FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Flow field around a car

Flow field around buildings

Flow around an airfoil, = 00

Flow around an airfoil, = 200

Flow field around an airfoil

4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 x

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Continuum Fluid Mechanics Inviscid =0 Viscous

Laminar

Turbulent

Compressible

Incompressible

Internal

External

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
FLUID AS A CONTINUUM : all fluid properties continuous function of position and time

Definition of density at a point For continuum assumption to be satisfied: (smallest significant characteristic dimension of the problem) >> (mean free path of the molecules).

VELOCITY FIELD
Any fluid property: is a function of position & time Any fluid property: = (x, y, z, t) Cartesian coordinate Cylindrical coordinate

= (r, , z, t)

r r , p, T, h, , V , a , etc.

- Comprises of scalars and vectors The complete representation of the velocity field is given by: r r V = V ( x , y , z ,t ) r V = u i + v j + wk

Specific Gravity (SG) and Specific Weight ()

Density of liquid or solid is expressed in non-dimensional form as:

SG = /(H2O)max
where (H2O)max = 1000 kg/m3 or 1.94 slug/ft3. Specific weight () is defined as:

= g

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows.

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows

1-D, u = u (r)

u = u (x,y)

2-D

Uniform flow at a section

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows

u = u (x , y , z )

3-D flow

Visual representation of flow fields

Single/individual particle

Single/individual Location/locus

For steady flow, pathlines, streaklines, streamlines are identical lines (coincide)

Timelines
A Timeline is a set of adjacent fluid particles that were marked at the same (earlier) instant in time. Timelines can be generated using a hydrogen bubble wire.

Timelines

Timelines produced by a hydrogen bubble wire are used to visualize the boundary layer velocity profile shape.

EXAMPLE 2.1
r GIVEN: V = ax i ay j , where x and y in meters, a = 0.1 sec.-1

FIND: a) Eq. of streamline at (2, 8, 0)

b) Velocity of particle at (2, 8, 0) c) Position at t = 20 sec. of particle located at (2, 8, 0) at t = 0. d) Velocity of particle at position found in (c) e) Eq. of pathline of particle located at (2, 8, 0) at t = 0.

EXAMPLE 2.1(contd) SOLUTION:

a) Eq. of streamline:

dy v ay y = = = dx streamline u ax x
or ln y = -ln x + C

dy dx = Separating variables leads to: y x Or xy = C

Since the streamline passing through (2, 8, 0) then: xy b) Particle velocity at (2, 8, 0):

= x0y0 = 16 m2

r V = ax i ay j = 0.1 sec .1 (2 i 8 j )m

Or

r m V = (0.2i 0.8 j ) sec

EXAMPLE 2.1(contd)
c) Particle position at t = 20 sec.

r V = ax i ay j

dx dy and up = = ax vp = = ay dt dt

Separating variables and integrating:

t dx x0 x = 0 adt x

t dy = adt and y 0 0 y y

ln (x / x0) = at
Or

and

ln (y / y0) = -at y = y0 e - a t

x = x0 e a t

and

Particle position at t = 20 sec where at t = 0 was at (2, 8, 0) is then:

[14.8i ,1.08 j ]m

EXAMPLE 2.1(contd)
d) The particle velocity at 14.8 i ,1.08 j m is then:

] r V = ax i ay j = [1.488 i 0.108 j ]m / sec .

x = x0 e a t y = y0 e - a t

e) Pathline Eq.

Then:

e a t = x / x 0 = y0 / y
Or

xy = x0y0 = C

EXAMPLE 2.1(contd)
18 16 14 12 10 y (m) 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 x (m) 12 14 16 18

20.0

15.0

y (m)

10.0

5.0

0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 x (m) 15.0 20.0

Elevation Sea level 100 km 160 km

Mean free path () 6 x 10-8 m 0.10 m 50 m

FORMAT FOR HOMEWORK: - DO ON A-4 PAPER - WORK ON ONE SIDED PAGE - EACH NUMBER PUT ON SEPARATED PAPER SHEET

FORMAT PENGERJAAN TUGAS: - DIKERJAKAN PADA KERTAS A-4 - DIKERJAKAAN PADA SATU SISI KERTAS (TIDAK BOLAKBALIK) ONE SIDED PAGE - SETIAP GANTI NOMOR, HARUS DIMULAI PADA HALAMAN BARU

STRESS FIELDS

STRESS FIELDS

The concept of stress in a continuum

r Forces F

( )

Body Forces Surface Forces

Distributed through out the CV Direct contact on CS

STRESS

r Area A

()

STRESS FIELDS

Force and stress components on a element of area Ax

lim F j ij = Ai 0 Ai

Fx xx = Ax 0 Ax
lim

lim Fz xz = Ax 0 Ax

STRESS FIELDS - stress is a tensor orde two

Fn n = An 0 An
lim

lim Ft n = An 0 An

xx xy xz yx yy yz zx zy zz
Notation for stress