Laboratory Sheet

CC205 Mechanics of Structure

Shear and bending moment
Deflection and slope test

Tensile test

Provided by: Norbaini bt Mohamed

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN AZLAN SHAH STRUCTURE LABORATORY CC 205
TITLE SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT IN THE BEAM

EXPERIMENT 1A Shear Force and Bending Moment Variation with an increasing Point Load EXPERIMENT 1B Shear Force and Bending Moment Variation for Various Loading Conditions DATE OF PRACTICAL DUE DATE

LECTURER NAME
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NUM LECTURERS COMMENT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 MARKING CRITERIAL Practical Work Title (5%) Objective (5%) Theory (5%) Apparatus / Equipment (5%) Procedures (5%) Data (5%) Analysis / Discussion (5%) Comments / Conclusion (5%) Tidy (5%) Reference (5%) GIVEN MARK NAME REG. NO

Report (50%)
Attend for practical (25%) Leadership / cooperation (25%) Practical (50%) TOTAL MARK (100 %)

TITLE : SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT IN THE BEAM EXPERIMENT 1A: Shear Force and Bending Moment Variation with an increasing Point Load OBJECTIVE : This experiment examines how shear force and bending moment varies with an increasing point load THEORY : We know that if a body or object of any sort is stationary, then the forces on it balance, as follows: (1) Vertical equilibrium (total force up = total force down) (2) Horizontal equilibrium (total force right = total force left) (3) Moment equilibrium (total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment). We will use the statement: The Shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the cut. The Bending Moment at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments caused by the forces acting to the left or right of the cut. APPARATUS : a) Computer set b) Frame structure c) Digital Force display PROCEDURE: (i) (ii) Check the Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load. Place a hanger with a 100 g mass to the left of the cut (40 mm away).

w a
RA L

cut 40mm

RB

Figure 1a : Force diagram

(iii) (iv)

2m 2m Record the Digital Force Display reading in a table as in Table 1a. Repeat using masses of 200 g, 300 g, 400 g and 500 g.

RESULT: Mass (g) Load (N) Experimental shear force (N) Theoretical shear force (N) Experimental bending moment (N) Theoretical bending moment (N)

0 100 200 300 400 500

0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.90 0.98 Table 1b : Results for Experiment

DISCUSSION: (i) Determine values and directions of vertical reaction, horizontal reaction and moment (ii) Calculate shear force and bending moment in a beam (iii) Plot graph which compares your experimental results to those you calculated using theory a) Load v shear force graph b) Load v bending moment graph CONCLUSION: Comment on the shape of the graph. What does it tell us about how shear force varies due to an increased load? Does the equation we used accurately predict the behavior of the beam?

EXPERIMENT 1B : Shear Force and Bending Moment Variation for Various Loading Conditions OBJECTIVES : This experiment examines how shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading conditions. APPARATUS : a) Computer set b) Frame structure c) Digital Force display THEORY : We know that if a body or object of any sort is stationary, then the forces on it balance, as follows: (1) Vertical equilibrium (total force up = total force down) (2) Horizontal equilibrium (total force right = total force left) (3) Moment equilibrium (total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment). We will use the statement: The Shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the cut. The Bending Moment at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments caused by the forces acting to the left or right of the cut. PROCEDUR: (i) (ii) Check the Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load. Carefully load the beam with the hangers in the positions shown in Figure 1, using the loads indicated in table 2a.
cut
140mm W1

RA
Figure 1 : Force diagram

RB

W1=3.92 N (400 g)

2m (iii) (iv)

2m

Record the Digital Force Display reading as in a figure 2 and figure 3. Repeat the procedure with the beam loaded as in figure

(v)

Convert the mass into a load (in N refer table 1a)

cut
140mm 260mm

RA
W1=1.96 N (200 g) W2=3.92 N (400 g)

W1 W2

RB

Figure 2 : Force diagram

2m

2m

cut
240mm 400mm

RA
W1=4.91 N (500 g) W2=3.92 N (400 g)

W1

W2 RB

Figure 3 : Force diagram

2m

2m

RESULT: Figure W1 (N) W2 (N) Force (N) RA (N) RB (N) Experiment al shear force (N) Theoretical shear force (N) Experimental bending moment (N) Theoretical bending moment (N)

Table 2a : Results for Experiment

DISCUSSION: (i) (ii) Calculated the support reactions (RA and RB) Calculated the theoretical shear force and bending moment at the cut.

CONCLUSION: Comment on how the results of the experiments compare with those calculated using the theory.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN AZLAN SHAH STRUCTURE LABORATORY CC 205
TITLE EXPERIMENT 2B DATE OF PRACTICAL DUE DATE DEFLECTION AND SLOPE IN A BEAM Cantilever Beam with a Point Load

EXPERIMENT 2A Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load

LECTURER NAME
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NUM LECTURERS COMMENT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 MARKING CRITERIAL Practical Work Title (5%) Objective (5%) Theory (5%) Apparatus / Equipment (5%) Procedures (5%) Data (5%) Analysis / Discussion (5%) Comments / Conclusion (5%) Tidy (5%) Reference (5%) GIVEN MARK NAME REG. NO

Report (50%)
Attend for practical (25%) Leadership / cooperation (25%) Practical (50%) TOTAL MARK (100 %)

TITLE : DEFLECTION AND SLOPE IN THE BEAM EXPERIMENT 2a : Simply Supported Beam with a Point Load OBJECTIVE : To compare the value of deflection and gradient (slope) from the test and theory for the simply supported beam THEORY :
Macaulays methods The application of a double integration method to a beam subjected to a discontinuous load leads to a number of bending equations and their constants. The derivation of the deflection curve by this method is tedious to say the least. We therefore use a step function which is more commonly known as Macaulys method. The method of solution requires only one equation for the entire beam and thus only two constants of integration. The n n step function is a function of x of the form f(x)=[x-a] such that for x < a, f(x)=0 and for x >a, f(x)=(x-a) . The important feature to note is that if the quantity inside the square brackets becomes negative we omit it from any subsequent analysis. Care must be taken to retain the identity of the square bracket term under integration. For mathematical continuity where we have a distributed load we continue it to x=1 and superimpose additional loadings which cancel out the extra load we added to the problem in order to obtain a solution. Three common step functions for Bending Moment are shown below;
Mo x=a W x=a W x=a x=a , M=
2

x=a

M = Mo [x-a]

x=a

M = W [x-a]

APPARATUS : a) b) c) d) e) Two knife edge Supports Dial gauge Steel beam (25 mm x 6 mm) One Load hanger Weights

PROCEDURE: (v) (vi) Placed both of supported A and B with a distance of 700mm as in the figure 1. Placed a load hanger at the middle of test beam and put carefully on the support (make sure the steel beam on both of support is balanced).
weight

Support A

350mm

350mm

Support B

Figure 1 : Force diagram (vii) (viii) (ix) Placed the dial gauge at the middle of the beam. Ensure that there are no weights in the 2m 2m hangers. Set the dial gauge to the zero. Apply the loads in increase of 10 N up to a maximum of 20 N and in each case note the reading of the dial indicator. Tabulate your results as the table 2a. Remember, Experiment Deflection, = Dial gauge reading x 0.01 mm Experiment Slope, = RESULT: Load (N) Dial gauge reading Experimental Deflection (mm) Theoretical Deflection (mm) Experiment Slope (radian) Theoretical slope (radian) x 0.01 radian

0 10 20 30 40 50 Table 2a : Results for Experiment DISCUSSION:

Calculated deflection and slope theory using a macaulays method. Given Youngs Modulus for mild steel 3 2 3 E = 207 x 10 N/mm and second moment area is I = bd / 12 , where b = 25 mm and d = 6 mm.

CONCLUSION: How well does your value of experiment compare with the value of theory.

TITLE : DEFLECTION AND SLOPE IN THE BEAM EXPERIMENT 2b: Cantilever Beam with a Point Load OBJECTIVE : To compare the value of deflection and gradient (slope) from the test and theory for the cantilever beam THEORY :
Macaulays methods The application of a double integration method to a beam subjected to a discontinuous load leads to a number of bending equations and their constants. The derivation of the deflection curve by this method is tedious to say the least. We therefore use a step function which is more commonly known as Macaulys method. The method of solution requires only one equation for the entire beam and thus only two constants of integration. The n n step function is a function of x of the form f(x)=[x-a] such that for x < a, f(x)=0 and for x >a, f(x)=(x-a) . The important feature to note is that if the quantity inside the square brackets becomes negative we omit it from any subsequent analysis. Care must be taken to retain the identity of the square bracket term under integration. For mathematical continuity where we have a distributed load we continue it to x=1 and superimpose additional loadings which cancel out the extra load we added to the problem in order to obtain a solution. Three common step functions for Bending Moment are shown below;
Mo x=a W x=a W x=a x=a , M=
2

x=a

M = Mo [x-a]

x=a

M = W [x-a]

APPARATUS : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Built in supports Stirrup Double end hooke Dial gauge Steel beam (25 mm x 6 mm) One Load hanger Weights

PROCEDURE: (i) (ii) Placed the support at left side. Put the test beam with a distance of 500mm as in the figure 2. Clip the test beam by tighten screw at the support.
weight

Support

500mm

Figure 2 : Force diagram (iii) (x) (xi) Placed the load hanger and dial gauge at the free end of the beam. Ensure that there are no 2m 2m weights in the hangers. Set the dial gauge to the zero. Apply the loads in increase of 10 N up to a maximum of 20 N and in each case note the reading of the dial indicator. Tabulate your results as the table 2b. Remember, Experiment Deflection, = Dial gauge reading x 0.01 mm Experiment Slope, = RESULT: Load (N) Dial gauge reading Experimental Deflection (mm) Theoretical Deflection (mm) Experiment Slope (radian) Theoretical slope (radian) x 0.01 radian

0 10 20 30 40 50 Table 2b : Results for Experiment DISCUSSION:

Calculated deflection and slope theory using a macaulays method. Given Youngs Modulus for mild steel 3 2 3 E = 207 x 10 N/mm and second moment area is I = bd / 12 , where b = 25 mm and d = 6 mm.

CONCLUSION: How well does your value of experiment compare with the value of theory.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT POLYTECHNIC OF SULTAN AZLAN SHAH STRUCTURE LABORATORY CC 205
TITLE EXPERIMENT 3 EXPERIMENT 3 DATE OF PRACTICAL DUE DATE TENSILE TEST

LECTURER NAME
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NUM LECTURERS COMMENT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 MARKING CRITERIAL Practical Work Title (5%) Objective (5%) Theory (5%) Apparatus / Equipment (5%) Procedures (5%) Data (5%) Analysis / Discussion (5%) Comments / Conclusion (5%) Tidy (5%) Reference (5%) GIVEN MARK NAME REG. NO

Report (50%)
Attend for practical (25%) Leadership / cooperation (25%) Practical (50%) TOTAL MARK (100 %)

TITLE : TENSILE TEST EXPERIMENT : TENSILE TEST OBJECTIVE : To determine the stress, strain and young modulus and behavior of mild steel bar when subjected to an axial tensile test. EQUIPMENT/ APPARATUS: a) Universal testing machine b) Steel reinforcing bars / specimen c) Cut-off machine d) Measurement apparatus such as ruler, divider, etc. THEORY : One of the simplest tests for determining mechanical properties of a material is the tensile test. In this test, a load is applied along the longitudinal axis of a circular test specimen (Figure 1). The applied load and the resulting elongation of the member are measured. The resulting stress-strain curve or diagram gives a direct indication of the material properties(Figure 2). P L Figure 1 Stress (f) C B A D ELASTIC PLASTIC E F
L

Figure 2 A Proportional limit B Elastic limit C Plastic limit / upper yield limit D Yield limit / Lower yield limit E Ultimate stress F Breaking point

Strain ()

This curve is typical of class of steel known as mild steel. The relationship between stress and strain is linear up to proportional limit; the material is said to follow Hookes Law until point A, namely proportional limit. After this point, Hookes Law wouldnt happen although the material has an elastic characteristic. The B point called Elastic Limit. The elastic limit of the material is a stress that lies between the proportional limit and the upper yield point (point C). Up to this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent deformation; the unloading will be along the linear portion of diagram, the same path followed during loading. This part of the stress-strain diagram is called the elastic range. However, the elastic limit (Point B) is seldom determined, since it is very close to the proportional limit (Point A) and therefore rather difficult to detect. A peak value, the upper yield point (point C), is quickly reached after that, followed by leveling off at the lower yield point (Point D). At this stage of loading, the test specimen continues to elongate as long as the load is not removed, even though the load cannot be increased. This constant stress region is called the plastic range. When a further load is applied to the specimen, the curve will rise continuously but became flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred as the ultimate stress (Point E). Throughout the test, while the specimen is elongating, its cross-sectional area will decrease. At the ultimate stress (Point E), the cross-sectional area begins to decrease in a localized region of the specimen, instead of over the specimens entire gage length. This phenomenon is caused by slip planes formed within the material, and the actual strains produced are caused by shear stress. As a result, a constriction or neck gradually tends to form in this region. Since the cross-sectional area within this region is continually decreasing, the smaller area can only carry an ever-decreasing load. Hence, the stress-strain diagram tend to curve downward until the specimen breaks at the fracture stress (Point F). PROSEDURE: 1. Cut the specimen 40 mm long using the cut-off machine 2. Install the electronic extensometers into the specimens (the extensometer has to be fitted centrally on the specimens) 3. Place centrally the specimen on the grips of the testing machine 4. Lock the specimens by tightening the upper and lower clamps 5. Insert the cable into the electronic extensometer 6. Switch ON the pump and move up the first piston, move the second piston toward the motor and move up the last piston. 7. Once the specimen failed, switch OFF the pump and move the piston back to the normal position 8. The deformation was transferred automatics to computer set 9. Record the stress and strain value into the table.

RESULT: a- Specimen diameter b- Reduction of area, (A) c- Specimen Gauge Length (L) Load Cell Reading (KN) 0 100 200 300 400 500 = ___________ mm = ____________mm2 = ____________mm Stroke Reading Stress, () Change in Length, L (N/mm2) (mm) 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.90 0.98 Table 3 : Results for Experiment Strain, () ( mm/mm)

DISCUSSION: 1. 2. From the table plot the graph of stress () verses strain (). From the graph mark the ; i. ii. iii. iv. 3. Upper yield point/Plastic limit Lower yield point/Yield limit Point of maximum load/Ultimate stress and Breaking point

Determine the slope of the graph and the point where the graph starts to be non linear. Elastic Modulus, (E) =

Youngs modulus () = Slope = Stress () Strain () CONCLUSION: Comment on the shape of the graph. What does it tell us about how shear force varies due to an increased load? Does the equation we used accurately predict the behavior of the beam?