3.4.

Hydraulic Design

Once the peak flows were estimated, the drain conveyance capacities were determined through a hydraulic design. Manning's formula and continuity equation was used for various trial sections to obtain the optimum slope and the section of the drain. The dimensions were practically fixed to suit the site conditions. The formulas are given as follows: Continuity equation: Q* = A.V Where A = Cross sectional area of flow m Q'= Actual Discharge (cumecs) V = Velocity of Flow (mis) Manning's Equation: = V n Where R = Hydraulic Mean Depth (m) V= Flow velocity m/s S = Channel slope R= A Where A= Cross sectional area of flow m P = Wetted perimeter (m)

Culvert channel designs were performed by selecting trial sections assuming a free board of 0.5m and calculating the actual discharge Q' and comparing it with the peak flow Q obtained in the hydrologic design. For a satisfactory performance of the culvert Q' > Q i.e. the drain should have a capacity to carry a flow equal or more than the peak flow also the velocity of the flow should preferably less than 2.0 m/sec.

3.4.3

Use of "Flow Master "and "Culvert Master" Software

For the opening size computation "Flow Master "and "Culvert Master" software were also employed.

3.4.4 Specimen calculations Manual calculation and software calculation for Culvrt at chainage 27+308 km are given below Culvrt at chainage 27+308 km was located at U/S of tributary of Maha oya.

Existing Slope of the stream Highway crossing chainage at 27+308 km

Total catchment

Length of the longest watercourse

Existing slope of the catchment Corresponding velocity of catchment (According to table 3.1) Time of concentration (Ponrajah's Formula) Return period = 50 Years

Rainfall intensity
(By Ranathunga's formula)

I = 7895 (T+49.4) --8BB1

= 127.54 mm/hr

Corresponding Run off coefficient

= 0.40

(Reffering Ponrajah's table and "Applied Hydrology by Ven Te Chow")

Q=CIA/360 Q=8.13m3/s Assuming 1m water depth according to site condition, Using Maning's Formula Design section can be calculated. Full suply depth (FSD) Design discharge (Q) Design s!ope(S) such that velocity along Cuvert less than 2.0m/sec =0.001 =1 m =8.13 m3/s

Manning's formla corresponding to concrete (n)

=0.013 Q = 1R2/3S1/2A
= 1A5/3S1/2 \ A2/3n

> '

Q = 1fBWxFSDf/3S1/2 (BW+2FSD)2/3n BW,= 4.31m

Solving above equation,

Taking BW = 4.5m

Taking Free board as 0.5m, Design section

= 4,5m x 1.5m = 8.57 m3/s

Qmax for design section Qdesign =8.13m3/s

Hence design section is ok for maximum discharge for 50 years return period.

Specimen calculation for design section of culvert is same as Design section of Bridge,

BW Calculation for 27+308 Culvert Worksheet for Rectangular Channel

Project Description Project File Worksheet Flow Element Method Solve For c:\haestad\academic\fmw\ckah cor.fm2 27+308 Rectangular Channel Manning's Formula Channel Depth

input Data Mannings Coefficient Channel Slope Bottom Width Discharge 0.01 3 0.001 000 m/m 4.31 m 8.13 m3/s

Results Depth Flow Area Wetted Perimeter Top Width Critical Depth Critical Slope Velocity Velocity Head Specific Energy Froude Number 1.00 m 2 4.31 m 6.31 m 4.31 m 0.71 m 0.002716 m/m 1.89 ' m/s 0.18 m 1.18 m 0.60

'* ^"

Flow is subcritical.

4.0Drainage Opening Sizes for Culverts and Bridges and Recommended High Flood Level 4.1 Drainage Opening Sizes for Culverts and Bridges along the Expressway Drainage opening sizes for culverts and bridges were decided using Rational Formula and Manning's Formula assuming a critical water depth required to pass a 50 years flood. The required opening sizes are given in Table 4.1 and the relevant hydrologic and hydraulic calculations are given in Annex (B.1) Table 4,1 Recommended Drainage Opening sizes for Culverts and Bridges along the Expressway
Culvert no.
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Culvert ID (Chainage)
25+245 25+367 25+565 25+947 26+180 26+550 27+308 27+481 27+948 28+400 28+500 28+885 29+520 30+036 30+330 31+156 31+240 31+923 32+000 32+088 32+235 32+665 32+985 33+390 33+500

Design size

Invert up stream (m MSL) 10.00mx2.00m 24.00 1.50mx1.50m 25.02 6.25mx1.50m 25.11 6.50mx1.50m 27.62 2.00mx1.50m 28.10 3.00mx1.50m 34.60 4.50mx1.50m 35.20 1.50mx1.50m 35.00 4.00mx1.50m 32.58 I.75mx1.50m 33.12 1.75mx1.50m 33:50 2.25mx1.50m 36.50 4.25mx1.50m 37.04 2.50mx1.50m 38.12 2.50mx1.50m 44.09 3.50mx1.50m 35.52 3.50mx1.50m 35.50 1.50mx1.50m 35.07 3. 25m x1. 50m 34.60 1.50mx1.50m 34.60 1.75mx1.50m 36.02 10.00mx2.00m 37.02 8.50mx2.00m 36.32 1.50mx1.50m 39.10 1.50mx1.50m 42.58

Invert down stream (m MSL) 23.97 24.95 25.07 27.57 28.05 34.55 35.13 34.95 32.54 33.05 33.43 36.44 36.97 38.05 44.01 35.45 35.43 35.05 34.58 34.58 36.00 36.98 36.29 39.03 42.51

Approxima Remarks te Length (m) 41.3 34.9 35.8 43.9 45.2 48.0 68.2 50.0 39.8 60.7 61.5 36.9 69.1 41.2 47.0, 62.6 68.8 43.6 36.0 43.0 46.4 70.3 42.0 44.5 41.3

104

33+858

2.75mx1.50m 42.07

42.05

33.0

105 106 107 108 109

33+936 34+913 35+358 35+410 35+460

6.75mx1.50m 3.50mx2.50m 4.25mx1.50m 4.50mx1.50m 4.25mx1.50m

41.13 48.69 36.03 35.80 35.90

41.11 48.63 35.99 35.76 35.86

37.1 54.2 46.7 45.6 44.2

Dual Purpose Culvert(Drainage+Acces s)

Culvert no.
110 111 112 113 4 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144

Culvert ID (Chainage)
35+615 35+730 36+323 36+385 36+555

Design size

36+608 36+853 37+250 37+522 37+893 38+001 38+400 38+676 38+943 39+195 40+065 i 40+630 40+815 40+900 41+070 41+445 41+565 41+930 42+580 42+925 43+545 43+840 43+980 44+120 44+250 44+490 44+673 45+135 45+666 46+032 46+476

Invert up Invert down Approxima Remarks stream (m stream (m te MSL) MSL) Length(m) 4.00mx1.50m 36.02 35.98 39.4 36.45 43.2 4.00mx1.50m 36.50 2.25mx1.50m 38.94 38.89 43.4 2.25mx1.5Qm 38.14 37.97 57.5 85m opening should be provided for Meerigama-Pasyala Rd and Railway Track 1 .50mx1 .50m 40.36 40.25 111.0 1 .50mx1 .50m 50.28 50.21 74.0 2.00mx1.50m 66.69 66.64 49.5 58.65 58.59 57.6 4.25mx1 .50m 9.00mx1.50m 48.45 48.37 88.6 9.00mx1.50m 48.45 48.39 62.7 58.89 46.5 2.00mx1.50m 58.94 3.25mx1.50m 59.51 59.46 57.2 3.00mx1.50m 64.30 64.26 39.7 3.75mx1.50m 53.46 53.39 72.4 r-2.50mx1.50m 91.38 91.31 74.3 3.50mx1.50m 76.70 76.66 35.6 57.92 59.2 3.50mx1.50m 57.98 54.82 70.9 1 .75mx1 .50m 54.90 2.00mx1.50m 57.75 57.71 44.8 51.26 51.4 13.50mx2.00m 51.28 48.83 68.6 20.00mx2.00m 48.86 3.75mx1.50m 66.16. 65.91 84.5 3.50mx1 .50m 103.84 103.78 54.2 3.00mx1.50m 91.76 91.71 51.9 9.00mx1.50m 56.52 56.47 67.8 53.17 48.2 ' 3.25mx1 .50m 53.21 2.25mx1.50m 55.45 55.39 52.1 56.08 53.9 2.75mx1.50m 56.13 51.79 70.3 4.25mx1.50m 51.85 1 .50mx1 .50m 54.07 54.01 55.4 2.00mx1.50m 56.01 55.95 62.4 2.00mx1.50m 84.01 83.95 57.2 80.66 95.3 1 .50mx1 .50m 80.76 1.75mx1.50m 83.95 83.86 85.9 2.00mx1.50m 83.63 83.55 81.9

145 146 147 148 5

46+892 47+451 47+557 47+928 48+174

1 .50mx1 .50m 9.00mx1.50m 7.00mx1.50m 4.50mx1 .50m

67.70 56.82 56.61

67.45 56.75 56.55 66.61 49.64

82.7 62.0 69.7 57.9 103.0

66.68 32.00mx4.50m 49.84

Note: Design sizes up to Culvert No.78 has submitted to RDA in CKAH chainage from 0+000 km to 25+000 km
4.2 Recommended High Flood Level along the Expressway

The recommended High Flood Level for design purposes of the expressway are given below
Table 4.2-Recommmended High Flood Levels of the Culverts across the Expressway Culvert ID (Chainage)
25+245 25+367 25+565 25+947 26+180 26+550 27+308 27+481 27+948 28+400 28+500 28+885 29+520 30+036 30+330 31+156 31+240 31+923 32+000 32+088 32+235 32+665 32+985 33+390 33+500 33+858 33+936 34+913 35+358 35+410

Size of Proposed Structure 10.00mx2.00m 1.50mx1.50m 6.25mx1.50m 6.50mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m 3.00mx1.50m 4.50mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 4.00mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m 2.25mx1 .50m 4.25mx1.50m 2.50mx1.50m 2.50mx1.50m 3.50mx1.50m 3.50mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 3.25mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m 10.00mx2.00m 8.50mx2.00m 1.50mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 2.75mx1 .50m 6.75mx1.50m 3.50mx2.50m 4.25mx1.50m 4.50mx1.50m

Existing Level (m MSL)

24.00 25.02 25.11 27.62 28.10 34.60 35.20 35.00 32.58 33.12 33.50 36.50 37.04 38.12 44.09 35.52
v

Full Suplly Depth Recommended Flood Level (m (m) MSL) 1.50 25.50 1.00 26.02 1.00 26.11 1.00 28.62 1.00 29.10 1.00 35.60 1.00 36.20 1.00 36.00 1.00 33.58 1.00 34.12 1.00 34.50 1.00 37.50 1.00 38.04 39.12 1.00 45.09 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 36.52 36.50 36.07 35.60 35.60 37.02 38.52 37.82 40.10 43.58 43.07 42.13 49.69 37.03 36.80

35.50

35.07 34.60 34.60 36.02 37.02 36.32 39.10 42.58 42.07 41.13 48.69 36.03 35.80

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

35+460 35+615

4.25mx1.50m 4.00mx1.50m

35.90 36.02

1.00 1.00

36.90 37.02

Culvert ID (Chainage)
35+730 36+323 36+385 36+555 36+608 36+853 37+250 37+522 37+893 38+001 38+400 38+676 38+943 39+195 40+065 40+630 40+815 40+900 41+070 41 +445 41+565 41+930 42+580 42+925 43+545 43+840 43+980 44+120 44+250 44+490 44+673 45+135 45+666 46+032 46+476 46+892 47+451 47+557 47+928

Size of Proposed Structure 4.00mx1.50m 2.25mx1.50m 2.25mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m 4.25mx1.50m 9.00mx1.50m 9.00mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m 3.25mx1.50m 3.00mx1.50m 3.75mx1.50m 2.50mx1.50m 3.50mx1.50m 3.50mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m

Existing Level (m MSL)

36.50 38.94 38.14 40.36 50.28 66.69 58.65 48.45 48.45 58.94 59.51 64.30 53.46 91.38 76.70 57.98 54.90 57.75 51.28 48.86 "-66.16 * 103.84 91.76 56.52 53.21 55.45 56.13 51.85 54.07 56.01 84.01 80.76 83.95 83.63 67.70 56.82 56.61 66.68

Full Suplly Depth (m)

1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Recommended Flood Level (m MSL) 37.50 39.94 39.14

41.36 51.28 67.69 59.65 49.45 49.45 59.94 60.51 65.30 54.46 92.38 77.70 58.98 55.90 58.75 52.78 50.36 67.16 104.84 92.76 57.52 54.21 56.45 57.13 52.85 55.07 57.01 85.01 81.76 84.95 84.63 68.70 57.82 57.61 67.68

85m opening should be provided for Meerigama-Pasyala Rd and Railway Track

2.00mx1.50m
13.50mx2.00m 20.00mx2.00m 3.75mx1.50m 3.50mx1.50m 3.00mx1.50m 9.00mx1.50m 3.25mx1.50m 2.25mx1.50m 2.75mx1.50m 4.25mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m

1.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2.00mx1.50m
2.00mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 9.00mx1.50m 7.00mx1.50m 4.50mx1.50m

48+174

32.00mx4.50m

49.84

3.50

53.34

4.3 Drainage Opening Sizes for Overpasses and Underpasses along the Expressway

Drainage Opening size for overpasses and underpasses were also determined using the methods used to determine culvert openings. The required opening sizes are given in Table 4.3 and the relevant hydrologic and hydraulic calculations are given in Annex (B.2)
Table 4.3 - Recommended Drainage Opening sizes for Overpasses and Underpasses
Road ID
Divulapitiya-Naiwala Rd (RDA) Divulapitiya-Naiwala Rd (RDA) Medagampitiya-Hanchapola Rd (PS) Medagampitiya-Hanchapola Rd (PS) Chainage 25+535 (LHS) 25+535(RHS) Opening Size 9.25mxl.50m
l.OOmxl.SOm

Remarks
v

26+394 (LHS)
26+394(RHS)

2.50mxl.50m
4.25mxl.50m

Banduragoda-Weyangoda Rd (PS)
Banduragoda-Weyangoda Rd (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS) Banduragoda-Weyangoda Rd (PS)

27+451 (LHS)
27+451 (RHS)

6.00mxl.50m l.SOmxl.SOm
l.OOmxl.SOm 1.75mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm

Should be provided to suit site conditions Should be provided to suit site conditions

27+980 (LHS)
27+980(RHS) 28+720 (LHS) 28+720(RHS) 29+210 (LHS) 29+210(RHS) 29+707 (LHS)

Banduragoda-Weyangoda Rd (PS) Road (PS)

Road (PS)

l.OOmxl.SOm
l.OOmxl.SOm

Keppetiwalana-Baduragoda Rd (PS)
Keppetiwalana-Baduragoda Rd (PS) Gaspe Rd (RDA) Gaspe Rd (RDA) Road (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS)

29+707(RHS) 30+520 (LHS)

30+520(RHS) 31 +040 (LHS) 31+040(RHS1 31 +395 (LHS) 31+395(RHS) 31+830 (LHS) 31+830(RHS)

l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm 1.25mxl.50m

l.OOmxl.SOm

l.OOmxl.SOm 1.25mxl.50m 2.00mxl.50m

1.25mxl.50m

Should be provided to suit site conditions

Should be provided to suit site conditions

32+839 (LHS)
32+839(RHS)

1.25mxl.SOm 6.25mxl,50m Should be provided to suit site conditions 13.00mxl.50m Should be provided to suit site conditions

Road (PS) Meerigama-Wewaldeniya Rd (PS) Meerigama-Wewaldeniya Rd (PS)

Meerigama-Danovita Rd (PDA) Meerigama-Danovita Rd (PDA)

Koshena-Soduruwatta Rd (PS)
Koshena-Soduruwatta Rd (PS) Diversion Rd (PS) Diversion Rd (PS) Road (PS)

33+490 (LHS) 33+490(RHS) 37+579 (LHS) 37+579(RHS) 39+149 (LHS) 39+149(RHS) 40+510 (LHS)
40+51 0(RHS) 40+885 (LHS) 40+885(RHS) 41 +085 (LHS) 41+085(RHS) 41+620 (LHS) 41+620(RHS)

l.OOmxl.SOm l.SOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm 1.25mxl,50m 2.25mxl.50m

1.75mxl.50m

Should be provided to suit site conditions Should be provided to suit site conditions Should be provided to suit site conditions
Should be provided to suit site conditions

Should be provided to suit site conditions Should be provided to suit site conditions

l.SOmxl.SOm
7.50mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm 1.75mxl.50m 2.00mxl.50m 2.00mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm

Should be provided to suit site conditions

Should be provided to suit site conditions

Road (PS)
Road (RDA) Road (RDA)

Should be provided to suit site conditions

Should be provided to suit site conditions

Road (PS) Road (PS)

42+595 (LHS) 42+595(RHS)

l.OOmxl.SOm

Diversion Rd (PS) Diversion Rd (PS) Road (PS) Road (PS)

43+616 (LHS) 43+616(RHS)

44+228 (LHS) 44+228(RHS)

2.00mxl.50m 7.00mxl.50m
l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm

Should be provided to suit site conditions Should be provided to suit site conditions

Should be provided to suit site conditions Should be provided to suit site conditions

Road ID

Chainage

Diversion Rd (RDA) 44+444 (LHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Diversion Rd (RDA) 44+444(RHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Diversion Rd Meerigama (RDA) 45+1 54 (LHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Diversion Rd Meerigama (RDA) 45+1 54 (RHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Road (RDA) 45+464 (LHS) Road (RDA) 45+464(RHS) Diversion Rd (PS) 45+802 (LHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Diversion Rd (PS) 45+802(RHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Road (PS) 46+488 (LHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Road (PS) 46+488(RHS) Should be provided to suit site conditions Road (PS) 46+91 8 (LHS) l.OOmxl.SOm Should be provided to suit site conditions Road (PS) 46+91 8(RHS) l.OOmxl.SOm Should be provided to suit site conditions Diversion Rd (PS) 47+51 2 (LHS) l.OOmxl.SOm Should be provided to suit site conditions Diversion Rd (PS) 47+512(RHS) l.OOmxl.SOm Should be provided to suit site conditions Note : LHS and RHS are with reference to the direction of chainage increase

Opening Size l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm 4.75mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm

Remarks

5.0 Water Quality Monitoring Plan 5.1 Scope of the Study The monitoring plan covers three phases of water quality situation in the project area. These are baseline (existing condition), construction phase and operational phases. The scope of this study/report is limited to surface water quality. 5.2 Background Water pollution due to highway projects both during construction and operation are mostly a Non-Point Sources (NPS) Pollution issue caused by contaminated runoff. Point source pollution can also occur during the construction (Discharge of untreated effluent from Labor Camps, etc.) and in operation (Discharge from restaurants in rest areas, etc). Tackling point source pollution is relatively easy through enforcement of environmental protection regulations and provisions of environmenta! safeguards in the construction contracts. Non Point Source pollution on the other hand is difficult to address through such measures but needs qualitatively different approaches.

The water quality assessments of highway projects have two basic objectives as described below. (a) Estimation of pollution loads or concentrations as a result of the said highway during construction and operation and thereby develop suitable impact mitigation measures; (b) Prepare an monitoring plan that will enable the authorities to determine whether the safeguards put in place are effective and thereby to help to meet the water quality objectives An important component of any water quality assessment of this nature is water quality monitoring. The monitoring program shall establish the baseline conditions, water quality during construction and operation. Water quality monitoring is an expensive exercise. Therefore one of the most important requirements of water quality monitoring is to determine a sampling program that would provide the required information at an acceptable cost. The sampling program shall cover the sampling locations, frequency (space-time framework of sampling plan) and water quality parameters. The choice of parameters is normally based on ambient water quality requirements. Cost is usually a factor that limits the type and number of parameters included in monitoring plans. Testing should be based on accepted standard procedures. Also

sampling and testing should be carried out by experience technicians in accredited laboratories. This is important if the data are to be accepted in a court of law.
5.3 Assessment of Project Area

5.3.1 Field Assessment

Water quality sampling plan needs identification of sampling locations. For this purpose a reconnaissance field visit was undertaken on 7th December and 14th December 2010 to identify the water-bodies located in the said stretch of the proposed expressway. This is basically a census of surface water-bodies that the proposed expressway cut across from Baduragoda to Abepussa Interchange. Table 5.1 provides the list of waterbodies (streams, canals, water pools/ponds and rivers) found in this stretch. The surface water-bodies identified are mainly the irrigation canals also functioning as part of the storm water drainage systems. Table 5.1 depicts the usage of the water bodies observed during the field study [See the Notes at the bottom of Table 5.1]. Figure 5.1 Map shows locations and The GPS coordinates of the Location IDs defined in Table 5.1 are provided in Table 5.2. Shallow wells are a common feature along the expressway trace. At several places wells were found next to streams/-canals with water overflowing from the mouth. These are public wells mainly used for bathing and washing. Wells located in home gardens are mainly for household consumption including drinking.
Table 5.1-Surface Water-Bodies Located between Baduragoda - Ambepussa

Location ID*
WQ1

Description
Kuda Oya - major stream

Usage
Washing/Bathing/ Storm water Drainage/ (Note- Not withdrawn for water supply in the immediate downstream)

WQ2 WQ3

Small irrigation ditch cutting across DudlySenanayake Road

Irrigation Irrigation

Small irrigation canal/ditch by the edge of the paddy filed cutting accress Devala Road Small stream which feeds a small pond used for bathing
Two small irrigation ditches Small irrigation canal

WQ4 WQ5 WQ6 WQ7

Bathing Irrigation Irrigation

Irrigation canal with substantial flow going along the edge of the paddy Irrigation (Note: Other uses may be field and parallel to the toe of the narrow lane possible in the downstream) Irrigation (Note: Other uses may be possible in the downstream) Irrigation (Note: Other uses may be possible in the downstream)

WQ8

Sizable irrigation canal flowing through paddy filed (Village Kebellawita) Wide irrigation canal with substantial flow

WQ9

Location ID*
WQ10

Description
Small irrigation ditch

Usage
Irrigation

WQ11

Wide channel through paddy lands (in the vicinity of Rilagala); there was substantial flow Small irrigation stream through paddy fields Very small irrigation channel; very low flow; Latha Mawatha Large stream; substantial flow

Irrigation/ bathing/washing

WQ12 WQ13 WQ14 WQ15 WQ16 WQ17

Irrigation

Irrigation
Irrigation/Bathing /Washing Irrigation Drainage Irrigation/ Drainage/ Bathing/ Washing

Set of small irrigation ditches Very small natural stream flowing through home gardens
Sizable stream also serving as a important irrigation drainage canal; Stream cut across B1 7 road; there are other small irrigation ditches

WQ18

By the side of main road B17. Drainage channel; railway line is parallel Drainage to the road about 50 feet away Small irrigation ditch by the side of the paddy filed fields Small stream crossing the railway line and going through uncultivated paddy area Two minor irrigation ditches Set of small irrigation canals crossing and going parallel to B26 road. These canals combine and convert to a sizable canal with significant flow Irrigation Drainage

WQ19 WQ20

WQ21
WQ22

Irrigation Irrigation/ (Note: Other uses may be possible in the downstream) Irrigation

WQ23

Two small irrigation canals flowing along the two edges of the paddy area; substantial flow

WQ24

Two small irrigation canals flowing Tajong the two edges of the paddy area; ^ ,

Irrigation Bathi ng/Wash ing/I rrigation

WQ25

Tank situated outside the road boundary but the spill channel of the tank is cut across by the proposed highway

WQ26

Wide irrigation channel going through a large paddy filed. Two other small irrigation ditches are flowing at the two edges of the

Irrigation/ Drainage (Note: Other uses may be possible in the downstream)

Irrigation

WQ27 WQ28 WQ29

paddy area Small irrigation channel flowing at the edge of the paddy land Two small irrigation ditches Very small irrigation ditch

Irrigation Irrigation

WQ30

About 3 feet wide irrigation ditch running at the edge of the paddy filed Irrigation/drainage and highland Small irrigation ditch Small irrigation ditch going at the edge of the paddy fields Sizable irrigation canal partly lined and going through paddy lands

WQ31

Irrigation Irrigation
Irrigation/washing

WQ32
WQ33

Note 1: The descriptions under the "Usage" column are based on observations made during the reconnaissance filed visit. It is recommended that further investigations were made on ambient uses of major water-bodies and record the uses with more details for at least 1-2 kilometers downstream. Note 2: Identifications (ID) numbers of water bodies are given consecutively from the point first visited to the point last visited. First visited point is defined as WQ1.

Note 3: Flow conditions of the streams, canals etc reflects the situation at the day of the inspection (wet weather with significant rainfall in the previous days). Note 4: Irrigation canals also acts as drainage canals in many cases

Table 5.2- Water Quality Locations

Location
WQ1 WQ2 WQ3 WQ4 WQ5 WQ6 WQ7 WQ8 WQ9 WQ10 WQ11 WQ12 WQ13 WQ14 WQ15 WQ16 WQ17 WQ18 WQ19 WQ20 WQ21 WQ22 WQ23 WQ24 WQ25 WQ26 WQ27 WQ28 WQ29 WQ30 WQ31 WQ32 WQ33

Longitude
80 12.451 80 12.246 8011.840 8011.674 8011.428 8011.348 8011.191 8011.094 8010.819 80 09.806 80 09.885 80 09.942 80 09.049 80 08.541 80 08.305 80 07.993 80 07.266 8007.117 80 07.224 80 06.842 80 06.569 80 05.798 8005.517 80 05.298 80 04.873 80 04.490 80 02.344 80 02.756 80 02.838 80 03.078 80 03.351 80.03.746 80 3.753

Latitude
7 14.669 7 14.496 7 14.296 7 14.247 7 14.466 7 14.720 7 14.779 7 14.879 7 14.860 7 14.382 7 14.292 7 14.462 7 14.099 7 14.063 713.995 714.129 7 14.009 7 14.007 7 14.029 7 14.590 7 14.484 7 14.294 7 14.226 7 14.024 713.775 713.953 7 12.369 7 12.628 7 12.733 712.810 7 12.975 7 13.303 713.569

5.3.2 Climatic Conditions

Table 5.3 gives the average annual rainfall for calendar year at Abepussa and Henarathgoda (Gampaha).
Table 5.3 - Average Annual Rainfall in Millimeters
Jan Abepuss ' Henarathgoda 50.4 63.8 Feb 78.1 79.0 Mar 165.8 141.4 Apr 271.6 241.0 May 248.2 382.1 Jun 200.2 231.3 Jul 126.3 138.3
Aug

Sep 209.7 250.1

Oct 399.8 346.1

Nov 314.5 298.9

Dec 122.4 159.5

Annual 2307.7 2476.7

120.7 145.2

It is assumed the rainfall quantities and pattern for Abepussa and Henarathgoda (Gampaha) gauging stations represent the situation for the project area. The key observations of rainfall pattern are: a. January and February are the driest months and the sizable rainfall is commencing at end of March. March and April represent the first inter-monsoon period, b. May records significant rainfall and May to September is the South-West Monsoon period. Flooding is common in this month, c. October and November together records the heaviest rainfall period and these two months represent the second inter-monsoon period. Flooding is common in this period, d. December to February represent the North-East Monsoon Period.

5.4 Ambient Water Quality Requirements The best yardstick for evaluating freshwater quality in this case is the ambient water quality requirements for satisfying various water uses. Table 5.4 reports the water quality criteria for freshwater systems for different categories of water uses (Central Environmental Authority, 2003). Accordingly there are seven categories of water uses falling into three classes as given below. Table 5.4 provides the acceptable concentration levels for some selected parameters for different ambient uses of water. Full details of acceptable parameter levels, including for heavy metals are available in the CEA publications.

Class 1. Class I 2. Class II 3. Class II

4. Class II

5. Class II 6. Class II 7. Class III Categories of Water Uses Nature conservation Drinking with simple treatment Bathing and recreation Fish and aquatic life Drinking with conventional treatment Irrigation and agriculture Minimum quality (other uses) As water uses for water-bodies are identified (Table 5.1), it is possible to determine the important water quality parameters and minimum water quality requirements for each waterbody using the published data. Although not required in this case other additional parameters can be added to evaluate the long-term impacts such as eutrophication.
Table 5.4 - Ambient Water Quality Requirement for Water Use Categories

Water Use PH Category

High]

Con.

Turb

DO COD

SAR

SO4

Cl

1 2 3 4 5 6

Low

6.0 6.0 6,0 6,0 6.0

8.5 9.0 8.5 9.0 8.5

700

*6 5 3 4 3

15 20 15 30

0.7 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7

1.5

250

200

1.5 6-15

250

200

Note 1: Con-Conductivity (ds/m); Turb -Turbidity (NTU); pH, SAR -Numerical values; others ppm Note 2: Requirements for nature conservation to be determined on case by case basis Note 3; Refer to CEA publications for concentration limits for other parameters including heavy metals

5.5 Sampling Plan 5.5.1 Construction Phase 5.5.1.1 Nature of Construction Phase

Among the contributory factors for deterioration of water quality during road construction are: (a) soil loss causing high sediment loads in runoff which also cause sedimentation in streams and rivers, soil/sediment can also carry other pollutants to the water column; (b) biological pollution due to damaged drainage Pipes, septic tanks, uncontrolled discharge of wastewater generated in labour camps, etc; and (c) spills of chemicals. During construction increased turbidity, color, suspended solids are difficult to avoid water quality problems. Chemical pollution commonly includes petroleum products. The magnitude of impacts of these pollutants on water-bodies is dissimilar and depends on ambient uses. In the project area there are no ecologically sensitive water-bodies requiring application of conservation measures. As such in this case the water-bodies which are used for water supply, bathing, and recreation are the most critical in terms of water quality. The main water-body in this section is the Kuda Oya. Although water supply intakes are not present in Kuda Oya in the immediate downstrearn. from the point of intersection with the proposed expressway, it is possible for such intakes in this water-body considering its size. Most of the other water-bodies identified in Table 5.1 are irrigation/drainage canals. Thus water quality standards applicable to these water-bodies are significantly less. The other characteristic of the construction phase is that the wide spread nature of activities, so that water quality deterioration is reflected across the area under construction. However, problem could be more acute in certain areas where activities such as bridge construction are taking place. Similarly high biological pollution could be possible down streams of labour camps, if located close to waterways. [Note: Special areas such as borrow sites and mining sites are not included in this study].

5.5.1.2 Special Issues (Bentonite Loss)

Bentonite clays are heavily used in Southern Expressway Project for pile driving work. While

bulk of the betonite is recovered and reused small percentage is always get to the environment and washed away to natural water courses during rains. Therefore the impact of bentonite on water quality is of special interest. Bentonite is basically clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. It has large water absorbing capacity thus can convert to viscous liquid which is used in drilling and pilling work in construction engineering. Bentonite is normally refered by dominant cation such as Calcium, Sodium, Aluminum, or Potassium. Calcium bentonite has ion exchange characteristics. It can exchange its Calcium Ion to other irons. Thus theoretically a water quality change takes place. However, this is absolutely negligible in terms of quantities of runoff water. The other issue is not so much of water quality but settling of bentonite slurry in small irrigation canals, waterways and even on access roads. It is heavy and when mixed with water acts as a jelly. Thus it can settle on the drainage paths within short distance. This is unlikely to cause an impact unless large quantities are lost inadvertently cause drainage paths to be blocked or roads surfaces to become slippery when wet. 5.5.1.3 Water Quality Parameters proposed for Monitoring
V '

Water-bodies listed in Table 5.1 can be divided into two broad categories based on their ambient uses as: A. Water-bodies used for bathing and recreation (water intakes were not observed in the immediate project area) B. Water-bodies serving as irrigation/drainage canals The water quality parameters for monitoring are determined based on pollutants that are likely to gain entry during construction and affecting the ambient uses. The proposed parameters are given in Table 5.5.

5.5.1.4 Sampling Locations

To an extent water-bodies in Table 5.1 divided into two environmental settings. (a) WQ 1- WQ 14 - somewhat hilly terrain (b) WQ 15 - WQ 33 - relatively flat terrain In similar environmental settings water quality impacts of construction are likely to be felt

similarly in the downstream of the road trace. Section from WQ 15- WQ 33 (See the Map given in Figure 5.1) is more or less similar to the last segment of the first 25 kilometers, which was covered in the previous study. Also a water-body of significant importance was not found in this section. [Note: One irrigation tank is located at WQ 25. However, this is located upstream of the proposed expressway and not expected to be affected by the proposed project significantly]. On the other hand WQ 1 to WQ 14 represents somewhat hilly area and not part of flood plains. It is assumed that water quality effects of the project are similar in this section. Therefore two use-wise important water-bodies are proposed in this section for monitoring. The two waterbodies are WQ 1 (Kuda Oya) and WQ 11 (Irrigation Canal in Rilagala Area). Monitoring at upstream location is also proposed for these two water-bodies. The reason for inclusion of upstream location in the monitoring plan is that it provides water quality data undisturbed by the construction activities. Thus they will be useful for assessing the construction impacts. [Note: Upstream water quality can be affected during flooding. This situation is not covered in general water quality assessment].

Table 5.5 - Water Quality Sampling Locations for Construction Phase

Type of Waterbody
A

Water-body ID
W1

Sampling Locations
300m upstream of centerline of the trace
600m downstream of centerline of the

Parameters
COD BOD
TSS

trace

Turbidity Color pH Colour

W11

200m upstream of centerline of the trace

Oil and Grease

Nitrate -N
1 1 1 LI Q L^ 1t

300m downstream of centerline of the

trace

Phosphate

5.5.1.5 Frequency of Monitoring

Worst water quality situations in the water-bodies identified in Table 5.1 can occur at times when (a) significant runoff is generated when -the streams/canals/rivers are in low flow conditions during seasonal dry period or due to irrigation controls, (b) significant runoff generated after a long dry spell. As these conditions occur in an ad hoc manner, is not possible to fix an exact time for monitoring where the intention is to ascertain the worst water quality situation. Thus it is useful that timing of sampling to be determined by those responsible based on their judgment. However by considering the climatic data reported in Section 5.3.2 it is proposed to include minimum of five samples per year on following basis. (i) One sample at each sampling location in January or February immediately after a sizable storm event. (ii) One sample at each sampling location in April after a sizable storm event (iii) One sample at each sampling location in May (iv) One sample at each sampling location in August after a sizable storm event (v) One sample at each sampling location in October or November

5.5.2 Operational Phase 5.5.2.1 Nature of Operational Phase Operational phase water quality pollution is primarily NPS pollution. In this phase long-term impacts are also an important consideration as heavy metals and other chemicals including petroleum based products are also a concern in this phase. Nevertheless significant long-term effects, such as due to bio-accumulation are not expected in here. This is because substantial rains during May and then in October-November period has high potential for flushing out pollutants with less opportunity for long-term accumulation. As the water-bodies of concern are flowing water-bodies chances of such accumulation is reduced further. 5.5.2.2 Water Quality Parameters proposed for Monitoring Detailed list of pollutants entering the runoff from roads/highways under operation are provided by the USEPA (1997). These mainly include: (a) particulate matter, (b) N and P from fertilizer and pesticides, if maintenance of turf is part of the operation, (c) verity of heavy metals from ware and tare of tires, combustion products, etc (d) oil and petroleum products due to spilling (e) pathogens from animal excreta and rest areas. It is not practical and economical for the water quality monitoring program to include all th,e individual pollutants. Thus the following set

of water
c.

quality parameters are proposed for water quality monitoring during operations, which can give the picture of general water quality status. Turbidity pH COD TSS Kjeldahl-N Phosphate-P Copper Zin

5.5.2.3 Sampling Locations Category B water-bodies (Section 5.5.1.2) are less important during operation phase as water is not in direct contact with humans. Therefore only Category A water-bodies are proposed for the monitoring program in this phase. Water-body proposed for the sampling program during operation is WQ1. Sampling location is defined in Table 5.6 below.
Table 5.6 -Water Quality Sampling Locations for Operational

Water-body ID
W1

Sampling Locations

300m upstream of centerline of the trace 600m downstream of centerline of the trace

5.5.2.4 Frequency of Monitoring During the operational phase "first flush" in general results highest pollution concentrations in the runoff. First flush means rainfall caused runoff after a dry period. Such events under low flow conditions usually result relatively high pollution concentrations. On the other hand pollution concentration becomes less prominent during heavy rain period due to dilution by increased flow. Accordingly following monitoring schedule is proposed for operational phase, (i) One sample at each sampling location in January or February immediately after a sizable storm event. (ii) One sample at each sampling location in April after a sizable storm event (iii) One sample at each sampling location in August after a sizable storm event (iv) One sample at each sampling location in October or November

5.6

Baseline Conditions

Baseline water quality reflects the situation before the construction of the expressway. Baseline study includes two water-bodies selected for monitoring program under construction phase. The two water-bodies are WQ1 and WQ11 {Table 5.1). Table 5.7 provides the details of the baseline water quality plan.
Table 5.7 - Water Quality Sampling Locations for Baseline Study

Type of Water-body
A

Water-body ID
W1

Sampling Locations
600m downstream of centerline of the trace

Parameters

COD BOD

W11

600m downstream of centerline of the trace

TSS

Turbidity
Color pH

Colour

,,.

Oil and Grease

Nitrate -N Phosphate

-*.

Copper Zinc

. "

The water quality measurements during baseline study shall reflect the same flow or hydrologic conditions under which the sampling was carried out during construction and operational phases. Thus sampling frequency (time frame) for baselines study is set as follows, (i) One sample at each sampling location in January or February immediately after a sizable storm event. (ii) One sample at each sampling location in April after a sizable storm event (iii) One sample at each sampling location in the month of May (iv) One sample at each sampling location in August after a sizable storm event (v) One sample at each sampling location in October or November One set of data is unlikely to provide us the general water quality picture for baseline conditions. For this purpose at least few years of data would be required. However, in reality water quality data of such length and coverage are often not available. It is recommended to commence the baseline water quality data collection as early as possible to collect a reasonably long data set to develop sufficiently accurate picture of water quality before the project. In absence of such possibility it is necessary to use other historical water quality data to generate the information required.

6.0 Recommendations 1. The drainage openings for small streams, Irrigation canals have been designed considering once in fifty year flood situation.i.e. fifty year return period. In the design future development of area which will increase the impervious area and the runoff volume has been considered. However with the past experience climate changes and the percentage of land converting to developments have been taken in to account. 2. Since the proposed highway trace passes through the low-lying areas and hilly areas it is recommended to construct the cross drainage structures to minimize the effect of backwater created by rising flood levels. The minimum sizes of Culverts across the proposed alignment are included in table 4.1. Also it should be ensured that there will not be any settlements of culverts to avoid adverse environmental impacts due to stagnation of water. 3. It is observed that the present uncertainty related to climate change which links to flood damage. Therefore It is suggested to minimize the filling which causes adverse environment effect by introducing Viaduct sections wherever necessary. Also natural water paths should not be disturbed and should be improved. 4. If any changes are suggested using viaduct sections in your design sofit levels of those and location of piers should be brought to the notice of SLLRDC for rechecking. 5. The outlet of all the proposed culvert/bridge crossings should be dredged and connected to the nearby streams. The inlets of the same should be cleared about 500m upstream. These drainage connections should be established before filling of embankment. 6. All drainage structures have been provided for cross drainage only. If additional structures are needed for irrigation purposes they should be additionally provided. 7. It is desirable to discuss the locations of the proposed drainage crossings with Irrigation Department, and Department of Agrarian Development Services and farmers' organizations. If any changes are suggested those should be brought to the notice of SILRDC for rechecking.

8.

The toe drains and other drainage canals in the vicinity of the road along the expressway should be established as proposed in the Table 4.3.

9.

Prior approval for the proposed bridges across the Kuda oya should be obtained from Department of Irrigation.

10.

Canal banks which already collapsed should be protected using gabions at least 200m both sides (U/S and D/S) of the Canals where proposed culverts are located.

11.

Canals should be dredged and kept to a desirable bed width. Necessary other maintenance should be carried out through the responsible institution simultaneously at least 500m both sides (U/S and D/S) of the Canais where proposed culverts are located.

12.

The distance proposed for downstream measurement of water quality is for the purpose of providing adequate mixing of pollutants with the stream flow. Also Upstream measurement is aimed at obtaining the undisturbed picture during measurements.

13.

The water quality monitoring plan to be implemented in three phases such as baseline (before the project and existing .status), construction phase and operational phase.

14.

Proper sample preservation methods are required. Therefore Sampling and testing should be carried out by recognized institution.

15.

Analytical methods use for water quality monitoring should be the standard methods accepted in Sri Lanka.

Bibliography
(i) (ii) Design of Irrigation head works for Small Catchments,2nd Edition (Revised) ,AJ.P. Ponrajah,lrrigation Department Colombo, May 1984 Technical paper of towards more efficient hydraulic and hydrological Design of Cross drainages structures using new developed Intensity Duration Frequency Equations by D.G.L. Ranatunga Former Head Hydrology Division Irrigation Department. Applied hydrology, International Edition, 1988 by Ven Te Chow. Hydrological Study for Colombo-Kandy Alternate Highway Chainage from 0+000 km to 25+000 km Ambient Water Quality Guidelines, Central Environmental Authority, 2003 Controlling Nonpoint Source Runoff Pollution from Roads, Highways and Bridges. Washington, D.C.: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.

(iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

(vii)
(viii)

Environmental Impact Assessment Report; Colombo-Kandy Alternate Highway Project; 2003.

Sources and Mitigation of Highway Runoff Pollutants; Federal Highway Administration; Washington, D.C., 1984.

(ix)

Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring; R.O, Gilbert; 1987.

Annex (B.1): Hydrological and Hydraulic Calculation for Drainage Opening Sizes
Culvert ID (Chainage) Total Catch m ent Area (ha)
284.37 20.22 90.05 100.86 20.08 25.18

Length of Runoff Time of Rainfall Discharge Longest Coeffici Concent Intensity (m3/sec) water ration (mm/hr) SOyr ent path (m) Tc(min) SOyr
2080 1101 1255 1348 873 738 1089 449

slope

Water Proposed Size of Depth Structure (m)

25+245 25+367 25+565 25+947 26+180 26+550 27+308 27+481 27+948 28+400 ! 28+500 J

0.40
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

90.82 55.14
60.75 64.14 46.82 41.90 54.70

97.89 127.07 121.30 118.08 136.77 143.30 127.54 159.78

30.93 2.85 12.14 13.23

3.05 4.01 8.13 1.49 6.88 5.76 4.23 7.92 4.18 4.95 12.34 10.08

0.0006

1.50
1.00

0.0020 0.0010 0.0010

0.0010

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

57.39 8.39 46.67 35.09

26.36 53.06 26.64 34.72 82.94

966
654 718 925 780

31.37 50.21 38.84

41.17 48.72 43.43 53.97 49.12 37.78

132.63 147.71
144.32 134.42 141.20 128.34 133.94 149.30

0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010

0.0015

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00

28+885
29+520 30+036 30+330

0.0010
0.0015 0.0015 0.0010 0.0004

1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00

1069
936

31+156 -i
31+240 J

31+923 -, 32+000 I 32+088 | 32+235 J 32+665 32+985 33+390 i

33+500 J 33+858 1

60.75

625

1.00

297.15 223.45 36.02 , 84.15

14.09 202.54

2751 2423

0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

115.28 103.33 44.24 50.69 30.86

84.87

90.74
140.12

802
979

28.02 22.53 5.61

12.35 2.52

0.0005 0.0005 0.0015 0.0005 0.0010 0.0007

1.50 1.50

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

132.07 160.69 102.55

33+936
34+913

435
1884

35+358 -i 35+410 35+460 J 35+615 ~\

83.68

23.08

134.31

2044 1010

0.40
0.40

89.51 51.82

98.72
130.76

14.73

0.0010

1.00 1.00

35+730 J 36+323 -\ 36+385 J

36+555

53.10

7.71

0.0010

85m opening should be provided for Merigama-Pasyala Rd and Railway Track 4.54 9.43 849 0.40 0.40 45.95 137.89

36+608 36+853 37+250

15.12

441 565

0.40

31.08 35.60

160.30 152.70

0.70 1.68 2.57

0.0010 0.0010 0.0010

1.00 1.00 1.00

10.00mx2.00m 1.50mx1.50m 6.25mx1.50m 6.50mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m 3.00mx1.50m 4.50mxl50m 1.50mx1.50m 4.00mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m 2.25mx1.50m 4.25mx1.50m 2.50mx1.50m 2.50mxl50m 3.50mx1.50m 3.50mx1.50m 1.50mxl50m 3.25mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 1.75mx1.50m 10.00mx2.00m 8.50mx2.00m 1.50mx 1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 2.75mx1.50m 6.75mx1.50m 3.50mx2.50m 4.25mx1.50m 4.50mx1.50m 4.25mx1.50m 4.00mx1.50m 4.00mx1.50m 2.25mx1.50m 2.25mx1.50m 85m Opening 1.50mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m

Culvert ID (Chainage)

Total Catchm ent Area (ha)

56.11 456.45 16.58 45.02 38.00 48.55 24.41 52.94 45.74 13.83 15.07
1456.46 44.91 40.83

Length of Runoff Longest Coeffici water ent path (m)

1122 3977 469 1662 1347 1128 802 1707 1410 712 575 5049 964 976 1064 1539 1472 1332 1366 475 416 501 473 528 469 450 1630 1255 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

Time of Concentr ation Tc(min)

55.90 159.98 32.10 75.59 64.10 56.12 44.24 77.23 66.40 40.96 35.96 199.06 50.14 50.58 53.79 71.10 68.66 63.56 64.80 32.32 30.16 33.26 32.24 34.25 32.10 31.40 74.42 60.75 503.44

Rainfall Discharge Intensity (m3/sec) (mm/hr) SOyr 50yr

126.25 68.57 158.51 108.42 118.11 126.02 140.12 107.18 116.03 144.63 152.13 58.90 132.72 132.20 128.54 112.00 ,114.06 118.62 117.48 158.14 161.93 156.53 158.26 154.89 158.51 159.72 109.33 121.30 32.92 7.87 34.78 2.92 5.42 4.99 6.80 3.80 6.30 5.90 2.22 2.55 95.32 6.62 6.00 4.90 24.03 3.34 4.17 7.53 1.83 2.55 3.03 1.62 2.12 2.93 1.83 32.44 8.44 184.95

slope

Water Proposed Size of Depth Structure (m)

37+522 37+893 -i 38+001 J 38+400 38+676 38+943 39+195 40+065 40+630 40+815 40+900 41+070 41+445 \ 41+565 41+930 42+580 42+925 43+545 1 43+840 ^ 43+980 44+120 44+250 44+490 44+673 45+135 45+666 46+032 46+476 46+892 47+451 1 47+557 -* 47+928 48+174
J

0.0010 0.0008 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0004

1.00

1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

4.25mx1 .50m 9.00mx1.50m

9.00mx1.50m

2.00mx1.50m 3.25mx1.50m 3.00mx1.50m

3.75mx1.50m

2.50mx1.50m 3.50mx1.50m 3.50mx1 .50m 1.75mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m

13.50mx2.00m 20.00mx2.00m 3.75mx1.50m

0.0010
0.0010 0.0010 0.0008

34.31 193.10

1.00
1.00 1.00

26.35
31.66 57.71
10.44 14.18

0.0010
0.0010 0.0009 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010

1.00
1.00 1.00 -1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

3.50mx1.50m 3.00mx1.50m 9.00mx1.50m 3.25mx1.50m 2.25mx1 .50m 2.75mx1 .50m 4.25mx1.50m

1.50mx1.50m

2.00mx1.50m
2.00mx1 .50m 1.50mx1.50m

17.40 9.19 12.31 16.63 10.30 267.06 62.61

0.0010
0.0010

0.0010
0.0009 0.0010 0.0040

1.00
1.00

1.75mx1.50m 2.00mx1.50m 1.50mx1.50m 9. 00m x 1.50m

7.00mx1.50m

4.50mx1.50m
32.00mx4.50m

5057.04 13399

3.50

Annex (B.2): Hydrological and Hydraulic Calculation for Drainage Opening Sizes for Overpass and Underpass
Culvert ID (Chainage)
25+535 (LHS) 25+535(RHS) 26+394 (LHS)

lotai Catchme nt Area (ha)

161.92 2.16 25.18 54.20 87.68 11.87 5.40 15.67

i_engin Runoff Coeffici of Longest ent water 1838 0.40

202 830 1063 1215 893 347 821 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

i ime or Concentr ation Tc(min)

82.00 22.36 45.26 53.75 59.29 47.55 27.65 44.93

Kainran Intensity (mm/hr) 50yr 103.71 177.47

138.78 128.58 122.75 135.86 166.61 139.21

uiscnarg slope e S (m3/sec) 50yr

18.66 0.43 3.88 7.74 11.96 1.79 1.00 2.42 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

Water Depth (m) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Proposed Size of Structure

9.25mxl.50m

l.OOmxl.SOm 2.50mxl.50m
4.25mxl.50m

26+394(RHS) 27+451 (LHS) 27+451 (RHS) 27+980 (LHS) 27+980(RHS) 28+720 (LHS) 28+720(RHS) 29+210 (LHS) 29+21 0(RHS) 29+707 (LHS) 29+707(RHS) 30+520 (LHS) 30+520(RHS) 31 +040 (LHS) 31+040(RHS) 31 +395 (LHS) 31+395(RHS) 31+830 (LHS) 31+830(RHS) 32+839 (LHS) 32+839(RHS) 33+490 (LHS) 33+490(RHS) 37+579 (LHS) 37+579(RHS) 39+1 49 (LHS) 39+149(RHS) 40+510 (LHS) 40+51 0(RHS) 40+885 (LHS) 40+885(RHS) 41+085 (LHS) 41+085(RHS) 41+620 (LHS) 41+620(RHS)

1m minimum openings should be provided .

0.58 5.11 4.15 8.89 1.83 6.48 9.06 18.83

94 515 355 728 180 762 539 776 663 1712 2627 2571 204 697 359 155 627 412 732 443 425 1586

0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

18.43 33.77 27.94 41.54 21.56 42.78 34.65 43.29 39.17 77.41 110.76 108.72 22.44 40.41 28.09 20.65 37.86 30.02 41.68 31.15 30.49 72.82 18.46

186.59 155.67 166.06 143.81 179.25 142.09 154.23 141.40 147.22 107.04 86.99 87.99 177.31 145.42 165.78 181.32 149.19 162.19 143.61 160,17 161.34 110.60 186.50

9.08 10.10
127.08 255.40 1.93 10.63 4.62 1.11 6.89 7.99 20.74 11.71 9.25 119.09 0.56

14.56 19.31 18.02

95 778.00 761
946

43.36 42.74
49.49

141.30
142.14 133.50

1.00 1.00 0.77 0.001 1.00 1.42 0.001 1.00 0.36 0.001 1.00 1.02 0.0010 1.00 0.001 1.00 1.55 2.96 0.001 1.00 1.49 0.001 1.00 1.20 0.001 1.00 12.28 0.001 1.00 24.97 0.001 1.00 0.38 0.001 1.00 1.72 0.001 1.00 0.85 0.001 1.00 0.22 0.001 1.00 1.14 0.001 1.00 1.44 0.001 1.00 3.31 0.001 1.00 2.08 0.001 1.00 1.66 0.001 1.00 14.64 0.001 1.00 0.12 0.001 1.00 2.29 0.001 1.00 3.05 0.001 1.00 2.67 0.001 1.00

0.12 0.88

0.001 0.001

6.00mxl.50m l.SOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm 1.75mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm

1.25mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm 1.25mxl.50m 2.00mxl.50m 1.25mxl.50m 1.25mxl.50m 6.25mxl.50m 13.00mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm l.SOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm 1.25mxl.50m 2.25mxl.50m 1.75mxl.50m l.SOmxl.SOm 7.50mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm 1.75mx1.50m 2.00mxl.50m 2.00mxl.50m

Culvert ID (Chainage)

lotal Catchme nt Area (ha)

5.59 2.37 17.06
85.09 4.99 6.31 4.36 1.29 0.38

Length Runoff of Coeffici Longest ent water

458 211 686 928 374 392 457 171

i ime or Concentr ation Tc(min)

31.70

Kamtall Intensity (mm/hr) 50yr

159.21 176.75 145.99 134.29 164.75 163.53 159.27 179.99 184.91

42+595 (LHS) 42+595(RHS) 43+616 (LHS) 43+61 6(RHS) 44+228 (LHS) 44+228(RHS)
44+444 (LHS)

0.40 0-40 0.40

0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

22.69 40.01
48.83 28.63 29.29 31.66 21.23 19.12

Uischarg slope e S (m3/sec) 50yr 0.99 0.001 0.47 0.001

2.77 12.70 0.91 1.15 0.77 0.26 0.08

Water Depth (m)

1.00

Proposed Size of Structure

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm 2.00mxl.50m 7.00mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm

0.001
0.0009 0.001

0.001
0.001 0.001

44+444(RHS) 45+1 54 (LHS) 45+154 (RHS) 45+464 (LHS) 45+464(RHS) 45+802 (LHS) 45+802(RHS) 46+488 (LHS) 46+488(RHS) 46+91 8 (LHS) 46+91 8(RHS) 47+51 2 (LHS) 47+51 2(RHS)

6.10

113 1295

62.21

119.89

0.81

0.001 0.001

1.00

1 m minimum openings should be provided .

l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm

l.OOmxl.SOm 8.99 0.39 0.22 1.05 1.06 0.52 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.001 1.00

56.71

2.14
1.09 5.87 5.79 2.71

751 370 185 442 380 273

0.40

0.40
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

42.38 28.49 21.74

31.11

142.64 165.02 178.84 160.23 164.34 171.97

1.00 1.00
1.00

4.75mxl.50m l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm l.OOmxl.SOm

28.85 24.95

1.00 1.00

Following details are enclosed into Annex (C); 1). Details of culverts 2). Maps showing catchment areas 3). Colombo Kandy alternate Expressway plan and longitudinal maps 4). Longitudinal sections and Cross sections at Chainage 33+368 km, 37+8.79 km 38+001 km and 48+174 km "'