HA1 VECTC) VA '&NG DUNG

6 1dp 9 tadi3 bigt dinh nghia ti so" ldung giBc clia g6c nhon
a = xOy nhd sau :
0, La"y mat diem M b6t ki tr6n tia Oy sao cho M khbng trhng v6i
Cho tam gidc ABC vu8ng
I tai A va c6 BC = 2a,
0 r6i vE MP vubng g6c vdi tia Ox. Ta c6 tam giAc OMP vu6ng
I CA = a. H a y tinh c6c 11 tai P. Ta goi :
I r6 bong gidc rau ddy :
MP canh dbi
sins = -- -
OM canh huydn
OP
cosa = --
canh k6
OM canh huykn
MP canh dbi
/ ;
t a n g a = -=
OP canh k& 0 P
OP canh kd
cotang a = -= Hinh 2.7
MP canh d6i'
CBc tl so" nhy kh6ng phu thuac vho tri cSa diem M tr6n Oy
(h.2.1). B&i v@yta c6 thz chon di6m M sao cho OM = 1 vh
t a c6 :
s i n a = MP , cosa = OP
Ta c6 the m& rang khdi ni$m ti sd Z~qnggicic czia gdc nhon a
thhnh khBi ni$m gia trt Iuung giac czia mot g6c a vdi
'0 Ia 1180' bang dinh nghia sau dgy :
 I / I.Dinh nghia. Cho h@tog do Oxy vdi c6c didm A(-, ; O),
ij
!i
B ( l ; 0) v i C(0 ; 1). Ta goi n8a d&ng trbn dllirng kinh AB vA
di qua didm C la naa d&ng trdn don vj (c6 b6n kinh bang 1 ).

Hinh 2.2

) x6c dinh d ~ v cmat di6m M

Vdi m6i g6c a ( 0' < a1 1 8 0 ~ ta
~ sao cho
tren n8a d u h g trbn d m :
-
MOx (h.2.2).
=a

GiA s 3 di6m M c6 toa da (xo ; yo). Khi 66 t a dinh nghia :

- Tung do yo ciia di6m M goi lh sin cda gdc a v8 duuc ki hi$u
lh sin a = yo.
- Hohnh 66 xo ciia 6ie"m M goi lh c6sin cda gdc a vA dwc ki
hi$u 18 cos a = xo.
v

Yo vdi xo
- TI sd - # 0 goi 18 tang clia gdc a v8 dmc ki hieu
Xo
Yo ( a
18 tan a = - ;t 90').
Xo
Xo vdi yo
- Ti sd - # 0 goi lh cbtang cda gdc a vh duuc ki hi&
Yo

CBc sb sin a , cos a , tan a , cot a duuc goi lh cdc gid tri l r l ~ n g
giac cda gdc a.

V i du. Tim c i c gi6 trj lllqng gihc clja g6c 135".

, Cho a vA p lb hai g6c
tO trong d6 a c P.
Hay so sdnh :

a) sin a vA sin p ;
b) cos a va cos f3 .
Ta 1a"y di6m M trCn naa d&ng trbn d m vj sao cho
MOx = 135" (h.2.3).
-
Khi 66 suy ra MOy = 45' v&digm M c6 toa do lh :
30 Chllmg II. T/CH C~IA
HIJ~%JG HA1 VECTI3.

Vey sin 135" =

J5 , cos 135" = --J5 , tan 135" = -1, cot 135" = -1.
-
2 2

Hinh 2.3

2. Gia tr[ Itfdng giac c6a hai goc bu nhau

a) Dinh / j . Hai g6c bC nhau c6 sin b%ngnhau vA c6 c8sin

i
dbi nhau.
sina = sin(180° - a )
cos a = -cos(l 80" - a ).

C H ~ N GMINH
_4

-
LiXy di6m M tr6n n3a d&ng trbn d m vj sao cho MOx = a r8i
lii'y di6m M' d6i xxlihg v6i M qua truc Oy thi xOM' c6 so" do
biing 180' - a (h.2.4). R6 r b g la hai 6ie"m M vh M' c6 tung do
Cho tam gi6c ABC.
Chdng minh rang :
b h g nhau cbn hohnh do clia chung thi 66i nhau. Do 66
sinA = sin(i3 + C) sin a = sin(180° - a )
cos a = -cos(180° - a)

Hinh 2.4
51. GIA TRI LUONG GIAC CUA MOT GOC 31

I b) HS. qud. Hai g6c bO nhau c6 tang dbi nhau v i chtang dbi
la/ nhau.
tan a = -tan(180° - a)
7 cota = -cot(180° - a).

V i du. Tim cAc gid tri ldung gidc clja g6c 150".

sin 150" = sin 30" =

1
- fi
; cos 150" = -COS 30" = -- .
2 2 '

tan 150" = -tan 30" = --J3 ; cot 150" = -cot 30" = - & .
3

3. Gio trj lwng giac c6a mat sd goc doc biet

0° 30" 45" 60" 90' 180"

1
sin a O - &
- 45
- 1 0
2 2 2

cos a 1 45
- J5
- -1 0 -1
2 2 2

1
tan a O
x 1 fi II 0

1
-
cot a II 43 1 O II
J3
Chri J?.Ta c6 tan 90' = - Yo - -
1 18 khang xac dinh vA
xo O
1
cot o0 = -X0 - - cGng kh8ng xdc dinh n8n trong bHng lugng
Yo O
gidc ciia c6c g6c dac biet ta dcng ki hi& "(I" de" chi giA tri
kh8ng xdc dinh 66.
Mat so" g6c dac bi$t khdc nhu cdc g6c 120°, 135"' 150" d&u c6
cAc gid t~ 1-g giAc d w c suy ra til cac giA tA 1Uqng gi6c ciia
CAC g6c d$c biet dii cho.
32 Ch~ung11. T/CH ~6 H A VECTU.. .
~ C ~G HA1

J3
V i du. sin 120" = sin(180° - 120") = sin 60" = -2

4. Cac he t h k giila cac gia tri lwng giac cca mot goc

sn Dinh 11'. Vdi moi g6c a ta d8u c6 :

Ta ludn lubn c6 : 0i sina
* 0 thi tan a -;
I
a) N cosa
~ U =
sinus1 cos a
vi cos a 5 1 .
cosa .
b) N& sina # 0 thi cota = -,
sina
c ) sin2a + cor2a = I.

CHUNGM I N H
a) va b) : Til djnh nghia ta c6 :

YO (vdi xo
tana = - #
sin a
0) hay tan a = -
Xo cos a

0 cos a
cota = - (vdiyo + 0 ) h a y c o t a = -.
Yo sin a

C) Tren n3a d&ng trbn ddn vi ta l6y di6m M sao cho

MOx = a . Goi MI va M2 la hinh chi& cria M lhn l ~ d trkn
t Ox
va Oy (h.2.5).
- -
Ta c6 s i n a = OM2 va cosa = OM1.

Hinh 2.5
5 1. GIA TR! LLQNG GIAC CUA MOT GOC 33

2. Cuc he thdc khcic

I
5 Djnh 1;. Nku cosa+O thi 1 + tan2a =T.
Ii !i cos a
i;
1
iiI N 6 u s i n a t O thi 1 + c 0 t 2 a = ~ .
sin a

CH~NG
MINH
2 2 2
-- 1
sin a - cos a + s i n a -
T a c 6 1 + t a n2 a = 1 + -- 2
cos a 2
cos a cos 2 a
cos 2 a sin2 a + c o s2 a 1
l + c o t 2 a = l +T - -2 -
--
sin a sin a sin2 a

3. Ap dung
a) Cho bigt tanx + cotx = 2, h8y tinh sinx.cosx.

2
s i n x cosx sin x + cos2 x - 1
tanx + cotx = - +-- -
cosx slnx sinx cos x sin x cos x
1
Ne"u tanx + cotx = 2 thi = 2.
sin x cos x
1
Ta suy r a sinx cosx = - .
2

2
=-
sin 2 a -
2
Do66A= 72cot
- 2
a=-+-- 12 1
2 cot2 a
sin a sin a sin 2 a
5. Cac dong bai tep cd b i n

Dung 1. De" tinh cAc gia tn bung giac clia mat g6c khi bi6t
mat gia t n lIfdng giAc c3a g6c 66.
Phuungphdp :

-
- Dga vAo dinh nghIa, chn tim tung dij yo va hohnh do xo c3a
di&mM tr6n nila dlllrng trbn d m v j vdi g6c xOM = a vh t 3 66
ta c6 :

s i n a = y o ; cosa = xo; t a n a = - ; cota = Xo

-.
Xo Yo
- Dga vAo tinh chgt : hai g6c bh nhau c6 sin bhng nhau va c6
casin, tang, c6tang d6i nhau.
- Trong mot so" t m h g hqp c6 the" dga vho ti so" do d8i cAc c g h
c h mat tam gihc vudng, cu thd 1A do"i v6i g6c nhon a ta c6 :

d6i
sina = -
huyQn
d6i
tana = -
k&
(h.2.6)

Hinh 2.6

D6i vdi hai g6c phu nhau a vh 90' - a ta c6 :

sin(90° - a ) = cos a
cos(90° - a ) = sin a
vh ne"u 0 ° < a I 90°thi tan (90'- a ) = cota
' I a < 90°thi cot (90'-
ne"u 0 a )= tana.
- Sir dung he that cos2a + sin2a = 1 d6 tinh tofin.

1
Vi du 1. Cho cos a = -- . Hay tinh c6c gi6 tri llldng gi5c cbn
3
lai clia g6c a v21 so shnh c6c gi6 tri n i y vdi so" 0.

1=-
Ta c6 sin2a = 1 - cos2 a = 1 - - 8 . Vi s i n a > 0 nen ta lgy
9 9
2&
3
sin a
s i n a = - vti suy ra tan a = -=
cosa 3
: (-i)
= -2Ji

1 1
- --=--
.J2
cots = --
tana 2fi 4 '
Vi a 18 g6c tir n6n cAc gi8 tfi luang giac cos a , tan a , cot a
d&u18 c8c s6 Zim, chi risng s i n a lh s6 dumg.

V i du 2. Cho bigt tana = -2. HZy tinh c3c gi3 tri l~wnggi6c
cbn lai cGa g6c a .

Ta c6 t a n a = -2 < 0 nen a lh g6c tir, nghia 18 90" c a c 180'.

Do d6 cosa < 0. (1)
1 I
Theo he thclc 1 + tan2a = -
2 ta c6 cos2a =
cos a 1+ tan2 a

hay cos2 a = 1 =-
- 1
1+4 5'
1
Tir (1) v h (2)ta suy ra cos a = - -
A'
sin a
Theo he thirc tan a = - ta c6 sin a = cos a .tan a
cos a

hay s i n a = (-5) 2 245

.(-2) = -= -
45 5

1 1
cota = - n&nta c6 cota = --
tan a 2 '

V i dl! 3. 6i6t tana = fi.

3sina - cosa
Tinh bigu thQc A =
sina + cosa

Ccich I. Vi t a n a = fi > 0 n8n a lh g6c nhon, do 66

cosa > 0.
1
Tir he th& 7= 1 + tan2a ta suy ra :
cos a

sin a 43 46
tana = -
cos a
n&ns i n a = cosa.tana = -.&
3
=-.
3

Thay sin a = - f i vho bigu thclc A ta tinh d ~ d c:

6 vh cos a = -
3 3
C h h 2. Chia ti3 vA mau cba A cho cos a # 0 ta c6 :

Vi du 4. Tinh :
a) sin23" + sin21So + sin2750+ sin2870
b) cos212' + c0s*78~+ cos21 + ~ o s ' 8 9 ~
J 6 -J 2
c) Cho bigt sin 15" = . H5y tinh cdc gid tri
4
Imng gi4c cbn lai clja g6c 15".

GIAI
a) Chli 9 rhng vi sin 3" = cos(90° - 3") = cos87"
vA sin 15" = cos(90° - 15") = cos75"
nCn sin23"+ sin215"+ sin275"+ sin287"=
(cos287"+ sin287")+ (cos275"+ sin215")= 1 + 1 = 2.
b) Vi cosl2" = sin(90° - 12') = sin78"
vA coslo = sin(90° - 1")= sin89"
nen cos212"+ cos278"+ cos210+ cos289"=
(sin2780+ cos278")+ (sin2 89" + cos289")= 1 + 1 = 2.
 Dung 2. Chdng minh cac he thdc v6 gia tri l ~ u n ggiac cua mat
goc a .
- Dqa vho dinh nghia gi6 tri ldung gi5c ciia mot g6c a vdi
0 I a 1 180'.
- Dqa vao dinh li : "T6ng ba g6c c6a mot tam giac lu8n lu8n
b%ng 180'".
- Sd dung cAc he th~Iccu b6n dude suy r a til dinh nghia n h ~
sin a cos a
t a n a = - vdi cos a # 0, cot a = - vdi s i n a ;t 0,
cos a sin a
2
sin a + cos2 a = 1.
1 - Ap dung he thl'rc :
+N b cos a + 0 thi 1 + t a n2 a = 7 1 ;
cos a
1
+ Ngusina + 0 thi 1 + cot2a = -
2 -
sin a
- Thqc hien c6c phbp bi6n d6i t ~ n dg ~ n g dlra
, he th13c cAn
chQng minh vd mat he thirc duuc thaa nhan la dling.

V i du. ChQng minh r i n g :

a) sin4x + cos4x = 1 - 2sin2x cos2x ;
b) sin6x + cos6x = 1 - 3sin2xcos2x.

I = 1 - 2sin2x cos2x (dpcm (I' )

= sin4x + cos4x - sin2x cos2x

= 1 - 2sin2x cos2x - sin2x cos2x
=1 - 3sin2x cos2x (dpcm)

V i du 2. ChQng minh r%ng:

1-sina - cosa
a)
C O S ~ l+sina

tana - sina - 1
b)
sin3 a cosa(l+ cos a) '

(*) dpcm : di6u phdi chOng rninh.

38 C h m g II. T~CHaH U ~UAG HA1 VECTU.. .

1- sin a - (1- sin a ) ( l + sin a) - 1- sin 2 a

a>
cos a cos a(1+ sin a) cos a(1+ sin a)
0

-- cosy a -
-
cosa
(dpcm).
cos a(l + sin a) 1+ sin a
sina
-- . sin a
sin a -
tan a - sin a - cos a
b) .-. - n

sin5 a sin' a sin5 a

- 1- cosa -- 1
m).
cbs a sin2a cos a ( l + COS a,

V i du 3. Chilng minh r i n g :

2 2
sina - cosa =sinacosa .
b)'-l+cotu ~+tana

a, ~ + c o s ~ [ , - ( l - c ; a ) ~ ] - l + c o s a ( 1-2cosa+cos a
sin a sin a sina I,'- sin 2 a J
- l+cosa( 1
+--2cota 2 )
s i n a (I-= ssrna cot

-- 1+ cosa -2 cot 2 a + 2cota

sin a sin a

- 1+ cosa .2cot a(- 1 --)cosa

sin a sina sina

- 1+ cosa .2 cot a. 1- cos a - (1+ cos a)(l- cos a)

sin a sin a sin2 a .2 cot a

sin2 a - cos2 a sin 3 a - cos3 a

b) l - = 1-
l+cota l+tana sina+cosa sina+cosa

= 1-
sin 3 a + cos3 a
sin a + cos a
2 2
= 1- (sin a + c o s a - s i n a c o s a )

= sinacosa (dpcm).
51. GIA TRI L m G GIAC CUA M?T GOC 39

V i du 4. Chl?ng minh chc bi@uthirc sau khbng phu thuoc vho x.

a) A = (sinx + cosx)'+ (sinx - C O S X;) ~
b) B = sin6x + cos6x + 3sin2x cos2x .

a) A = (sinx + c o ~ x +) ~(sinx - cosx12

= (sin2x + cos2x) + 2sinx cosx + (sin2x + cos2x)
- 2sinx cosx = 2.
b) B = sin6x + cos6x + 3sin2x cos2x =

Vi dl! 5. Cho tam gidc ABC. ChQng minh rhng :

a) sinA = sin(B + C) ;
b) cosA = -cos(B + C) ;
A+B C
c) sin- = cos- .
2 2

A+B C
C) sin-= cos
2 2

Vi du 6. Tam gi5c ABC c6 A6 = AC = a vA c6 g6c nhon

= 2 a . Goi AH v3 BK lA cAc d&ng cao ve ta cdc dinh
A vA B.
a) Tinh do d;ii cdc dddng cao AH vA BK the0 a vA a .
b) Chlllng minh r3ng sin2 a = 2sin a cosa.
A
GIAI
--
a) Ta c6 BAH=HAC = a (h.2.7)
AH
-- - cosa a AH = a cos a
AB a

Hin h 2.7
40 Chlrong II. T/CH vC) CGA HA1 MCTU...
HU~NG

b) Goi SAHCla di$n tich t a m ABC, ta c6 :

2SAUC= AH.BC = BK.AC trong 66 BC = 2 B H = 2.a s i n a .

Tti (1)va (2) t a suy r a sin2 a = 2cos a sin a (dpc

1 . H i y ph6t bi6u dinh nghTa gi6 tri ldung gidc clja 1n6t g6c a vdi
0" 5 a 5 180".
a) GiA sir cho g6c a = 120". Hay cho bigt c6c gi6 tri lclung gidc :
sin 120", cos 120", tan 1 2OU, cot 120'.
b) Vdi nhCfng gid tri n i o cila g6c a ta c6 :
- sina v i cosa cirng da"u ?
- sin a va cos a khdc ddu ?

2. Goi a la so" do clja g6c MOx tr@nnda dclbng trbn dun vi. Hay
x6c dinh VI tri ciia digm M tr@nnrlla dddng trbn dun vi d6 sao
cho :
1
a) cosa = - . H i y tinh so" do cGa g6c a d6.
2

b) sina =
1
-.
-
Khi d6 g6c MOx la g6c nhon hay g6c tir !
2

C) cosa = --.1
-
Khi d6 h i y t i n h s6do cira g6c MOx.
2
d) sina dat gi6 trj Idn nha"t.
3. Hay so sdnh c6c cap gi6 tri lcr~lnggi6c sau ddy :
a) cos 45" v i cos 60" ;
b) sin 20" v i sin 60" ;
C) cos 120" va cos 150' ;
d) sin 135" v i sin 170".
4. Dua vao dinh nghia gi6 trj bung gidc clja mat g6c a
(0 5 a 5 1 80"), h i y tinh gi6 tri c6c bi6u thOc sau (vdi a, b, c la
nhang so" cho trudc).
a) A = a.sin 0"+ b.cos 0" + c.cos 90"
b) B = a.cos 90" + b.sin 90" + c.sin 180"
c) C = a2.sin 90" + b2.cos 90" + c2.cos 180"
5 1. GIA TRI L W G GIAC C l j A MOT GdC

5. Kh6ng dirng m6y tinh b6 tcii, h i y tinh gi6 t r ~c6c bi6u thrSlc sau :
a) M = 3 - sin2 90" + 2cos260" - 3 tan2 45" ;
b) N = sinx + cosx khi x bang 0" ; 45" ;60";
C) P = 2si1ix + cos2x khi x bang 60" ; 45" ; 30" ;
C) () = sili'x + COS'X khi x bang 1 35" ; 1 80" ; 160" .
6. Chifng minh c i c hhng d i n g thOc :
a) (sinx + cosx)' = 1 + 2sinx cosx ;
b) (sinx - cosx12 = 1 - 2sinx cosx ;
C) sin4x + cosJx = 1 - 2sinzx cos'x ;
d ) sinx cosx (1 + tanx) (1 + cotx) = 1 + 2sinx cosx.
7. Cho tam gi6c ABC vuBng tai C v i c6 = 34') canh AC = 10,5.
Hay tinh cac canh AB, BC v i gbc B clja tarn giac.
8. Cho tam g i i c ABC vu611g tai ( I va ccj canh BC = 12,3,
CA = 31,G. H i y tinh canh AB va c,6c goc /i,6 c ~ i atam gi6c.

9. Chirng minh rang

a) Vdi g6c u (0' 5 a 5 90') ta c6 :

sin 190" - a ) = cos a
cos (90" - a ) = sina ;
b) Vdi g6c a (0" c u I 90") ta c6 :
tan (9U" - a ) = cot a ;
C) Vdi g6c a (0' I cl< 90') ta c6 :
cot (90" - a 1 = tan a .
1 2 2
10. Chdng minh r i n g =tan a + c o t a + 2 .
2
sin acos a
42 Chumg II. ~ C vo A VECTCJ.. .
H HUI%JG C ~ HA1

1 . Goc gi3a hai vectd

8 Q,
Cho t a m g i j c AUC vuGng
c j n tai A ci, I la trung
c1ic"m cda c a n h BC.
r a) Djn/l Cho hai vectd v i
,lg/lja.

mat digm 0 ba"t ki ta vP =i v i

a
do t i l 0' dgn 180' duuc goi la g6c giGa ha; vecto V A g .
1 Ta k i hi& g6c g i h hai vecta a v i i; 18 (a, 6 ).
-
d6u k h l c vectd 6. Til
= g. G6c AOB vdi sb
a

bl C/,.ri 3. Cdch xdc dinh g6c giaa hai vecta a

vB 6 theo d/nh
nghia n6u tr6n khBng phu thuoc vAo viec chon digm 0. Hun
n a a t a c b n c 6 ( ; , G ) = ( g , i).

N6'u ( a, g ) = 90"thi ta n6i rhng hai vecta a vh $ vudng gdc

vd.i nhau vh ki hieu a Ig.
C) V i du. Cho tam giAc ABC vu6ng tai A v i c6 gbc B = 40".
Khi 66 ta c6 :
--
(BA, BC) = 40';
--
(AB, BC) = 140'

Hinh 2.8

2. Djnh nghia tich vo hddng c6a hai vectd

a ) Dinh n g h i < ~Cho

. hai vecta va ad&u k h l c vectu 6
Trong truilng hap n i o
rich v6 hudnp ;. 6 cO k
I v6 hu'dng cda hai vecto vd a la met sb, k i hi& la
gia trl cfuong, co gia tri I c d ~ n hbdi cirng thirc sau :
d d ~ xdc
jrn, bang O !
 Tr~rirnghup n6u c6 mot trong hai vectu
-. - a vh bhng vectu 6
ta quy udc a . b = 0.
b ) CIlri 2. Trudc diiy ta d5 bi6t t6ng cua hai vectu la mat
vectd, tich ccia mot s6 vdi mot vectu 18 mot vectu. d d i y ta c6
tich v8 hudng cua hai vectd la nzQt sd chd khdng phai la mat
vectu. Vi v$y n6n ngu&i ta goi tich 6 6 la tich v6 h ~ d n gc ~ i ahai
vectd.

i
c ) V i du. Cho tam gi6c d6u ABC c6 canh a va trong tdm G.
Tinh c i c tich v6 hlldng sau ddy :
0,
Vdi hai sd thuc J , b bSt
ki, ta c6 (a.blL= a'.bL.

v b y vdi hai vecta

-.a, b-
b i t ki, t l j n g thUc :
Theo djnh nghia ta co (h.2.9):
-- 1 2
I c6 dung kli61ig ? AB.AC = a.a. cos 60' = -a
2
A
AC.CB = a.a. cos 120' = --a1 2
-7

2 A\

-- a 43
GA.BA = -.a. cos 30 = -
a"
Hinh 2.9
3 2
d j Di6u kien vudng g6c ciia hai vectu

Tit djnh nghia tich v6 h ~ d n gcua hai vectu vB ta nhan

thgy r i n g :
Ta cluy ~ l d cxcrn vcctu
vubng goc vdi rnoi vecw
-- - - lit .I61.cos 90' = o ;
- N ~ (Ua , b ) = 90" thi a . b =
vi u.a=o.
-Ngugclainbutac6
-- -. - -
a . b =Othido a*O,b*6 tasuyra

Do 66 ta c6 dinh li :
"Ridrr hien cdn u& dii d6' hai vecta a7 t 6 vci 6 + 6 ou6ng gcic
u u i nlzau la tich v6 hudng ciia chiing h&ng 0".
 e ) Nh&n z4t. Trong v(t.li ta bi6t rhng nth c6 met l w f? tAc
dong lGn mot v$t lhm cho v@t 66 di chuy6n tii 0 6e"n 0' thi
c6ng A cba lvc F duuc tinh the0 c6ng that :

A=
4 - coscp .
IF^ .l0o11. (h.2.,10)

(f?1 lh culrng 60 c6a l~ tinh bhng Niu-ton (vigt tdt

-
trong 66
la N), 100'1 1s do dM quang d u h g 00' tinh bhng m6t (vigt tdt
la m), cp lh g6c gi3a hai vectu vh 00' tinh bhng 60, cbn
-
c6ng A tinh bhng Jun (vigt tt$t18 J).

IF^. 100'1. cos cp

d

Tmng tofin hgc, giA t* cba bigu thm A =

k& d m v j do dmc gpi 18 tich va h u h g cQahai vectcr @ "21
-
kh6ng
00 ' .
f

0 0'
Hinh 2.70

3. Binh phlldng v6 hllang

- -
8 CH~]Y :
Vdi m ~ doan
i thang AB
ta lu8n lubn c6 :
Khi 66 tich v6 hudng
-2
4 - 4

Ngu a = b tac6 a . b = a . a = a . a .cosoO= a

-

1 - 1 1-1
a. a d@c ki hi& 18 a 2 .
1-l2 .
i.
A B=
~ z2= [q2 Sd a nhy dduc goi 16 binh p h m g u6 h ~ h cgcLa vectu
Do 66 ta c6 djnh li :
sAB=@.
"Binh plzuung v6 h ~ d n gcria mot tlecto b&ng binh ph~crngdo
dai cria vecta dd"

4. Cac tinh ch6-t c6a tich v6 hlrCjng

Ng&i ta dii c h h g minh duuc cAc tinh chgt sau dAy cba tich v6
hudng :
4 - - .

V6i ba vecta a , b , c bgt it vii moi so" k ta c6 :

-.- +-,
a . b = b. a . (tinh chgt giao hofin)
-. -. -t -.- --.
a.(b+ C) = a . b + a . c .
(tinh chgt phan phG ddi vdi ph6p ceng vectu) ;
92. T~CHVO H ~ CUAG HA1 VECTCY 4 -5

Tif c8c tinh chgt cclja tich v6 hudng, ta c6 th6 suy ra cAc h$
th3c sau diiy :

(i+Gl2=a +2a.b+b
-2 -- -2
(1)
- + 2 '2 + - + 2
(a-b) = a - 2 a . b + b (2)
- - - -
(a+b).(a-b)=a -b
-2 -2 -2
=la1 -1bl
-2
(3)

5. Cac bai toan a p dung

B i i to6n 1. Cho hai v e c t ~ a vA 6 bgt kki, g ~ ib; la hinh

chi&" cda vecta
-,*
6
+ -
tren d&ng thang chQa vectd a . ChQng
minh r i n g : a . b = a . b l

a) b)
Hinh 2.7 7
- -.
Ta vG ciic vectd OA = a vh = g. Goi B' 1h hinh chi& cclja B
tren dlrZIng thhng OA. Ta c$n c h h g minh :
-- --
-
OA.OB OA.OB1
- Ne"u AOB < 90' ta c6
=

:
(h.2.11a) vA b)).

CI --.
= 0A.OB.cos AOB = OA.OB .
- Ne"u AOB
C4

> 90" thi :

- --
= OA.OB'.cos AOB = OA.OB .
46 C h m g II. T~CH H W G &A HA1 VECTU...

-
- N6u AOB
- 6
= 90" thi OBI = vB khi d6
-- --,
OA.OB' = OA .O = 0 = OA.OB cos 90" = OA.OB .
A-

BPi to6n 2. Cho doan thdng AB c6 do dAi 2a. Tim tap hdp
-_.
c6c di6m M sao cho MA.MB = k2 la mot s6 cho trddc.

Goi 0 la trung digm ciia doan thhng AB (h.2.12) ta c6 :

-- - _ . A

MA.MB = (MO + OA) (MO + OB)

-

Hinh 2.12

Viiy tep hap cAc digm M lh d&ng trbn tarn 0 , bAn kinh
R= J m .
B i i toin 3. Cho dddng trbn (0; R) vA dikm M c6 dinh. Mat
dddng th3ng A thay dbi lu8n lu6n di qua M cdt dlrirng trbn d6
tai hai dikm A vA B. ChQng minh r i n g :
- -
M A . M B = M O ~ - R ~ = ~ ~( v
-dRi d
~= M O ) .

CH~NG
MINH
VEi d ~ h kinh
g BC ciia d ~ & ntrbn
-
g ( 0 ; R). Ta c6 MA 1B hinh
chi& c6a MC tren dudng th&ng MB. Theo cbng that hinh
chie"u (BBi toftn 1)ta c6 :

M /B

Hinh 2.73
52. T~CHVO H ~ CUAG HA1 VECTIT 47

- --- - -
MA. MB MC.MB = (MO + OC).(MO + OB)
=

--
Chri .i.. Gig tri khdng d6i clia tich v6 hlldng MA. MB =d2 - R~
n6i trong brii to6n 3 goi la phmng tich cua di6m M d6'i vdi

- Khi MT la tidp tuygn cua trbn (0;R) vdi T la ti6p

die"m,ta c6 :

Hinh 2.74

6. ~ i d thilc
u toa do cGa tich v6 hdtrng
-. -.
Trong m8t phing toa do (0 ; i , j ) cho hai vectd :

Khi do ta c6 tich. .vi, h ~ d n g

48 c h m g 11. WH~ fHUGNG
l C~IA
HAI VECT [I...

7. Ong dung c3a tkh vb hlrCIng

a) Do dai c6a vectd a = (al ; a2) d ~ u ctinh theo cdng thtlc :

b) G6c gigs hai vectu = (al ; a2) vA b = ( b ;~bz).

0, Theo dinh nghia tich v8 h d n g t a c6 :

a) Cho a = (1 ; -2) ;
6 = (-1 ; -3). Hay
tinh g6c ( a, 1.

b) Cho c = (2 ; -3) ;
a = (3 ; 2). Hay tfnh
@ c ( ; , i).

Vi d". Cho = (-2 ; - I ) , = (3 ; -1). Tinh g6c MON.

- -- - @.ON
cos MON = cos(OM, ON) =
-6+1 &
- --
l o ~ ~ . l ~ l = & . 2f i -
{GI5 - -.
'

f h o tam gidc ABC b i k Vey ( O M , ON) = 135'.

A(1 ; I), B(2 ; 3), c) Khozing c6ch giaa hai di6m
C(5 ; -1 ). Hay tinh d8
dAi cAc canh AB, BC, Cho hai di6m A(xA ; yA) , B(xB ; yB).
CA vA suy ra tam gi6c
ABC vu8ng tai A. Ta c6 = (xB - XA ; y~ - yA), do 66 t a tinh d ~ u ckhoHng
c6ch giaa hai 6ie"mA va B 18 :

V i d l . Cho hai dism M(-2 ; 8) v5 N(l ; 0). Tinh doan MN.

-
Ta c6 MN = (3 ; - f i ) vB khozing c6ch giaa hai di6m M, N 18 :
MN= I E I = , / ~ = ~ .
 d) Bbi todn. Cho tam giAc ABC bi6t A(2 ; 3). B(8 ; 6& + 3) vA
C(2 + 4 4 5 ;7).
-
1) Tin h do dcii cAc canh AB, AC v2 so"do clia g6c BAC .
Cho tam giac ABC c6
BC = a, CA = b, A6 = c. 2) Tinh dien tich tam giAc ABC.
Chon he tryc Oxy sao cho
g6c 0 t r h g v6i C, di&m B
nam tren phdn d ~ a n gc ~ i a
truc Ox cbn di6m A c6
tung dd duang. Chdng
minh rang :

--
v8 cos BAC = cos(AB,AC) =
Z.A6 246+24&
12.8

Vi3y BAC = 30'.

2) Goi BH 18 d&ng cao c3a
tam giAc ABC, (h.2.15). Ta c6
CI

BH = AB sin BAC

Goi S 1A dien tich tam giAc ABC, t a c6 :

8. Cac dang bai tap cd b6n

Dqng 1. n n h tich v8 hadng cfia hai vecta

Phrlmg phap.
- DDng dinh nghia tich v8 hudng va cAc tinh chgt c3a tich vd
h ~ d n gc3a hai vecta.
- Sir dung cAc hhng dhng thGc v6 tich v8 hu6ng.
-.- --.
- Dhng cdng thflc hinh chi& : AB.CD = A 'B '.CD vdi A', B' l$n
l ~ q 18
t hinh chi& c3a A, B l$n giA cBa CD .
50 C h m g II. ~ C vo
H H G HA1 VECT(I...
~ C~>A

Vi du 1. Tam gidc ABC c6 AC = 9cm, CB = 5cm, C = 90".

Tinh :
--
a) AB.AC ;
-4

b) BA.BC .

a) Cach I . B
-_.
AB.AC = IABI
- . , I A-
c~ cosA
AC
= AB.AC. -
AB
=A C ~
= g2 = 81 (h.2.16)
C A

Cdch 2. Ta c6 C la hinh chi& cba B 1Cn giA cfia KC.Uo d6

---. -.-
AB.AC = AC.AC = A C =
~ 81.
-- -.-.
~ 3 18 hinh chi& cba BA
--
b) BA.BC = BC.BC = B C vi
gih cba BC. Viiy BA.BC = 52 = 25.
tr6n

--
V i du 2. Tam giAc ABC c6 AB = 5cm, BC = 7cm, CA = 8cm.
a) Tinh AB.AC tCf d6 tinh gid tri clja g6c A.
-+
b) Tinh CA.CB .

X6t tam gihc ABC ta c6

-2 --
BC = (AC - A B ) ~= AC
-2 -2
+ AB - 2AC.AB.
--

Ta suy ra cosA =
AB.AC 20 1 -
--- - - nCn A = 60".
IEI.I
zI - 5.8 2

b) TUcfng tg nhu cAu a), ta c6 :

--
CA.CB =
1 1
- ( C A ~+ CB2 - AB2) = - (82 + 72 - s2)= 44.
2 2
1 Ej2. T~CHVO H ~ CUAG HA1 VECTU 51

V i du 3. Cho tam gi6c ABC vu8ng 6 A, C

c6 g6c = 60' vA canh huydn
BC = 6cm. Tinh tich v6 h ~ b n g
cfia b,
--
c6c c$p vecta sau d i y :
a) CA.CB;
b) AB.BC.
h 6o0A
A B
GIAI Hin

Tam gilc ABC 18 tam gilc vu6ng c6 = 30" nen

1
AB = - BC = 3cm
2

-4
AC = = 436-9 f i 3& (h.2.17)
= =

--
a) Ta c6 CA.CB = CA.CB.cos 30" = 3 4 3 . 43
6 . = 27.
2

V i dl? 4. Cho hinh vu8ng ABCD canh a vh c6 t l m 0.'Gpi M

la mot digm tujl 9 tren canh BC. HZy tinh cAc tich vB
hddng :
--
a) MA.AB ;
b) E.G.

a) Diing cang thilc hhih chi& t a c6

-- --
M.4.A.B = BA.AB = a.a.cos 180"
lo
b) Goi H la trung didm cGa canh AB.
Ta c6 OH I AB. Do 66 :

Hinh 2.18
52 Chlldng II. flCH HU%GC ~ HA1
A VECTC7..2

Dang 2. C h h g minh cAc dang that v6 vectd c6 lien quan d6n

tich v6 hudng
Phuung phdp.
- Sfi dung tinh chgt ph5n ph6i ccria tich v6 h ~ d n gd6i vdi ph6p
tong cfic vectu.
- Dhng quy t$c ba di6m d6i vdi ph6p ceng hoec tril vectu, vi
~ vdi ba di6m A, B, C ba"t kl,ta luBn c6 :
du n h d6i

V i du 1. Cho tU giAc ABCD bgt kki. ChUng minh ring :

-.- - - t -. -..- -.A

DA.BC = DA.(DC- DB) = DA.DC - DA.DB

-.- - -- --
--.
DB.CA DB.(DA - DC) DB.DA - DB.DC
(1)

-- -- =
_.
=

DC.AB DC.(DB - DA) DC.DB - DC.DA

= =
_.A -_.
(2)
(3)

V i dl! 2. G Q 0
~ Ih trung digm clja doan thiing AB v3 M I3 mot
v.
di6m tujl ChUng minh r3ng :
--.
MA.MB = OM^ -O A ~
= OM^ - O B ~ .

Vi 0 1h trung die"rn cira doan AB n6n = -s.

-- - - - -
Ta c6 : MA.MB = (OA - OM).(OB- OM)
- - -
- (OB + OM).(OB- OM)
=

Vi du 3. Cho hinh ch2 nhat ABCD vh M Ih mot di6m tuj/ v.

ChQng minh r3ng :
MA^ + M C ~= M B ~+ M D ;~
a)
-- --
b) MA.MC = MB.MD .
 GIA
a) Goi 0 18 giao 6ie"m ciia hai d&ng chBo AC va BD cSa hinh
ch3 nhet. Ta c6 :

+ M C =~
-- -
(MO + O A ) ~+ (MO + oc12
-_. -
= 2M02 + OA2 + OC2 + 2 MO.(OA + OC) .
--
= 2 ~ 0 ~ + 0 ~ ~ + 0 CO ~A +, O
(Cv =i G ) (1)
M B ~ + M D ~( M
= ~+SI)~+(EG+OD)~
= 2M02 + O B +
-- -
~ OD2 + 2 MO.(OB + OD).
- -.
= 2 ~ 0 ~ + 0 ~ ~ + OO ~B +~ O, D( =v ~i )(2)
Vi 0 la t6m c6a hinh ch3 nhet n6n ta c6
OA=OB=OC=OD.
So sdnh (1)vh (2) ta suy ra :

MA+Md=2Md
- -
MB+MD=~=.
-- - -.
Do 66 (MA + M C ) ~ (MB + O D ) ~
=

I Hinh 2.79

VS du 4. Cho tam gi6c ABC vdi ba trung tuye"n Ib AD, BE, CF.
ChQngminh rang :
Vi AD, BE, CF 121 c6c d ~ a n gtrung tuygn n6n t a c6 :

=
-- - --
- [BC.(AB+ AC) + CA.(BA + BC) + AB.(CA + =)I
2

Dang 3. Chimg minh sg vu6ng g6c cOa hai vectd

P h m g phap.
Sd dung tinh chgt c6a tich v6 hrldng : iI;d i.6 = 0.

V i du 1. Chang minh trong met tam giic ba d&ng cao d6ng quy.

Gi6 s 3 tam giac ABC ba"t kki c6 hai d&ng cao BB' vh CC' c i t
nhau tai H. Ta c6n ch1311g minh AH vu6ng g6c vdi BC (h.2.20).

-- -
HA.BC HA.(HC - HB)
-. -.-. --
= HA.HC - HA.HB
-- - - =
-- --.
HB.CA HB.(HA HC) HB.HA - HB.HC
= =
-.-
(1)
(2)
-- -
---.
-

HC.AB HC.(HB - HA) HC.HB - HC.HA

= =
- . -.-
(3)

--
--
Vi HB I CA n6n HB.CA= 0 vh
--
HC I AB n6n HC.AB = 0. Do d6 tir (4)
ta suy ra HA.BC = 0 hay Hd I , Bd
nghia 18 ba d&ng cao ciia tam giac Cp
ABC dbng quy tai H. 1
I
I
Vi dl! 2. Tam gi6c ABC czn c6 AB = AC. Goi H I2 trung di6m
cira canh d i y BC vA D la hinh chi& clja H tr6n canh
AC. ChQng minh r i n g du'dng trung tuye"n AM clja tam
gi6c AHD vu6ng g6c vdi du'ang thang BD.

--
Ta cdn c h h g minh AM.BD = 0 (h.2.21).

Hinh 2.21
Vi M 1h trung digm c6a H D n6n ta c6 :
A _ . -

2AM=AH+AD
A _ . _ .

BD=BH+HD
vA
-- - - - -
Do d6 2 AM.BD = (AH + AD).(BH + HD)

--+ (AH
= AH.HD
-+ - -
HD).HC

-- - - ---
= HD.(AH + HC) (vi HC = BH, AH.HC = 0).

Vey AM Vtiang g6c vdi BD.

V i dl! 3. TO gi6c ABCD c6 hai d&ng ch4o AC va BD c$t

nhau tai 0. Goi H, K I$n lddt I2 truc tzm clja c6c tam
gi6c ABO, CDO v2 goi I, J the0 thO tu la trung di6m clja
AD VA BC. ChOng minh rang H K vu8ng g6c vdi I).
56 Chlrmg 11. T~CH H U ~ J GCL~AHAI VECTU...

Hinh 2.22
--
Ta c6n c h b g minh HK.IJ = 0.
-- .- - -- --
Ta c6 2 HK.IJ = HK.(AC + DB) HK.AC + HK.DB
=

-- - - - -*
Do 66 2 HK.IJ = AC.(BD + DB) = AC.0 = 0.
V@yHK vu8ng g6c v6i IJ.

V i du 4. Cho hinh thang vu8ng ABCD c6 ddirng cao AD = h, hai

canh d5y AB = a v5 CD = b. Tim he thilc giOa a, b, h sao
cho dlrErng cheo AC vu8ng g6c vdi ddirng ch6o BD.

(H.2.23)
Tac6: ACIE
--
oAC.BD=O
-- -
a AC.(AD - AB) = 0
-- --.
csAC.AD - AC.AB = 0 (1)
Hinh 2.23
--
Ta c6 AC.AD = AD
-2
= h2 (cBng thGc hinh chigu)
--. --
AC.AB = DC.AB = ab (cdng thGc hinh chi&)

Do 66
-- --
I % o AC.AD - AC.AB = 0
Dung 4. BiGu thirc toa di) clia tich va huung v9 cAc irng dung :
tinh 66 dhi ciia met vecta, tinh khoang cBch giaa hai die"m,
tinh g6c giaa hai vecta.

- Cho vecta G = (al ; a2) vii = (bl ; b2). Khi 66 :

- Cho vecta
-.
u = (ul ; u2). Khi 66

- Cho hai di8m A = (xA; yA)va B = (xB ; yB).

- xA)
2
+ (yg - y A )2 .
+
- G6c gi3a hai vectu = (al ; a2) va b = (bl ; b2) d ~ q ctinh
the0 c6ng that :

Vi du 1. Trong mgt ph%ngOxy cho ba di6m A(3 ; 5), B(-5 ; 1),

C(0 ; -4).

-
a) Tinh do dai cdc canh AB v3 AC cfia tam gi5c ABC.
b) Tinh g6c BAC .

Vay
-
BAC = 45".

V i du 2. Cho tam g i i c ABC bigt A(-3 ; 61, B(l ; -2), C(6 ; 3).
a) Tim toa do trong tdm G c i a tam gidc ABC.
b) Tim toa do truc t3m H clja tam gi%cABC.

G I ~
a) Ta bigt trong t6m G c6a tam gihc ABC c6 toa dij 18 :
b) Goi H(x ; y) 18 trgc t h tam giac ABC, ta c6 :

Vey trgc tam H cda tam gihc ABC c6 toa de 1& (2 ; 1).

V i du 3. Cho hinh vu8ng ABCD c6 canh bsng a. Goi E I5

trung di6m c i a canh AB, F la di6m trEn canh AD sao
1-
cho AF =-AD. XAc dinh vi tri clja di6m M tren d&ng
3
t h i n g BC sao cho EFM = 90'.

Chon h$ toa do Oxy sao cho dlnh D trirng v8i g6c 0, c8c di6m
C v8 A 16n l ~ q nhm
t tren Ox va Oy (h.2.24).

'I
Ta c6 D = (0 ; O), C(a; O),
A = (O ; a ) , B = (a ; a).
Theo gid thi& t a tim d w c toa do A/& B

GiH sB M = (a ; y), ta c&n tim tung do

y &a di6m M.

-
Tac6 F E =
(;,;I
-.-

--
E F I FM e FE.FM = 0 Hinh 2.24

-
11-
Ta suy ra vecta BM = -BC .
6
52. T~CHVO H m G CUA HAi VECTU 59

V i du 4. X6c dinh g6c gigs c6c cap vectd sau d2y :

a) =(O;-5); c=(&;l) ;

- - -
c) Ta nh$n thgy vectu p = n - m = (
1-1 1-1
a m=p=2.Ta
h8y tinh g6c giira vA i.

Hinh 2.25

1 1 ' = 2 n6n vecta+ d - . - 4

=
- - n =m +p tao vdi m vA p cPc g6c
-

bhng nhau nghia 18 ( m , n ) = 15' (vectu n = m + p c6 do dAi

w e

bhng d ~ l m gch6o ciia hinh thoi e6 canh 121 1 = 1 = 2 vB c6

--
Nhon xkt. Ne"u ta tinh trqc tigp g6c ( m,n ) tir cbng that

thi sE gap nhi6u rdc r6i trong khi thgc hi$n cAc phCp tinh.
60 Ch~rongII. ~ C H H ~ C ~GHA1 VECTCJ...
,A

11. Cho tam gidc ABC vudng tai A c6 g6c 6 = 60'. Hay tinh cdc

12. Tam gific d&u ABC c6 canh bang a v2I c6 dllbng cao AH. Hay
tinh cbc tich v6 hubng sau day :

C)
--
AC. H A .

--
13. Cho doan thing AB c6 do d i i 2a v i mat s$
di6m M sao cho M A . M B = k2.
k2. Tim tap hqp cdc

14. Cho tam gidc ABC c6 BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. Tinh tich v6

15. Cho tam gidc ABC c6 g6c 2 = a < 90'. VC ben ngoii tam gidc
dZ cho c5c tam gidc vu6ng can dinh A la ABD v& ACE. Goi M
la trung di6m clja canh BC. ChQng minh rang A M vudng g6c
vdi DE.
16. Cho b6n digm phan biet A, B, C, D cirng thuoc mot d u h g
IEI= a , l E l = --
-
thing, bigt rang
AB va ccng hudng v2I ngugc hudng.
b. Hay tinh AB.CD khi

17. Cho tam gific ABC c6 BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. VC v6 phia ngoai

tam gidc hai hinh vubng ACEF v21 BCDL. ChQng minh :

18. Cho tam gidc deu ABC c6 canh bang a. Hay tinh cdc tich vd
hubng sau :

b) AB.(2E- AC);
(AB - AC).(AB + AC) .
- . - . A

C)
19. Cho hinh vuang ABCD canh a. Tinh c6c tich v8 h ~ d n g
sau :

- . - -
c) (A6 - AC).(2AB + A D ) .
-. + +
20. Cho hai vecta a = (2 ; -4) ,b = (6 ; -1). Tim vecta x = (u ; v)
4 + 4 4

saocho a . x =6vA b . x = 29.

-.
21. Cho hai vectu a = (4 ; -5), 6 = (1 ; 2). Tinh c6c tich v 8 hddng
i.6 vA (;+$).(;-GI.
22. Tim g6c giQa cdc cap vectd sau ddy :
4 4

a) a = (4 ; 3) v i b = (1 ; -7) ;
4 4

b) c = (2 ; 5) va d = (3 ;-7) ;

23. Cho hai digm A(l ; 2) vA B(-3 ; 1). Tim digm M(x ; y) sao cho
MA I AB vA MA = AB.
24. Tim toa do true tam H(x ; y) clia tam giic ABC bigt cdc digm
A(2 ; 11, B(-1 ;3) , C(-2 ; -3).
25. Cho tam gi6c ABC c6 AB = Scm, BC = 7cm, CA = 8cm. Tinh
-.-
AB.AC v i tinh g6c A.
- C I A

26. Cho tam gi6c ABC c6 ba g6c A,B,C d6u la g6c nhon. Dddng
trbn tdm 0 b6n kinh R ngoai tigp tam gidc d6. ChUng minh rang :

b) cos 2A + cos 28 + cos 2C 2 --.3

2
 TAM
Chirng ta bi6t rhng mat tam gific d ~ u choan toan xac dinh ne"u
bi6t ba canh, hogc hai canh vh g6c xen giila, hoac mat canh va
hai g6c k&.

I
c6 dubng cao AH = h,
BC=a,CA=b,AC=c.
Vdi ba truhng hap n6u tren so" do cac canh va cAc g6c cbn lai
A
cria tam giac hoan tohn xac dinh. Nhu v$y giaa cfic ye"u to" clia
mat tam giac c6 mat m6i lien he xac dinh nao 66. Nwhi t a goi
66 la cac hg thQc Zupzg trong tam giac. Trong ph6n nay chling
ta sG nghien c h nhilng he thI3c d6 va cac & - ~dung
g cGa chung.

Goi BH = c', CH = b'.

Hay di&n vao c6c 6 trdng
sau d i y de" dwc c i c h@
thirc dljng :
1. DInh li sin
a) Cho tam giac ABC vuSng tai A c6 BC = a, CA = b, AB = c
(h.2.26). Ta dS bigt : A

b b
sinB=-*a=-
a sin B

a sin L a
n
b c D C
Do66 a=-- - (1)
sinB sinC '

sinC = cosB = - Vi A = 90"n6n sin A = 1va t a c6 the" vie"t he thI3c (1)nhu sau :
a
a
-=-=- b c
sinA sinB sinC '

Hun n3a vi BC = a = 2R 18 duhng kinh duhng trbn ngoai tie"p

tam giAc vu6ng ABC n6n :

--a - --
b - --C - 2R
sinA sinB sinC
Ban hag thll xern :
He thtlc nay d q c goi 18 dinh li sin trong tam giBc hay d ~ u c
goi tht 18 djnh li sin.

= -2I absinC p b) Dinh li. Vdi tam gi5c ABC ba"t kki, t i so" @Cia m$t canh vA
= di@ntich AABC.
Chia cAc so" nay cho
-1 abc ta c6 :
2
a ' b
-=-=- c
sinA sin0 sinC '
CU
I
j sin c i a g6c dbi dien v6i canh d6 lu6n lu6n bang d ~ a n gkinh
c i a d ~ i r n gtrbn ngoai tigp tam gihc.
a
-=-=-
sinA
b.
sinB sinC
c
= 2R.

Ta d3y hay suy ra dinh l i

sin.
5 3 . CGC HE THUC LLJQNG TRONG TAM GIAC VA GIAI TAM GIAC 63

CH~NG
MINH

-
d myc a) dinh dii d ~ d cc h h g minh trong truang hdp g6c
li
BAC= 90". Ta c8n c h ~ minh
g dinh trong tnlang hup g6c
li
CI

BAC kh6c 90".

-
N6u g6c BAC nhon ta vG d&ng kinh BD ciia duang trbn
ngoai ti6p tam giAc. Khi 66 vi tam giAc BCD vu6ng tai C n6n
ta c6 :
BC = BD sinD hay a = 2R sinD. (h.2.27a)
CC - A

Ta c6 BAC = BDC v i 66 1h hai g6c nai tisp c h g c h h cung BC .

Do 66 : a = 2R sinA hay --a - 2R.

sin A
CI

Ne"u g6c BAC th ta cfing vE d u h g kinh BD cGa d d h g trbn

ngoai tie"p tam gidc ABC. TQ gidc ABDC nai tigp d d h g trbn
d u h g kinh BD n6n 6 = 180' - . Do 66 sinD = sin(180° - A).
Ta cfing c6 BC = BD sinD = BD sin(180° - A) = BD sinA.

a
Vay a = 2R sinA hay - = 2R.
sln A

b
Cic dhng thQc -- - 2R V B --c - 2R duqc c h h g minh
sin B sin C

He quci. V6i moi tam giAc ABC nai tigp duang trbn bAn kinh
R, t a c6 :
a = 2R sinA , b = 2R sinB , c = 2R sinC.
c) V i du. TCf hai vi tri A, B cAch nhau 25m v5 cirng thuoc mot

-
ba sBng hay do khoang cdch til vi tri A v i vi tri B tdi vi tri C d
b$n kia dbng siing, bigt rsng BAC = 110" v i ABC= 20"
(h.2.28).
64 Chdung II. T/CH vo H ~ C~IA
GHA1 VECTIl... .,

A B
Hinh 2.?*

-
Ta c6 ACB = 180" - (110" + 20") = 50"
Theo djnh li sin ta c6 :

sin 110' -
- sin 20' - sin 50'
a b 25

Vey a =
25. sin 110'
sin 50'
- 30,7 (m)

25. sin 20'

b= z 11,2 (m).
sin 50'

a) BAi tohn. Cho tam gihc ABC bi6t AB = c, AC = b vA bigt

g6c A. H5y tinh canh BC = a (h.2.29).

-2 - -
BC = (AC - A B ) ~= AC
-2 -2
+ AB
--
- 2AC.AB

Hinh 2.29
 53. CAC HE THUC L W G TRONG T A M GIAC VA ~ l d TAM
l GIAC 65

Tif ke"t q& cfia bhi todn tren ta suy ra dinh li sau diiy :
m
7
jI
h) Dinh li. Trong mat tam giic ba"t kki, binh p h ~ ~ mat
n g canh
~j biing tbng binh phdung hai canh cbn lai trllr hai Idn tich hai
1
1
canh kia nh2n vdi c6sin cSa g6c giila hai canh d6.

Trong moi tam gidc ABC, vdi BC = a, CA = b;AB = c ta lu6n c6 :

a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc COSA
1- AC = 5. Hay tinh canh BC. b2 = a2 + c2 -2ac cosB
I
L

a) khi g6c i= 90" ; c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cosC.

f
[ I b) khi g6c = 60".

Vdi moi tam gi6c ABC, vdi BC = a, CA = b, AB = c ta luan c6 :

a2 + c2 - b 2
cosB =
theo gi6 tri clja he thOc
b2 + c2 - a2 IA mot s6 duong,
hoac sd im, hoac bang 0,
hay suy ra tinh ch5t cca g6c
A (tO, nhon, vudng).
C) Tinh do dai duirng trung tuye"n ciia tam gidc
Cho tam gidc ABC c6 BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. Goi ma , mb , m,
la do dAi chc d u h g trung tuye"n ldn l m t vG tif cbc dinh A, B, C
clia tam gibc. Khi d6 ta c6 :
to5 m a2 =
2(b2 + c2)- a2
4
A

Cho tam gidc ABC wbng tai

A, c6 BC = a, CA = b,
A6 = c.
I Hdy dua "20 cbng t h O
2 2(b2 + cZ)- a2
ma =
4 mC =
d6 tinh da d i i rn,.
2 2(a2+c2)-b2
m,, =
I 4
2 2(a2+b2)-c2
4 B M C
Hinh 2.30

That v@ygoi M la trung digm ciia canh BC. Ap dung dinh li

c6sin vao tam gi6c AMB ta c6 (h.2.30) :
2
a4 = cac cos B
m2a = ~ ~ + ( ~ ) ~ - 2 c . ~ c o2 +--
sB

a2 + c2 - b 2
Vi cos B = ni2n t a c6 :
2ac
2 2 a ac. a 2 + c 2 - b 2 - 2(b2+c2)-a2
ma = 4
+--

2ac 4
 C h h g minh t w n g tg ta c6 :

b) vi du. Cho tam giic ABC c6 a = BC = 5cm, c = AB = 8cm

IA

vA g6c 6 = 77'. Tinh canh AC, c6c g6c A, C cda tam gi6c
vA d&ng trung tuye"n mb = BM cda tam gi6c d6 (h.2.31).

/A
GI~I B

Theo dinh li casin.'ta c6 :

A C =~ b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac cosB
= 52 + s2-2.5.8.cos77O M
= 89 - 80 cos 77'.
AC=
~ b2
V$y AC -
Mu6n tinh g6c
fi =
71.

2
8,4 (cm).
t a dDng djnh li sin :
Hinh 2.31
C

sinA
-=-
sin B a. sin B
=,sinA =-
a b b

Do 66 sinA =
5. sin 77'
fi
- 0,5782

e - 180' - (77' + 35'19')

dung cbng thirc :
- 67'41 ' .

g @.
Tam gi6c ABC c6 di@n
3. Cdng thljlc tinh dien tich tam giac
tlch S- N& k6o dhi cqnh
AB mot doan AB' = 2AB Cho tam gidc ABC c6 BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. Goi R vh r l&n
va kc50 dhi canh AC mot l%t lh ban kinh d&ng trbn ngoai tie"p, nai tizp tam gidc va
doan AC' = 3AC. G Q S'~ 13
a+b+c
di@ntlch tam gidc AB'C'. P= 1B nfia chu vi tam giAc.
S' 2
Hay x6c dinh t1 s6 - .
5
Ta c6 cAc cang thirc tinh di$n tich S clia tam giac ABC sau day :
a) Cac cbng thilc :
 53.CAC HE THUCLWNG TRONG TAM GIAC VA ~ i d TAM
i GIAC 67

abc
2)S= -
4R

Ta chlihg minh cdc cdng th3c trCn :

A

f ~ l
Hinh 2.32
1
1)Tam giBc ABC c6 di$n tich S = -ah, v6i ha = AH. Vdi g6c
2
Tim die,n tich clia mai tam nhon, th hay vudng ta d&uc6 :
AH = AC sinC = b sinC (h.2.32)
1
= Do 66 S = - ab sinC.
2
I b) 1 1
CBc cdng thGc S = -ac sinB vP S = - bc sinA d ~ u cc h h g
2 2

-
minh t m g tg.
10

2) Theo djnh li sin ta c6 -- 2R hay sinC = -

C C
c)
sin C 2R '
1 1 c abc
Ta c6 S = -ab sinC = - a b = -
5 2 2 2R 4R '
! 3) Gpi I 1P tiim d~lrngtrbn niji tiirp tam giBe ABC. Ki hi$"

I
t
SaBCla diijn tich tam giBc ABC. BBn kinh r c6a dlllrng trbn
niji tigp tam gidc la d~lrngcao xu& phAt til 63nh I cba cac tam
giBc IBC, ICA, IAB. Ta c6 (h.2.33) :

Hinh 2.33
68 Chlrung II. *H @ H U I ~ GC~IA
HA1 VECTII. ..

b 2 + c2 - a 2
Theo dinh li cosin ta c6 cosA = . Do 66 :
2bc
2 2
(b+c) - a - (b+c-a)(b+c+a)
1 + cosA =
2bc 2bc

1
Vay S2 = -(a + b + C) (a + b - C) (b + c - a) (C+ a - b).
16

c+a - b = 2(p - b).

Ta suy ra S2 = p(p - a ) (p - b) (p - c)
hay S = Jp(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) .

b) Vi du. Cho tam gi6c ABC c6 AC = 7cm,.AB = 5cm. Bi6t

3
cosA = -, hZy tinh canh BC, dien tich S cGa tam gist,
5.
duting cao ha v i b6n kinh R cira d ~ t i n gtr6n ngoa i ti6p
tam gidc.

4zii
I
ta gpi tam giAc c6
do d i i ba canh li ba so"
nguyPn liPn tigp v i c6 dien
tich bang mot sd nguyCn li
I
- Theo dinh li cdsin ta c6 (h.2.34) :
3
B C ~= a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cosA = 7% 5' - 2.7.5. - = 32.
5

tam g i i c He-r6ng. Cdc tam

gidc d6 c6 do da'i c6c canh
nhu sau :

Hinh 2.34
 4
3 sinA = -, vi sinA > 0.
5

a
- Theo dinh li sin ta c6 -- - 2R n6n
sin A

4. ~ i 6tam
i giac v a irng dung

a ) GiHi tam giac

Gi6i tam giac la tinh cac canh va cac goc ciia tam giac dga
tr6n mat so" y6u to" cho tntac. Mu& gihi tam giac, ta c6n tim
hi6u giii thie"t vh k6't luan ciia bhi toan d6 lga chon cac he th13c
h u n g thich hap (49dduc n6u trong dinh li sin, djnh li c6sin va
c6c c6ng thoc tinh di$n tich tam giac.

Vi dl! 1. Cho tam gi5c ABC bigt canh AC = b = 47cm vA cdc

g6c = 48', = 57'. Hay tinh i, a va c.

Ta c6 = 180' - (48" + 57') = 75'.

Theo djnh li sin ta c6 :

j
--a - b
sinA sinB
(h.2.35)

a=-- bsinA - 47.sin4a0

sinB ,qin7s0
_ 36(cm)
A b=47cm

Hinh 2.35
C

--C -- b 3 c=-- b sin C -4 7 . sin 57' = 41.

sinC sinB sinB sin750

V i du 2. Cho tam gi6c ABC c6 c6c canh a = 49cm, b = 26cm

vA g6c = 47'. Tinh canh c vA cdc g6c i, (h.2.36).
70 Chcrdng II. T~CHVQ H U ~ CGA
G HA1 VECTU.. .

Hinh 2.36

Theo djnh li casin t

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ak --- -

c2 = 4g2 + 262 - 2.49.26.cos47'

c2 = 2401 + 676 - 1.737,73 = 1.339,27.
V$y c = Jm= 36,6 (crn).

V$y x x
la g6c th vh ta tinh d ~ u c = 101°,42'.

V i dl! 3. Cho tam gidc ABC c6 cdc canh a = 24cm, b = 13cm,

c = 15cm. Tlnh g6c x,
dien tich S cda tam gidc v i cdc
bAn kinh R, r c i a cAc dddng trbn ngoai tie"p, nQi tigp
tam gidc.

Theo dinh li c6sin ta c6 (h.2.37) :

Hinh 2.37

x
Nhu v@yA 18 g6c th vB ta tinh d ~ q c = 117'49'.

Goi S 1h dien tich tam.giac ABC ta c6

 53. CAC HE THUCLUONG TRONG TAM GIAC VA GIAI TAM GIAC 71

abc abc
Ap dung ciing thirc S = - ta c6 R = -= 13,64 (cm).
4R 4s
S 24+ 1 3 ~ 1 5
Theo ciing thirc S = pr ta c6 r = -. Vi p = = 26
P 2
nCn r = -- 3,3 (cm).
8575
26
Chri j . Ta c6 the" tinh dien tich S cia tam gihc bhng cang thirc
HC-rang nhu sau :

Trong truang hup cu the" nQy, viec tinh di$n tich bhng cang
thirc HC-r6ng cho ta ke"t qu& chinh x8c hun dung cang thirc
1
S = - bc sinA.
2
b) Ong dung vho viec do dac trong thgc ti$

B i i t o i n 1. Mu6n do chi& cao CD = h cda rnqr chi thdp m i

ta kh6ng the" de"n d ~ w ctdm C cda chdn thdp. Trong mat
phAng dQng chOa chi& cao CD cda thdp ta chon hai die"m A,
B tr$n mat da"t sao cho ba dikm A, B, C thsng hhng. Gi5 st3 ta
CI

do d w c khodng cdch AB = 24cm vA cdc g6c CAD = 63" ,

(C

CBD = 48". Hay tinh chi& cao h clja th5p (h.2.38).

&/

Hinh 2.38

GIAI
Ap dung dinh li sin vao tam gihc ABD ta c6 :
AD -- AB = A D = AB.sin B
--
sinB sin D sin D
Tac6: X=E+E=E=X-g= 6 3 " - 4 8 " = 15".

I h = CD = AD sinA = 68,91.0,891 z 61,4 (m).

 24. s i n 48' 24.0,7431
Do 66 AD = z = 68,91 (m).
sin 15' 0,2588

BPi to611 2. KhoAng c6ch tCf A de"n B

kh6ng the" do trgc tigp d w c vi phai
qua mat c6i h8 n u & ~ NgUtfi
. ta chon
mot di6m C tao nen tam gihc ABC
c6 BC = loom, AC = 80m v& g6c
CI

ACB = 48'. Tinh khoAng c i c h AB

(h.2.39). c
Hinh 2.39

Ap dung dinh li c8sin d6'i vdi tam gihc ABC, ta c6 :

4 4

B i i todn 3. Hai luc ddng quy P,Q tao v6i nhau mot g6c
a = 50'. Tinh hup lgc v i dnh gbc tao bdi R vdi p v ~
vdi 6 bi6t r5ng ? = 1OON, a = 200N.
GIAI
Ta vi5 Pd =
-P,OQ
- =
- - - -
Q vh OR O P + O Q . Khi 66 POQ = 50".
=
X6t hinh binh hAnh OPRQ (h.2.40), ta c6
-
OPR = 180" - 50" = 130".
A~ dung dinh li c8sin d6i vdi tam gihc OPR ta c6 :

Hinh 2.40
53. CAC HE THOC LUQNG TRUNG TAM GIAC VA ~ l d TAM
l GIAC 'i3

-
cos POR =
0p2 + 0 R 2 - P R ~
- loo22.100.275
+ 275i2 - Y ^ ^ ~
2.OP.OR

Ta suy ra POR
7

2:
-
34" vA QOR = 50' - 34' - 16" .

5.Cac dung bai tap cd b8n

Dqng 1. Tinh mat s 6 ycu to" cua tam giac the0 mot so" y6u to"
cho trudc (trong 66 c6 it nhgt 11B mat canh).
Phuung phap.
- S3 dung trgc tigp djnh li sin v&dinh li cbsin.
- Chon c5c he thilc h u n g thich hqp d6i vdi tam gi6c de" tinh
mat s$ ye"u to" trung gian c6n thigt vvB sau 66 tinh cac y6u to"
c6n tinh.
- Sd dung dinh li "Tdng cAc g6c c3a mat tam giac bhng 180""

Vi du 1. Cho tam gi5c ABC c6 a = 34. = 45'. ? = 64'. Tinh

g6c A v i c5c canh b, c cda tam gi5c d6 (h.2.41).

/k
= 180" - (45" + 64") = 71".
Theo dinh li sin ta c6 :

--a --=-
b c
5 64.)\
sin A sinB sinC
B a = 34 C
a sinB - 34.sin 45' 2: 25,427
D o d 6 : b = -- Hinh 2.41
sin A ,in71O

a sin C - 34. sin 64'

c= -- 2: 32,32
sinA sin71"

Chri 9. Ta c6 the" tinh canh c the0 cdng thilc : .

b sin C 25,427. sin 64'
c = -- -
sin B sin 45'

V i dl? 2. Cho tam gidc ABC c6 a = 50, b = 27, = 48'. Tinh

hai g6c A, B va canh C.
74 Chtfmg II. T~CHvo H U T ~ G A VECT(7.. .
C ~ HA1

Vgy c =-/, = 37,714. Hinh 2.42

Dhng m6y tinh b6 tlii t a tinh duuc x = 99'51'. I

Tir d6 ta tinh d q c % = 180' - ( E + x)

1

f j = 180' - (48' + 99'51') = 42'9'. i

i
V i du 3. Cho tam gi5c ABC c6 a = 48, b = 26, c = 30. Tinh 1

C ~ g6c
C A, B, C. 1

Theo he qud cSa dinh li cSsin ta c6 :

A

Ta tinh duuc x r 117'49'. Hinh 2.43

F

a -- b
Theo dinh li sin ta c6 - -
sinA sinB '

b sin A 26.sin 117'49 '

Do d6 sinB = - - = 0,4791.
a 48
Tam giac ABC c6 canh AC ngdn nhgt n6n g6c B nhon.
h
Ta tinh duuc = 28'37'.

Dqng 2. C h k g minh c6c h e that v6 m6i quan he giGn c;ic y6u

t 6 cua met tam giic.

Dhng c8c he th3c cca bdn de"bign d6i ve"nay thanh ve"kia, hoec
chlihg minh hai ve" chng b5ng mat bigu thoc thQ ba, hoec
53.CAC HE TH& LUM\IG TRONG TAM GIAC VA GIAI TAM GIAC 7.5

c h h g minh h$ thGc c6n c h h g minh t u m g d ~ u n gvdi mat h$

thGc dd bigt la d6ng. Khi c h h g minh c6n khai thac cac gih
thigt vh kgt luan de" tim duuc cAc he thGc thich hap 1Bm trung
gian cho qua trinh bign d6i.

V i du 1. Goi G la trong tdm c i a tam g i i c ABC v i M I2 mat

dikm tujl 9. ChlSIng minh r i n g :
a) MA^ + MB2 + M c 2= G A ~+ GB' + GC' + ~ G ;M ~
9
b) ma + mb + m, 2 -R, trong d6 m a , mb , m, Idn Iddt
2
I& do d i i c6c trung tuye"n Ong vdi cAc canh a, b, c
cGa tam gi6c v i R I i b i n kinh dddng tr6n ngoai tigp
tam gi6c ABC.

= GA2 + G B ~
-- - -
+ GC2 + ~ G -M2 GM.(GA
~ + GB + GC)
---
= GA2+ G B ~+ G c 2 + 3 ~ ~ ~ ( 1 )G( Av +i G B + G C = ~ ) .
b) Theo h$ th3c (1)ta lu6n lu6n c6

3 3 3
Met khAc ma = - GA, mb = - GB, m, = - GC nen :
2 2 2

Thay M b8ng tam 0 cba d&ng trbn ngoai ti6'p tam giac ta
duuc :

9
hay m,+mb+mc I-R.
2

V i du 2. Cho tam gi6c ABC vudng tai A. Goi ma , mb , m, I$n

l ~ la tdo dAi c6c d~ivngtrung tuye"n xu& p h i t tCt cdc
dlnh A, B, C cfia tam gi6c. ChUng minh r i n g :
76 ChUmg II. T ~ H H A VECTO.. .
~ C ~G HA1
I
GI~I
Theo c6ng that tinh &jdhi 6dmg trung tuye"n ciia tam giac ta cb : i
t -

Vi tam gi6c vu8ng tai A n6n t a c6 a2 = b2 + c2 va ma = -1a

2

V i dl! 3. Cho S IA dien tich cua tam giic ABC. ChUng minh : I

1
Ta bigt r i n g S = - AB.AC sinA
2

1 -2 -2 --
I
= - [AB .AC - (AB.AC)~
4

V i dr! 4. Cho tam gi6c ABC c6 BC = a, CA = b, AB = c vA r IA

1
bAn kinh du'irng trbn nei tie"p. ChUng minh r%ng:

tanA c 2 + a 2 - b 2 ,
a) -- -
2 2 2 '
tanB c + b -a
B C
asin-sin-
b) r = 2 2
A .
COS -
2

a) Theo djnh li sin va chsin t a c6 :

-
sin A - 2bc
tanA = -- 2R --a
-
COSA b 2 + c 2 - a 2 2 ~ ' ~ ~ + ~ ~ - ~
1 53.CAC HE T H l k LCfONG TFiONG TAM GlAC Vi GlAl TAM GIAC 77
-- - - - -

-b
sin B - 2R -
- -b 2ac
tanB = --
COSB a 2 + c 2 - b 2 2 R ' a 2 + C 2 - b 2

tanA a 2 + c 2 - b 2
Do 66 ta suy ra --
t a n B b 2 + c2 - a 2 '

b) Goi I 1h tAm d ~ a n gtrbn nai tigp tam giAc ABC. Cdc canh
BC, CA, AB tigp xlic vdi dlrfing trbn nay l i n b u t tai M, N, D
(h.2.44).
Ap dung dinh li sin d6i vdi tam gidc BIC, t a c6 :

--
-
-- - ~~

sin - sinBIC sin

2 +
2

- - BC
-- (1)
B+C A
sin - cos -
2 2

Hinh 2.44

MGt k h i c trong tam giAc vuang IMB t a c6 :

.
IB = - B'
L

sin -
2

Tir (1)vh (2) ta c6 :

1
-- i
l

B C - A '
sin -.sin - COS -
2 2 2
B C
a. sin -sin -
Do d6 : r = 2 2
A
cos 0
78 Chllang II. T/CH vo HU%GCUA HA1 VECTII.. .

V i du 5 . Cho tam giAc ABC c6 A = 60°, canh b = 12,

C = 6. H%ytinh :
a) Canh a v2 g6c B clja tam gidc ABC ;
b) Dien tich S clja tam gidc ABC ;
C) B5n kinh R clia dllirng trbn ngoai tigp tam giac ABC ;
d) €38 dAi d ~ d n gcao BH vA dildng trung tuygn A M cGa
tam giic.

,' GIAI
a) Theo dinh li c6sin ta c6 (h.2.45):

b) Dien tich S ciia tam giac duuc tinh the0 c8ng thQc :

1
= -.12.6.-=
fi 18&.
2 2
I
Nh@n xkt. Vi g6c B = 90" I

n6n ta c6 the" tinh dien 60'

tich tam gihc the0 c6ng A H b=12 6
thBc :
1
S = -.AB.BC = -.6.- 1 2 & --1 8 f i . Hinh 2.45
2 2 2
abc - 6&.12.6
c ) T ~ c ~ s = * , ~ o ~ --
~ R = = 6.
4R 4s 4.18.A
Nh&n xkt. Vi tam gi6c ABC vu8ng h i B nen bhn kinh d ~ i r n g
1
trbn ngoai ti6p tam giac bhng - canh huy6n AC. Ta c6
2
Dulrng trung tuyG'n AM c6 do dai duqc tinh the0 c6ng thdc

Darlg 3. Gi5i tam gi5c v,i v s n d6 do dac.

l'h rltrng ph cip
- Tam giac ABC t h ~ l r n gduuc cho dudi ba dang chu
y6u : bi2;t
mot canh va hai g6c k6 (g, c, g), bi6t mot g6c va hai canh kg
g6c do (c, g, c), va bie't ba canh (c, c, c).
- De" tim cac yku to" cbn lai cua tam giac n w d i ta thuirng dung
cac djnh li sin, dinh li &sin, dinh li : "Tdng ba g6c cha mat
tam giAc bhng 180"" va dac biet c6 the" dhng chc he thdc l w n g
trong tam giac hoac cac cang thUc tinh dien tich tam giac.

V i du 1 . Cho tam gidc ABC bigt toa do cdc di6m A(4 & ; -1 1,
B(0 ; 3), C ( B & ; 3). Tinh cdc canh v i cdc g6c clja tam
gi6c ABC d6.

Nhu vey tam gi6c ABC c6 BC = 8 & , CA = 8, AB = 8.

Vgy A = 120". Vi AB = AC n&ntam giac ABC c6

V i du 2. Ngllili ta mu6n do khoang c5ch tir hai vi tri A vh B c6ch

-
nhau 500m 6 ben nay bd sang tdi vi tri C 6 bi2n kia bd
sang. Ho do d l l ~ cg6c CAB = 87", g6c CBA = 62". Hay
neu c6ch tinh cAc khoing c6ch AC v21 BC (h.2.46).

a ---b
Theo dinh li sin : - - --
C
sinA s i n B sin C
ta c6 :
80 g T~CHvo H U ~ I G C ~ , A
c h ~ m 11. HAI VECTCJ... I'

Hinh 2.46 i

c. sin B - 500. sin 62"

A C = b = --
sin C sin 31"
- 857(m)

c. sin A
B C = a = -- -
500. sin 87'
= 969(m).
sin C sin 3 1"

V i du 3. Mu6n bie"t do cao clja t h i p cao nhst the" gidi 6

Toronto thuoc Canada (c6 t2n goi I i "Canada's National
Tower") ngddi ta ti& h i n h nhd sau :
Goi S I i dlnh thdp v i C I i tam c6a chan th5p. Vi khbng
do dduc ti, chdn C clja thip, ngdtfi ta lgy mat digm A
n i m tr@ndddng n i m ngang vdi chAn C clja t h i p v i do :
dddc g6c SAC = 70". Tr@ndclZlng thing CA ngddi ta IA'y .

mat digm B c6 khoAng cdch AB = 118m vA do dddc

g6c SBC = 60". Ti, d6 ngddi ta tinh d w c chi& cao clja
thdp (h.2.47). HGy cho bie"t ho d2 tinh chi& cao nay
nhd the" nio.

Mu6n tinh do cao h = SC ta cAn

S
bi6t d q c do dhi canh huy&n SA
cGa tam gihc SAC vu6ng tai C va
c6 g6c = 70". X6t tam giAc SAB
C-

t a c6 ASB = 70" - 60" = 10".

Ap dung dinh li sin d6i vdi tam
gihc SAB ta c6 :

--AB -
SA
sin 10' sin 60"
Hinh 2.47

AB.sin 60" - 118.0,86602 = 588,5(m).

Do 66 SA = -
sin 10" 0,17365
Vi sin 70' = t a suy ra SC = SA.sin70°
SA '
= 588,5.0,9:
V(iy chi& cao SC cia the"gibi lh 553m.

27:Cho tam gidc ABC bigt :

a) =90°, 6 =58', a=72cm.Tinh e , b, c ;
A

b) = 90°, = 48', a = 20cm. Tinh C, a, c.

28. Tinh gbc Idn nhgt c i a tam gidc. ABC vA di@ntich clja tam gi%c
d6 trong m8i trcldng hgp sau :
a) a = 4 0 c m , b = 13cm, c = 3 7 c m ;
b)a=13cm,b=5cm,c=12cm.
3
29. Cho tam gidc ABC bigt cosA = -, b = 5, c = 7.
5
Tinh a, SAABC, R VA r.

30. Tinh cdc g6c x, v i d d n g cao ha, bdn kinh dlllrng trbn ngoai
tigp R, noi tiG'p r clja tam gidc ABC biG't :
a= & , b = 2 , c = JS +I.
31. Goi G la trong t;im clja tam giAc ABC. ChQng minh r?ing.:

32. ChQng rninh r3ng trong tam gidc ABC, ta cb :

a) a = b.cosC + c.cosB ;
b) sinA = sinB cosC + sinC cosB.
33. Tam gidc ABC c6 chu vi 2p = a + b + c. ChQng minh rsng
.2
sinA = ,-Jp(p - a)(p- b)(p- c) .
bc
34. Goi m a , mb, m, I8n l w t Ii cdc trung tuye"n Qng vdi cdc canh a,
b, c crja tam gidc ABC.
a)Tinhmabie"ta=26,b=18,c=16;
b) Tinh c bigt a = 7 , b = 11 , m, = 6.
C) ChQng minh rang 4(m: + m i +m:) = 3(a2 + b2+ c2).