Chapter 10: Flow in Conduits Entrance and Developed Flows

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 10
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

1
Chapter 10: Flow in Conduits

Entrance and developed flows

Le = f(D, V, , )

i
theorem Le/D = f(Re)

Laminar flow: Re
crit
2000, i.e., for Re < Re
crit
laminar
Re > Re
crit
turbulent

Le/D = .06Re from experiments

Le
max
= .06Re
crit
D 138D

maximum Le for laminar flow
2
Turbulent flow:

D
Le

6 / 1
Re 4 . 4
from experiment

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

laminar turbulent spark photo

Reynolds 1883 showed difference depends on Re =
VD

Re Le/D
4000 18
10
4
20
10
5
30
10
6
44
10
7
65
10
8
95
i.e.,
relatively
shorter
than for
laminar
flow
3
10.1 Shear-Stress Distribution Across a Pipe Section
Continuity: Q
1
= Q
2
= constant
i.e., V
1
= V
2
since A
1
= A
2

Momentum: ( )

A V u F
s

= ( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 1 1
A V V A V V
= ( ) 0 V V Q
1 2

( ) 0 ds r 2 sin W A ds
ds
dp
p pA
,
_
+
Ads W
ds
dz
sin

( ) 0 ds r 2
ds
dz
Ads dsA
ds
dp

Ads ( )
1
]
1
+ z p
ds
d
2
r

varies linearly from 0.0 at r = 0 (centerline) to
max
(=
w
)
at r = R (wall). Valid for laminar and turbulent flow.
4
no slip condition
10.2 Laminar Flow in Pipes
( )
1
]
1
+ z p
ds
d
2
r
dr
dV
dy
dV

y = wall coordinate = r
o
r
dy
dV
dr
dy
dy
dV
dr
dV

( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d
2
r
dr
dV

( ) C z p
ds
d
4
r
V
2
+
1
]
1

( ) ( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d
4
r
C 0 r V
2
o
o

( ) ( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d
4
r r
r V
2 2
o

A d V Q
= ( )

o
r
0
rdr 2 r V

( ) 2 rdr rdrd dA
( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d
8
r
Q
4
o
( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d
8
r
A
Q
V
2
o

2
V
V
max

Exact solution to
Navier-Stokes
equations for laminar
flow in circular pipe
( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d
4
r
V
2
o
max
5

energy equation:

L 2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
h z
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
+ + +
+ +
,
_

,
_

1
1
2
2
z
p
z
p
h

( ) h z z
p p
h
2 1
2 1
L
+

h
L
= ( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d L
L = length of pipe = ds

= V h
r
V 8 L
2
o

1
]
1

or
2
L f
D
V L 32
h h
h
f
= head loss due to friction
exact solution
,
_

1
]
1
,
_

ds
dh
L
z
p
ds
d
L h
L
6
friction coefficient for pipe flow boundary layer flow
friction factor
2
w
V
8
f

2
w
f
V
2
1
C

( )
1
]
1
+ z p
ds
d
2
r
o
w

=
1
]
1

2
o
o
r
V 8
2
r

w
=
o
r
V 4

Re
64
D V
64
V r
32
f
o

exact solution

D V
Re

7
10.3 Criterion for Laminar or Turbulent Flow in a Pipe

Re
crit
2000 flow becomes unstable
Re
trans
3000 flow becomes turbulent
Re = VD/

10.4 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Continuity and momentum:
( ) ( )
1
]
1
+ z p
ds
d
2
r
r r
o
o o

Energy: ( )
1
]
1
z p
ds
d L
h
f

Combining:
o
o
f
r
2 L
h

define
2
o
V
8
1
f
= friction factor
f V
8
1
r
2
g
L
h
2
o
f

g 2
V
D
L
f h
2
f
Darcy Weisbach Equation

f = f(Re, k/D) = still must be determined!

D V
Re k = roughness
8
Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Smooth Pipes

As with turbulent boundary layers, mean-velocity follows
three layer concept:

1. laminar sub-layer (viscous shear dominates)
+ +
y u 0 < y
+
< 5
+
*
yu
y y = r
o
r

o *
u
2. overlap layer (viscous and turbulent shear important)

B y ln
1
u +
+ +
20 < y
+
< 10
5

= .41 B = 5.5

3. outer layer (turbulent shear dominates)

,
_
+
o
r
r
1 f
u
u U
y
+
> 10
5

9
constants
adjusted
using data
Power law
friction
velocity
Assume log-law is valid across entire pipe

( ) ( )
B
u r r
ln
1
u
r u
*
o
*
+

( )
'

3
B 2
u r
ln
2
u
2
1
r
rdr 2 r u
A
Q
V
*
o *
2
o
r
0
o

2 / 1
2 / 1
o
2 *
o
*
f
8 V
34 . 1
u r
ln 44 . 2
u
V
,
_
,
_

2 / 1
8
f
Re
2
1
,
_

( ) 02 . 1 f Re log 99 . 1
f
1
2 / 1

( ) 8 . f Re log 2
f
1
2 / 1
Re > 3000

f .316Re
1/4
4000 < Re < 10
5

drop over bar:
5 . 5 B
41 .
u
w
+
10
g 2
V
D
L
f z
p
h h
2
f

,
_

g 2
V
D
L
VD
316 . h
2
4 / 1
f

,
_

75 . 1
f
V h
(recall h
f
V for laminar flow)

Other useful relationships
Power law fit to velocity profile:

m
o max
r
y
u
u
,
_
y = r
o
r

m = m(Re)

B
r
u r
ln
1
u
u
*
o
*
max
+

( )
1
2 / 1
max
f 33 . 1 1
u
V

+

11
Viscous Distribution and Resistance Rough Pipes

For laminar flow, effect of roughness is small; however, for
turbulent flow the effect is large. Both laminar sublayer
and overlap layer are affected.

Inner layer:
u = u(y, k, ,
w
)

u
+
= u
+
(y/k)

Outer layer: unaffected

Overlap layer:
+
+
k
y
ln
1
u
R
constant rough

B y ln
1
u
S
+
+ +
smooth

+

+ + +
k ln
1
u u
R S
constant
+
*
ku
k
B(k
+
)

i.e., rough-wall velocity profile shifts downward by B(k
+
),
which increases with k
+
.

three regions of flow depending on k
+

not function of as was case
for smooth pipe (or wall)
12
1. k
+
< 5 hydraulically smooth (no effect of roughness)
2. 5 < k
+
< 70 transitional roughness (Re dependence)
3. k
+
> 70 fully rough (independent Re)

For 3, 5 . 3 k ln
1
B

+
from data

( ) Re f 5 . 8
k
y
ln
1
u +
+

2 . 3
k
D
ln 44 . 2
u
V
*
+

7 . 3
D / k
log 2
f
1
2 / 1

Composite Log-Law
Smooth wall log law
( )
+ + +
+
k B B y ln
1
u
B
*

( )
+
+
k 3 . 1 ln
1
5 B
*
from data

1
]
1
+
2 / 1 2 / 1
f Re
51 . 2
7 . 3
D / k
log 2
f
1
Moody Diagram

=

,
_
+
2 / 1
s
f Re
35 . 9
D
k
log 2 14 . 1
fully
rough
flow
13
14

15

16
There are basically three types of problems involved with
uniform flow in a single pipe:

1. Determine the head loss, given the kind and size of
pipe along with the flow rate, Q = A*V
2. Determine the flow rate, given the head, kind, and
size of pipe
3. Determine the pipe diameter, given the type of pipe,
head, and flow rate

1. Determine the head loss
The first problem of head loss is solved readily by
obtaining f from the Moody diagram, using values of Re
and k
s
/D computed from the given data. The head loss
h
f
is then computed from the Darcy-Weisbach equation.

f = f(Re
d
, k
s
/D)

h
g 2
V
D
L
f h
2
f

,
_

,
_

1
1
2
2
z
p
z
p
h
=
,
_
z
p

Re
d
= Re
d
(V, D)

17
2. Determine the flow rate
The second problem of flow rate is solved by trial, using
a successive approximation procedure. This is because
both Re and f(Re) depend on the unknown velocity, V.
The solution is as follows:

1) solve for V using an assumed value for f and the
Darcy-Weisbach equation
2 / 1
2 / 1
f
f
D / L
gh 2
V

1
]
1

known from note sign
given data

2) using V compute Re
3) obtain a new value for f = f(Re, k
s
/D) and reapeat as
above until convergence

Or can use
2 / 1
f
2 / 3
2 / 1
L
gh 2 D
f Re

,
_

scale on Moody Diagram

1) compute
2 / 1
f Re and k
s
/D
2) read f
3) solve V from
g 2
V
D
L
f h
2
f

4) Q = VA

18
3. Determine the size of the pipe
The third problem of pipe size is solved by trial, using a
successive approximation procedure. This is because h
f
,
f, and Q all depend on the unknown diameter D. The
solution procedure is as follows:

1) solve for D using an assumed value for f and the
Darcy-Weisbach equation along with the definition
of Q
5 / 1
5 / 1
f
2
2
f
gh
LQ 8
D
1
]
1

known from
given data

2) using D compute Re and k
s
/D

3) obtain a new value of f = f(Re, k
s
/D) and reapeat as
above until convergence

19
10.5 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses From Fittings
For real pipe systems in addition to friction head loss these
are additional so called minor losses due to

1. entrance and exit effects
2. expansions and contractions
3. bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings
4. valves (open or partially closed)

For such complex geometries we must rely on experimental
data to obtain a loss coefficient

g 2
V
h
K
2
m
head loss due to minor losses

In general,

K = K(geometry, Re, /D)

dependence usually
not known

Loss coefficient data is supplied by manufacturers and also
listed in handbooks. The data are for turbulent flow
conditions but seldom given in terms of Re.

can be
large
effect
20
Modified Energy Equation to Include Minor Losses:

+ + + + +
+ + +
m f t
2
2 2 2
2
p
2
1 1 1
1
h h h V
g 2
1
z
p
h V
g 2
1
z
p

g 2
V
K h
2
m

Note: h
m
does not include pipe friction and e.g. in elbows
and tees, this must be added to h
f
.

1. Flow in a bend:

i.e. 0
r
p
>
which is an adverse pressure gradient in r

direction. The slower moving fluid near wall responds first
and a swirling flow pattern results.

This swirling flow represents an
energy loss which must be added
to the h
L
.
r
p 1
2
v
r
1
centrifugal
acceleration

21
Also, flow separation can result due to adverse longitudinal
pressure gradients which will result in additional losses.

This shows potential flow is not a good approximate in
internal flows (except possibly near entrance)

22
d
D
2. Valves: enormous losses

3. Entrances: depends on rounding of entrance

4. Exit (to a large reservoir): K = 1
i.e., all velocity head is lost

5. Contractions and Expansions
sudden or gradual

theory for expansion:

( )
g 2
V V
h
2
2 1
L

from continuity, momentum, and energy
(assuming p = p
1
in separation pockets)

g 2
V
h
D
d
1 K
2
1
m
2
2
2
SE

,
_

no theory for contraction:

,
_

2
2
SC
D
d
1 42 . K

from experiment
23
If the contraction or expansion is gradual the losses are
quite different. A gradual expansion is called a diffuser.
Diffusers are designed with the intent of raising the static
pressure.

2
1
1 2
p
V
2
1
p p
C

2
2
1
p
A
A
1 C
ideal
,
_

p p
2
m
C C
g 2
V
h
K
ideal
Energy equation

Actually very complex flow and

C
p
= C
p
(geometry, inlet flow conditions)

i.e., fully developed (long pipe) reduces C
p

thin boundary layer (short pipe) high C
p

(more uniform inlet profile)

Bernoulli and
continuity equation
24

Turbulent
flow
K = .5
25

26

Chapter 10: Flow in Conduits Entrance and Developed Flows

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 10: Flow in Conduits Entrance and Developed Flows

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 10

Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

which is an adverse pressure gradient in r

Вам также может понравиться