The Equation of State in Standard Model: Tomasz Westwa Nski

The equation of state in Standard Model
Tomasz Westwa nski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia Poland
The equation of state in Standard Model p.1/24
Introduction.
The tree level Lagrangian. The phenomenological basis for the formulation of the Standard Model (MS) is given by the following empirical facts:
Introduction.
The tree level Lagrangian. The phenomenological basis for the formulation of the Standard Model (MS) is given by the following empirical facts: The fermions appear as families with left-handed doublets and right-handed singlets: u c t e , , , , , d s b e
L L L L L
The SU (2) U (1) family structure of the fermions:
eR ,
R ,
R ,
uR ,
dR ,
cR ,
sR ,
tR ,
bR
Introduction.
They can be characterized by the quantum numbers
of weak isospin I , I3 and the weak hypercharge Y .
Introduction.

Between the quantum numbers classifying the
fermions with respect to the group SU (2) U (1) and their electric charges Q the Gell-Mann-Nishijima relation is valid. Y Q = I3 + 2
Introduction.

Between the quantum numbers classifying the
fermions with respect to the group SU (2) U (1) and their electric charges Q the Gell-Mann-Nishijima relation is valid. Y Q = I3 + 2 The existence of vector bosons: , W + , W , Z .
Introduction.
This empirical structure can be embedded in a gauge
invariant eld theory of the unied electromagnetic and weak interactions by interpreting SU (2) U (1) as the group of gauge transformations under which the Lagrangian is invariant.
Introduction.
This full symmetry has to be broken by the Higgs
mechanism down to the electromagnetic gauge symmetry; otherwise the W , Z bosons would also be massless.
Introduction.
This full symmetry has to be broken by the Higgs
mechanism down to the electromagnetic gauge symmetry; otherwise the W , Z bosons would also be massless.
The Standard Model requires a single scalar eld
(Higgs eld) which is a doublet under SU (2).
The classical Lagrangian.

The electroweak Lagrangian is given in the form:
L = LG + LH + LF + LYukawa

Gauge elds.
SU (2) U (1) is a non-Abelian group which is generated by the isospin operators I1 , I2 , I3 and the hypercharge Y .

Gauge elds.
SU (2) U (1) is a non-Abelian group which is generated by the isospin operators I1 , I2 , I3 and the hypercharge Y . Each of these charges is associated with a vector 1,2,3 with I 1,2,3 and a eld: a isotriplet of vector elds W isosinglet eld B with Y .

The eld strength tensors:
a a a b c W = W W + g W 2 abc W
B = B B

B = B B
Parameters g2 and g1 denote the non-Abelian SU (2)
gauge coupling constant and the Abelian U (1) coupling, respectively.

B = B B
Parameters g2 and g1 denote the non-Abelian SU (2)
gauge coupling constant and the Abelian U (1) coupling, respectively.

The gauge eld Lagrangian:
1 a ,a 1 LG = WW B B 4 4

Fermion elds and fermion-gauge interaction.

Fermion elds and fermion-gauge interaction. Lagrangian LF :
L i D L + R i D R LF =

The covariant derivative
Y a D = ig2 IaW + ig1

The covariant derivative
Y a D = ig2 IaW + ig1 For singlets Ia = 0.

Higgs eld, Higgs-gauge eld and Yukawa coupling.

Higgs eld, Higgs-gauge eld and Yukawa coupling. A single complex scalar doublet eld
(x) =
+ (x) 0 (x )

Lagrangian LH
(x) =
+ (x) 0 (x )
LH = (D )+ (D ) V ()

Lagrangian LH
(x) =
+ (x) 0 (x )
LH = (D )+ (D ) V ()
with the covariant derivative g1 a D = ig2 IaW + i B 2

Potential V ():
+ 2 V () = + ( ) 4
2 +
where v =
2 .

Potential V ():
+ 2 V () = + ( ) 4
2 +
where v =
2 .
Field (x) can be written as:
(x) =
(v + h(x) + i (x))/ 2
+ (x)

In the unitary gauge, the Higgs eld has the simple
form:
0 1 (x) = 2 v + h(x)

form:
The real part of 0 , h(x), describes physical neutral
0 1 (x) = 2 v + h(x) MH = 2.
scalar particles with mass

form:
The real part of 0 , h(x), describes physical neutral
0 1 (x) = 2 v + h(x) MH = 2.
scalar particles with mass
The Yukawa Lagrangian has a following form:
mf f f h f f LYukawa = m f f f v
The equation of state.

The stress-energy density tensor T :
L T = 2 g L g

L T = 2 g L g
Hamiltonian H
H=
d 3 x T00

L T = 2 g L g
Hamiltonian H
H=
Pressure Pi
Z Z
d 3 x T00
Pi =
d 3 x Tii

L T = 2 g L g
Hamiltonian H
H=
Pressure Pi
Z Z
d 3 x T00
Pi =
d 3 x Tii
We have to calculate average energy density () and
average pressure (P)

The complete Lagrangian has the following form:
1 a ,a 1 L i D L + R i D R L = WW B B + 4 4 mf + f f f f h +(D ) (D ) V () m f f f v

For electron and Higgs:
1 e (i me )e + ( h(x))2 V () Le,Higgs = 2

For electron and Higgs:
1 e (i me )e + ( h(x))2 V () Le,Higgs = 2
with
2 4 2 2 2 m m 2 H H 4 + ( 3 V () m2 ( ) + 1 ) h ( x ) + h (x) H 2 2 2 4 8v 4 v 8v

Average value < A >
< A >= Tr(A),
1 (H N ) = e Z
1 = KB T

Average value < A >
< A >= Tr(A),

Electron eld:
1 (H N ) = e Z
1 = KB T
e =
=1
d3 k , ) u(k , ) eikx c ( k (2)3 2E

Average value < A >
< A >= Tr(A),

Electron eld:
1 (H N ) = e Z
1 = KB T
e =
=1
d3 k , ) u(k , ) eikx c ( k (2)3 2E
The Higgs eld:
h(x) =
d3 k ) eikx + a+ (k ) eikx ] [ a ( k (2)3 2E

The partition function for fermions (FD):
< c c >
1 e(Ek ) + 1

< c c >
1 e(Ek ) + 1
The partition function for bosons (BE):
< a a >
1 e(Ek ) 1

< c c >
1 e(Ek ) + 1
The partition function for bosons (BE):
< a a >
1 e(Ek ) 1
The mean eld approximation:
< A2 > < A > 2

Electron part of average energy density:
e = 8
Z
0
k 2 Ek dk
1 e(Ek ) + 1

e = 8
Z
0
k 2 Ek dk
1 e(Ek ) + 1
x: The change of variable k = me + , x = (Ek me ), Ek = 2 + m2 k e, y =

e = 8
Z
0
k 2 Ek dk
1 e(Ek ) + 1
x: The change of variable k = me + , x = (Ek me ), Ek = 2 + m2 k e, y =
Fermi-Dirac integrals:
Fj (y) =
Z
0
dt
j 2
e(t y) 1

We can rewrite e
e = 8(2me )
3/2
(KB T )
5/2
Z
0
dx
3 2
3 KB T x ( 2me + 1) 2 exye + 1 1 2 1 KB T x ( 2me + 1) 2 exye + 1
+8 2(me )
5/2
(KB T )
3/2
Z
0
dx

We can rewrite e
e = 8(2me )
3/2
(KB T )
5/2
Z
0
dx
3 2
3 KB T x ( 2me + 1) 2 exye + 1 1 2 1 KB T x ( 2me + 1) 2 exye + 1
+8 2(me )
5/2
(KB T )
3/2
Z
0
dx
Lets take very high temperature KB T >> me , then:
e = 8(KB T ) with
Z
0
x3 2 + 8 m 2 dx xy ( K T ) B e e e +1
(0) me = m e
Z
0
dx
x exye + 1

Similarly, we can calculate Higgs
Higgs = 2(2mH )
3/2
(KB T )
5/2
Z
0
dx
3 2
+2 2(mH ) +m2 H ( 2 4
5/2
(KB T ) )
3/2
+ 2
4 8v2
Z
0
dx
3 KB T x 2 ( 2mH + 1) exyH 1 1 2
1 KB T x ( 2mH + 1) 2 exyH 1
x 3 5/2 3/2 + mH ( 2 1)(KB T ) dx v 0 2 1 K Tx 1 Z B 7 x 2 ( 2mH + 1) 2 mH 3 dx + 2 (KB T ) 4v exyH 1 0
1 2
1 KB T x 2 ( 2mH + 1) exyH 1

Expanding expression in bracket into the series:
n 2
KB T x +1 2mH
n KB T 1+ x 2 2mH

Expanding expression in bracket into the series:
n 2
KB T x +1 2mH
We will get:
n KB T 1+ x 2 2mH
2 4 3 5 (1 (2 ) (2 ) 2 2) Higgs = mH ( + 2 ) + (. . . )IH + (. . . )IH + (. . . )IH 4 8v
where
j (2 ) IH
denotes IH =
j (2 )
Z
0
dx
j 2
exyH 1

The polylogarithm functions
Lin (z) =
k=1
zk /kn

Lin (z) =
k=1
zk /kn
Fermi-Dirac integrals have been calculated using
MATHEMATICA 5.1 1 1 (2 ) IH = Li3/2 (eyH ), 2

5 (2 ) IH
3 (2 ) IH
3 = Li5/2 (eyH ) 4
15 = Li7/2 (eyH ), 8
with yH = mH /KB T

Lin (z) =
k=1
zk /kn
Fermi-Dirac integrals have been calculated using
MATHEMATICA 5.1 1 1 (2 ) IH = Li3/2 (eyH ), 2

5 (2 ) IH
3 (2 ) IH
3 = Li5/2 (eyH ) 4
15 = Li7/2 (eyH ), 8
j (2 ) IH
with yH = mH /KB T
integrals

Fermi-Dirac integrals for electron part:
Ie =
( j)
Z
0
dx
xj exye + 1

Ie =
(1) Ie
( j)
Z
0
dx
xj exye + 1
(3) Ie
= Li2 (e ),
ye
= Li4 (eye )

Ie =
(1) Ie
( j)
Z
0
dx
xj exye + 1
(3) Ie
= Li2 (e ), ye =
(0) me
ye
= Li4 (eye )
/KB T v

Average pressure Pi :
8 Pi = (2me )3/2 (KB T )5/2 3
Z
0
dx
3 2
3 KB T x ( 2me + 1) 2 exye + 1 3 KB T x ( 2mH + 1) 2 exyH 1
x 2 3/2 5/2 + (2mH ) (KB T ) dx 3 0 2 4 1 2 mH ( + 2 ) 3 4 8v 1 K Tx 1 Z B 2 x 2 ( 2mH + 1) 2 5/2 3/2 mH ( 2 1)(KB T ) dx v exyH 1 0 2 1 K Tx 1 2 Z B 2( 2 x + 1 ) m7 2 m H dx H2 (KB T )3 12v exyH 1 0
3 2
Results.
Energy density as a function of for mH = 115 GeV, v = 200 GeV, e = 1 GeV and KB T = 0 GeV (left) and KB T = 20 GeV (right).
Results.
Energy density as a function of for mH = 115 GeV, v = 200 GeV, e = 1 GeV and KB T = 0 GeV and KB T > 0 GeV .
Results.
Equation of state P/.

The Equation of State in Standard Model: Tomasz Westwa Nski

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The equation of state in Standard Model

Tomasz Westwa nski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia Poland

The equation of state in Standard Model p.1/24

The equation of state in Standard Model p.2/24

The SU (2) U (1) family structure of the fermions:

The equation of state in Standard Model p.2/24

of weak isospin I , I3 and the weak hypercharge Y .

The equation of state in Standard Model p.3/24

of weak isospin I , I3 and the weak hypercharge Y .

The equation of state in Standard Model p.3/24

of weak isospin I , I3 and the weak hypercharge Y .

The equation of state in Standard Model p.3/24

The equation of state in Standard Model p.4/24

The equation of state in Standard Model p.4/24

(Higgs eld) which is a doublet under SU (2).

The equation of state in Standard Model p.4/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.5/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.5/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.5/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.6/24

The classical Lagrangian.

gauge coupling constant and the Abelian U (1) coupling, respectively.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.6/24

The classical Lagrangian.

gauge coupling constant and the Abelian U (1) coupling, respectively.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.6/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.7/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.7/24

The classical Lagrangian.

Y a D = ig2 IaW + ig1

The equation of state in Standard Model p.7/24

The classical Lagrangian.

Y a D = ig2 IaW + ig1 For singlets Ia = 0.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.7/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.8/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.8/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.8/24

The classical Lagrangian.

with the covariant derivative g1 a D = ig2 IaW + i B 2

The equation of state in Standard Model p.8/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.9/24

The classical Lagrangian.

Field (x) can be written as:

The equation of state in Standard Model p.9/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The equation of state in Standard Model p.10/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The real part of 0 , h(x), describes physical neutral

scalar particles with mass

The equation of state in Standard Model p.10/24

The classical Lagrangian.

The real part of 0 , h(x), describes physical neutral