104

95.5 88.2 81.9 76.4 71.6 63.6 57.3 52.1 47.8 44.1 40.9 38.2 35.8 33.7 31.8 30.2 28.7 26.0 23.9 22.0 20.5
19.1

2750 1833 1375 1100 917 786 688 550 458 393 344 306 275 250 229 212 196
183 172 153 138 125 115 106
98.2 91.7 85.9 76.4 68.8 62.5 57.3 52.9 49.1 45.8 43.0 40.4 38.2 36.2 34.4 31.3 28.6 26.4 24.5 22.9 21.5 20.2
19.1

3056 2037 1528

1222 1019 873 764 611

3361 2241
1681 1345 1120 960 840 672 560 480

3667 2445
1833 1467 1222 1048

917 733
611 524

509 437 382 340 306 278 255 235 218 204
191

420 373 336 306 280 259 240 224 210

187 168 153 140 129 120 112 105
93.4 84.0 76.4 70.0 64.6 60.0 56.0 52.5 49.4 46.7 44.2 42.0 38.2 35.0 32.3 30.0 28.0 26.3 24.7 23.3

HI
102 94.0
87.3

3V4 3V2
3
3

/4

815
76.4

170 153 139 127 118 109 102

95.5 84.9 76.4 69.5 63.7 58.8 54.6 50.9 47.7 44.9 42.4 40.2 38.2 34.7 31.8 29.4 27.3 25.5 23.9 22.5 21.2

458 407 367 333 306 282 262 244 229 204
183 167 153 141 131 122 115 102
91.7 83.3 76.4 70.5 65.5 61.1 57.3 53.9 50.9 48.3 45.8 41.7 38.2 35.3 32.7 30.6 28.7 27.0 25.5

3973 2648 1986 1589 1324 1135 993 794 662 568 497 441 397
361 331

4278 2852 2139

1711

4584 3056 2292

1833 1528 1310 1146 917

1426 1222 1070 856 713 611 535 475

306 284 265 248

221 199
181

428 389 357 329 306 285 267 238 214

194 178 165 153 143 134 119 107
97.2 89.1 82.3 76.4 71.3 66.8 62.9 59.4 56.3 53.5

764 655 573 509 458 417 382 353 327 306 287 255 229 208
191

4 4V2
5

166 153 142 132 124

679
61.

no
993
90.3 82.8 76.4 70.9 66.2

5V2 6 6V2
7

55.6

176 164 153 143 127 115 104

95.5 88.2 81.9 76.4 71.6 67.4 63.6 60.3 57.3 52.1 47.8 44.1 40.9 38.2 35.8 33.7 31.8

44.6
41.1 38.2 35.7 33.4 31.5 29.7 28.2 26.7 24.3 22.3 20.6 19.1 17.8 16.7 15.7 14.9

509
47.0 43.7 40.7 38.2 36.0 34.0 32.2 30.6 27.8 25.5 23.5 21.8 20.4
19.1 18.0 17.0

7V2 8 8V2 9 9V2

10
11

62

12 13 14 15

16 17 18

12.7

17.9 16.9 15.9

58.4 55.2 52.3 49.7 45.1 41.4 38.2 35.5 33.1 31.0 29.2 27.6

48.6 44.6 41.1 38.2 35.7 33.4 31.5 29.7

60

65

70

75

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

329

Tell
It

Us Your Cutter

Difficulties

matters not whether they are problems of accuracy, production, or length of service. We have probably faced the same situations at some time or other and can readily remedy your troubles. We developed the extensive line of

B.
The
B.
service.

&
&
They

S.

CUTTERS
of not only our

by experience and study

of our customers.

own

requirements, but those

services of our experts in

making and running

of cutters

are always at your

command.

S. Cutters fulfill the

are carefully

made and

requirements of quality, accuracy and rigidly inspected in every

way

before going into stock.

of cutters is one of the most important steps in their manufacture. After years of experience we have perfected this process to a point where dependable uniform temper and long wearing

Hardening

qualities are assured.

We
cutters.

carry in stock at

all

times over 45 styles and 5000 sizes of

If your work requires cutters for cutting special forms, send us a drawing or sample and we will gladly submit estimate of cost of

cutters.

330

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Don't Let Your

Sharp Cutters Give Faster Production
&

^S^ PiJ W^
No. 2 Cutter Grinding Machine

Sharp Cutters Consume Less Power

and

ties

can sharpen cutters on a cylinmachine or on a lathe, but it requires too much time to rig up, up a machine that might be more profitably employed.

^yOU
-

drical grinding

Ask us

for special circulars of

our cutter grinding machines.

No. 2 Gutter Grinding Machine

Capacity: Cutters, 6* diameter; 6" length; saws, 24" diameter.

No. 13 Universal and Tool Grinding Machine

Capacity: Centres swing 8" diameter; take

24^*

length.

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

331

Cutters Get Dull

Sharp Cutters Produce Better
Surfaces

Cutters Kept Well Sharpened

Wear Longer
Cutter and Reamer a quick and easy means of sharpGrinding Machine In the course of a short ening cutters. time it will pay for itself in any shop. Your production will be greater and your cutter bills less.

A CUTTER

grinding machine provides

No. 3 Universal

No. 3 Universal Gutter and Reamer Grinding Machine

Capacity: 18* between centres; grinds cutters and shell reamers, not exceeding 6 diameter and 7" length.

Formed Gutter Grinding Attachment For No. 2 Gutter Grinding Machine and No. 3 Universal Gutter and Reamer Grinding Machine
Capacity: Centres swing

4%"

in

diameter and take 10 %"

in length.

332

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

Publications
Treatises

The

following books are sent

by mail on

receipt of prices listed.

Construction and Use of Automatic Screw Machines

Edition of 1918

This book

is

published to assist those

who

and use
50

of the cents.

Automatic Screw Machine.

Illustrated.

are not familiar with the construction Cardboard covers, price,

Construction and Use of Universal Grinding Machines

Edition of 1918

This work describes the construction and use of Universal Grinding Machines,
as

made by

us.

Illustrated.

Cardboard covers,

price, 25 cents.

Construction and Use of Plain Grinding Machines

Edition of 1918

This work describes the construction and use of Plain Grinding Machines, as

made by

us.

Illustrated.

Cardboard covers,

price, 25 cents.

Practical Treatise

on Gearing

Edition of 1915

This book, with its tables and illustrations, is written for those who wish to obtain practical explanations and directions in making Gear Wheels. Cloth covers,
price, $1.00;

Cardboard covers,

price, 75 cents.

Formulas in Gearing
Edition of 1918

This work supplements the "Practical Treatise on Gearing" and contains formulas for solving the problems that occur in gearing. Cloth covers, price, $1.50.

Hand Book

for

Apprenticed Machinists

This book, illustrated, is for learners in the use of Machine Tools. The present Cloth covers, price, 50 cents. edition has been carefully revised and enlarged*.

Catalogs and Booklets

Any

of the following catalogs or booklets are mailed free to

any address on

receipt of request:
size,

General Catalog (Pocket

blue covers)

Gear Catalog
Small Tool Catalog
Cutter Catalog

Milling Machine Catalog

Screw Machine Catalog

Points About Grinding Wheels and Their Selection

(50-Page Booklet, Pocket Size)

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

333

INDEX
Adjustable Index Crank

Adjustments Alignments of Milling Machines Angle of Tooth Face on Cutters Angular Cutters
Arbors,

50 42
22

100 94
108 69-87
177-182

Method

of Driving

Attachments

Cam Cam

Cutting Cutting Attachment Care of Driving Chain on Motor-Driven Machines Care of Machine Centres, Index
Circular Milling Attachments
Classification of Milling

85
41 40-43

72-76

80
11-20

Machines

Clearance on Cutters

106
11

Column and Knee Cone Drive

Counter-shaft

Milling Machines

17

Constant Speed Drive

Cutter, Direction to

18
37
113

Move Work Under

Face Milling Fly

Plain Milling

93
95

89
92

Side Milling

T
Cutters

Slot

Angular
Clearance on

94 89-106 94 106
101

Diameter of

Formed
Right and Left-Hand Sharpening

94
97

104
101

Temper

of

Cutting Bevel Gears Spiral Gears

Spirals

153-158
159-160

58-68
149-153

Spur Gears
Differential Indexing

54
17 18

Drive,

Cone
Constant Speed

End

Mill

93
37-43

Erection and Care of Machine

Essentials of a

Modern

Milling

Machine

21-35

Face Milling Cutter Fly Cutter

93
95

Formed Cutters Gang Milling

Gear Cutting Attachment

94
101

76

334

Brown & Sharpe Mfg.

Co.

page
Gears, Cutting Bevel Gears, Cutting Spiral

153-158
159 and 160

Spur Graduated Index Sector Graduating High Speed Milling Attachment Horizontal Milling Attachment Index Centres Crank, Adjustable Plates and Change Gears Sector, Graduated
Indexing
Inserted Teeth in Cutters Limits in Milling to Size

149-153

49
183

82

80
72-76

50
.

.49
49
52-58

97
114
.

Lubricant . Manufacturing Milling Machine Methods of Driving Milling Machines

.

.115
12

17-20
11

Milling Machine,

Column and Knee Manufacturing

Plain

12

14

Planer
Universal
Vertical Spindle

14
15
17

Machines, Classification of Oil, kind of

Original Universal Milling

11-20

41 6
107

Machine

Pickling Castings and Forgings

Plain Milling Machine

14
14

Planer Milling Machine

Rack Cutting Attachment

Scales and Verniers

84
87 92
104

Side Milling Cutter

Sharpening Cutters Short Leads, Attachment for Cutting

83
83 26 and 103
47-52

Attachment Speeds and Feeds

Slotting
Spiral

Head
Attachment
Cutting

Spiral Milling
Spirals,

84
58-68

Spring Chuck Spur Gears, Cutting

Steel,

87
149-153

Carbon and High Speed

89
92 85

Straddle Mills
Tilting Table Slot Cutter Universal Milling

Attachment Machine Vertical Spindle Milling Attachments Machine

94 80
15

77-79
17 71

Vises

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

or at the This book is due on the date indicated below, of borrowing, as expiration of a definite period after the date arrangement with provided by the library rules or by special charge. in Librarian the
DATE BORROWED

DATE DOE

DATE IORROWED

DATE DUE

C28

(747)

MIOO

ENGINEERING

This book must be returned to the ore 10 desk at which it was borrptf e
o'clock/^ m..^ next d^y, ^"
sNjpecial

arrangement

is

made,

book

is

not returned by that h cents a day Will be incurre

e of 25

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