Isaac Bashevis Singer

Isaac Bashevis Singer

Isaac Bashevis Singer

Born

November 21, 1902 Leoncin, Congress Poland July 24, 1991 (aged88) Surfside, Florida, USA Novelist, short story writer Yiddish Polish Jew United States Fictional prose The Magician of Lublin A Day of Pleasure Nobel Prize in Literature 1978

Died

Occupation Language Ethnicity Citizenship Genres Notable work(s)

Notable award(s)

Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: ; November 21, 1902 July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish-American author. The Polish form of his birth name was Izaak Zynger and he used his mother's first name in an initial pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded to the form under which he is now known.[1] He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978. He won two U.S. National Book Awards, one in Children's Literature for his memoir A Day Of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw and one in Fiction for his collection A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories.

Biography
Early life
Isaac Bashevis Singer was born in 1902 in Leoncin village near Warsaw, Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. A few years later, the family moved to a nearby Polish town of Radzymin, which is often and erroneously given as his birthplace. The exact date of his birth is uncertain, but most probably it was November 21, 1902, a date that Singer gave both to his official biographer Paul Kresh,[2] and his secretary Dvorah Telushkin.[3] It is also consistent with the historical events he and his brother refer to in their childhood memoirs. The often-quoted birth date, July 14, 1904 was made up by the author in his youth, most probably to make himself younger to avoid the draft.[4]

Krochmalna Street in Warsaw (2012)

Isaac Bashevis Singer His father was a Hasidic rabbi and his mother, Bathsheba, was the daughter of the rabbi of Bigoraj. Singer later used her name in his pen name "Bashevis" (Bathsheba's). Both his older siblings, brother Israel Joshua Singer (18931944), and sister Esther Kreitman (18911954), were writers as well. Esther was the first of the family to write stories.[5] The family moved to the court of the Rabbi of Radzymin in 1907, where his father became head of the Yeshiva. After the Yeshiva building burned down in 1908, the family moved to a flat at ul. Krochmalna 10. In the spring of 1914 the Singers moved to No. 12 The street where Singer grew up was located in the impoverished, Yiddish-speaking quarter of Warsaw. There his father acted as a rabbi, i.e. a judge, an arbitrator, a religious authority and a spiritual leader.[6] The unique atmosphere of pre-war Krochmalna Street can be found both in the many collection of Varshavsky-stories, which tell stories from Singer's childhood[7] as in those novels and stories which take place in pre-war Warsaw.[8]

World War I
In 1917, because of the hardships of World War I, the family split up. Singer moved with his mother and younger brother Moshe to his mother's hometown of Bigoraj, a traditional Jewish town or shtetl, where his mother's brothers had followed his grandfather as rabbis.[6] When his father became a village rabbi again in 1921, Singer went back to Warsaw, where he entered the Tachkemoni Rabbinical Seminary and soon decided that neither the school nor the profession suited him. He returned to Bigoraj, where he tried to support himself by giving Hebrew lessons, but soon gave up and joined his parents, considering himself a failure. In 1923 his older brother Israel Joshua arranged for him to move to Warsaw to work as a proofreader for the Literarische Bleter, of which he was an editor.[9]

United States
In 1935, four years before the German invasion and the Holocaust, Singer emigrated from Poland to the United States due to the growing Nazi threat in neighboring Germany. The move separated the author from his common-law first wife Runia Pontsch and son Israel Zamir (b. 1929), who instead went to Moscow and then Palestine (they would meet in 1955). Singer settled in New York, where he took up work as a journalist and columnist for The Forward (), a Yiddish-language newspaper. After a promising start, he became despondent and felt for some years "Lost in America" (title of a Singer novel, in Yiddish from 1974 onward, in English 1981). In 1938, he met Alma Wassermann (born Haimann) {b. 1907 d. 1996}, a German-Jewish refugee from Munich whom he married in 1940. After the marriage he returned to prolific writing and to contributing to the Forward, using, besides "Bashevis," the pen names "Varshavsky" and "D. Segal."[10] They lived for many years in the Belnord on Manhattan's Upper West Side. In 1981, Singer delivered a commencement address at the University at Albany, and was presented with an honorary doctorate. Singer died on July 24, 1991 in Surfside, Florida, after suffering a series of strokes. He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Emerson. A street in Surfside, Florida is named Isaac Singer Boulevard in his honor. The full academic scholarship for undergraduate students at the University of Miami is named in his honor.

Writing
Singer's first published story won the literary competition of the "literarishe bletter" and garnered him a reputation as a promising talent. A reflection of his formative years in "the kitchen of literature"[11] can be found in many of his later works. IB Singer published his first novel Satan in Goray in installments in the literary magazine Globus, which he cofounded with his life-long friend, the Yiddish poet Aaron Zeitlin in 1935. It tells the story of events in 1648 in the village of Goraj (close to Bigoraj), where the Jews of Poland lost a third of their population in a cruel uprising by Cossacks, and details the effects of the seventeenth-century faraway false messiah Shabbatai Zvi on the local population. Its last chapter imitates the style of medieval Yiddish chronicle. With a stark depiction of innocence crushed by circumstance, the novel appears to foreshadow coming danger. In his later work The Slave (1962), Singer

Isaac Bashevis Singer returns to the aftermath of 1648, in a love story between a Jewish man and a Gentile woman, where he depicts the traumatized and desperate survivors of the historic catastrophe with even deeper understanding.

The Family Moskat

Singer became an actual literary contributor to the Forward only following his older brother's death in 1945, when he published The Family Moskat in his honor. But his own style showed in the daring turns of his action and characters, with (and this in the Jewish family-newspaper in 1945) double adultery in the holiest of nights of Judaism, the evening of Yom Kippur. He was almost forced to stop writing the novel by his legendary editor-in-chief, Abraham Cahan, but was saved by readers who wanted the story to go on. After this, his storieswhich he had published in Yiddish literary newspapers beforewere printed in the Forward as well. Throughout the 1940s, Singer's reputation grew. Though Singer had moved to the United States, he believed in the power of his native language and maintained that there was still a large audience that longed to read in Yiddish. In an interview in Encounter (February 1979), he claimed that although the Jews of Poland had died, "somethingcall it spirit or whateveris still somewhere in the universe. This is a mystical kind of feeling, but I feel there is truth in it." Some of his colleagues and readers were shocked by this all-encompassing view of human nature. He wrote about female homosexuality ("Zeitl and Rickel",[12] "Tseytl un Rikl") in "The Seance and Other Stories"[13]), transvestism ("Yentl the Yeshiva Boy" in "Short Friday"), and of rabbis corrupted by demons ("Zeidlus the Pope" in "Short Friday"). In those novels and stories which seem to recount his own life, he portrays himself unflatteringly (with some degree of accuracy) as an artist who is self-centered yet has a keen eye for the sufferings and tribulations of others.

Literary influences
Singer had many literary influences; besides the religious texts he studied there were the folktales he grew up with and worldly Yiddish detective-stories about "Max Spitzkopf" and his assistant "Fuchs";[14] there was Dostoyevsky, whose Crime and Punishment he read when he was fourteen;[15] and he writes about the importance of the Yiddish translations donated in book-crates from America, which he studied as a teenager in Bilgoraj: "I read everything: Stories, novels, plays, essays... I read Rajsen, Strindberg, Don Kaplanowitsch, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Maupassant and Chekhov."[15] He studied many philosophers, among them Spinoza,[15] Arthur Schopenhauer,[5] and Otto Weininger.[16] Among his Yiddish contemporaries Singer himself considered his older brother to be his greatest artistic example; he was a life-long friend and admirer of the author and poet Aaron Zeitlin. Of his non-Yiddish-contemporaries he was strongly influenced by the writings of Knut Hamsun, many of whose works he later translated, while he had a more critical attitude towards Thomas Mann, whose approach to writing he considered opposed to his own.[17] Contrary to Hamsun's approach, Singer shaped his world not only with the egos of his characters, but also using the moral commitments of the Jewish tradition that he grew up with and that his father embodies in the stories about his youth. This led to the dichotomy between the life his heroes lead and the life they feel they should lead which gives his art a modernity his predecessors do not evince. His themes of witchcraft, mystery and legend draw on traditional sources, but they are contrasted with a modern and ironic consciousness. They are also concerned with the bizarre and the grotesque. Another important strand of his art is intra-familial strife which he experienced firsthand when taking refuge with his mother and younger brother at his uncles home in Bigoraj. This is the central theme in Singer's big family chronicles like The Family Moskat (1950), The Manor (1967), and The Estate (1969). Some are reminded by them of Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks; Singer had translated Mann's Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain) into Yiddish as a young writer.

Isaac Bashevis Singer

Language
Singer always wrote and published in Yiddish almost all of it in newspapers and then edited his novels and stories for their American versions, which became the basis for all other translations; he referred to the English version as his "second original". This has led to an ongoing controversy whether the "real Singer" can be found in the Yiddish original, with its finely tuned language and sometimes rambling construction, or in the more tightly edited American version, where the language is usually simpler and more direct. Many of Singer's stories and novels have not yet been translated. In the short story form, in which many critics feel he made his most lasting contributions, his greatest influences were Chekhov and Maupassant. From Maupassant, Singer developed a finely grained sense of drama. Like the French master, Singer's stories can pack enormous visceral excitement in the space of a few pages. From Chekhov, Singer developed his ability to draw characters of enormous complexity and dignity in the briefest of spaces. In the foreword to his personally selected volume of his finest short stories he describes the two aforementioned writers as the greatest masters of the short story form.

Illustrators
Several respected artists have illustrated Singers novels, short stories, and childrens books including Raphael Soyer, Maurice Sendak, Larry Rivers, and Irene Lieblich. Singer personally selected Lieblich to illustrate some of his books for children, including A Tale of Three Wishes and The Power of Light: Eight Stories for Hanukkah after seeing her work in an exhibition at an Artists Equity exhibit in New York. A Holocaust survivor, Lieblich was from Zamosc, Poland, a town adjacent to the area where Singer grew up. As their memories of shtetl life were so similar, Singer found Lieblichs images ideally suited to illustrate his texts. Of her style, Singer wrote that her works are rooted in Jewish folklore and are faithful to Jewish life and the Jewish spirit.

Summary
Singer published at least 18 novels, 14 children's books, a number of memoirs, essays and articles, but is best known as a writer of short stories, which have appeared in over a dozen collections. The first collection of Singer's short stories in English, Gimpel the Fool, was published in 1957. The title story was translated by Saul Bellow and published in May 1953 in the Partisan Review. Selections from Singer's "Varshavsky-stories" in the Daily Forward were later published in anthologies such as My Father's Court (1966). Later collections include A Crown of Feathers (1973), with notable masterpieces in between, such as The Spinoza of Market Street (1961) and A Friend of Kafka (1970). His stories and novels reflect the world of the East European Jewry he grew up in. And, after his many years in America, his stories concerned the world of the immigrants and how their American dream proves elusive, sometimes even after they seemed to obtain it. Prior to winning the Nobel Prize, translations of dozens of his stories were frequently published in popular magazines such as Playboy and Esquire, which attempted to raise their literary reputation by publishing Singer, and he in turn found them to be appropriate outlets for his work. Throughout the 1960s, Singer continued to write on questions of personal morality, and was the target of scathing criticism from many quarters, some of it for not being "moral" enough, some for writing stories that no one wanted to hear. To his critics he replied, "Literature must spring from the past, from the love of the uniform force that wrote it, and not from the uncertainty of the future." [citation needed] Singer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978. One of his most famous novels, due to a popular movie adaptation, was Enemies, a Love Story, in which a Holocaust survivor deals with his own desires, complex family relationships, and a loss of faith. Singer's feminist story "Yentl" has had a wide impact on culture since its conversion into popular movie starring Barbra Streisand. Perhaps the most fascinating[18] Singer-inspired film is 1974's Mr. Singer's Nightmare or Mrs. Pupkos Beard by Bruce Davidson, a

Isaac Bashevis Singer renowned photographer who became Singer's neighbor. This unique film is a half-hour mixture of documentary and fantasy for which Singer not only wrote the script but played the leading role. The 2007 film Love Comes Lately, starring Otto Tausig, was adapted from Singer's stories.

Beliefs
Judaism
Singer's relationship to Judaism was complex and unconventional. He regarded himself as a skeptic and a loner, though he felt a connection to his orthodox roots. Ultimately, he developed a view of religion and philosophy, which he called "private mysticism: Since God was completely unknown and eternally silent, He could be endowed with whatever traits one elected to hang upon Him."[19][20] Singer was raised Orthodox and learned all the Jewish prayers, studied Hebrew, and learned Torah and Talmud. As he recounted in the autobiographical "In My Father's Court", he broke away from his parents in his early twenties and, influenced by his older brother, who had done the same, began spending time with non-religious Bohemian artists in Warsaw. Although he clearly believed in a monotheistic God, as in traditional Judaism, he stopped attending Jewish religious services of any kind, even on the High Holy Days. He struggled throughout his life with the feeling that a kind and compassionate God would never support the great suffering he saw around him, especially the Holocaust deaths of the Polish Jews he grew up with. In one interview with the photographer Richard Kaplan, he said, "I am angry at God because of what happened to my brother": Singer's older brother died suddenly in February 1944, in New York, of a thrombosis, his younger brother perished in Soviet Russia around 1945, after being deported with his mother and wife to Southern Kazakhstan. Despite all the complexities of his religious outlook, Singer lived in the midst of the Jewish community throughout his life. He did not seem to be comfortable unless he was surrounded by Jews; particularly Jews born in Europe. Although he spoke English, Hebrew, and Polish fluently, he always considered Yiddish his natural tongue, he always wrote in Yiddish and he was the last famous American author writing in this language. After he had achieved success as a writer in New York, Singer and his wife began spending time during the winters with the Jewish community in Miami. Eventually, as senior citizens, they moved to Miami and identified closely with the European Jewish community: a street was named after him long before he died. Singer was buried in a traditional Jewish ceremony in a Jewish cemetery. Especially in his short fiction, he often wrote about various Jews having religious struggles; sometimes these struggles became violent, bringing death or mental illness. In one story he meets a young woman in New York whom he knew from an Orthodox family in Poland. She has become a kind of hippie, sings American folk music with a guitar, and rejects Judaism, although the narrator comments that in many ways she seems typically Jewish. The narrator says that he often meets Jews who think they are anything but Jewish, and yet still are. In the end, Singer remains an unquestionably Jewish writer, yet his precise views about Jews, Judaism, and the Jewish God are open to interpretation. Whatever they were, they lay at the center of his literary art.

Vegetarianism
Singer was a prominent Jewish vegetarian for the last 35 years of his life and often included vegetarian themes in his works. In his short story, The Slaughterer, he described the anguish of an appointed slaughterer trying to reconcile his compassion for animals with his job of killing them. He felt that the ingestion of meat was a denial of all ideals and all religions: "How can we speak of right and justice if we take an innocent creature and shed its blood?" When asked if he had become a vegetarian for health reasons, he replied: "I did it for the health of the chickens." In The Letter Writer, he wrote "In relation to [animals], all people are Nazis; for the animals, it is an eternal Treblinka."[21] which became a classical reference in the discussions about the legitimacy of the comparison of

Isaac Bashevis Singer animal exploitation with the holocaust. In the preface to Steven Rosen's "Food for Spirit: Vegetarianism and the World Religions" (1986), Singer wrote, "When a human kills an animal for food, he is neglecting his own hunger for justice. Man prays for mercy, but is unwilling to extend it to others. Why should man then expect mercy from God? It's unfair to expect something that you are not willing to give. It is inconsistent. I can never accept inconsistency or injustice. Even if it comes from God. If there would come a voice from God saying, "I'm against vegetarianism!" I would say, "Well, I am for it!" This is how strongly I feel in this regard."

Politics
Singer described himself as "conservative," adding that "I don't believe by flattering the masses all the time we really achieve much." His conservative side was most apparent in his Yiddish writing and journalism, where he was openly hostile to Marxist sociopolitical agendas. In Forverts he once wrote, "It may seem like terrible apikorses [heresy], but conservative governments in America, England, France, have handled Jews no worse than liberal governments.... The Jew's worst enemies were always those elements that the modern Jew convinced himself (really hypnotized himself) were his friends."[22]

Published works
Note: Publication dates refer to English translations, not the Yiddish originals, which often predate their translations by 10 to 20 years.

Novels
Satan in Goray (1935) Eulogy to a Shoelace The Family Moskat (1950) The Magician of Lublin (1960) The Slave (1962) The Manor (1967) The Estate (1969) Enemies, a Love Story (1972) The Wicked City (1972) Shosha (1978) Old Love (1979) Reaches of Heaven: A Story of the Baal Shem Tov (1980) The Penitent (1983) Teibele and Her Demon (1983) (play) The King of the Fields (1988) Scum (1991) The Certificate (1992) [23] Meshugah (1994)[24] Shadows on the Hudson (1997)

Isaac Bashevis Singer

Short story collections

Gimpel the Fool and Other Stories (1957) The Spinoza of Market Street (1963) Short Friday and Other Stories (1963) The Image and Other Stories (1968) The Sance and Other Stories (1968) A Friend of Kafka and Other Stories (1970) The Fools of Chelm and Their History (1973) A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories (1974) shared the National Book Award, Fiction, with Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon[] Passions and Other Stories (1975) Old Love (1979) The Collected Stories (1982) The Death of Methuselah and Other Stories (1988)

Juvenile literature
Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories, illustrated by Maurice Sendak (1966) runner up for the Newbery Medal (Newbery Honor Book)[25] Mazel and Shlimazel, illustrated by Margot Zemach (1967) The Fearsome Inn, illustrated by Nonny Hogrogian (1967) Newbery Honor Book When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw and Other Stories, illustrated by Margot Zemach (1968) Newbery Honor Book The Golem, illustrated by Uri Schulevitz (1969) Elijah the Slave: A Hebrew Legend Retold, illustrated by Antonio Frasconi (1970) Joseph and Koza: or the Sacrifice to the Vistula, illustrated by Symeon Shimin (1970) Alone in the Wild Forest, illustrated by Margot Zemach (1971) The Topsy-Turvy Emperor of China, illustrated by William Pne du Bois (1971) The Wicked City, illustrated by Leonard Everett Fisher (1972) The Fools of Chelm and Their History, illustrated by Uri Shulevitz (1973) Why Noah Chose the Dove, illustrated by Eric Carle (1974) A Tale of Three Wishes, illustrated by Irene Lieblich (1975) Naftali and the Storyteller and His Horse, Sus, illustrated by Margot Zemach (1976) The Power of Light - Eight Stories for Hanukkah, illustrated by Irene Lieblich (1980) Yentl the Yeshiva Boy, illlustrated by Uri Shulevitz (1983) Stories for Children (1984) collection. Shrew Todie and Lyzer the Miser and Other Children's Stories (1994)

Isaac Bashevis Singer

Nonfiction
The Hasidim (1973)

Autobiographical writings
Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1961), Lost in America, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1967) [1963], In My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1969), A Day of Pleasure, Stories of a Boy Growing Up In Warsaw, New York: Doubleday. National Book Award, Children's Literature[] Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1976), A Little Boy in Search of God, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1978), A Young Man in Search of Love, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1984), Love and exile, New York: Doubleday. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1999), More Stories from My Father's Court, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux

Short stories
Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1963), "The New Winds", (short story), NY. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Spring 1968), "Zeitl and Rickel" [26], Mirra Ginsburg transl., The Hudson Review 20th Anniversary Issue 21 (1): 12737.

Collected works
Singer, Isaac Bashevis (2004), Stavans, Ilan, ed., Stories 1, Library of America, ISBN978-1-931082-61-7. (2004), , ed., Stories 2, Library of America, ISBN978-1-931082-62-4. (2004), , ed., Stories 3, Library of America, ISBN978-1-931082-63-1.

Films based on Singer's work

Enemies, a Love Story Love Comes Lately The Magician of Lublin Yentl Mr. Singer's Nightmare or Mrs. Pupkos Beard[27]

References
[1] Several of his professional identification cards using localized spellings and further variants of these names are reproduced in, [2] Kresh 1979, p.390. [3] Telushkin 1997, p.266. [4] Tree 2004, pp.1819. [5] Carr 1992. [6] Singer 1967. [7] Best known: My Father's Court 1966 [8] Die familye Mushkat/The Family Moskat 1950, Shoym 1967/Scum 1991), etc. [9] Singer 1976. [10] See both bibliographies (given on this page). [11] Telushkin 1997, p.123. [12] Singer 1968. [13] Singer 1968a. [14] Tree 2004, p.35. [15] Bashevis 1967. [16] Tree 2004, p.68. [17] Tree 2004, p.88. [18] Tree 2004, p.161.

Isaac Bashevis Singer

[19] Grace Farrell, Isaac Bashevis Singer: Conversations, p. 236, University Press of Mississippi, 1992. [20] Singer 1984, p.99. [21] Singer 1982, p.271. [22] Hadda 2003, pp.13738. [23] The Perils of Translation: Isaac Bashevis Singer (http:/ / www. oxfordscholarship. com/ view/ 10. 1093/ acprof:oso/ 9780195112030. 001. 0001/ acprof-9780195112030-chapter-13) [24] The Perils of Translation: Isaac Bashevis Singer (http:/ / www. oxfordscholarship. com/ view/ 10. 1093/ acprof:oso/ 9780195112030. 001. 0001/ acprof-9780195112030-chapter-13) [25] "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922Present" (http:/ / www. ala. org/ alsc/ awardsgrants/ bookmedia/ newberymedal/ newberyhonors/ newberymedal). Association for Library Service to Children. ALA. Retrieved 2012-04-19. [26] http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 3849538 [27] "Warsaw Stories" (http:/ / www. eilatgordinlevitan. com/ warsaw/ w_pages/ warsaw_stories_singer. html) (various reprints beginning with a version of this biography). Eilat Gordin Levitan.

Citations
Burgess, Anthony (1998), Rencontre au Sommet (in French), Paris: d. Mille et une nuits. Richard Burgin. Conversations with Isaac Bashevis Singer. NY: Doubleday, 1985. Carr, Maurice (December 1992), "My Uncle Itzhak: A Memoir of IB Singer", Commentary. Lester Goran. The Bright Streets of Surfside: The Memoir of a Friendship with Isaac Bashevis Singer. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994. Hadda, Janet (1997), Isaac Bashevis Singer: A Life, New York: Oxford University Press. Kresh, Paul (1979), Isaac Bashevis Singer: The Magician of West 86th Street, New York: Dial Press. Roberta Saltzman. Isaac Bashevis Singer: a bibliography of his works in Yiddish and English, 19601991. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4315-3 Dorothea Straus. Under the Canopy. New York: George Braziller, 1982. ISBN 0-8076-1028-3 Florence Noiville. Isaac B. Singer, A Life, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006 Jeffrey Sussman. "Recollecting Isaac Bashevis Singer" (http://www.docstoc.com/docs/38675470/ RECOLLECTING-ISAAC-BASHEVIS-SINGER). Jewish Currents. Dvorah Telushkin. Master of Dreams: A Memoir of Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Morrow, 1997. Tree, Stephen (2004), Isaac Bashevis Singer, Munich. Agata Tuszyska. Lost Landscapes: In Search of Isaac Bashevis Singer and the Jews of Poland. New York: Morrow, 1998. Wolitz, Seth L, ed. (2001), University of Texas Press, Austin. Israel Zamir. Journey to My Father, Isaac Bashevis Singer. New York: Arcade 1995. Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm The Roots Are Polish. Toronto: Canadian-Polish Research Institute, 2004. ISBN 0-920517-05-6

External links
Isaac Bashevis Singer at FSG (http://us.macmillan.com/author/isaacbashevissinger) 1978 Nobel Prize in Literature (http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1978/index.html) Nobel biography (http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1978/singer-bio.html) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/singer_i.html Singer page at Library of America (http://singer100.loa.org/) The Paris Review Interview with Isaac Bashevis Singer (http://www.parisreview.org/viewinterview.php/ prmMID/4242)

Isaac Bashevis Singer Collection (http://research.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/singer.hp.html) at the Harry Ransom Center (http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/) at The University of Texas at Austin B. Singer: A Life (http://books.google.gr/books?id=Td7xGID0IhQC&dq=''Isaac) Singer's Artists (http://www.jewishpress.com/pageroute.do/41656)

Isaac Bashevis Singer Zlateh the Goat and Other Stories (http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Zlateh-Goat-Other-Stories/ ?isbn=9780064401470) Video Lecture on Isaac Bashevis Singer: Singer in the Shtetl, the Shtetl in Singer (http://jewishhistorylectures. org/2013/06/13/isaac-bashevis-singer-singer-in-the-shtetl-the-shtetl-in-singer-2004-lecture/) by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South

10

Article Sources and Contributors

11

Article Sources and Contributors

Isaac Bashevis Singer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=581383427 Contributors: 0g1o2i3k4e5n6, 123Sister, 1523, 194.109.232.xxx, 217slr, 5 albert square, AMuseo, Accotink2, Advance, Aigues-Mortes, Akhran, All Hallow's Wraith, Andres, Appleseed, Atavi, BD2412, Balcer, Bdegfcunbbfv, Bearcat, Belamorreia, Bender235, Beyond My Ken, Boston9, Brumon, Buggiboy1, Bws2002, CE Jerard, CZmarlin, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canned Soul, Cantiorix, Carolmooredc, Catch153, ChKa, Chabuk, CharlesMartel, Chl, Clubjuggle, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, CoolKid1993, Crum375, CylonCAG, D6, D99figge, Danny, Darwinek, Davshul, Delirium, Discospinster, Dismas, Dobie80, Dodiad, Doug4, Dr 4, DragonSlaveII, Dungodung, E=MC^2, El C, Eliyyahu, Elk2011, Ellenfinkl, Emerson7, Epbr123, FC, FeanorStar7, Felix Folio Secundus, Fintor, Fishhook, Futhark, Fuxmann, GHcool, GRuban, GS RoP, Galizia, Gangasrotogati, Gaudio, Gcm, General Epitaph, Ghewgill, Gidonb, Gilabrand, GodowskyIsDead, GrahamHardy, GregorB, Grendelkhan, Ground, HaeB, Haimlevy, HamburgerRadio, Headbomb, Henry Flower, Here2fixCategorizations, Highland14, ISa1, IZAK, Ignacio Bibcraft, Ilya, Inky, Isa Mizrahi, Itbeso, J.delanoy, JaGa, Jack O'Lantern, Jacurek, Jajhill, Jan Olof Bengtsson, Janjones, Jauhienij, Jcjaguar, Jdavidb, Jeandr du Toit, Jeanenawhitney, Jeffq, Jengod, Joefromrandb, Joey80, John, JohnWhitlock, Johnpacklambert, Jonathan Luckett, Jordanl122, Kbdank71, Kelisi, Ken Gallager, Khaled0147, Kidmccarty, Kingstowngalway, Klassykittychick, KnightRider, Koavf, Kpjas, Ksnow, LMB, Lazer Stein, Leighpatterson1, Leonidas Metello, Loew Galitz, Lokifer, Lukobe, M0RD00R, MDCarchives, MLieblich, MPerel, Madlobster, Magioladitis, MagneticFlux, Malljaja, Maproom, MarsRover, Massimo Macconi, Mathemaxi, Matthead, Mawfive, Meelar, Mhym, Mibelz, Michael David, Michael Hardy, Ministerpumpkin, Mirkku, Mmschettler, Modernist, Momo san, Monegasque, MosheA, Munita Prasad, Neptunekh2, Nihil novi, Nirvana2013, Nivix, Nomi Jones, OlEnglish, Omnipaedista, Orioane, Ovenknob, Oysvorf, P64, PBarak, PMDrive1061, Paopp, Philip Cross, PhilipC, Piedmtbill, Poeticbent, Pok148, Presroi, Prestonmcconkie, Promking, RainbowCrane, Rajah, RandomP, Rappelle-toi, Reedy, Rejedef, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard David Ramsey, Riverblue22, Robina Fox, Ron g, Ronhjones, Ronz, RoodyBeep, Rrburke, Rsquire3, Sadads, Sam Weller, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Simon Peter Hughes, SlimVirgin, Slurslee, Smilesofasummernight, Sophitus, Space Cadet, Stan Shebs, Staszek Lem, SteinbDJ, Stellarkid, Stilgar135, SunnyDisp, Sunwin1960, Sverdrup, Tassedethe, Tgeairn, The wub, Threeafterthree, Tide rolls, Tommy2010, Too Old, Tothebarricades.tk, Unfree, Unyoyega, User6854, Victoria Madison, Viridae, Volunteer Marek, Vulturell, Wars, Wiki735, Woohookitty, Wyss, Xbox360master, YUL89YYZ, Yoninah, Yworo, 319 , anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Isaac Bashevis Singer crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_crop.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: MDCarchives; cropped by Beyond My Ken (talk) 07:30, 3 January 2010 (UTC) File:Krochmalna Street in Warsaw.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Krochmalna_Street_in_Warsaw.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Boston9

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/