Introduction to Materials Science & Engineering

Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science & Engineering

You will learn about:

material structure how structure dictates properties how processing can change structure

This course will help you to:

use materials properly realize new design opportunities with materials

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

Materials World, August 2012, Volume 20, Number 8

The evolution of engineering materials with time

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

Technological Challenges
Development of sophisticated & specialized materials Consideration of environmental impact Nuclear energy radioactive waste New materials with better properties New source of energy, renewable & sustainable Materials plays important role Conversion of solar energy Better properties, competitive cost, technologically viable Green Technology
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials 5

Introduction
What is materials science? What is materials engineering? Why should we know about it? Materials drive our society
Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Now? Silicon Age? Polymer Age? Nanotechnology?

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

Who are materials scientists and what do they do?

Materials science covers a huge range of activity and

touches on many different fields - including chemistry, biology and physics! Sometimes materials scientists are called ceramic or polymer engineers or metallurgists, and you can find them working in industries, labs, and universities all over the world. Materials scientists look at materials from a unified point of view: they look for connections between the underlying structure of a material, its properties, how processing changes it, and what the material can do its performance.
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials 7

Types of Materials
Metals:
Strong, ductile high thermal & electrical conductivity opaque, reflective.

Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of es

Soft, ductile, low strength, low density thermal & electrical insulators Optically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) compounds of metallic &

non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides) Brittle, glassy non-conducting (insulators)
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials 8

Metals vs Plastics Dustbin

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

The Golden Gate Bridge north of San Francisco, California, is one of the most famous and most beautiful examples of a structural steel bridge. Longest suspension bridge.

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

10

Suspension Bridge
Suspension bridge: construction that allows automobiles to travel between two points separated by an obstacle. Side span: segment between two pylons at the ends of a bridge. Centre span: segment between two pylons at the centre of a bridge. Side pylon: tower-like vertical construction situated at the side, usually supporting the cables of a suspension bridge or a cable-stayed bridge. Foundation of a pylon: very durable lower part of a tower. Suspender: support cable. Suspension cable: set of braided wire that supports a bridge. Pylon: tower-like vertical support that usually supports the cables of a suspension bridge or a cable-stayed bridge. Stiffening girder: tightener beam.
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials 11

Some common ceramics for traditional engineering applications. These miscellaneous parts with characteristic resistance to damage by high temperatures and corrosive environments are used in a variety of furnaces and chemical processing systems

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

12

Materials in 21st Century

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

13

Example Develop New Types of Polymers

Commodity plastics large volume ca. $0.50 / lb

Ex.

Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene etc. Polycarbonate Nylon Polysulfone etc.

Engineering Resins small volume > $1.00 / lb

Ex.

Can polypropylene be upgraded to properties (and price) near those of engineering resins?

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

14

Example Hip Implant

With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.

Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

15

Example Hip Implant

Requirements mechanical strength (many cycles) good lubricity biocompatibility

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

16

Example Hip Implant

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

17

 Composites

Composites are combinations of materials, which can be as simple as concrete reinforced with steel bars or as leading edge as an ultralight, carbon-fiber bicycle.

Semiconductors

One of these materials - silicon - is making it possible for you to read these words right now! That's because silicon is the essential material in an electronic computer chip. "Semiconductor" means a material can conduct electricity with a bit of help in the form of added "impurities." Your CD, DVD player, and telephone - all depend on semiconductors.
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials 19

Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in modern highperformance tires. In this case, the durability of sidewall reinforcement is tested along concrete ridges at a proving ground track.

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

20

ELECTRICAL
Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 5

Resistivity, r

(10-8 Ohm-m)

4 3 2 1

T (C) Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity. Deforming Cu increases resistivity.

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials 21

-200

-100

The small cable on the right contains 144 glass fibers and can carry more than three times as many telephone conversations as the traditional (and much larger) copper-wire cable on the left.
Telecommunications From metal cable to optical glass fiber Telephone conversations, digital data can be transmitted as laser light pulses Photonic materials, signal transmission by photons, not electrons Copper cable electrical signals
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials 22

THERMAL
Space Shuttle Tiles:
--Silica fiber insulation offers low heat conduction.

Thermal Conductivity of Copper:

--It decreases when you add zinc!
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 Composition (wt% Zinc)

Aerospace application Ceramic tiles for space shuttle Made of silicon carbide act as heat shield, quickly return to normal temperatures upon removal of heat source Protect Al internal substructure during ascent and reentry into earths atmosphere

100 mm

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

23

MAGNETIC
Magnetic Storage:
--Recording medium is magnetized by recording head.

Magnetic Permeability
vs. Composition:
--Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recording medium!
Magnetization Fe+3%Si Fe

Magnetic Field

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

24

DETERIORATIVE
Stress & Saltwater...
--causes cracks!

Heat treatment: slows

crack speed in salt water!
crack speed (m/s)
10-8 as-is held at 160C for 1 hr before testing
Alloy 7178 tested in saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 23C

10-10

increasing load

--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy" (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

4 mm

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

25

Schematic illustration of the integral relationship among materials, the processing of those materials, and engineering design

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

26

The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties 3. Material

Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing.

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

27

Structure, Processing & Properties

Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)

600

Hardness (BHN)

500 400 300 200

30 mm 30 mm

(c) (a) (b)

4 mm

30 mm

100 0.01 0.1

1 10 100 1000 Cooling Rate (C/s)

Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

28

OPTICAL
Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on the material structure.
single crystal polycrystal: low porosity polycrystal: high porosity

MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

29

Recap
Use the right material for the job.

Understand the relation between properties, structure, and processing.

Recognize new design opportunities offered by materials selection. Mention types of materials along its properties and application
MME 2503 - Engineering Materials

30