FETAL PHYSIOLOGY Age conception of the week commonly used to indicate the status of development of the embryo.

Age conception can be determined by measuring the fetus and is generally determined by measuring CROWN L N!"# Rump via ultrasound. A. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT : !rowth and development during the first $ weeks% the terminology used for the development of organisms embryos after $ weeks% the terminology used by the fetus because most organs have been formed and have entered into the stage of growth and development continued. &etus weighing '(( ) *((( g +,,),- weeks. called immature. &rom weeks ,$)-/ are called preterm and full)term fetus when the pregnancy is over -0 weeks. B. CHARACTERISTIC INDICATING MATURITY OF THE FETUS : *. Nutrition intrauterine 1 Nutrition intrauterine fetal growth and placental function defined perfusion. Chronic malnutrition can cause anemia and low birth weight ) low birth weight case of hypo2ia% fetal obtain energy through anaerobic glycolysis% which originated from the reserve in the heart muscle and placenta. "he fetus produces a specific protein called Alfafetoprotein ) A&3 from liver. "he protein is secreted by the fetal kidneys and swallowed back to e2perience degradation in the gut. 4f the fetus is swallowing disorders +eg fetal abnormalities Anensepalus or another N"56s. the serum A&3 levels increased. ,. Amniotic fluid 1 Amniotic fluid amniotic fluid volume at term about ) about $(( ml and p# 0., polyhydramnios +hydramnios.1 amniotic fluid volume7 ,((( ml% can occur in normal pregnancy but '(8 of the state is

accompanied

by

abnormalities

in

the

mother

or

fetus.

Oligohydramnios ob9ectively determined by measuring the largest bag with ultrasound that shows the number of less than , cm 2 , cm or : ;uadrant total amount of less than ' cm +amniotic fluid inde2.. SOLUTE AND WATER EXCHANGE IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID : *. Cardiovascular system 1 "he cardiovascular system is an abrupt change from intrauterine life to e2trauterine circulation neonates re;uire ad9ustment include1 diversion of blood flow from the lungs% <ottali closure of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale and ductus venosus obliteration Arantii and vasa umbilical. 5ilatation vasa formation of pulmonary and pulmonary sirkluasi ,. Cardiovascular system 1 Cardiovascular system infant circulation consists of - phases1 3hase intrauterine where the fetus depends on the placental phase transition that begins shortly after birth and the first cry adult phase generally lasts in full in the first month of life -. &etal circulation 1 &etal circulation circulation adult1 a series circuit where the blood flow through the right heart ) lungs ) left ventricle ) the systemic circulation ) fetal circulation right heart1 a parallel circuit in which the cardiac output from the left ventricle and the right directly to different vascular tangle. &etal circulation is characteri=ed by a 6shunt61 ductus arteriosus ductus venosus Arantii <otali :. 3hase intrauterine 1 3hase intrauterine umbilical vein brings o2ygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus is more than '(8 of cardiac out ) put walked to the placenta through the umbilical artery. Red blood cells%

hemoglobin and >packed cell volume> continued to increase during pregnancy. ?ost of the erythrocytes containing #b& '. 3hase transition 1 "ransition phase 5uring labor% there are two events that alter fetal hemodynamic Ligation cord leading to the rise of CO, levels increase in arterial pressure and a decrease in 3O, leading to early neonatal respiratory fetal circulation to be perfect after the closing ductus and foramen ovale ongoing arteriousus /. 3hase e2trauterine 1 3hase e2trauterine hemodynamically normal adults differ with the fetus in terms of1 venous and arterial blood does not mi2 in the atrium @ena cava carries only deo2ygenated blood into the right atrium% right ventricle and then into the blood and then pumped into the pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary blood carries only Aorta o2ygenated from the heart through the pulmonary vein to the left further distributed throughout the body of the fetus. 0. Respiratory function 1 3regnancy ,, weeks respiratory function% pulmonary capillary system formed and already has the ability to e2change gases. Aterm% has formed -): generations alveoli. pithelium that originally shaped cabbage change a flat at the first breath. !as e2change takes place in the placenta to the fetus. O, partial pressure +3O,. of fetal blood Amaternal blood% but because it contains a lot of #b& fetal blood o2ygen saturation% then the fetus is able to make ends meet. $. !astrointestinal function 1 &unction gastrointestinal partially swallowed amniotic fluid following cellular material contained therein through the en=ymatic activity of bacteria and converted into meconium. ?econium remains in the intestine unless there is severe hypo2ia that causes contraction of intestinal muscles so that meconium out and mi2es with the 3

amniotic fluid. !luconeogenesis from amino acids and glucose accumulation in the liver is sufficient when the neonate has not happened yet. B. Renal function 1 Cidney function placenta% lung% and kidney maternal normally would regulate water and electrolyte balance in the fetus. &ormation of urine begins the week of B)*,. At -, weeks% urine production reached *, mlDhour% at term ,$ mlDhr. &etal urine is a ma9or component of the amniotic fluid. *(. Eystems immunology 1 Eystems immunology in early pregnancy fetal capacity to produce antibodies against the antigen maternal or very bad bacterial invasion. Eince week ,( the immunological response of the fetus is e2pected to start happening. &etal Response assisted with the transfer of maternal antibodies in the form of passive protection that persisted until some time after delivery. 4g? is mainly derived from the fetus so that it can be used to determine the presence of intrauterine infection. **. ndocrine 1 "hyroid is an endocrine gland endocrine first formed in the fetus. 3ancreas formed at week *, and the insulin produced by the pancreatic < cells. ?aternal insulin can not cross the placenta so the fetus must form its own insulin for glucose metabolism interests. "he fetus produces "E# ) thyroid stimulating hormone since week *: which causes the release of "- and ":.