MOTOR! converts electrical energy to mechanical energy!

! Its action is based on a principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force, whose direction is given by Flemings Left Hand Rule

Significant Features of DC Motors !

DC motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy ! Constant mechanical power output or constant torque ! Types Shunt motors, series motors and compound motors ! Rapid acceleration or deceleration ! Extensively used as a positioning device because its speed as ! well as torque can be controlled precisely over a wide range ! 1W to 10,000 hp ! Applications in automobiles, robots, VCRs, movie camera, electric vehicles, in steel and aluminum rolling mills, electric trains, overhead cranes, control devices, etc. ! Biggest advantage over other motors Torque-speed"

characteristics of dc motors can be varied over a wide range while retaining high efficiency

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SHUNT I MOTOR

in

If Rf +!

Ia

Ra

+!

! Eb! !
_

! ! VT! ! ! ! !
_

I in = I a + I f
Eb = V ! I a Ra

Eb back or counter emf! V input voltage! Iin input current

Back emf depends, among other factors, upon the armature speed.! ! High speed!high Eb!small Ia! ! Low speed!low Eb!high Ia!

Eb acts like a governor, i.e., it makes a motor self-regulating so that it draws as much current as is just necessary.

CONDITION for MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

Thus, gross mechanical power developed by the motor is maximum when back emf is equal to half the applied

TORQUE

F r

Pulley

N rps

T=F x r (N-m)! Work done by this force in one revolution= force x distance! ! = F x 2"r Joule! Power developed = F x 2"r x N! ! ! = F x r x 2"N Watt! Thus, P=2"NT

Where;! P power developed in W! N speed in rps! T torque in N-m

Armature Torque !
! ! !

EbIa = 2"NTa!

where

N!PZ Eb = a

1 &P# Ta = 'ZI a $ ! 2( % A"

!

Thus,!
!

Ta " !I a

For shunt motor; Ta # Ia! For series motor; Ta # Ia2

Shaft Torque ! torque available for doing useful work

output in watts Tsh = 2!N

!
!

where N in rps!

Lost Torque = Ta-Tsh! - due to iron and friction losses of the motor !

SPEED OF A DC MOTOR! !
From the equation!
!

N!PZ Eb = a

We get

! and we assume!
! !

Eb N =k !

$ # field current!

For Shunt motor;

! !

N 2 Eb 2 = ! N1 Eb1

For series motor;!

N 2 Eb 2 I a1 = ! N1 Eb1 I a 2

Speed Regulation
! ! ! ! !

Torque and Speed of a DC Motor

While studying motor characteristics, keep in mind the following relations:

Three possible methods of speed control:!

!

By Variation of Flux or Flux-control Method

Speed

By Decreasing Flux

Flux Decreasing

Maximum! Torque

Torque Trated

Slow transient response! Does not maintain maximum torque capability

 Armature or Rheostatic Control Method! ! (Variation of Ra)

Speed

By Changing Ra

Ra increasing
Maximum! Torque

Torque

Power loss in Ra! Does not maintain maximum torque capability! Poor speed regulation

 Voltage Control Method

(By Controlling Terminal Voltage Vt )!

! This method of speed control is applicable for speeds below rated or base speed.
%m
T1 T1<T2< T3 V1<V2<V3

T2

T3

V1

V2
dcmotor

V3

VT
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