Recycling Of Waste water

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION:Recycle means to recover useful materials from garbage or waste or it can also be defined as to extract and reuse. While recycling is a term generally applied to aluminium cans, glass bottles & newspaper, water can be recycled as well. Nature reuses & recycles its resources without creating toxic dumps or polluted waterways. By imitating nature we can learn to recycle our wastewater relatively inexpensively, with minimal distribution cost &the bonus of reclaimed resources. cientists are now recogni!ing the simplicity and effectiveness of nature"s processes and are blending technology with natural systems to create more efficient wastewater recycling, reuse &management. #n this seminar # have tried to give importance for necessity of wastewater recycling, its methodology, benefit"s & reuse of recycling of wastewater.

DEFINITION:Recycled water is wastewater that has been treated to a level suitable for various purposes. Water recycling is reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing& replenishing a ground water basin. $he term water recycling is generally used synonymously with water reclamation& water reuse.

Recycling Of Waste water

CHAPTER 2 NECESSITY:#nterminable population growth, dwindling water resources & scarcity of water in many parts of world which is often polluted & high cost of energy re&uired for treating &distribution of water have forced us to search for innovative sources of water supply. $he unbridled exploitation of ground water for irrigation, drin'ing and industrial purposes has caused the water table to recede by ( meters each year. $his has been happening for many years. $he over)exploitation of limited resources has caused not only a perceptible decline in the water table, but has also resulted in concentration of pollutants on the ground, which otherwise would have flowed away. *se of highly treated sewage effluent discharged into the environment is receiving more attention as the reliable source of water. Wastewater reuse is already an imp element in water resources planning. While there are numerous examples of wastewater recycling in western countries but in #ndia this concept has not ta'en the roots strongly. But, in #ndia also we find some success stories of recycling of wastewater & its reuse at private level. +t #ndependence, only ,- of rural #ndia had access to safe drin'ing water. $hat figure has gone up to .(-. $he per capita availability of renewable freshwater in the country, however, has fallen drastically over the last /0 years. $he water table is rapidly falling with unregulated over)exploitation of groundwater. By (0(/, water scarcity in #ndia will be acute. +nd big dams, mega river)lin'ing pro1ects or privati!ed water distribution Water stress is becoming acute in both urban and rural situations. Not only the &uantity but also the &uality of water supplied or available is being &uestioned. +t one extreme, water is being wasted in urban areas and by industries2 at the other, the rural poor lac' access to safe water. +ccording to experts, the usable water resources in several river basins will eventually be exhausted, most surface water will be polluted, and environmental deprivation will be universal. Water scarcity has led to the emergence of the bottled water industry worth over Rs %,000 crore. (

Recycling Of Waste water

IS RECYCLED WATER SAFE? YES

Recycled water is safe for human contact but it is not intended for drin'ing. Recycled water has been used extensively throughout the *. .+. 3 including for food crops, over groundwater a&uifers & in recreational la'es 3 for the past 40 years with no negative health impact.

SCOPE / FUTURE:Water recycling has proven to be effective and successful in creating a new and reliable water supply, while not comprising public health. Nonpotable reuse is widely accepted practice that will continue to grow. 5owever, in many parts of the *nited tates, the uses of recycled water are expanding in order to accommodate the needs of the environment and growing water supply demands. +dvances in wastewater treatment technology and health studies of indirect potable reuse have led many to predict that planned indirect potable reuse will soon become more common. While water recycling is a sustainable approach and can be cost effective in the long term, the treatment of wastewater for reuse and the installation of distribution system can be initially expensive compared to such water supply alternatives as imported water or ground water.

Recycling Of Waste water CHAPTER 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW SEWAGE:-

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4/)/4 mgAl %., to %.Bx BO>/ 0./ $O %.B BO> /? O<*B<7@ %C0 )((0 C0 )%4/ / )%/ (0 )60 4 ). , )%( 0.4x $O$+< N 0.,x $O$+< N +B 7N$ +B 7N$ 0.. 3 4.0 0.6x $O$+< D 0.C x $O$+< D

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Recycling Of Waste water

CHAPTER 5 DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF WATEWATER RECYCLING:Wastewater recycling can be done in number of ways depending on) )the characteristics of wastewater, )surrounding environmental conditions, )its usage after recycling, )&uantity re&uired to be recycled, )available sources for recycling of wastewater, )if economically viable. ome of the methods are as followsG) %. =ON;7N$#+< $7=5N#H*7 G) a. Suggested Water Recycling Treatment Uses Reuse% &e'el$(ed y U.S. E(a. ) .T*e Ad'anced Water Recycling &em$nstrati$n Plant +AWR&P,. -. PH.S/!-CHE0/CA1 0ETH!&S:a. ># #N:7=$#ON b. OI#>+$#ON c. =578#=+< >O #N9 :OR W+$7R H*+<#$E =ORR7=$#ON d. =578#=+<<E +#>7> 7$$<#N9 / ased !n "uidelines #$r Water

Recycling Of Waste water e. :#<$R+$#ON f. O:$7N#N9 g. +=$#;+$7> =+RBON $R7+$87N$ h. +N#ONA=+$#ON 7I=5+N97 ?deminerali!ation@ i. Reverse Osmosis.

2. 2!2 C!3E2T/A1 TECH2/4UES:a. 2ATURA1 WET1A2&S. ). &ES/"2& EC!S.STE0. c. A&3A2CE& T2TE"RATE& P!2& +A/P, S.STE0. d. C!2STRUCTE& WET1A2&S -. SU""ESTE& WATER REC.C1/2" TREAT0E2T5USES Water =ollection ystem Drimary $reatment sedimentation econdary $reatment ?B#O<O9#=+< OI#>+$#ON, No this level *se $ertiaryA+dvanced $reatment ?=578#=+< =O+9*<+$#ON,:#<$R+ ASE& !2

"U/&E1/2ES #!R WATER REUSE% &E3E1!PE& . U.S. EPA.

># #N:7=$#ON@ )$#ON,># #N:7=$#ON@ urface #rrigation <andscape & 9olf =ourse #ndirect Dotable orchards #rrigation ReuseG groundwater recharge potable &surface reservoir agumentation Non):ood #rrigation =rop $oilet :lushing of a&uifer water &;ineyards

Recommended at of

Recycling Of Waste water Restricted landscape impoundments 9roundwater Recharge Nonpotable +&uifer Wetlands, Wildlife habitat, stream augmentation #ndustrial =ooling Drocesses 2 .T*e Ad'anced Water Recycling &em$nstrati$n Tec*ni6ue +AWR&T, #t demonstrates a number of specific commercially available advanced water recycling treatment technologies on a small scale. $he demonstration plant treat recycled water from the $reatment Dlant to increased levels of purity as it passes through a selectable number of the treatment modules. *nrestricted Of #mpoundment Recreational ;ehicle Washing

Recycling Of Waste water +rtistJs impression of the >emonstration Dlant .

$he Water Recycling trategy has identified an urgent need by the =ommunity to see demonstrations of advanced technologies producing recycled Water for a range of applications. $he +dvanced Water Recycling >emonstration Dlant is an initiative of the trategy to meet this demand for various communities. +dvanced water recycling demonstration plant is the first of its 'ind in +ustralia. $he +dvanced Water Recycling >emonstration Dlant ?+WR>D@ demonstrates a Number of specific commercially available advanced water recycling treatment $echnologies on a small scale. $his plant is one of its 'ind in +ustralia and One of only a few worldwide. $he plant consists of B modules and a control room. $he treatment modules =onsist ofG lime clarification, dissolved air flotation, dual media filtration,

Recycling Of Waste water O!onation, activated carbon ?B+=@ filtration, micro filtration, reverse osmosis, *; and chlorine disinfection and clear water reservoir. $he treatment components =omprise commercially available Kstate of the artK technology. +ny number of modules may be selected. 5ence the &uality of water reaching the final reservoir will be a function of the particular configuration selected. #n a number of the mo #nstalled which allows for comparison of design criteria within the individual 8odule. #n addition, opportunities will exist for alternative advanced $echnologies to be brought on)site for direct performance comparison with =urrent +WR>D modules. #ndustry and government has confidence in the use of these advanced technologies and Water recycling possibilities. Derformance against conventional processes. $he plant will lend itself to an education role demonstrating the complexity +nd sophistication of water treatment processes to both technical groups and the general community.

Recycling Of Waste water

2 .2!2 C!23E2T/A1 TECH2/4UES:a. 2atural Wetlands:Natural wetlands purify water by acting li'e a sponge, soa'ing up rainwater that runs off the land before it enters rivers and streams. Darticles of sediment and metal are removed as the water flows through wetland vegetation. Other pollutants such as nutrients and pesticides extracted as the water percolates though wetland soils. ). &esigned Ec$system. >esigned ecosystems are typified by human)made environment consisting of constructed wetlands and a soil filter, and various combinations of these which are also 'now as hybrid system. $hese are relatively low)tech systems which mimic natural environments to treat wastewater from both households and industries. >esigned ecosystems can remove a wide range of potential pollutants with processes similar or identical to mechanically sophisticated systems, but using simpler components. Because

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Recycling Of Waste water they are based on soil and plants rather than concrete and metal, they can potentially treat wastewater with low costs and low maintenance. c. Ad'anced /ntegrated P$nd +A/P, System. #n +#D system, algae use the sun"s energy and its own photosynthesis to aerate the pond, instead of an electrical aerating device that would be bound in conventional system. cientists are wor'ing to capture the methane gas produced by fermenting algae in fermenting algae in settling pond, so that electricity can be generated on site. $he ponds also have the added bonus of removing heavy metals2 biodegrading halogenated organic compounds, trapping parasites, and creating far less sludge and cleaner effluent which is further reused as recycled water.

d. C$nstructed Wetlands.
=onstructed wetlands consist of a series of plots filled with crushed bric', sand, and gravel. $he plots are lined with plastic to prevent waste from leaching into groundwater, and are populated by native wetland plants to aid in wastewater treatment. $hese constructed wetlands mimic nature by mechanically filtering, chemically transforming, and biologically consuming potential pollutants in the wastewater stream. ?8ore on constructed wetlands.@ $wo types of constructed wetlands are shown below. Both cell % and cell ( of the $riangle chool Wastewater $reatment :acility are deigned using variations of the low marsh and high marsh constructed wetlands.

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Recycling Of Waste water

$he plants grown in these plots are specifically chosen for their ability to assist in the biological treatment of water. Dlants act li'e biological pumps, converting sunlight into chemical energy and carrying oxygen from their leaves to their roots. Dollution eating microbes coloni!e in the oxidi!ed !one surrounding the root surface. 8icrobes convert nitrates into a harmless gas.

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Recycling Of Waste water

lternating aerobic and anaerobic environments wor' together to remove nitrogen from wastewater. Dhosphorus is reduced as it chemically binds to crushed bric', and biological oxygen demand ?BO>@ created by organic materials and other substances is filtered out or eaten by microbes. BO> and phosphorus removal are relatively &uic' processes re&uiring an aerobic environment, while nitrogen transformation ta'es several days.

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Recycling Of Waste water

CHAPTER 7 CASE STUDY:-. Recycling Water- A Smart S$luti$n t$ !a*u8s &rin9ing Water Su((ly.
Recycled water is wastewater that has been treated to a level suitable for irrigation, industrial processing and other non-drinking uses. There are two grades of recycled water produced at the Honolulu Water Recycling Facility; one is used for industry and the other for irrigation R-! water is the highest "uality irrigation water regulated by the #tate of Hawaii $epart%ent of Health. This water can be safely used for landscaping and irrigating golf courses and public green spaces and is safe for hu%an contact. R&, or 'reverse os%osis' is ultra pure processed water suitable for industrial purposes, such as refineries and power plants. Recycled water is continuously %onitored at the treat%ent plant and %ust %eet stringent $epart%ent of Health re"uire%ents before it can be delivered to custo%ers.

A Proven Technology
Recycled water is a proven technology. &n &ahu, recycled water is used at the (olynesian )ultural )enter, The *inks at Turtle +ay, and the ,aneohe -arine )orps +ase Hawaii. &ther places throughout the state, such as -aui )ounty, use recycled water to irrigate agricultural lands and landscaped areas around tourist attractions, hotels, golf courses, libraries and other public facilities. .

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Recycling Of Waste water

#tate-of-the-art technology is used to speed up the purification process using a syste% of filters and a highly effective disinfection process. The recycled water is then pu%ped to industrial plants, golf courses, parks and other irrigation custo%ers through a series of purple pipes separate fro% pipes carrying drinking water. ./tensive testing and %onitoring is constantly being perfor%ed to assure water "uality standards are %et. Here in Hawaii, the #tate $epart%ent of Health has strict treat%ent standards for recycled water and %onitors its usage in the co%%unity. 0n addition, the Honolulu Water Recycling Facility staff carefully %onitors the "uality of recycled water produced.

The +oard of Water #upply1s recycled water pro2ect uses the sa%e basic process -other 3ature uses to cleanse water...but does it faster. The +oard of Water #upply1s recycling pro2ect uses state-of-the-art technology to speed up the purification process using a syste% of filters and a highly effective disinfection process. &nce all health and safety standards have been %et, the recycled water is delivered to local irrigation and industrial custo%ers. R-1 Process: High Quality Water for Irrigation

R0 Process: High Quality Water for Industry

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Recycling Of Waste water

EXAMPLORY CALUCATIONS:5ere # have tried to show how water recycling and its reuse can be useful by ta'ing into consideration only the daily domestic water supply of D*N7 city. +s Der # %%C()%BB6G $he minimum domestic consumption for a town or city with fully flushing system can be ta'en as )((/ lAhAd. #ndustrial water consumption )/0 lAhAd. #nstitutional &commercial water demand )(0 lAhAd. &for highly commerciali!ed cities )/0 lAhAd. Dublic uses 3 /- of total consumption. :ire demand )/- of total consumption. %,

Recycling Of Waste water ;ariation in per capita water demand & sewage production with population in #N>#+.

r No.

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%%0 %%0 )%/0 %/0 )%.0 %.0)(%0 (%0 )(40 (40)(C0

B0 B0 )%(0 %(0)%/0 %/0)%C0 %C0 )%B0 %B0 )(00

+s per latest census of (00% the population of Dune city is about 60, 00,000. $he daily consumption of domestic water is nearly about ,C/x%0L,.+s we 'now that .0- of discharged water turn out to be sewage, so if we try to recycle at least 40- of sewage we can save tremendous amount of water. $O$+< ) ,C/x%0L, <A5A>. .040) /40x%0L, <A5A>. ) (%,x%0L, <A5A>.

$57R7:OR7 +8O*N$ $5+$ =+N B7 * 7> :OR R7=E=<#N9 (%,x%0L,.

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Recycling Of Waste water

BENEFITS AND REUSES OF WATER RECYCLING :-

-. "E2ERA1 A&3A2TA"ESG) Reduction in interference with the 7nvironment by reducing or eliminating the effluent discharge +n effective approach towards MNero <i&uid >ischarge". Recycled water can be treated to almost any standards hence is suitable :or any end usage.

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Recycling Of Waste water Reduction in O:resh waterP inta'e and the costs associated with it. Reduction in O>isposal ;olumeP and the costs associated with it. Recycled water is li'e creation of ONewP, O#n)houseP source of good &uality water largely unaffected by external factors. #n areas where Ofresh waterP cost is presently high or li'ely to be hi'ed, the recycled water shall provide Oongoing savingsP. Recycling & reuse is an approach towards # O 3 %4000.

En'ir$nmental ene:its $: Water Recycling #n addition to providing a dependable, locally)controlled water supply, water recycling provides tremendous environmental benefits. By providing an additional source of water, water recycling can help us find ways to decrease the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems. Other benefits include decreasing wastewater discharges and reducing and preventing pollution. Recycled water can also be used to create or enhance wetlands and riparian habitats. Water recycling can decrease di'ersi$n $: :res*;ater :r$m sensiti'e ec$systems. Dlants, wildlife, and fish depend on sufficient water flows to their habitats to live and reproduce. $he lac' of ade&uate flow, as a result of diversion for agricultural, urban, and industrial purposes, can cause deterioration of water &uality and ecosystem health. Water users can supplement their demands by using recycled water, which can free considerable amounts of water for the environment and increase flows to vital ecosystems. %B

Recycling Of Waste water Water recycling decreases disc*arge t$ sensiti'e ;ater )$dies. #n some cases, the impetus for water recycling comes not from a water supply need, but from a need to eliminate or decrease wastewater discharge to the ocean, an estuary, or a stream. :or example, high volumes of treated wastewater discharged from the an QoseA anta =lara Water Dollution =ontrol Dlant into the outh an :rancisco Bay threatened the area"s natural salt water marsh. #n response, a R%40 million recycling pro1ect was completed in %BBC. $he outh Bay Water Recycling Drogram has the capacity to provide (% million gallons per day of recycled water for use in irrigation and industry. By avoiding the conversion of salt water marsh to brac'ish marsh, the habitat for two endangered species can be protected. Recycled ;ater may )e used t$ create $r en*ance ;etlands and ri(arian +stream, *a)itats. Wetlands provide many benefits, which include wildlife and wildfowl habitat, water &uality improvement, flood diminishment, and fisheries breeding grounds. :or streams that have been impaired or dried from water diversion, water flow can be augmented with recycled water to sustain and improve the a&uatic and wildlife habitat. Water recycling can reduce and (re'ent ($lluti$n. When pollutant discharges to oceans, rivers, and other water bodies are curtailed, the pollutant loadings to these bodies are decreased. 8oreover, in some cases, substances that can be pollutants when discharged to a body of water can be beneficially reused for irrigation. :or example, recycled water may contain higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, than potable water. +pplication of recycled water for agricultural and landscape irrigation can provide an additional source of nutrients and lessen the need to apply synthetic fertili!ers. Recycled water has been used for a number of years to irrigate vineyards at =alifornia wineries, and this use is growing. Recently, 9allo Wineries and the =ity of anta Rosa

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Recycling Of Waste water completed facilities for the irrigation of 6/0 acres of vineyards with recycled water from the anta Rosa ub regional Water Reclamation ystem.

2. EC!2!0/CA1

E2E#/TS !# WATER REC.C1/2":-

a. 7nergy savings with the water recyclingG) 8any industrial processes re&uire the process water to be heated or cooled. Well water and tap water have an avg temperature of (0degree to (4 degree respectively. On avg, every degree rise in temp costs higher. By recycling & reusing the process water, the energy re&uirement demands are lowered and therefore savings can be made on energy expenses. b. :urther cost savings when recycling & re)using waterG) When water is being recycled, certain elements are removed which are harmful pollutants, nutrients etc are removed. When this water is reused, it is free of unwanted elements and already contains those elements which are needed by the process, therefore lowering costs. c. $he costs of waste waterG) $he cost of draining wastewater has risen by (0- in recent years. $his cost is expected to rise even more. ome companies have therefore already placed pretreatment as well as post treatment units, therefore ma'ing it suitable for water recycling in the process. $he effluent water can also undergo a less effective treatment and be used as cooling or cleaning water.

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Recycling Of Waste water

Overview water reuse in different industries

Water reuse in the paper industry 0n the paper industry water can be recycled by %eans of %e%brane filtration and %e%brane bio reactors. 4-+R5

Water reuse in the te tile industry For water recycling in the te/tile industry %e%brane filtration is a preferable option co%pared to other wastewater treat%ent techni"ues.

Water reuse in the poultry industry +y %eans of filtration and o6one disinfection, cooling water can be recycled.

Water reuse in the food and !everage industry Water recycling using 78-disinfection and %e%brane filtration in the food and beverage industry.

Water disinfection and reuse in greenhouse horticulture Water recycling and disinfection by %eans of heat treat%ent, sand filtration and o6one- and 78 treat%ent.

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Recycling Of Waste water

Water treat"ent and reuse of oily #aste#ater +y %eans of %e%brane filtration and o6one978 treat%ent, oil can be re%oved fro% wastewater.

Water savings and reuse for cooling processes in #hich surface and ground #ater is used )ooling water savings by %eans of open recirculating cooling towers.

Water reuse for agricultural irrigation

The use of %unicipal wastewater effluent for agricultural applications

C!2C1US/!2S-G
+s water demands and environmental needs grow, water recycling will play a greater role in our overall water supply. By wor'ing together to overcome (6

Recycling Of Waste water obstacles, water recycling, along with water conservation, can help us to conserve & sustainbly manage our vital water resources. +s water recycling has more benefits ad uses which can be widely applicable it can be considered as a proven technology and cost effective in long term. +s seen in an example that if recycled water nearly about (%,x%0L,<A5A> can be used for various purposes such as gardening , irrigation, ground water recharging etc2 tremendous amount of water can be saved which can then be supplied to area where water is scarce. $he treatment of wastewater for reuse and installation of distribution system can be initially expensive compared to water supply alternatives as imported water or ground water, so if we in #N>#+ start using the technology of water recycling depending upon characteristics of sewage, viable method which can be adopted, and usage of water after recycling, it can help us for conserving our water resources which are depleting at very faster rate. 5ence, water recycling also should be given due importance with other water conservation pro1ects thus ma'ing our water resources self sufficient.

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