1

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
WOK FLOW OF AN
NEWS CHANNEL
Submitted by:- Vinay Kumar Hansa!
Ra"a! #stitute $% Te&'n$!$(y
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards
Rawal Institute of Engineering & Technology for forwarding my
training letter to Network 18 Noida and also to !r" #enkatraman
$%&!' for accepting my letter and allowing me to complete my
training in NET()R*+18"
,urther I would like to thanks !r" -alit $%&!' !r" .an/ay .inghal
$0&!' !r" !inha1 Ri1wi$.r" !anager' Rohit .hah $.r" !anager'
!r" .riram $0sstt" !anager' and !r" 0shutosh 2andey $.r" Engineer'
for their kind help during the entire period of internship"
,inally I would like to thanks each and e3ery mem4er of Network+18
family for making me feel comforta4le and guiding me in e3ery
possi4le manner"
#IN05 *6!0R 70N.20-
RIET ,0RI%080%
06&6.T 2912
:
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Type 2u4lic
Industry !ass !edia
Founded 1;;:
Headquarters Noida !um4ai
Key People Ragha3 8ahl $<hairman & !%'
Products Tele3isions prints maga1ines internet films mo4ile
computing allied e+commerce
Revenue Rs" 1==2 crore $2911'
Owner(s) Ragha3 8ahl $>1?'
Subsidiaries T# 18 $India'
#iacom 18
I8N 18
7omeshop 18
.port 18
.etpro 18
Website www"network18oline"com
@
Network 18 Media & Investments Limited is an Indian mass media company with interests in
tele3ision print internet film mo4ile content and allied 4usinesses" Network 18 FinCap is the
holding company for se3eral media entities in India such as Tele3ision Eighteen India -td $T#18'
I8N 18 8roadcast -td (e4 18 .tudio 18 .hop 18 and #iacom 18"
The company was incorporated as a pri3ate limited company on 1= ,e4ruary 1;;=" In 299= it was
con3erted to a pu4lic limited company" The name of the company was changed from .&0 ,inance
& !anagement .er3ices 2ri3ate -imited to Network 18 ,incap 2ri3ate -imited with effect from
0pril 12 299="
Companies
T#18 is a listed company which runs 4usiness news channels <N8<+T#18 in English and
<N8< 0waa1 in 7indi and owns most of (e4 18"
Network 18 holds >A? in I8N 18 8roadcast -td headed 4y Ra/deep .ardedsai which runs
general news channels <NN+I8N in English I8N+A in 7indi and I8N+-okmat in !arathi"
IBN 18 Broadcast Ltd
It is an Indian media corporation under the Network 18 um4rella" The ma/or shareholders apart
from the Indian pu4lic and foreign and domestic institutions are parent company Network 18
sister company T#18 and a group of professionals including Editor+In+<hief Ra/deep .ardesai and
/oint !anaging %irectors .ameer !anchanda & 7aresh <hawla"
I8N $India 8roadcast News' is the 4rand name for &lo4al 8roadcast News" <urrent I8N offerings
includeB
1" <NN+I8N $English' + 0 /oint 3enture of Turner 8roadcasting and &lo4al 8roadcast News
which runs the Indian edition of <NN"
2" I8N+A $7indi' C formerly <hannel A was acDuired from /agran T# owned 4y the %ainik
Eagran group of companies in 299= and re4randed I8!+A"
:" I8N+-okmat $!arathi' C companies first regional channel a !arathi news channel headed
4y Nikhil (agle"
>
Cable News Network-Indian Broadcasting Network (CNN-IBN) launched on 1= %ecem4er
299> is an English language Indian tele3ision news channel" The network is a partnership 4etween
&lo4al 8roadcast News $&8N' and Turner international $Turner' in India $a su4sidiary of Time
(arner'" Ra/deep .ardesai is the Editor+In+<hief of the network" The Indian company &8N runs
the channel completely 4ut uses the <NN 4rand name in return ga3e 1=? stake to Time warner"
The network 4roadcasts 2@+hour a day :=> days a year" The network models most of its
programming on that of 6nited states ca4le news pro3ider <NN with current+e3ent talk programs
mixed with news reports" It is one of the first news channels in India to use the concept of citi1en
/ournalism where4y any person can send in a report that will 4e aired in a separate section"
CNBC TV18 is a 4usiness news channel 4roadcast in India 4ased in !um4ai" The channel was
launched on %ecem4er A 1;;;" It was the first 4usiness news channel launched I India and still
leads the genre" The channel has 4een an integral part of the Indian economic story spearheading
and mirroring IndiaFs enterprising times"
=
IMPORTANT TERMS
AES (ADVANCED ENCRYPTON STANDARD) - 0E. is a standard making
association which standardi1ed encryption of electronic data" 0E. has 4een adopted 4y the
6"." go3ernment and is now used worldwide" The algorithm descri4ed 4y 0E. is a
symmetric+key algorithm meaning same key is used for 4oth encrypting and decrypting the
data"
EUROPEAN BROADCASTING UNION - It is a union whose mem4ers are generally
radio+tele3ision companies which are generally from pu4lic sector or a pri3ate sector which
ha3e pu4lic issues" It pro3ides a medium to itFs mem4ers to share their experience and
knowledge"
SDI (SERIAL DIGITAL INTERFACE) - .%I is dedicated 3ideo signal used to carry
4roadcasted Duality signal" .erial digital interface use 8N< connector to carry these
signals" The connector was named after its 4ayonet mount locking mechanism and its two
in3entors 2aul Neill of 8ell -a4s $in3entor of the N connector' and 0mphenol engineer
<arl <oncelman $in3entor of the < connector'"
ANALOG SIGNAL - 0n analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time
3arying feature $3aria4le' of the signal is a representation of some other time 3arying
Duantity"
REF I/O (REFERENCE I/O SIGNAL) - RE, iGo signal is used in eDuipment that are
used to play4ack the 3ideo" It can 4e a #TR or a monitor" The signal is used for
synchroni1ing the 3ideo" It pre3ents he unwanted mo3ement of the window"
A
COMPOSITE SIGNAL - 0 composite signal is a signal that contains more than one sine
wa3e" In case of T# 4roadcasting the #ideo .ignal is not transmitted alone 4ut is
accompanied 4y a num4er of other signals or pulses which help the exact reproduction of
the picture at the recei3ing end"
EMBEDDED SIGNAL - &enerally em4edded means Hinserted as an integral
partI" The signal in which 4oth the 3ideo and audio signals are em4edded in a single
signal is known as em4edded signal" Rest of the signals that we ha3e studied a4o3e
ha3e different iGo ports for audio and sound" 8ut the em4edded signal needs a single
port for iGo"
8
General Workflow Diagram of Newstation
;
1. OB (OUTSIDE BROADCASTING)
)utside 4roadcasting $)8 ' is used for 4roadcasting from a mo4ile remote location to 3arious
destinations" It uses satellite communication to connect to the 3arious sourcesGdestinations" It
makes use of *u 4and antenna which uses electromagnetic spectrum in the microwa3e range of
freDuencies ranging from 12+18 &71"
0 News channel reDuires a countrywide News &athering Network to meet its operational
reDuirements for collection of News feeds on a National perspecti3e" The News collection needs
would generically 4e met through the following layers of News &athering setups"
!o4ile %.N& #ans
,ixed sites for #ideo connecti3ity $#.0T' through .atellite G Terrestrial links
8road4and <onnecti3ity on %.- links
6se of standard third party networks for transmission of feeds
Tape deli3ery from .tringers for low priority News deli3ery
1.1. OB Vans/Mobile DSNG Vans
)8 #ans are mo4ile 3ehicles with all necessary eDuipments necessary for 4roadcasting installed in
it"
Main Components of an OB:-
1" 0<6 $0ntenna <ontrol 6nit'
2" Encoder
:" 86< $8lock 6p <on3erter' & -N8 $-ow Noise 8lock <on3erter'
@" 720 $7igh 2ower 0mplifier'
>" IR% $Integrated Recei3erG%ecoder'
=" 0udio !ixer
A" #ideo .witcher
19
8" #TR $#ideo Tape Recorders'
1. Antenna Control Unit
It pro3ides to the operator complete control o3er the antennaGpedestal the feed and supporting
eDuipment" It aligns the )8 antenna towards the satellite" The co+ordinates of satelliteFs position
can 4e sa3ed in the 0<6 and when needed 0<6 will itself align antenna towards the satellite
using &2." The position of satellite used 4y T# 18 is >=JE" (hen gi3en command to deploy 0<6
will make antenna automatically aligned to the satellite"
11
Ku-Band Antenna
ACU has three main functions of antenna to control :-
(a) Elevation
(b) Azimuth
(c) Polarization
a" Elevation + Ele3ation refers to the angle 4etween the dish pointing direction
directly towards the satellite and the local hori1ontal plane" It is the up+down angle"
4" Azimuth + 01imuth refers to the rotation of the whole antenna around a 3ertical
axis" It is the side to side angle" Typically you loosen the main mount 4racket and
swing the whole dish all the way around in a :=9 deg circle" 8y definition North is
9 deg East is ;9 deg .outh is 189 deg"
and west is 2A9 deg" North can also 4e called :=9 deg"
c" Polarization - The polari1ation of an antenna is the
orientation of the electric field $E+plane' of the radio wa3e
with respect to the EarthKs surface and is determined 4y the
physical structure of the antenna and 4y its orientation"
12
2. Encoder
0n encoder is used for encoding the audio and 3ideo signals coming from the microphone and
3ideo camera respecti3ely using L2.* modulation techniDue" <ompression used can 4e !2E&+2
or !2E&+@ and accordingly 4roadcasting system can 4e %#8+. and %#8+.2" %#8+.2 offers up
to a :>? impro3ement in transmission efficiency compared to %#8+." The modulator pro3ides
either an -+4and output or A9 !71 I, output" In T# 18 T0N%8ER& Encoders are used"
Encoder
3. BUC (Block Up Converter) & LNB (Low Noise Block Converters)
0 block up-converter $86<' is used in the transmission $uplink' of satellite signals" It con3erts a
4and $or M4lockM' of freDuencies from a lower freDuency to a higher freDuency" !odern 86<s
con3ert from the - 4and to *
u
4and < 4and and *
a
4and" )lder 86<s con3ert from a A9 !71
intermediate freDuency $I,' to *
u
4and or < 4and"
!ost 86<s use phase+locked loop local oscillators and reDuire an external 19 !71 freDuency
reference to maintain the correct transmit freDuency"
86<s used in remote locations are often 2 or @ ( in the *
u
4and and > ( in the < 4and" The
19 !71 reference freDuency is usually sent on the same feed line as the main carrier" !any
smaller 86<s also get their direct current $%<' o3er the feed line using an internal %< 4lock"
86<s are generally used in con/unction with low+noise 4lock con3erters $-N8'" The 86< 4eing
an up+con3erting de3ice makes up the MtransmitM side of the system while the -N8 is the down+
con3erting de3ice and makes up the Mrecei3eM side" 0n example of a system utili1ing 4oth a 86<
and an -N8 is a #.0T system used for 4idirectional Internet access 3ia satellite"
The 4lock up+con3erter is assem4led with the -N8 in association with an )!T orthogonal mode
transducer to the feed+horn that faces the reflector para4olic dish"
1:
BUC
4. HPA (High Power Amplifier)
The high power amplifier $720' in an earth station facility pro3ides the R, carrier power to the
input terminals of the antenna that when com4ined with the antenna gain yields the eDui3alent
isotropic radiated power $EIR2' reDuired for the uplink to the satellite" The wa3eguide loss
4etween the 720 and the antenna must 4e accounted for in the calculation of the EIR2" The output
power typically may 4e a few watts for a single data channel around a hundred watts or less for a
low capacity system or se3eral kilowatts for high capacity traffic
5. IRD (Integrated Receiver/Decoder)
TANDBERG TT1260 IRD
<ontri4ution and distri4ution of 3ideo ser3ices reDuires decoding capa4ility of premiere Duality"
0n integrated recei3erGdecoder $IR%' is an electronic de3ice used to pick+up a radio+freDuency
1@
signal and con3ert digital information transmitted in it" IR% is generally used for the reception of
contri4ution feeds that are intended for re+4roadcasting" The IR% is the interface 4etween a
recei3ing satellite dish or Telco networks and a 4roadcasting facility 3ideoGaudio infrastructure"
0t T# 18 T0N%8ER& TT12=9 professional IR%Fs are used" The TT12=9 is designed to decode
!2E&+2 .% @B2B2 3ideo and present it for onward use at the
highest possi4le Duality" !atching the high Duality 3ideo capa4ilities the TT12=9 similarly
supports all ma/or professional audio standards" This highly flexi4le unit offers a 3ast array of
input interface options + allowing the recei3er to connect to almost e3ery type of satellite
terrestrial or telco network"
=" Audio Mixer/Mixer Console
Audio Mixer
In professional audio a mixing console or audio mixer also called a sound 4oard mixing desk
audio production console or mixer is an electronic de3ice for com4ining $also called MmixingM'
routing and changing the le3el tim4re andGor dynamics of audio signals" 0 mixer can mix analog
or digital signals depending on the type of mixer" The modified signals are summed to produce the
com4ined output signals"
!ixing consoles are used in many applications including recording studios pu4lic address
systems sound reinforcement systems 4roadcasting tele3ision and film post+production" 0n
example of a simple application would 4e to ena4le the signals that originated from two separate
microphones $each 4eing used 4y 3ocalists singing a duet perhaps' to 4e heard through one set of
speakers simultaneously"
1>
7. Video Switcher
0 3ision mixer $also called 3ideo switcher 3ideo mixer or production switcher' is a de3ice used to
select 4etween se3eral different 3ideo sources and in some cases <ompositing $mix' 3ideo sources
together to create special effects" This is similar to what a mixing console does for audio" 8esides
hard cuts $switching directly 4etween two input signals' mixers can also generate a 3ariety of
transitions from simple dissol3es to pattern wipes" 0dditionally most 3ision mixers can perform
keying operations and generate color signals"
8. VTR (Video Tape Recorder)
0 3ideo tape recorder $#TR' is a tape recorder designed to record 3ideo material usually on a
magnetic tape" #TRs originated as indi3idual tape reels ser3ing as a replacement for motion
picture film stock and making recording for tele3ision applications cheaper and Duicker"
1=
1.2 VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
0 3ery small aperture terminal $ #.0T' is a two+way satellite ground station or a sta4ili1ed
maritime #.0T antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than :
meters" The ma/ority of #.0T antennas range from A> cm to 1"2 m" %ata rates
typically range from >= k4itGs up to @ !4itGs" #.0Ts access satellite$s' in
geosynchronous or4it to relay data from small remote earth stations $terminals' to other terminals
$in mesh topology' or master earth station Mhu4sM $in star
topology'" #.0Ts are most commonly used to transmit narrow4and data $ point of sale
transactions such as credit card polling or R,I% dataN or .<0%0 ' or 4road4and data $for the
pro3ision of satellite Internet access to remote locations #oI2 or 3ideo'" #.0Ts are also used for
transporta4le on+the+mo3e $utili1ing phased array antennas' or mo4ile maritime communications"
1.3 PORTABLE TRANSMITTER
2orta4le transmitters like %e/ero -i3eO -i3e 6 .tream4ox transmit 4roadcast+Duality 7% or .%
li3e 3ideo o3er 4onded cellular networks (i,i
or using Ethernet direct" These transmitters are 3ery compact and carried out in a 4ag and does all
the functions reDuired for professional data 4roadcasting" These transmitters ha3e ad3antage of
4eing compact and less complex"

1A
2. FEED ROOM
,eed room is first place where the raw footages are recei3ed from 3arious sources and from here
the footages are sent ahead for further processing or sent directly to 2<RG)N 0IR in case of li3e
e3ent" 0ll the sources can 4e 3iewed on two large screens and of all these sources the assignment
desk decides which source is needed and thus that source is patched"
8asic 8lock %iagram of ,eed Room
2.1 Sources
(e ha3e 3arious sources from which we can ha3e our footage"They are as follows"
2"1"0B+ )8 1+> $)6T%))R 8R)0%<0.T'
2"1"8 B+ !6! 1+2 $!6!80I RE<EIE#IN& -INE'
2"1"<B+ #.0T $#ER5 .!0-- 02ERT6RE TER!IN0-'
2"1"%B+ -R 1+> $-)<0- RE<EIE#ER'
2"1"EB+ -- 1+: $-E0.E% -INE'
2"1",B+ ,T2
2"1"&B+ .20RE
2.1.A OB (OUTDOOR BROADCASTS)
)8 is sources that is used to recei3e the footage from different )8 3ans throughout the
country" The head officeFs feed room recei3es the signal from the )8 3ans which is used to put
it )N 0IR" .ince <NN+I8N ha3e itFs head office in noida therefore we recei3e the )8 signal
here in our feed room" 7ere we ha3e > )8 lines to recei3e the signals at one time"
18
2.1.B MUM(MUMBAI RECEIEVING LINE)
!6! is a source is dedicated leased line $refer2"1"E' source used for transferring the
footage from our !6!80I ),,I<E to here our Noida office"
2.1.C VSAT(VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL)
#.0T is a two terminal ground satellite communication system used to transfer footage from
our 4ureau office to our head office from the places where it is difficult lay the leased line for"
It is a stationary unit whereas )8 3ans are not though technically they are same" ExampleB+
.rinagar &uwahati #.0T stations"

2.1.D LR (LOCAL RECEIEVER)
-ocal recei3ers are the sources used to record 3arious channels for ha3ing some clipping form
there footage" (e ha3e > local recei3er channels out of which 2 channels are dedicated to <NN
INTERN0TI)N0- and <NN NE(. .)6R<E and the remaining : are 3aria4le which can 4e
used to set 3arious channels according to need"
2.1.E LL (LEASED LINE)
1;
-eased -ines are hard medium that are used to transfer the footage from our 4ureau office to our
head office" There are : leased lines used to recei3e the footage" T0T0RE-I0N<E are some of
the companies that pro3ide leased line ser3ices"
2.1.F FTP (FILE TRANSFER)
,T2 $,I-E TR0N.,ER 2R)T)<)-' is generally used in internet for the transfer of
files"similarly we can use ,T2 in media line also"
In media line some free lancer t3 reporters are there which are not our emplpoyee 4ut they pro3ide
us the news in return the channel pay them accordingly"(e pro3ide our I2 address to them so that
they can send the footage"
2.1.G SPARE
There is also a spare source a3aila4le with us which can used in emergency at the place of leased
line"
2.2 DECODER
%ecoder is de3ice used to decode the radio freDuency to get the digital information transmitted
in it" 7ere we ha3e 12 T0N8ER& TT12=9 used to decode the radio freDuency of the sources
and get the digital information transmitted in it"
(e ha3e decoder as followsB+
1" > for )8 source"
2" 2 for !um4ai recei3ing line"
:" > for -R $local recei3er'"
@" 1 8ackup $E!ER&EN<5'"
29
In digital electronics a decoder can take the form of a multiple+input multiple+output logic circuit
that con3erts coded inputs into coded outputs where the input and output codes are different"
MAIN FEATURES
1" 0 3ertical split two line x @9 character 4ack+lit dot matrix -<% display with push4uttons
for 6p %own -eft Right Edit and .a3e to pro3ide information and operator choice entry"
2" @B2B9 mode support 3ideo resolutions up to A29 pixels x >A= acti3e lines $2> frameGs' or
A29 pixels x @89 acti3e lines $:9 frameGs'
:" @B2B2 mode support 3ideo resolutions up to A29 pixels x =98 acti3e lines $2> frameGs' or
A29 pixels x >12 acti3e lines $:9 frameGs'
@" .upport for $20-+ I 8 & %'P 20-+ N 20-+ ! and NT.<+! $with pedestal or
without' composite 3ideo output 3ia two A>Q 8N< connectors
PThe ma/ority of countries using 20- ha3e tele3ision standards with =2> lines and 2> frames
per second differences concern the audio carrier freDuency and channel 4andwidths"
>" 0udio decoding is done at the rate of .ampling rates :2 @@"1 @8 k71
2.3 IQ MODULATOR
IL !odulator is used to check whether the signal applied to the modulator is supported 4y the
decoders or not" In the modulator se3eral signal cards are fitted which compare the pro3ided
signal with all the cards that are fitted in it"
IL !odulator
21
.e3eral cards ha3e 4een used in IL modulator of different formats as stated 4elowB+
1" IL%.%R
2" IL%I.%+R
:" IL8%0<+N
@" IL0T8.%
>" IL8%%0.
=" IL80%<+.
A" IL%!.%%
8" IL<I,:6
;" IL%1.%R2
19" IL%!EN<
11" IL%I%0<Output
12" TL80%<.
1:" IL8%0R
1@" IL0T8.%
1>" IL00%
1=" IL8%0<
2.4 FS (FRAME SYNCHRONISER)
If the signal applied to the IL modulator is not supported the system then the applied signal is then
transferred to ,. $,R0!E .5N<7R)NI.ER' where the signals are con3erted to the desired
format" 7ere we use %2.+>A>"
0 frame synchroni1er is a de3ice used in li3e tele3ision production to match the timing of an
incoming 3ideo source to the timing of an existing 3ideo system" They are often used to Mtime inM
consumer 3ideo eDuipment to a professional system 4ut can 4e used to sta4ili1e any 3ideo" The
frame synchroni1er essentially takes a picture of each frame of incoming 3ideo and then
immediately outputs it with the correct synchroni1ation signals to match an existing 3ideo system"
0 genlock signal is reDuired to pro3ide a means for 3ideo synchroni1ing with the house reference"
(hile recei3ing a stream of framed data frame synchroni1ation or framing is the process 4y which
incoming frame alignment signals $i"e" a distincti3e 4it seDuences or sync words' are identified
$that is distinguished from data 4its' permitting the data 4its within the frame to 4e extracted for
decoding or retransmission"
"
22
2.5 ROUTER PANEL
Router panel is de3ice used to gi3e command to the system controller which further controls the
router which is used to control the routing purpose ie".witching the 3ideos from a particular source
to a pre+defined destination"
CP 3000
In the a4o3e image we can choose the sources from the panel gi3en on the left side with the help of
menu 4utton 4y selecting the desired the 4utton we can choose the desired destination to which we
want to route the source"
2.6 SYSTEM CONTROLLER
The &rass #alley Eupiter router control system is a hardware and software solution for full router
and facility control" The Eupiter line configures the crosspoints of a single routing matrix and can
expand to control multiple matrices as large as @9;=x@9;= across the room or across the country
3ia I2 -0NG(0N connections" 6p to ;= router le3els can 4e configured" 0 line of eight hardware
control panels and 3irtual software panels run on a 2< pro3ides distri4uted management of all
de3ices on the Eupiter network" .ome hardware panels use full+color -<% displays for enhanced
monitoring of the routing system" Eupiter can also set up tie+lines for transparent inter+matrix
operations and support multiple users with uniDue access pri3ileges and restrictions" Eupiter
controls a wide range of &rass #alley routers 4y means of its proprietary crosspoint 4us
connection and it interfaces with our 3arious master control and production switcher products"
MAIN ROUTER
0 router is a de3ice that forwards data packets 4etween computer networks creating an o3erlay
internetwork" 0 router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks" (hen a data
packet comes in on one of the lines the router reads the address information in the packet to
determine its ultimate destination" Then using information in its routing ta4le or routing policy it
directs the packet to the next network on its /ourney" Routers perform the Mtraffic directingM
2:
functions on the Internet" 0 data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through
the networks that constitute the internetwork until it gets to its destination node"
2@
3. INGEST ROOM
Ingest room is the next stage which take output $raw 3ideo' from feed room through @ tie lines to @
gateways" Ingest room has = monitors out of which @ are connected with feed room through tie
lines to recei3e the raw 3ideo and the other two monitors are for recording purpose through the
#TR $3ideo tape recorder'"
FUNCTION
The main function of the ingest room is to upload the 3ideos to the ser3er" The footages that are
uploaded to the ser3er can 4e taken from feed room or it can 4e re+uploaded from the pre3ious
recorded 3ideos with the help of #TR" The uploaded 3ideos can 4e downloaded 4y the editors for
editing" The process of uploading 3ideos to the ser3er is 4eing done with the help of 0#I%
<02T6RE 2R) software"
The eDuipments that are used in ingest room are
1" !onitors
2" #TR
:" #)I2 $3oice o3er internet protocol'
@" Router panel$<2 :999'
>" %igital 0udio !onitor 2anel
=" 0#I% <02T6RE 2R)
TIE LINE
0 communication path 4etween two pri3ate nodes that may not pass through the main exchange
for communication"
2>
MONITORS
7ere in the ingest room we use .)N5" These type of monitors ha3e @ IG) ports ie type 0 and type
8" These kind of monitors take composite signals"

AUDIO PANEL
%igital audio monitor panel is used in ingest room to check the audio feed that are 4eing taken
from the feed room" 0ccording to the usage different models are their which also tell the audio
le3el of the audio that has 4eing taken"
2=
4. Production Control Room
The production control room $2<R' is the place in a tele3ision studio in which the composition of
the outgoing program takes place" This room decides what actually is going to appear on our T#
screens" This room co+ordinates with anchors reporters and guests and tells them when will they
4e li3e and when is their turn to speak" 0ccordingly cameras are switched and each audio mic is
controlled"
Facilities in a PCR include:
- A video monitor wall with monitors for program pre3iew #TRs cameras
graphics and other 3ideo sources" In some facilities the monitor wall is a series of racks containing
physical tele3ision and computer monitorsN in others the monitor wall has 4een replaced with a
3irtual monitor wall $sometimes called a M glass cockpit M' one or more large 3ideo screens each
capa4le of displaying multiple sources in a simulation of a monitor wall"
- A vision mixer/video switcher a large control panel used to select the multiple+camera setup
and other 3arious sources to 4e recorded or seen on air and in many cases in any 3ideo monitors
on the set" It selects out of the 3arious sources the one to 4e telecast"
2A
- An audio mixing console used for switching 4etween the 3arious audio sources" It is used to
produce 3arious sound effects"
- A character generator (CG) which creates the ma/ority of the names and full digital on+screen
graphics that are inserted into the program lower third portion of the tele3ision screen" Ex+ Name
of person that appears at the 4ottom of the screen"
- Digital video effects or %#E for manipulation of 3ideo sources"
- A still store or still frame de3ice for storage of graphics or other images"
(hile the name suggests that the de3ice is only capa4le of storing still images newer still stores
can store mo3ing 3ideo clips and motion graphics "
- A signal generator to genlock all of the 3ideo eDuipment to a common reference that reDuires
color4urst
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5. MASTER CONTROL ROOM
The function of !<R is to 4roadcast the channel i"e" make it )N 0IR" 7ere it adds the
commercials to the channel and also the graphics i"e" tickers logos etc are added"
The eDuipments that are used in !aster <ontrol Room areB+
1" 0ir <lient .oftware"
2" .aturn .witcher
:" -eitch switcher
@" -oco !otion
>" -egaliser
5.1 Air Client
0ir <lient is software used to handle the .aturn $.witcher' which is further connected to
the router to switch the commercials to 4e aired" The main use of the 0ir <lient is to
pro3ide a interface to the operator and to the .aturn $switcher' to switch the control from
one ad3ertisement to another" It displays the time when the ad3ertisement will 4e going to
start and duration of the ad3ertisement"
5.2 Switcher
.aturn is 3ideo switcher used to switch different sources on the command of 0ir <lient"
The switcher is connected to router $as studied in ingest room'" Router switches the sources
and output of which can 4e firstly seen on the air client and after that on the sample
plasmas that are fitted in order to pre3iew the )N+0IR output or 2&!"
2;
5.3 Locomotion
This eDuipment is used to add graphics for eg+ ticker logo etc" Tickers are 4asically
additional news that are seen running at 4ottom of the T# screen" These tickers are added
using -eitch -ocomotion"
5.4 Legaliser
-egaliser is used to integrate the com4ine output of locomotion .aturn 0ir <lient" It
shows the com4ined output on the plasma which is to 4e 4roadcasted to the clients" It
shows the com4ined output consisting of tickers logos 2<R output which as a result
makes the full news window"
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6. TELEPORT
0 telecommunications port Ror more commonly teleportRis a satellite ground station with
multiple para4olic antennas $i"e" an antenna farm' that functions as a hu4 connecting a satellite or
geocentric or4ital network with a terrestrial telecommunications network " Teleports pro3ide
3arious 4roadcasting ser3ices among other telecommunications functions"
0 teleport consists of a num4er of facilities for data transmission and reception 3ia a
satellite connection" ,inal output after editing and processing reaches teleport where it is
transmitted to the satellite for 4roadcast" This section monitors the signal strength & controls it to
make sure that transmission is successful" Teleport pro3ides MturnaroundM ser3icewhich means
that the channel is recei3ed from one satellite and re+transmitted on another satellite"
:1
7. TECHNICAL ROOM
Technical department pro3ides 4ackup to all the department that are working in a
channel"(hether it could 4e studio 2<R !<R ,EE% R))! IN&E.T R))! etc"They
are responsi4le for the a3aila4ility as well as the proper working of the eDuipment" 2ro3ided
the technical department is not responsi4le for the maintenance and repairing of the machinery"
There is a separate department known as maintenance department which is responsi4le for the
repairing and maintenance of the eDuipment"
Technical department pro3ides 4ackup to all the department that are working in a channel
"(hether it could 4e studio 2<R !<R ,EE% R))! IN&E.T R))! etc"
They are responsi4le for the a3aila4ility as well as the proper working of the eDuipment"
2ro3ided the technical department is not responsi4le for the maintenance and repairing of the
machinery" There is a separate department known as maintenance department which is
responsi4le for the repairing and maintenance of the eDuipment"