Defines the base physical parameters of DOP objects.

The Physical Parameters DOP defines many of the physical attributes common to DOP objects.

Parameters
Bounce The elasticity of the object. If two objects of bounce 1.0 collide, they will rebound without losing energy. If two objects of bounce 0.0 collide, they will come to a standstill. The coefficient of friction of the object. A value of 0 means the object is frictionless. This governs how much the tangential velocity is affected by collisions and resting contacts. An object sliding may have a lower friction coefficient than an object at rest. This is the scale factor that relates the two. It is not a friction coefficient, but a scale between zero and one. A value of one means that dynamic friction is equal to static friction. A scale of zero means that as soon as static friction is overcome the object acts without friction. Temperature marks how warm or cool an object is. This is used in gas simulations for ignition points of fuel or for buoyancy computations. Since this does not relate directly to any real world temperature scale, ambient temperature is usually considered 0. Each data option parameter has an associated menu which specifies how that parameter operates. Use Use the value from the Default Operation menu. Default Set the value of this parameter only when this data is created. On all Set subsequent timesteps, the value of this parameter is not altered. This is Initial useful for setting up initial conditions like position and velocity. Always set the value of this parameter. This is useful when specific keyframed values are required over time. This could be used to keyframe the position of an object over time, or to cause the geometry from a SOP to be refetched at each timestep if the geometry is deforming. Set Always You can also use this setting in conjunction with the local variables for a parameter value to modify a value over time. For example, in the X Position, an expression like $tx + 0.1 would cause the object to move 0.1 units to the right on each timestep. Set Do not ever set the value of this parameter. This option is most useful

Friction

Dynamic Friction Scale

Temperature

Parameter Operations

Never

when using this node to modify an existing piece of data connected through the first input. For example, an RBD State DOP may want to animate just the mass of an object, and nothing else. The Set Never option could be used on all parameters except for Mass, which would use Set Always.

Default Operation

For any parameters with their Operation menu set to Use Default, this parameter controls what operation is used. This parameter has the same menu options and meanings as the Parameter Operations menus, but without the Use Default choice. Controls the way in which the data created by this node is shared among multiple objects in the simulation. Data sharing can greatly reduce the memory footprint of a simulation, but at the expense of requiring all objects to have exactly the same data associated with them. No data sharing is used. Each object has its own copy of the data attached. Do Not Share Data This is appropriate for situations where the data needs to be customized on a per-object basis, such as setting up initial positions and velocities for objects. This node only creates a single piece of data for the whole simulation. This data is created the first time it is needed, so any expressions will be evaluated only for the first object. All subsequent objects will have the data attached with the same values that were calculated from the expressions for the first object. It is important to note that expressions are not stored with the data, so they cannot be evaluated after the data is created. Expressions are evaluated by the DOP node before creating the data. Expressions involving time will also only be evaluated when this single piece of data is created. This option is appropriate for data that does not change over time, and is the same for all objects, such as a Gravity DOP. A new piece of data is created for each timestep in the simulation. Within a timestep though, all objects have the same data attached to them. So expressions involving time will cause this data to animate over time, but expressions involving the object will only evaluate for the first object to which the data is attached. This option is appropriate for data that changes over time, but is the same for all objects such as a Fan Force DOP, where the fan may

Data Sharing

Share Data Across All Time

Share Data In One Timestep

move or rotate over time.

Definition of Physical Parameters

As mentioned above, we do not yet fully understand the processes induced in the biological tissue. We do not understand how shockwaves induce bone-healing. That is why it is particularly important to be able to correlate medical results to reproduceable physical parameters. Therefore we need to quantify the parameters involved. Within a well defined focal region, information is required on:

pressure energy flux density energy

Let us first define a focal region. In theory pressure and energy are concentrated within a point, the focus. In this case we would not need to distinguish between energy and energy flux density. In reality our focus has finite dimensions. The pressure field is at its highest in the focal centre, but the pressure does have decreasing finite values in the neighbouring regions as well. We decide to be interested in the field within focal areas defined by 3 different conditions:

-6dB-Area the boundaries of the focus are defined by the pressure having decreased to half of its peak value and measured in mm along the x, y and z direction (see Figures 2 and 3) -5 MPa-Area the boundaries of the focus are defined by the pressure having decreased to 5 MPa, again measured in mm along the x, y and z direction 5 mm-Area the focal area is simply the 5 mm sphere around the focus

In order to compare the fields within these boundaries, it is necessary to measure the pressure field. In order to be able to distinguish the ranges of individual devices it is also necessary to give parameter values of maximum, minimum and intermediate energy-settings. The different focal areas are compared in Figure 4 and 5 for high and low energy settings. These requirements result in the table of parameters introduced in Table 1. As it is technically challenging - and therefore financially demanding - to measure tensile forces, it took some time to fill in the values for the different devices. Apart from this, different technical methods of measurement lead to different findings. But we are happy to state that finally measurements have been almost completed using unified standards. The individual values of the devices on the market are now published in the internet at http://www.digest-ev.de and will be presented in London. The few missing values will be added by July 1999. >> Back

DEFINITION OF MASS PROPERTIES TERMS

MASS VS. WEIGHT

Mass and weight are often used interchangeably but they are NOT interchangeable. Mass is the quantity of matter Weight is the force exerted on the mass by gravity The relationship is W = Mg where M = Mass W = Weight g = gravity More generally: F = Ma where F is the force required to accelerate a Mass M at a rate a. Typical units: Mass: kg, slug, lb-sec2/in Weight: lb, Newtons, kg-m/sec2 Mass is always a constant positive quantity. Weight is a positive quantity which varies with gravity. Neither weight nor mass require a coordinate system for definition.

CENTER OF GRAVITY LOCATION

Center of gravity location can be defined as: - The balance point of an object - The point through which a force will cause pure translation - The point about which gravity moments are balanced The center of gravity (CG) is also called center of mass. The center of gravity location must be referenced to a 3 dimensional coordinate system. CG location is directly a function of the coordinate system in which it is referenced. It is measured relative to a reference datum using moment balance equations.

MOMENT OF INERTIA (MOI)

Moment of inertia is the characteristic of an object to resist rotation. The relationship is T = Ia where

T is the torque applied to the object I is the moment of inertia of the object a is the resulting rotational acceleration MOI must be referenced to a rotational axis. It is dependent on MASS DISTRIBUTION. The moment of inertia of an object is the summation of MOI of point masses making up the object. The MOI of each element is I = Mr2 where M is the mass of the element r is the distance of the element from the axis of rotation Moment of inertia units: lb-in2 or lb-in/s2

PRODUCT OF INERTIA
Product of inertia is the characteristic of an object which causes dynamic unbalance. The relationship is P = M * X * Y where P is the product of inertia in a given (X-Y) plane for any (point) element of mass in the object M is the mass of the element X and Y are the coordinates of the element. The product of inertia (POI) of the object is the summation of POI of the point masses making up the object. POI may be positive or negative. The algebraic signs of the element coordinates MUST BE used to get the correct sign of the POI sum.

Mass Properties Analysis

"Mass Properties" are physical attributes of a mechanical part that relate to how the component will behave in an environment. These properties include familiar attributes such as the weight and volume of the object. They also include more advanced physical information such as its center of mass and moments of inertia. Below is Table 1 that describes the type of Mass Properties that one can generate from a solid computer model.

Table 1 - SOLID MODEL MASS PROPERTIES

1. SURFACE AREA: The surface area is the total area of the boundary surfaces defining the solid model.

2. BOUNDING BOX: The bounding box is a rectangular box that encloses the solid model and fits exactly the model's upper and lower X, Y, and Z extents.

3. VOLUME: The volume of a body is the total volume of space enclosed by its boundary surfaces.

4. CENTROID: Centroid of a volume is the origin of coordinate axes for which first moments of the volume are zero. It is considered center of a volume. For a homogeneous body in a parallel gravity field, mass center and center of gravity coincide with the centroid.

5. MASS: The mass of a body is the measure of its property to resist change in its steady motion. The mass depends on the volume of the body and the density of the material of which the body is made.

6. MOMENTS OF INERTIA: A moment of inertia is the second moment of mass of a body relative to an axis, usually X, Y, or Z. It is a measure of body's property to resist change in its steady rotation about that axis. It depends on body's mass and its distribution around the axis of interest.

7. PRODUCTS OF INERTIA: Products of inertia are expressions similar to moments of inertia. They describe the lack of symmetricity in mass distribution relative to two axes of interest.

8. PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA: Principal moments of inertia are extreme (maximal, minimal) moments of inertia for a body. They are associated with principal axes of inertia which have origin at the centroid, and the direction of each usually given by the three unit-vector components. For these axes, the products of inertia are zero.

9. RADII OF GYRATION: The radius of gyration is the distance from the axis of interest where all the mass can be concentrated while still yielding the same.

Below in Figure 1 is a solid model of the Rocker Arm mechanical component. Following the picture in Table 2 is a computer printout of its Mass Properties.

Figure 1 - A Solid Model of the Rocker Arm.

Table 2 - Computer Printout of the Mass Properties Report for the Rocker Arm.

------------------------------Mass: Volume: Bounding box:

SOLIDS

-------------------------------

Centroid:

Moments of inertia:

Products of inertia:

Radii of gyration:

2.4286 2.4286 X: -0.8750 -- 0.8750 Y: -0.8750 -- 2.2500 S: 0.0000 -- 1.0000 X: 0.0000 Y: 0.4919 S: 0.4567 X: 2.9722 Y: 1.1745 S: 2.7730 XY: 0.0000 YS: 0.4457 SX: 0.0000 X: 1.1063 Y: 0.6954 S: 1.0685

Principal moments and X-YZ directions about centroid: I: J: K: 1.8779 along [1.0000 0.0000 0.0000] 0.6614 along [0.0000 0.9979 -0.0654] 2.1918 along [0.0000 0.0654 0.9979]