Butterflies and moths Order - LEPIDOPTERA They all feed on nectar from flowers.

They posses a proboscis, which is formed from the first ma illae. The other mo!thparts are poorly formed or missin". They posses two pairs of win"s, which are co#ered by a layer of small scales. The win"s occ!r on the $ nd and %rd thoracic se"ment. The thora is made !p of three se"ments and each se"ment bears a pair of le"s. The entire body is co#ered with hairs. The abdomen consists of &' se"ments.

Life cycle of a butterfly E""s are laid sin"ly on the !pper s!rface of yo!n" lea#es. The e""s are spherical and white in colo!r. They hatch into lar#ae called caterpillars after abo!t &' days. The caterpillar has three body re"ions namely (ead, Thora , Abdomen. A caterpillar has ei"ht pairs of le"s, three pairs on the thora )thoracic le"s* and + pairs on the abdomen. The thoracic le"s are ,ointed and end in claws. Abdominal se"ments %, -, + and ., each bear a pair of fleshy pro,ections called prole"s. A similar pair of pro,ections e ists on the last se"ment, and are called caspers. /aterpillars posses chewin" mo!th parts and they feed constantly on plant lea#es. After a n!mber of mo!lts, the caterpillar chan"es into p!pa )chrysalis*. The p!pa is inacti#e and does not feed. It !nder"oes internal chan"es. 0hen these chan"es are completed. The ad!lt emer"es.

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Differences between moths and butterflies 1oths 2!tterflies 1ainly acti#e at ni"ht )3oct!rnal* Acti#e d!rin" the day Antennal pointed at the tips 0in"s lie hori5ontally when at rest (a#e fat bodies with d!ll colo!rs Antennae ha#e 4nobs at the tips 0in"s lie #ertically when at rest (a#e small bodies with bri"ht colo!rs

Importance of butterflies and moths Their lar#al sta"es )caterpillars* destroy crops Ad!lts pollinate flowers. Honeybees Order - (61E3OPTERA A honeybee is a social insect and li#es in a comm!nity called a colony. A hi#e 7 bees nest is a hi"hly or"anised society of insects all wor4in" for a common "ood. There are three 4inds of castes in a hi#e i.e. the 8!een, the drone, the wor4ers The Queen 9he is an e"" layin" female and can lay &'',''' : .'',''' e""s in her life time 9he has a lon" pointed abdomen, which e tends beyond the win"s when folded o#er the bac4 The Drones These are the male bees They don;t ha#e stin"s and pollen bas4ets. They help to maintain the temperat!re in a hi#e d!rin" cold days by cl!sterin" on the combs. Only One drone mates with the 8!een

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The workers These are se !ally !nde#eloped females They posses a stin", !sed when defendin" the hi#e. They are the smallest in si5e and the ma,ority in the hi#e They are responsible for carryin" o!t all the acti#ities done in the hi#e s!ch as feedin" the lar#ae, defendin" the hi#e, collectin" honey, prod!cin" wa for b!ildin" new comb cells, etc. The tas4s the wor4ers perform #ary with their a"e. <or the first three days after hatchin" they recei#e food from other wor4ers and clean o!t the comb cells. <rom %-&$ days they act as n!rse bees, feedin" the lar#ae, <rom &$ : $$ days they prod!ce wa from wa "lands, which is !sed to b!ild new cells. They also recei#e nectar from fora"in" bees and store this in the comb as honey <rom $% : $= days they collect pollen and nectar or fora"in" bees After abo!t $ wee4s they become a"ed and fly away to die External features of a honeybee The body of a bee is di#ided into three re"ions namely the head, thora and abdomen. The head bears; A pair of antennae, !sed for hearin", to!chin" and feelin" ob,ects. A pair of compo!nd eyes, !sed for seein" A Proboscis, !sed by wor4er bees to e tract nectar from flowers. The mo!thparts for all wor4er bees are modified for s!c4in" and collectin" nectar. 1andibles are !sed to ma4e wa cells. The thorax bears; Two pairs of win"s, which are !sed for fli"ht Three pairs of le"s, which are hairy 0or4er bees ha#e a pollen bas4et on the hind pair of le"s 9piracles, which are !sed for breathin" The abdomen; Also contains spiracles. On the !nder side of the abdomen of wor4er bees are fo!r pairs of "lands which prod!ce wa . Life cycle of a bee The de#elopmental sta"es of a honeybee occ!r in comb cells. 0or4er bees b!ild the combs from wa secreted by wa "land. The 8!een lays one e"" in each cell. <ertile e""s laid in wor4er cells )2rood combs* de#elop into wor4ers while fertile e""s laid in drone cells de#elop into drones. <ertili5ed e""s laid in 8!een cells de#elop into 8!eens. All e""s ta4e + days to hatch into lar#ae. All the lar#ae are fed on brood food )2ee mil4* for the first three days. It is secreted by the sali#ary "lands of the n!rse bees. The 8!een lar#ae are fed on royal ,elly !ntil they p!pate. The wor4er and drone lar#ae recei#e a diet of honey and di"ested pollen )bee bread*. The lar#ae are fed from the -th day on wards. All the lar#ae e cept the 8!een lar#ae stop feedin" at the onset p!pation and the wor4ers ceil the cells. P!pation lasts &' days and another p!pa emer"es from each cell. The 8!een emer"es after &.days The wor4er emer"es after $& days Drones emer"e after $- days Importance of bees &. 9o!rce of honey for food and medicine

$. Pollination of crop d!rin" nectar collection %. They prod!ce bee wa !sed in the ma4in" of candles, paint, shoe polish, cosmetics, and coatin" tablets -. 9o!rce of income for farmers