lntroduction fo Film Reoder

A SURVEY HISTORY OF FILMTECHNOTOGY

Compiled by Mory Keorney The six major developments necessary to produce the 'orecreationof life in motion": 1) The r r I I Persistence of Vision 130 AD - discovered by Ptolemy of Alexandria 1765 - first scientific studies by Chevalier d'Arcy 1824 - first described scientifically by Peter Mark Roget + gov rise to future studies 1912 - "phi phenomenon" / apparent motion * by Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer

Toys based on these two principles: l| 1826 - Thaurnatrope (Gk. "magical / miracle turning") - first introduced to the public by Dr. John Ayrton Paris - coin / disk spun by thread / chain I 1833 * Phenakistoscope (Gk. "deceitful view") - two spinning disks - created by Joseph Plateau (using ideas from Michael Faraday) I 1832'1833 - Stroboscopeinvented by Simon Stampfer - similar to the Phenakistoscope I 1834- Daedalum (after ancient artist's drawings) by George Horner - strip of paper in cylinder - not patented until 1860s r 1867- Zoetrope (Gk. "live turning) by William E. Lincoln I 1868- flip or flicker book patented in 1868 Still Photography r camera obscura ("dark room") - 10thcentury - Al Hazen, Arabic astronomer - Leonardo da Vinci r shadowplays originate in India or Java several thousand years ago iJ' - spread to Europe by the late Middle Ages - very successfulin late 1700s r magic lantern - projects images onto a screen - either 1664 by Thomas Rasmussen Walgenstein or 1694by Christianen Huygens 1826- Joseph Nic6phore Ni6pce develops first photographs with camera obscura - fixed images on a pewter plate covered with chemicai emulsion - exposure time took eight hours 1839- Louis Mand6 Daguerre invents Daguerreotype - introduced silvered copper plates sensitized with iodine vapor r' - reducedthe exposure time to thirty minutes - prints were positive and not reproducible

produci I . Film os Technology. Business, Art/Entertqinmenl ond Culturol

1840 - William Henry Fox Talbot invents Talbottype / Calotype - imprinted images on negative paper stock coated with silvdr chloride salts - infinite number of reproductions possible - exposure time was three minutes

3) The Motion Picture Camera

I series photography ("chronophotography"): - 1874 - Pierre Jules C6sar Janssen invents "photographic revolver" - 48 instantaneous exposures on light-sensitive plate - used Maltese cross for intermittent movement of plate - L877 - Eadweard Muybridge wins former Gov. Leland Stanford's racing bet - 12 (later 24) electrically-operated cameras used - placed through Zoetrope to reproduce movement - 1879 - Muybridge demonstrates his results on Zoopraxiscopeprojector - ("magic lantern"-Iike device that projected images from glass disk) - 1882 Etienne-Jules Marey invents chronographic gun - 12 images on glass plate - based on design by Pierre-Jules-C6sar Janssen 1888 - Augustin Le Prince patents camera / projector used to project moving pictures; he disappeared in 1890 1889 - William Friese-Greene and Mortimer Evans patent camera for making rapidly successiveseries ofphotographs (300) on unperforated celluloid 1891- William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (Thomas Edison's assistant) invents Kinetograph - developed so that motion pictures couid illustrate sounds made by phonograph - stop'motion device - insures intermittent but regular flow of film strip 1895 - Auguste and Louis Lumidre patent camera / projector - Cin6matographe - first camera / projector with reversible motion - first camera / projector to move the film intermittently by a claw mechanism Stock 1800'30s - photographers use metal (pewter or copper) or glassplates L847 - Louis M6nard and Flores Domonte invent coilodion 1851 - Frederick Scott Archer proposespractical use ofcollodion for photography - wet collodion film plates (pyroxylin) reduced exposure time to 10 seconds 1856 - Parkes patents celluloid as film base - unable to use photographically 1869 - John Wesley Hyatt produces negatives on semirigid celluloid sheets L874 - Peter Mawdsley introduces possibility of utilizing gelatin silver bromide papers for photographic printing 1880 - silver bromide paper generally adapted by photographers 1887 - Hannibal Goodwin first used celluloid roll film with light-sensitive emulsions - patent not granted until 1898 following legal disputes with Eastman 1889 - George Eastman and Henry N. Reichenback produce transparent celluloid film - widely preferred for making negatives in motion picture production 1891 - Edison / Dickson use four perforations per frame for film movement through camera - their measurements become standard for motion picture film 189415- Parker B. Cady of Blair Camera Company invents thicker celluloid film used for the positive prints of motion pictures 1908/9 - cellulose acetate (acetic acid, anhydride ofacetic acid, sulfuric acid) film developed

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4) Film I r I r I r I I I I

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Introduction lo Film Reooer

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1896 - Eastman Kodak company mass produces positive and negative films for motion picture production

jl".t l3ij"; upon aqreed :,#::i::il11.^TT^T^,-1tas professional standard for internationa al exchange

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(Bb mm with4perforations per frame)

iut"u"""ur"ty ua rih', - Eastman 1 949 Roof*o1949 ceases to manufactureflammablenitrai" rir",

"Film stock',above)

5) The Printer (seealso "stilr photography'' and

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images - 3;f",*:;:"ru:: i^"::*tl:11^:l;"in;;;;J;;i"ting : 1333 ';;i"rt";;;;;;;;;"",#:"Jiliffiil,tT;

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,"Jlrtu"roositive) printing nrnnpca r x'l'i-L i^ - ^^^ ^ ^ process which is necessary for the 'l i,iir"" iffi;"uf]i#: ' r . r . , 866 C q t o . , T . - - ^ L ^ ^ , ^ - - ^ ^ - ^^ , ""p"oa""Lo" "i orphotographic

t H;X-ltf::,::::'ril_" (with r)lli,"#;;; .Benj,_'i" lll^r;^-{1,l1: ::_l**,2 printing machinewith silver bromide
?l::-*r: 1896 - Eastman
motion pictures

13't"';,*1.""t:l'^:1,1,"::,f:T-t l,:,:"lstruct rlver chloride paper (4oo_soop"i"* pu.r,or,)

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Kodak company developing bo1il po.itirre and negative film stock for

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6) The Motion picture projector I 1866 - L' s' Beale - choreutoscope

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Mattese cross / Geneva stopmechanism*already usedby

(slide system for magic lantern)

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1887 - ottomar Anshutz invents electrotachyscope for presentation of sequencephotos - apparent motion produces as transparencies frim photographs - rotated in front of Geissrer tube producing flash of right 1888 - Augustin Le Prince patents camera-lprojector used to project moving pictures; he disappeared later that year 1889 - william Friese-Greene (with Mortimer Evans) patents first camera / projector 1891 - Thomas Edison receives patents (u. s. only) on Kinetoscopes to project film - first use of perforated films - c' Francis Jenkins patents 7/7211894 a motion picture projector ,,phatascope,, - intermittent motion accomplished by p""fo"utujii_ - Andrew Holland 4/7411894 op"tt..lo.t rinuto..opu parlor in converted shoe store at 11bb Broadway in New york City lzScents a o;;;i 7r/rlr9gs Max and Emile skladdnowrr.v auilorirtrate Bioskop publicly - required 2 strips running simultaneo".iv; ."""iJ"red impractical - Auguste and Louis 3/2211895 Lumidre ri"rt a"-""strate their cin6matographe - built to run at 16 fps (estabrished the standura fl, silent film) - La sortie des ouuriers d.eL usine_LumiareW";;;;t Leauing the Lumi1re Factory) - first paying / public 12128/7895 demonstration oi cirramatographe featured: - LArriu66 en gore (Arciual of a Train at a Station) 1"!.t:yi.f - Le Repas de b6b6 (Baby;s Lunch) - LArroseur ar-ros6(The Sprinkter Sprinleled.) 1896 - Edison buys out c' Francis Jenkins und rho-us Armat,s design featuring the "Latham loop" (which redistributes the stress of winding film that often led to film breakage) - Edison renames his invention the Vitascope - first public demonstration of viiascope at Koster and Bial,s Music Hall, ffiv1896

Inlroduction lo Film Reoder

139

TYPES OF CAMERA TENSES AND CAMERA MOVEMENTS

CTCS 1 9 0D o c u m e n r

Comerolenses
Each lens has its own focal length, which equals the number in millimeters used to express a lens'srespectivewidth or length. In other words, a focal length refers to its range of focus (above 50 mm = very "long"; below b0 mm = very,,wide,') Fixed Focol Lengfhs; 1) Normal/middle focal-length lens (approx 50 mm): Attempts to reproduce depth relationships much as they are seen by the human eye; tendency to eliminate distortion. 2) Telephoto/long focal-length lens (more than b0 mm): Magnifies the size of an object at great distance while it flattens depth relationships; movement toward and away from camera appears to be slowed down when this type oi lens is used 3) Wide-Angle/shortfocal length lens Qessthan 50 mm): Allows the camera to photograph a wide area while it exaggeratesand deepens depth relationships; straight lines near the edge of the frame ur" *u"p"d and movement toward and away from the camera appears to be faster when this typl of lens is used 3a) Extreme Wide-Angle lens: Also known as a "fish-eye" lens. It creates a visual effect similar to looking through a crystal ball. # 1 , # 2 , # 3 o r e o l s o c o l l e d p R l M A R yL E N S E S . Vorioble Focol Length: Zoom lens (with a variable distance as wide as 85 mm and as long as 400 mm): Approaches an object within a larger frame to accentuate it; or the reverse, leaves an object within a larger frame to minimalize it; to bring action nearer or keep action farther away; zoom irlzoom out; on occasion it can ao inis so suddenly like a flash of lightning, we call it a "crash zoom;" but it is not normally used. in such a dramatic fashion-mostly center zoom; with zoom lens, image is not as crisp as in a primary lens. Use of zoom lens to avoid camera movement; used a good deal in TV (sports events, news broadcasting).

5 . Composition 140

focus'" In other words' blur a common technique is to "rack those areas with the use of variable lens, spectator's eyes to move with f"";;1; a-nd, the focal planes i" til" r"q""""e focus' of ,n" spacethat come into sharp lens, ..follow focus.,,In other words, through the focus ring on the to is Another technique the action or the object in motion ;;;follow

of camera backward'' or lateral movement Tracking or trucking: forward'

t:,:n-"ii11:^ mounts't"ulp"1 :il::.. about' moves 1) Handherd: ff}::t"T;: ffi};;ti:ilt, theoperator as steadv rairrv r#;;;;. T:::
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Glory' steadicam was invented in the 19?6 filmBound' For is a device 2) steadicam: first introduced Products, Inc' A Steadicam 6;;; f-; B"";;ith-"rrgirru"", Garrett by handheld like c o n s i s t i n g o f a l i g h t w e i g h t f r a m e , t e n s i o n a r m , m o v i e c a mwhile ela'an dsmallT Vmo nitor, filming; t" -;;;-;""""a''moott'iy operator camera the space allowing creates shooting; irrrr""""t in handheld stabitity oi ru.loshooting *itrrori flexibilitY, mobilitY, dYnamism'

camera, 2 seats 3)Dolly:cameraismountedonawheeledvehiclethatfollowsactiondoliymadespecificaliy it has an attachment for the -o,,"-"'t of type this and for the camera on 8-10 foot sections of wheels iitul ai""cto";, tne fo" operator, "ia" (1 for the camera .r lbs'' but now' they are t"u-.kr-rrsed'io weigh over 400 track that are laid down; trr"r" smooth movements; the pVC plastic pip" undlrrJp-iogutrr"" trr,,s en""ing for a doily il made of light wheelchair which substitutes u bit;, ;;;";, on placed be also can use)' to camera (e'g'' too big a doily ; tf ; ioliv is impractical the productio' J*,tlnord are more than 20 feet ir a carnera mounted on a mechanical 4) Crane: airborne shots using to descend or ascend in a scene' length allowing u pt'otog"upher

up extend J i b C r a n e : u n l i k e t h e t r a d ' i t i o n a l c r a n e s , t h e j i b c l a n e a l l o w s arm t h e cthat amer ama ntosta y ott t can mounted on a counterweighted the ground, ur-lh" camera is

25 feet. 5) Aerial: cameraon helicoPter