K-12

The Difference of the Philippine K-12 from the educational system of other countries

A Research Paper Presented to Mrs. Millaine Taylan-Ambayec Mapua Institute of Technolo y

In Partial !ulfillment of the course re"uirement in #n lish for Academic Purposes 2 $#%&11'

(y)

*une 2+11

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Table of ,ontents

I. II. III. I/. /.

Abstract (ody ,onclusion References Appendices A. Inter1ie2 3uestions (. Inter1ie2 Transcript

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Abstract K-126 or Model Kinder-4-.-2 is a pro ram de1eloped by the Department of #ducation. The educational system in the Philippines 2ill no2 ha1e thirteen years of basic education. The research is bound to findin out the differences and similarities of Philippine K-12 from other countries. The researchers also conducted an inter1ie2 2ith Mrs. 7u8 Mandaue and she said that the educational system in other countries is better than the Philippine K-12. K-12 2as compared 2ith the 9.:. educational system and the ,hinese educational system because their o1ernment i1es importance to their education. ;ur research 2ill sho2 that reforms

are usually for the better especially 2hen they see that 2e are al2ays left behind. The researchers< study is about K-12 and some other educational system of countries li=e 9.:.6 ,hina6 *apan and :in apore. The researchers 2ould li=e to =no2 2hy !ilipinos prefers to study in forei n countries rather than in their o2n countries. And this study 2ould also li=e to sho2 2hat benefits 2ill the incomin sho2 ho2 other countries ad>ust durin eneration of students ain 2ith this system6 and to an educational reform. The researchers 2ould li=e once K-12 is the on- oin

to inform !ilipinos in 2hat mi ht happen in their system of li1in educational system of the country.

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The Difference of the Philippine K-12 from the educational system of other countries

This study is about the Philippine K-12 and its difference and similarities to the educational system of other countries. The Philippine K-12 is a pro ram that 2ill add years in the basic education. The focus of the pro ram is to add 2 years of senior hi h school after >unior hi h school and =inder arten prior elementary education in line 2ith international standards. The implementation of =inder arten is on :? 2+11-2+12 2hile the additional 2 years is on :? 2+12-2+1-. The researchers 2ant the readers to learn more about the differences and similarities of the Philippine K-12 pro ram from other countries. Another aim of this study is for the readers to =no2 and be a2are 2hich education system is better. ;ne more ob>ecti1e of this study is to pro1ide information to the readers about the Philippine K-12 pro ram. The importance of this study is to inform people about the ad>ustments that 2ill happen 2hen the Philippine K-12 is implemented. The study is important because it 2ill sho2 a limpse of the impro1ements or disad1anta es that 2ill happen 2hen the Philippine K-12 is implemented. The study may help people to be informed about the possible effects that this educational reform 2ill cause. The scope of this study is to e@pose the structures of different educational systems of the follo2in countries) 9nited :tates6 :in apore6 *apan and ,hina. The researchers chose these countries because they ha1e sho2n importance in their basic education system. The study 2ill compare and contrast the different educational system. The study 2ill sho2 the social6 political and economic impacts of educational reforms in the Philippines. The research is limited only in pro1in that the educational system of other countries is better than the Philippine K-12.

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The athered data throu h 1isits in some of libraries6 li=e the %ational library and the

school library and an inter1ie2 2ith Mrs. 7u8 Manduae. The inter1ie2ee is an elementary teacher at #lementary :chool and a tutor. :he had 2or=ed in both public and pri1ate schools. It is difficult to pinpoint the e@act history of education6 as education has been occurrin in some form for centuries in all parts of the 2orld. !or the purposes of this article6 2e 2ill e@plore the history of the K-12 education system 2e =no2 today as it applies primarily to the 9nited :tates. Today6 K-12 education represents the compulsory education re"uired of all children in the 9:. Thou h a K-12 education can be attained from either publicly or pri1ately funded institutions6 children 2ho ha1e reached compulsory school a e $ran in from a e si@ to ei ht6 dependin on the state' are re"uired by la2 to attend school. ,ompulsory education in the 9nited :tates be an o1er 10+ years a o 2hen Aorace Mann established a state2ide system of education in Massachusetts6 2hich became the first state to pass school attendance la2s in 1502. (y 1B156 children 2ere re"uired by la2 to recei1e an education in all states. Kinder arten6 bein the first rade in the K-12 education system today6 2as actually de1eloped prior to compulsory education. Thou h it is not compulsory in all states6 children are re"uired to start school in most states at the a e of si@. If the child is too youn to start =inder arten the year he turns fi1e6 =inder arten may technically be re"uired since he 2ill be turnin si@ that school year. The 2ord kindergarten is of &erman ori in and means Cchild or children<s arden.D The concept of =inder arten 2as the brainchild of !riedrich !roebel6 a self-educated philosophical teacher. !roebel sou ht to de1elop a place of uided play for children to Cbloom6D thus he came up 2ith the name =inder arten.

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The first =inder arten established in #n land 2as in 1502E the 9nited :tates follo2ed

by establishin its first =inder arten in 1504. Thou h education 2as re"uired of all children in Massachusetts by that time and many other states 2ere follo2in suit6 not all schools pro1ided6 nor re"uired6 =inder arten. :imilarly6 not all schools re"uired a student to stay in school beyond a certain rade6 as compulsory education initially applied only to elementary a ed children. Many children 2ere also permitted to miss portions of the school year6 especially farmers< children 2ho 2ere needed at home for har1estin crops and preparin for the 2inter. The #ducation Act of 1B156 or the !isher Act6 2as an act of (ritish Parliament 2ritten by Aerbert !isher that implemented chan es in pro ressi1e education and helped form many aspects of the K-12 education system 2e reco ni8e today. The !isher Act rose the a e at 2hich children could lea1e school to fourteen and addressed education needs such as health inspections and accommodations for special needs children. This Act also prompted a committee that reported to and made recommendations to policy ma=ers re ardin education. In the 9nited :tates6 unli=e #n land6 public education 2as o1erned by each indi1idual state. As early as 1FB16 F states had specific pro1isions for education in their o2n indi1idual constitutions and 2ere formed partly on the basis of education 2ithout reli ious bias. Prior to the passin of compulsory school attendance la2s6 education 2as primarily locali8ed and a1ailable only to the 2ealthy and often included reli ious teachin s. !ollo2in the compulsory attendance la2s6 ,atholics banned to ether in opposition of states mandatin common schoolin and created pri1ate ,atholic schools. In 1B206 the :upreme ,ourt ruled that children could attend public or pri1ate schools for education.

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;1er time6 each indi1idual state de1eloped its o2n department of education to

o1ersee the public education system. ,ompulsory attendance re2 to include =inder arten and mandate attendance throu h the a e of 14. !undin sources for public education also re2 to include federal6 state and local sources. !ederal fundin 2as o1erseen by The 9nited :tates Department of Aealth6 #ducation6 and Gelfare from 1B0- to 1BFB6 until it 2as di1ided and the 9: Department of #ducation 2as formed as a stand-alone entity. (y the 1B0+s6 compulsory education had become 2ell established6 but the K12 educational system 2e =no2 today 2as really still in its infancy. :chools 2ere still primarily locali8edE but education 2as no lon er a1ailable only to the 2ealthy. Ao2e1er6 e1en in the 1B0+s6 se re ation by race 2as still common practice in public schools. Then came another landmar= decision by the :upreme ,ourt. In 1B0.6 in the 9: :upreme ,ourt case (ro2n 1. (oard of #ducation of Tope=a6 Kansas6 the :upreme ,ourt ruled unanimously that racial se re ation in public schools 2as unconstitutional. Thou h this decision 2as met 2ith resistance and it too= many years before le ali8ed se re ation 2as completely eliminated6 especially in southern states6 the federal courts e1entually achie1ed success. This achie1ement 2as not 2ithout its repercussions6 and many urban and inner city schools sa2 an e@odus of 2ealthy and middle-class 2hite families6 2ho mo1ed to suburban districts. In time6 many urban districts 2ere left only 2ith poor families and it became difficult to attract and pay for "uality teachers and education. :ince the formation of the 9: Department of #ducation in 1BFB6 the K12 education system has been similar to 2hat 2e reco ni8e today6 but has under one a series of de1elopments and amendments to accommodate the chan in needs of education. !undin has al2ays been a source of concern for public schools6 especially in poor6 urban districts6 2here "uality of education also came into "uestion.

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As a result6 federal fundin is no2 directly related to school performance as

determined by standardi8ed testin under the current %o ,hild 7eft (ehind Act $%,7('. %,7( 2as si ned into la2 by President &eor e Gal=er (ush - *anuary 2++2. 9nder this la26 standards of accountability 2ere increased in an effort to impro1e performance and to i1e parents fle@ibility in choosin schools. %,7( re"uires states to administer assessments of basic s=ills to all students at certain rade le1els and achie1e the standards set forth by each state in order to recei1e federal fundin . :pecific and more ri orous oals 2ere placed on readin achie1ements under %,7( and states also had to de1elop hi h school e@it or raduation e@ams 2ith specific measures of assessment in place as 2ell. The intention of %,7( 2as to hold schools to a hi her le1el of accountability6 but 2as debated from its inception. ,urrently6 the K-12 public education system pro1ides a 12th rade education to eli ible students for free. !amilies ha1e the option of sendin their children to pri1ate schools6 but are then responsible for tuition. The future of K-12 education 2ill undoubtedly e@perience chan e and social and economic challen e6 >ust as it has in the past. K12 education pro rams may soon e@pand to include pre-K compulsory attendance and could e1en e@pand to include options beyond the 12th rade6 as these are concepts6 in their earliest sta es6 currently bein e@plored. (asic education in the 9nited :tates is a total of 12 years of re ular schoolin . !rom an online resource it is a prere"uisite to attend a year or t2o of pre-school education6 the re ular schoolin is then follo2ed by a four-sta e hi her education de ree$C9.:. #ducation :ystem6D n.d'.

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The Philippine K-12 and the 9.:. (asic #ducation ha1e somethin in common and it<s

their number of re ular schoolin . The Philippine K-12 is actually an archetype of the 9.:. #ducation system. (y ha1in the same years per school le1el but 2e ha1e different methods and different sub>ects. :o it is li=e copyin but also re1isin it in a 2ay. Accordin to Mandaue $2+11'6 CIt doesn<t mean that 2e 2ill follo2 their pattern but I thin= it 2ill be helpful maybe in some aspects but 2e need to study first their education system before ma=in ours li=e theirs.D $personal communication6 May 2+6 2+11' ,hinese educational system is composed of nine compulsory years of education for e1eryone. :tudyin in ,hina is free if you are an only child and a le al ,hinese citi8en. Primary education is a total of si@ years in 2hich students study basic sub>ects li=e Math6 :cience6 Aistory and &eo raphy. In the >unior middle school6 there are three years of education but the emphasis is on sports6 moral and political education. The ,hinese educational system is totally different model from the Philippine K-12 but the similarity is their free education6 because they are not re"uired to pay tuition but students 2ould still need to buy boo=s6 uniforms and food that<s 2hy studyin continuously is hard because of all the e@tra e@penses in1ol1ed. The education system of the Philippines includes formal and non-formal education. ,ompared to other Asian countries6 the Philippine education system differs in a number of 2ays. The Philippine education system is closely related to the American system of formal education 2hile other Asian countries are influenced by the #n lish6 !rench or Dutch system. The Philippines is usin a bilin ual medium of instruction. ,ertain sub>ects are tau ht in #n lish and the rest in the national lan ua e 2hich is !ilipino. #n lish remains the primary lan ua e used in schools and uni1ersities. Ma>ority of educational materials and references are printed in #n lish. A lot of these technical resources do not ha1e a counterpart 1ersion in !ilipino because of the comple@ities of the said lan ua e.

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The !ilipino culture hi hly re ards education as an important factor to be successful

in life. There are colle es in the Philippines that consistently made it to the list as top uni1ersities of the 2orld and in Asia. *apan has one of the 2orldHs best-educated populations6 2ith 1++I enrollment in compulsory rades and 8ero illiteracy. The Ministry of #ducation closely super1ises curriculum and te@tboo=s6 and classes 2ith much the same content are tau ht throu hout the country. As a result6 a hi h standard of education becomes possible. *apan continues to emphasi8e the use of technolo y in education at all le1els. The ,urriculum ,ouncil submitted a ma>or recommendation report to the Ministry of #ducation6 in 2hich it ad1ocated the use of computers throu hout the educational system. Apparently that report has brou ht e1en more attention to the need to increase the e@posure of *apanese students to instructional technolo y. *apan<s basic education system 2as modeled on a mi@ture of the (ritish6 !rench and 9: systems. The similarities of the education system of *apan and Philippines is6 most of people o to Kinder arten in a es --.6 students of both countries spend 2++ days a year at school6 and lastly not as many people in *apan attend colle e li=e in our country. The reat difference bet2een *apanese education system and !ilipino school system is6 the !ilipino respects independence and the *apanese control indi1idual responsibility by obser1in the roup rules. This e@plains the *apanese characteristic of roup beha1ior. *apan focuses hea1ily on academics 2hile our schools spread out more in terms of e@tracurricular acti1ities. !inally6 *apan spends a considerable amount of money on education6 much of the funds that are appropriated are used for thin s other than academics unli=e in the Philippines.

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:in apore is a meltin pot of different cultures. !our $.' ma>or races that ma=e up

:in apore<s population6 they are the Malay6 ,hinese6 Tamil and ,aucasian. :ince the area 2as once ruled by (ritish6 :in apore follo2s after the (ritish style of #ducation. And they are ran=ed the best country for the educational systems. And Philippines recent education system is similar to the educational system of :in apore but ho2 ironic the educational system of the :in apore seems to 2or=6 ha1in the hi hest score accordin to TIM:: $Trends in International Mathematics and :cience :tudy' and Philippines ha1in a lo2 score to ether 2ith other countries6 li=e :outh Africa6 ,hile6 Palestine6 Morocco and :audi Arabia. The similarity of K-12 and :in apore<s educational system is their ma>or lan ua e6 2hich is #n lish. And the educational system of the Philippines is also from other countries because >ust li=e :in apore6 2e 2ere also ruled by other countries that<s 2hy 2e had such education that 2e ha1e. The difference bet2een the :in apore educational system from K-12 is the years of schoolin . And if the Philippines ha1e Dep#d $Department of #ducation'6 :in apore has M;# $Ministry of #ducation' that mana e their educational system. :in apore<s educational structure follo2s the (ritish style education mean2hile the K-12 that the country is about to ha1e is almost similar 2ith the structure of the 9.:. education system. And one of the reatest differences bet2een these educational systems is the bud et for the department that is mana in education in their countries. In :in apore their bud et for their education is 2+I and in the Philippines6 only 1-I is 2hat the o1ernment i1es to Dep#d. Also in :in apore if you are a parent you need to send your child to school and if you can<t then you 2ill be imprisoned6 because it is in their la2. (ut e@ceptions are allo2ed for homeschoolin or full-time reli ious institutions6 but parents must apply for e@emption from the Ministry of #ducation and meet a minimum benchmar=. And no such thin is implemented by the Philippines< Dep#d and President.

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The K-12 education system is the public educational system that most of us are

familiar 2ith today. ,omprised of thirteen rades6 =inder arten throu h 12th6 the K12 education system refers to the public school system in all of the 9nited :tates6 ,anada6 the 9K6 and parts of #urope as 2ell. The Philippine K-12 is a suitable mo1e by the o1ernment amidst the country<s condition. The country<s economy is not in a ood shape but ha1in the K-12 pro1ide more time for students to =no2 their craft. This =ind of educational system is implemented in the Philippines6 and the oals that the o1ernment 2ant to achie1e is to pro1ide better "uality education for all6 t2o $2' years of in-depth speciali8ation for students dependin on the occupationJcareer trac= they 2ish to pursue so that s=ills and competencies rele1ant to the >ob mar=et. Also6 the o1ernment 2ants to inspire a shift in attitude that completion of hi h school education is more than >ust preparation for colle e but can be sufficient for a ainful employment or career. Accordin to Mandaue $2+11'6 CThere is a need to impro1e our education system to the education system 2ill pro1ide better trainin

also impro1e our economy. Impro1in

rounds for students.D $personal communication6 May 2+6 2+11'. In Ran=opedia6 *apan is said to be the second best educational system in the entire 2orld6 9nited :tates is ran=ed se1enth6 ,hina 2ith t2elfth place in best educational system6 Philippines is ran=ed nineteenth 2hile :in apore is only at t2enty-second place in the ran=in for the best educational system all o1er the 2orld. !rom Pro ramme for International :tudent Assessment $2++B'6 in MathematicsE :han hai6 ,hina is the first $1st'6 :in apore is the second6 Aon Kon 6 ,hina is the third6 *apan is ran=ed ninth6 Macau6 ,hina is the t2elfth $12th'6 9nited :tates is ran=ed thirtieth $-+th' 2hile the Philippines is not e1en included in the top -+.

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In :cienceE :han hai6 ,hina is still number one$1'6 Aon Kon 6 ,hina is third $-rd'

follo2ed by :in apore at fourth$.th' place and *apan in fifth$0th'6 in ei hteenth$15th' place is Macau6 ,hina6 t2entieth$2+th' is 9nited :tates and Philippines is also not included in this cate ory as 2ell. In readin E :han hai6 ,hina is still first6 Aon Kon 6 ,hina is fourth6 follo2ed by *apan in fifth and :in apore at si@th6 9nited :tates is ran=ed se1enteenth 2hile Macau6 ,hina is ran=ed t2enty-ei hth and a ain Philippines is not included. It only applies that our country is not yet ood. In an I.3. testE :in apore is ran=ed first 2ith an a1era e I.3. of 1+56 *apan is third 2ith 1+06 ,hina in se1enth place 2ith 1++6 9nited :tates is ran=ed ninth 2ith B5 and the Philippines is ran=ed t2enty-first 2ith an I.3. a1era in 54. K-12 should be implemented in the Philippines because students la behind those

from other countries. The country<s educational system is better than :in apore<s educational system but :in apore ran=ed hi h in sur1eys re ardin produce. The researchers a rees 2ith Mandaue said $2+11'6 CIt should be implemented in the Philippines6 because I thin= education here is not as ood as the other countries maybe that that<s the reason 2hy some of our !ilipinos cannot be employed because they lac= some =no2led e.D $personal communication6 May 2+6 2+11' #ducation in the 9nited :tates and :in apore is better than the Philippine<s educational system. It is pro1en by the employability of people and test results conducted before. ,onferrin 2ith Mandaue $2+11'6 CI cannot easily compare but I thin= the education o1ernment chan e the the students that they

system of other countries is much better because 2hy 2ould our

system if our educational system is 1ery ood.D $personal communication6 May 2+6 2+11'

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In the research6 the researchers ha1e found that the education system of other

countries is much better than the Philippine<s education system. The researchers also found out that the Philippine K-12 is only an archetype of the 9nited :tates educational system. ,ountries really care about the child that<s 2hy they try to pro1ide a ood and affordable education. ,hina is an e@ample of a country that pro1ides free basic education. %o2 that the Philippine K-12 2ill be implemented soon enou h6 2ould it be better than the pre1ious andJor other countries< educational systemK Gould it help better the countries conditionK

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Reference

Briefer on the Enhanced K+12 Basic Education Program. $%o1ember 26 2+1+'. Retrie1ed May 126 2+11 from http)JJ222. o1.phJ2+1+J11J+2Jbriefer-on-theenhanced-=12-basic-education-pro ramJ The Chinese Education System. $n.d'. Retrie1ed May 126 2+11 from http)JJ222.liu8hou.co.u=JchinaJeducationinfo.htmJ Palma6 *.,. $2++B'. ,urriculum De1elopment :ystem. 3uismundo6 T. $2+1+6 %o1ember 21'. Dep#d readies plan for K-12 pro ram. Philippine Daily In"uirer6 p. A11 Malipot6 I.A. $2+1+6 %o1ember .'. Dep#d<s K-12 plan to seen to boost (P;. Manila (ulletin6 p.. Malipot6 I.A. $2+1+6 ;ctober B'. K-12 pro ram :upported. Manila (ulletin6 p. 5. (ernando6 A.(.I. $2++5'. The Parado@ of Philippine #ducation and #ducational Reform ,ummins6 *.L.6 ,orson6 D. $2++-'. T2o-2ay (ilin ual #ducation Pro rams in the 9nited :tates. In #ncyclopedia of 7an ua e and #ducation $/ol. 06 pp. .4-0-'. :an *ose 9ni1ersity) %e2bury Aouse Publisher. The U.S. Education System.$n.d'. Retrie1ed May 126 2+11 from http)JJusinfo.or JeducationJo1er1ie2Jedlite-structure-us1.html

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APPENDIX A Inter1ie2 3uestions

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Interview Questions

1. In your opinion6 is =12 a ood idea 2ith rele1ance to the countries condition 2. Ghy do you thin= =12 should be implemented in the PhilippinesK -. Do you thin= that =12 2ould be an effecti1e system for student to ha1eK .. Ao2 important is =12 in the PhilippinesK 0. Ghy do you thin= that the o1ernment implemented the systemK 4. Ghat do you thin= is the bet2een the education here in the Philippines and in other countriesK Ghich do you thin= is better6 the =12 in the Philippines or the education system in other countries and 2hyK F. Do you thin= patternin the education here in the Philippines 2ith other countries 2ould be helpfulK 5. Do you thin= the =12 2ould help better our country6 li=e the impro1ement of other countryK

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APPENDIX B Inter1ie2 Transcript

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Interview Transcript

Interviewee: Mrs. Mandaue Position: Teacher Q) In your opinion6 is =12 a ood idea 2ith rele1ant to the countries conditionK A) ?es because there is a need to impro1e our education system to also impro1e our economy. Impro1in the education system 2ill pro1ide better trainin rounds for students. Q) Ghy do you thin= =12 should be implemented in the PhilippinesK A) uhmM It should be implemented in the Philippines6 because I thin= education here is not as ood as the other countries maybe that that<s the reason 2hy some of our !ilipinos cannot be employed because they lac= some =no2led e. Q) Do you thin= that =12 2ould be an effecti1e system for student to ha1eK A) !or me6 of course it 2ill6 because the student 2ill beM they 2ill become more mature person6 and of course they 2ill beM competiti1e. Q) Ao2 important is =12 in the PhilippinesK A) I thin= for me it is 1ery 1ery 1ery importantM you =no2 2hyK AhM they 2ill be more challen eM and if they 2ill be challen e as a person as an indi1idual as a studentM ;f course they 2ill learn more6 and if they 2ill learn more they 2ill be more producti1eM Q) Ghy do you thin= that the o1ernment implemented the systemK A) !or me ahM as a teacher maybe becauseM ah theyM made a sur1eyK They made comparati1e studiesM si uro they a1e e@amination and e1aluation to our students and maybe the result is not satisfactory. Q) Ghat do you thin= is the bet2een the education here in the Philippines and in other countriesK Ghich do you thin= is better6 the =12 in the Philippines or the education system in other countries and 2hyK A) ahM I cannot easily compare but I thin= the education system of other countries is much better because 2hy 2ould our o1ernment chan e the system if our educational system is 1ery ood. Q) Do you thin= patternin the education here in the Philippines 2ith other countries 2ould be helpfulK A) It doesn<t mean that 2e 2ill follo2 their pattern but I thin= it 2ill be helpful maybe in some aspects but 2e need to study first their education system before ma=in ours li=e theirs. Q) Do you thin= the =12 2ould help better our country6 li=e the impro1ement of other countryK A) of course it is6 ah because before the o1ernmentM Ahm6 before the o1ernment did that6 they made already some studies. They =no2 that it 2ould help and boost our economy.