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ENERGY CONVERSIONS

As energy is converted from one form to another, some energy is recaptured and some escapes as unusable (heat) For Example: Nutrient(heat)ATP...(heat) mechanical(heat)

BASIC CHEMISTRY FOR LIFE

General A & P

ATOM

ATOMS - STRUCTURE

Composed of sub-atomic particles called protons, neutrons & electrons Smallest unique particle of a unique element Building blocks of elements

Subatomic particle characteristics:

Protons:

+ charge

Neutrons:

no charge
- charge

Both in the center (nucleus)

Electrons:

Outside of the center (nucleus)

ELEMENT

Unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through basic chemical reactions Elements are symbolized by 1-or 2-letter abbreviations or atomic symbols

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ISOTOPES
2

or more forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons isotopes tend to be unstable, radioactive

Heavier

ISOTOPES

MOLECULES OF AN ELEMENT
Two

or more of the same atoms which have combined chemically and behave as an independent unit.

Examples:

O2,

H2, S8

MOLECULES OF A COMPOUND
Two

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Usually composed of elements other than carbon In the body include:

or more different atoms which combine chemically.

Examples:

CO2,

H2O, C6H12O6, NaCl

Salts, electrolytes (ions) Carbon dioxide (exception to rule) Oxygen Water Acids, Bases Trace minerals

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ION

CARBON DIOXIDE
Generally

Atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge (electrolyte) Examples:

Na+, Ca2+, H+, Cl-, HCO3 Anion is negatively charged

considered a waste gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in blood as carbonic acid, a weak acid and important chemical buffer which helps regulate pH

Cation is positively charged

OXYGEN
A

WATER

constant supply of oxygen is required for life especially in brain and muscle

Important properties:

Solubility

Cohesion/lubrication/cushioning

When

red blood cells deliver O2 to cells, it is utilized to extract and produce cellular energy called ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

Thermal stability

Chemical Reactivity

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CARBOHYDRATES

Large molecules composed primarily of carbon & hydrogen Five major classes:
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids High energy compounds: ATP

Sugars Raw material for energy Building blocks = simple sugars Not stored well On cell membrane where they guide cellular reactions

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

LIPIDS

Lipids

Fats; insoluble in water Storage form of energy; insulation Building blocks = fatty acids, glycerol Important component of cell membrane Stored well

PROTEINS

Amino acid

Most abundant organic compound Building blocks = amino acids Many varied roles: Structural & functional, determined by the shape of the molecule

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Protein: Polypeptide
AA11 AA12

PROTEINS

Molecular shape determines function:

AA16

Regulate metabolism (enzymes) Movement (actin, myosin) Body defense (keratin, antibodies) Body structure; support (collagen) Transport (hemoglobin)

AA19

AA5

AA2

AA1

NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA & RNA Genetic material of the cell Building blocks = nucleotides Inherited instructions for protein synthesis (what proteins will be made)

ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)

Building blocks= nucleotide + phosphorus

Usable form of cellular energy

Produced within and by living cells

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CHEMICAL REACTION

SPEED OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Synthesis

Temperature

A.A. into protein

Decomposition

Complex carb into individual glucose molecules

Concentration of reactants

Oxidation-Reduction

Na combining with Cl

Particle size

Reversible

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Catalyst/enzymes

CATALYST

Molecular substance that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by it

In the body chemical reactions (metabolic reactions) can not occur without catalysts

The bodys catalysts are called enzymes

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ENZYMES

PH:

POWER OF HYDROGEN

Enzymes are biological catalysts

Measure of the acidity of a solution An acid is a compound that dissociates in water and donates a proton (H+) Strong acids dissociate almost completely (HCl) Weak acids dissociate very little (carbonic acid)

Lowers

activation energy

Exhibit specificity 3-D shape lock-and-key Name often ends with ase No enzyme, no reaction

PH

SCALE
0 14 Numeric representation of [H+] / L Free hydrogen As [H+] increases, pH decreases

HOMEOSTASIS OF PH

CONTROL OF PH

pH of blood & body fluids MUST be maintained within VERY narrow limits Normal pH (blood & body fluids) is 7.35 7.45 Blood pH < 7.35 is an abnormal condition called acidosis Blood pH > 7.45 is an abnormal condition called alkalosis

3 regulatory mechanisms help stabilize and adjust pH:

1.

Chemical buffer systems Respiratory System Urinary System

2.

3.