ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN THE SLOPE STABILITY OF LINK TAVAELI TOBOLI Irianto Uno

I.

Introduction

One of the most important factors in the civil engineering construction is geotechnical aspect of the design, and one of the most important review on geotechnical aspects is the knowledge of the site of construction. The main objective is that how the construction will satisfy the requirements, as it done on the assessment of slope stability. Slope stability not only the subject but on the other hand also becomes the object as well. And that becomes interesting and challenging because most of failures and accidensts have brought situation into complaining of engineering failure. ink Tavaeli ! Toboli is the link where the complainment quite often emerge. This because the link untill now still the only one most accessible to cross between east and western coast of the neck of "entral Sulawesi. The popular term for this area is Kebun Kopi. #n this area, historically a lot of accidents have occurred whether including loss of human life of e$clude it. The fact is that the geological condition of the area is comple$. That is involving different types of rock, a lot of active and non%active structural disturbances that can be reactivated by natural phenomena or by human activity. The situation is even worsening by environmental disaster in which loss, lack or decreasing of vegetation density has brought into comple$ity of the problem. &ut, that is challenge, and the engineers have to response with their scientific background. The most important thing is that how simultaneously interests to be accomodated without ignoring or leaving engineering ethics when decision is made. #n engineering geology, the core of interest is Site Investigation. That means all the sites to be built has to be begun with study of the site. #t is e$pected that through Site #nvestigation, the best or the realistic solution can be taken.

II. Basic Conc !t o" En#in &.'. G n ra$

rin# G o$o#%

'(ngineering )eology, as defined by the Association, includes the dicipline of applying geologic data, techniques, and principles to the study of naturally occuring rock and soil materials or sub%surface fluids. The purpose is to ensure that geologic factors affecting the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering structures and the development of ground water resources are recogni*ed, adequately interpreted and presented for use in engineering practice. &ehind every dicipline there must be a basic philosophy or a way in which that dicipline approaches its problems. The philosophy of engineering geology is based on three simple premises. These are + ,. -. .. All engineering works are built in or on the ground. The ground will always, in some ways, react to the construction of the engineering work. The reaction of the ground /its 'engineering behaviour01 to the particular engineering work must be accomodated by that work.

The first premise would seem to be fairly obvious but it seems that sometimes the work of designing and e$ecuting a project is divided between various types of engineers, architects and planners so that no single person may have a comprehensive view of the whole project. The premise that the ground will always react to the construction of the engineering work also seems rather obvious. The problem is to assess the magnitude and nature of the reaction of the ground to both the contruction and the operation of the project. The ground reaction, the engineering behaviour of the ground, could be small and significant or massive and perhaps disastrous depending on the nature of the site geology and engineering work. #t must, however, be known in order to fulfill the third premise, namely the engineering work be designed so that it can be constructed and operate within the site geological conditions without sustaining significant damage. To determine the engineering behaviour of the ground the engineering properties of ground mass and the proposed design of engineering work must be known. These two streams of data must be brought together and processed in order to calculate the engineering behaviour of the ground. The engineering behaviour of the ground could be e$pressed by three verbal equations. These are + ,. -. .. 2aterial properties 3 mass fabric 4 2ass properties 2ass properties 3 environment 4 The engineering geological matri$ the enginering geological matri$5changes produced by the engineering work 4 The engineering behaviour of the ground.

The terms used in these equations deserve some e$planation. 2aterial may be rock, soil and the fluid of gasses within them. 2aterial properties are the properties which are of significance in engineering, commonly such thing as density, shear strength, deformability and so forth. 2ass fabric describes the way in which the materials are arranged witihn the mass /in beds, dykes, veins, sills etc1 and the discontinuities /joints, faults, etc.1. At the end of first equation there is sufficient information to make calculation of the behaviour of the mass with regard to the proposed engineering work. This may be reasonably correct but engineering behaviour is often influenced by factors of a more general and fundamental nature which may be grouped together under general title of 'environment0.

The environment includes such features as climate, stress, natural ha*ards and can be stretched to include time. #n climate the principal factors are rainfall, temperature and wind. 2aterials and masses of identical lithological and structural nature may behave quite differently under the action on engineering process depending on the climate in which they e$ist. All ground masses e$ist under some condition of stress, whether due only to self weight or influenced by relict tectonic stresses. The magnitude and direction of stress influence the reaction of the ground to the engineering process, particularly in the case of underground works. #n the three equations all the factors leading up to the description of the engineering geological situation may be established by the process of site investigation. Thereafter the engineering behaviour of the ground with respect to the proposed engineering work is determined by calculation and judgement. #f the calculated ground behaviour is such that it cannot accomodated by the engineering work and would damage the completed work, make construction or maintenance uneconomic or in any way impair the feasibility of the project, then the project must be redesigned or moved to a more suitable location. &.&. Intact Roc( V rsus Roc( )ass A rock mass may consist of intact rock only , but is more commonly formed from an aray of intact rock blocks with boundaries formed by discontinuities /6ig.,1. 7ithin the rock mass the mechanical properties of both intact rock blocks and the discontinuities may be inhomogeneous and and anisotropis. 7hen conducting site investigation, each description of rock material and rock mass are required for understanding the analysis.

Discontinuity set 1= joint plane Discontinuity set 2= bedding plane Fault

Discontinuity set 3= joint plane Weathered zone

Rock mass

)ambar , . #ntact rock vs rock mass As it shown in 6ig. ,, construction design. the rock mass consist of

Intact rock block

can affect the

components that

Intact rock materials : are blocks of rock that do not contain mechanical discontinuities and do have tensile strength. Discontinuities : A discontinuity is a plane of surface that marks a change in phisical or chemical characteristics in rock material. 8iscontinuities are planes of physical weakness. &edding planes, joints, fractures, faults, etc are among the discontinuity planes that can affect the stability of slope and conctruction in general. Discontinuity set : 8iscontinuities e$ist as single features /fault, isolated joint of fracture1, and as discontinuity sets or families. A set denotes a series of discontinuities for which the geological origin are broadly the same

Inhomogenity : inhomogenity is the spatial variation of rock mass properties. 6or e$ample, an intact rock strength variation within a block of intact rock material causes the intact rock material to be inhomogeneous 9 a variation in the orientation of discontinuities causes a rock mass to be inhomogeneous. Anisotropy : An isotopic body has equal properties in all directions. 8iscontinuities in a rock mass induce anisotropy. Rock mass : :ock mass is an assemblage of rock bloks with discontinuities, with or without inhomogenity and with anisotropy. The overall efffect of discontinuities is that a rock mass that contains discontinuities is weaker than the intact rock because shear and tensile strength of discontinuities are lower than those of the intact rock material. A rock mass containg discontinuities will be more deformable than intact rock. Such deformation will normally take place by relative movement along discontinuities and be plastic rather than elastic. The tensile strength of a rock mass containing discontinuities is low and for many rock masses *ero. The porosity of rock mass is higher due to the storage capacity of the discontinuities and the permeability is often considerably higher due to the conductivity via the discontinuities.

Formation o inhomogeneous discontinuity patterns

Rock material !ith "ariable properties

Inhomogeneous !eathering

Rock mass as encountered in the field #omogeneous geotechnical unit 1 #omogeneous geotechnical unit 2
6ig. -. :ock mass components &.*. G ot c+nica$ ,nits Theoritically a proper description or geotechnical calculation to determine the behaviour of a rock mass should include all properties in a rock mass mass. This would be unrealistic and is also not possible without disassembling the rock mass. Therefore a standard procedure is to divide a rock mass into homogeneous geotechnical units. #n practice, such homogenity is seldom found and material and discontinuity properties vary within a selected range of values within the unit. The allowable variation of the properties within one geotechnical unit depends on + ,1. The degree of variability of properties within a rock mass, and -1. The conte$t in which the geotechnical unit is used.

#omogeneous geotechnical unit 3

III. Past and Pr s nt Situation and Natura$ Pro-$ . o" T+

Lin(

&ased on the historical data and some interview with the people of interest, the links between Tavaeli and Toboli has been e$ist since the middle part of -; th century. Of course, the situation and condition were not as it seen recently. The only similariry between the past and current situation is that only very litle change has been made on the road alignment. And, of course, the link by itself has changed locally due to the mass movements or land slides of the old road body. The area, in the pass was dense forest, but human intervention and less control have worsening the environmental quality of the area. <ntil the beginning of =; th, indication of the e$tension of farming area was very significant. &ut, thanks to the regulation and safety awareness, afterthat attention is fully given to conserve this area. &ut, again, this is still big question mark. As one e$ample, some years ago the government has made program to resettle the people living in the area. One of the choices is what so called ':esettlement of 6orest #nvader0 />erambah ?utan1. #n the beginning this program look good and prospective, but then recently this program seem in doubtful. The fact is that along the link no significant change appear. 8uring the last -; years, after some maintenances and treatments have been made on the man%made slopes, the basic problem always appear. That is the slope failure due to the geotechnical problem of the ground around failure areas. #n the practice of constructing engineering structures, such as buildings, tunnels and slopes, an interaction takes place between ground and engineering structure. )round, in the broad term is used for both soil and rock. Soil consist of loose particles not cemented together whereas tha particles in rock are cemented together, resulting in tensile strength. 2ost rocks are not continuous, but contain fractures, faults bedding planes, or more general + discontinuity planes that divide the rock into blocks of rock bounded by discontinuities. The whole array of block of rocks and discontinuity planes is then designated the 'rock mass0 or 'discontinuity rock mass0. 6rom engineering geological point of view, the natural problems that can be permanent problem of the link are the presence of discontinuity planes in the rock body. These discontinuity planes can be related to faults, joints and foliation. And based on site investigation on the area it shows that the big problem is the presence of strongly foliated and jointed metamorphic rocks, either schist or gneiss. This feature is quite clear when the investigation started from @m A; of the link. All the problems related to the metamorphic rock together with its very high susceptibility of weathering have brought the slope into endless problem. The natural condition on the rocks by natural is easy to be detached from its position. 6rom that point of view as described above, the use of blasting material for road construction /cutting and widening1, has even worsening the rock mass quality. &lasting, in one hand can made work easy but in the other hand bocomes trigger factor for other displacements of rock body, resulting in the landslides or rock fall. Therefore the method of e$cavation is one of the parameters to be known. IV. En#i rin# G $o#ica$ o" T+ Lin(

&ased on the rock mass characteristic regarding the slope stability of the link, in general the slope rock masses in the link can be divided into . /three1 main rock types. Those are + ,. 6rom Tavaili to @m .B -. 6rom @m .B to @m CC .. 6rom @m CC ! Toboli + 2olasse "elebes :ock Type + 2etamorphic :ock Type /Schist1 + 2etamorphic /)neiss1 and #gneous /)ranite1 :ock Types

/.'. Sta-i$it% o" t+

s$o! s in r $ation to t+

roc( t%! s.

olase celebes rock type : This type of rock has charasteristic of mi$ture of different si*e of materials that weakly cemented together. The materials themselves can be the mi$ture of many kinds of rocks. The cement materials can be variably. #t may be silica, calcite or clay minerals. The lowest bonding strength belongs to clay minerals. #n the link, the cement material is dominated by clay minerals. As consequency, the rock materials tend to detach each other. 8epending on its clay contents, the engineering characteristic of this material is low cohesion or cohesionless but the angle of internal friction on some cases can be high. The higher internal friction angle mostly found if the cement material dominantly silicate. )enetic of the rock has made it possibly for high value of permeability. Therefore, the water content in the rock mass body can be high, but also can easily flow through rock pores. One of the bad situations that may appear in the link is the influence of devegetation. 8evegetation on the surface of the rock will result in closeness of rock pores. #n this case, no or low infiltration will occur but e$ten$ive and intensive erosion will take place. The stability of the slope is not determined by the planes of failure or discontinuities but most possibly due to the failure of the material, and the failure will always begun with 'gully0 erosion. #n the summer season the failure will occur as debris slide or debris fall and in the rain seoson debris or mud flow will take place. Ta-$ & 0 So. !+%sica$ !ro! rti s o" ar nac ous s di. ntar% roc(s Roc( ' BA., .-.B .B Roc( & .D.-C.= -= Roc( * ,,.E E.A ,; Roc( / A-.; -,.. -,

Para. t rs 8ry <"S Foung 2odulus /$,;.1 Schmidt hardness Source : !no" I."

Sc. #hesis" $%%%

etamorphic Rock #ype &Schist' : #n engineering geological point of view, among many of metamorphic rocks, schist type is the most susceptible to failed and weathered. The genetic of the material has made it even complicated when assessing the slope stability. The main characteristic of the rock is the presence of foliation in the whole body of rock mass, and the definiton of intact rock will be irrelevant because the nature of rock genetically presence the planes of failure. 7hen designing the road, the strike and dip of foliations is of most important data to be known. >aralelism between slope and foliation if it possible has to be avoided. #t needs to be stressed that in this type of rock the use of blasting material should be selectively choosen. ow power of blasting or pre splitting may the best choice considering the internal structure of the rock mass that can affect the whole slope in the the long term stability.

#n the investigated area, section between @m A; to @m CC dominantly formed by this type of rock. The slope failures mostly occur in three ways + plane failure, material failure and combination of the two. >lane failure is caused by presence of weak planes such as schistocity and joint sets. 2aterial failure related to the highly weathered rock with water as trigger factor and lubricate material. 8ifferent from molase type, weathering product of schist tend to add cohesion value for the material. This because weathering product dominantly clay material with low permeability value. Therefore, once the water infiltrate into the material either through cracks or rock pores it will be difficult to drain and the whole slope become heavier. (neiss and (ranite The last eastern parts of the link dominantly consist of gneissic and granitic rocks. #n engineering geological point of view, these two types of rock tend to have or at least better condition for stability of slope. The slope failures in this section mostly occur in plane failure. 2aterial failures that have occur basicly due to intensive weathering of the material. &ut differs from schist slope case, the mode of material failure mostly occur translationally. #n other places that failures occur, the main factor is the presence of structural disturbances in the rock body. >lutonic and hypabissal igneous rocks such as granite are characteri*ed by a granular te$ture, massive structure and relatively homogeneous composition. #n their unaltered state, they are essentially sound and durable with adequate strength for any engineering requirements. #n some instance, however, intrusives may be highly altered, by weathering or hydrothermal attack. 6urthermore fissure *ones are not uncommon in granites. The rock mass may be very much fragmented along such *ones, indeed it may be reduced to sand si*e material and it may have undergone varying degrees of kaolinisation /&ell, ,D=,1. Some physical properties of igneous and metamorphic rocks are listed in the table below Ta-$ ' 0 So. !+%sica$ !ro! rti s o" i#n ous and . ta.or!+ic roc(s Roc( & .D.-C.= -= Roc( * ,,.E E.A ,; Roc( / A-.; -,.. -, Roc( 1 ,DA.= EB.A ERoc( 2 ,DB.C C,., CA

Para. t rs 8ry <"S Foung 2odulus /$,;.1 Schmidt hardness

Roc( ' BA., .-.B .B

Rock$ : (ranite) Rock * : Andesite) Rock + : ,asalt) Rock Rock / : (neiss Source : !no" I." Sc. #hesis" $%%%

Slate) Rock .: Schist)

Slates, phyllites and schists are characteri*ed by te$tures that have a marked preferred orientation. >laty minerals such as chlorite and mica tend to segregate into almost parallel or sub parallel bands alternating with granular minerals such as quart* and feldspar. This preferred alignment of platy minerals accounts for the cleavage and schistocity which tipify these metamorphic rocks and means that slate, in particular, is notably fissile. The orientation of the planes of cleavage or schistocity in relation to the foundation structure can be significant. Got only does cleavage and schistocity adversely affect the strength of metamorphic rocks, it also makes them more susceptible to decay. Slates, phyllites and schists weather slowly but the areas of

regional metamorphism in which they occur have suffered e$tensive folding so that in places rocks may be fractured and deformed. The engineering performance of gneiss is usually similar to that of granite. ?owever, some gneisses are strongly foliated which means that they posses a te$ture with a preferred orientation and may be fissured in places and this can mean trouble.

/.&. Sta-i$it% o" t+

s$o! s in r $ation to t+

structura$ distur-anc s

Hoints in plutonic rocks are often quite regular, steeply dipping structures in two or more intersecting sets. Sheet joints tend to be appro$imately parallel to the topographic surface. The sheet joints introduce a dangerous element of weakness into valley slopes. The most common structural disturbances in the links are joints and faults. 2ost of the joint occur as a set. #n some places, more than one set e$ist with different orientation that may incline, slightly paralell or perpendicular each other. Therefore, the case of wedge failures can easily be found along the section. Structural disturbances that affecting stability of slopes quite significant in the last section /eastern part1. ThatIs why many failures occur as block failures. And this will bring big volume of the slope body to move downward. Got only the slope side will fail but the road body as well. So, it is not questionable and donIt be surprised if the horisontal road alignment has changed in short period of time.

V. C+oic s o" R a$istic Soution #t is wise for the engineers to make decision not only based on the pure civil engineering approach, but the need for intensive site investigation is fulfilled as well. #n case of the link between Tavaeli and Toboli, historically a lot of accidents have occur. <nfortunately, one of causing factor that bring loss of human life is slope failure or mass movement. &ecause the nature of the slopes is described above + different, based on the review that has been

6or the first part of the link, change of slope geometry is considered to be the best alternative. #n some sections where the slope height rather large with nearly horisontal bedding plane and difference in material compaction, benching of the slope face is considered to the best choice. 6or the second link, installation of the gravity structures such as rock block retaining wall with special attention to the internal and e$ternal drainage around risky areas may be the best choices, considering the possibility of movement of soil mass and earth flow. #nstallation of reinforcement or non%gravity retaining wall seems to be useless due to the uncertainty of the internal structure. The third section where the nature of material look fresher and stronger, besides use of reinforcement in some places where the intensity of fracturing and weathering are high, installation of rock block may be good alternatives. Of course, and it should be stressed that the environmental aspects such as farming, reboisation and housing have to be regulated in such a way in order to avoid the decreasing of the rock mass quality.

ROCK MASS CASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR SURFACE EN INEERIN A!!ICATIONS

1$ %arton&s '(system appled to slope stability 2$ %enia!si&s R)R applied to slope stability 3$ *elby + ,eomorphic rock mass strength classi ication -$ Romana&s *)R .slope mass rating/ 0$ *huk + 1*) .natural slope methodology/ 2$ #ack&s **34 .slope stability probability classi ication/$

KINEMATIC ADMISSIBILITY ( STEREONET )

No. Discontinuities 1 Disc 1 (bedding) 2 Disc 2 (Joint) 3 Disc 3 (joint) 4 Disc 4 (joint) S ope direction Dip o! s ope "riction #ng e N Dip direction 22 342 60 285 10 70 47 Dip 22 60 70 80

SLOPE UNIT B3

$
'+ 12 '+12 '1 '3 '+ 14 '+ 13 '4 p1

'+ 24 '+ 23

'2

%&'()N)*+,NS

'o e o! discontinuit- p #ne ( ' ) 'o e o! p #ne intesection ( '+ )

' #ne !#i ure o! p #ne 2 No topp ing !#i ure $edge !#i ure o! p #ne 2.3 #nd 2.4