OPLE VS. TORRES, July 23, 1998 Puno, J. Facts: On December 12, 1996, then President FIDEL V.

RAMOS issued Administr ti!e Order "#. $%& entit'ed (ADOP)IO" OF A "A)IO"AL *OMP+)ERI,ED IDE")IFI*A)IO" REFERE"*E S-S)EM.. )he AO see/s t# h !e '' Fi'i0in# citi1ens nd 2#rei3n residents t# h !e P#0u' ti#n Re2erence "umber 4PR"5 3ener ted b6 the " ti#n ' St tistics O22ice 4"SO5 thr#u3h the use #2 7IOME)RI*S )E*8"OLO9- . )he AO : s ;uesti#ned b6 Sen t#r O0'e #n the 2#''#:in3 3r#unds< 1. )he est b'ishment #2 the PR" :ith#ut n6 ' : is n unc#nstituti#n '

usur0 ti#n #2 the 'e3is' ti!e 0#:ers #2 the *#n3ress #2 the Phi'i00ines= 2. )he 00r#0ri ti#n #2 0ub'ic 2unds 2#r the im0'ement ti#n #2 the s id AO

is unc#nstituti#n ' since *#n3ress h s the e>c'usi!e uth#rit6 t# 00r#0ri te 2unds 2#r such e>0enditure= nd $. )he AO !i#' tes the citi1en?s ri3ht t# 0ri! c6 0r#tected b6 the 7i'' #2

Ri3hts #2 the *#nstituti#n. Held: 1. )he AO est b'ishes s6stem #2 identi2ic ti#n th t is ''@enc#m0 ssin3 in ' : 0 ssed b6 *#n3ress th t im0'ements it,

sc#0e, 22ects the 'i2e nd 'ibert6 #2 e!er6 Fi'i0in# citi1ens nd 2#rei3n residents nd there2#re, it is su00#sed t# be n#t b6 n Administr ti!e Order issued b6 the President. Administr ti!e P#:er, :hich is su00#sed t# be e>ercised b6 the President, is c#ncerned :ith the :#r/ #2 00'6in3 0#'icies nd en2#rcin3 #rders s determined b6 0r#0er 3#!ernment ' #r3 ns. It en b'es the President t# 2i> 2#re3#in3 0rece0ts, AO $%& in!#'!es uni2#rm st nd rd #2 dministr ti!e subAect th t is n#t 00r#0ri te t# be e22icienc6 nd chec/ the #22ici ' c#nduct #2 his 3ents. Prescindin3 2r#m the c#!ered b6 n Administr ti!e Order. An dministr ti!e #rder is n #rdin nce issued b6 the President :hich re' tes t# s0eci2ic s0ects in the dministr ti!e #0er ti#n #2 the 3#!ernment. It must be in h rm#n6 :ith the ' : nd sh#u'd be 2#r the s#'e

0ur0#se #2 im0'ementin3 the ' : nd c rr6in3 #ut the 'e3is' ti!e 0#'ic6. )he subAect #2 AO $%& there2#re is be6#nd the 0#:er #2 the President t# issue nd it is usur0 ti#n #2 'e3is' ti!e 0#:er. 2. 0r#!ide )he AO 'i/e:ise !i#' tes the ri3ht t# 0ri! c6 since its m in 0ur0#se is t# (c#mm#n re2erence number t# est b'ish 'in/ 3e m#n3 c#ncerned m them tic ' n '6sis

3encies thr#u3h the use #2 7IOME)RI*S )E*8"OLO9-. 7i#metr6 is the science #2 the 00'ic ti#n #2 st tistic ' meth#ds t# bi#'#3ic ' 2 cts= #2 bi#'#3ic ' d t . It is the c#n2irm ti#n #2 n indi!idu '?s identit6 thr#u3h hu3e nd 2#rmid b'e in2#rm ti#n

2in3er0rint, retin ' sc n, h nd 3e#metr6 #r 2 ci ' 2e tures. )hr#u3h the PR", the 3#!ernment #22ices h s the ch nce #2 bui'din3 b se thr#u3h the e'ectr#nic 'in/ 3e #2 the 2i'es #2 e!er6 citi1en. )he d t , h#:e!er, m 6 be 3 thered 2#r 3 in2u' nd use2u' 3#!ernment 0ur0#ses= but the e>istence #2 this ! st reser!#ir #2 0ers#n ' in2#rm ti#n c#nstitutes in!it ti#n t# misuse, uth#rities t# resist. Further, the AO d#es n#t e!en te''s us in c'e r nd une;ui!#c ' terms h#: these in2#rm ti#ns 3 thered sh '' be h nd'ed. It d#es n#t 0r#!ide :h# sh '' c#ntr#' nd ccess the d t nd under :h t circumst nces nd 2#r :h t 0ur0#se. )hese 2 ct#rs re essenti ' t# s 2e3u rd the 0ri! c6 nd 3u r nt6 the inte3rit6 #2 the in2#rm ti#n. )he c#m0uter 'in/ 3e 3i!es #ther 3#!ernment 3encies ccess t# the in2#rm ti#n. -E), )8ERE ARE "O *O")ROLS )O 9+ARD A9AI"S) LEABA9E OF I"FORMA)IO"S. C8E" )8E A**ESS *ODE OF )8E *O")ROL PRO9RAMS OF )8E PAR)I*+LAR *OMP+)ER S-S)EM IS 7ROBE", A" I")R+DER, CI)8O+) FEAR OF SA"*)IO" OR PE"AL)-, *A" MABE +SE OF )8E DA)A FOR C8A)EVER P+RPOSE, OR CORSE, MA"IP+LA)E )8E DA)A S)ORED CI)8I" )8E S-S)EM. AO "#. $%& is unc#nstituti#n ' since it 2 ''s sh#rt #2 ssurin3 th t 0ers#n ' in2#rm ti#n 3 thered b#ut #ur 0e#0'e :i'' be used #n'6 2#r s0eci2ied 0ur0#ses thereb6 !i#' tin3 the citi1en?s ri3ht t# 0ri! c6 -----------------------------What is Administrative Power? Held: Administrative power is concerned with the work of applying policies and enforcing orders as determined by proper governmental organs. It enables the President to fix a uniform standard of c#!ert tem0t ti#n th t m 6 be t## 3re t 2#r s#me #2 #ur

administrative efficiency and check the official conduct of his agents. To this end, he can issue administrative orders, rules and regulations. (Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127 !", #$l% 2&, 1''! (P$no)* What is an Administrative Order? Held: An administrative order is an ordinance issued by the President which relates to specific aspects in the administrative operation of government. It must be in harmony with the law and should be for the sole purpose of implementing the law and carrying out the legislative policy. (Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127 !", #$l% 2&, 1''! (P$no)* ------------------------------------------------------------Case Digest, 02-2005Legal Unit, DILG XIBLAS F. OPLE, vs. RUBE D. !ORRES et alE BA C"G.R. #. $2%&'5, ()l* 2+, $,,'-FAC!S OF !.E CASE/ P0esi1ent Fi1el 2. Ra3#s iss)e1 A13inist0ative O01e0 4A.O.5 +0' #nDe6e37e0 $2, $,,& entiltle1 A1#8ti#n #9 ati#nalC#38)te0i:e1I1enti9i6ati#n Re9e0en6e S*ste3 #0 6#33#nl* ;n#<n as ati#analID S*ste3. Senat#0 Blas F. O8le 9ile1 a 8etiti#n 7e9#0e t=e S)80e3e C#)0t>)esti#ning t=e 6#nstit)ti#nalit* #9 t=e sai1 e?e6)tive iss)an6e #nt<# i38#0tant g0#)n1s, vi:/ #ne, it is a )s)08ati#n #9 t=e 8#<e0 #9 C#ng0ess t# legislate, an1 t<#, it i38e03issi7l* int0)1es #n #)06iti:en0*@s 80#te6te1 :#ne #9 80iva6*. Ae g0ant t=e 8etiti#n 9#0 t=e0ig=ts s#)g=t t# 7e vin1i6ate1 7* t=e 8etiti#ne0 nee1 st0#nge07a00ie0s against 9)0t=e0 e0#si#n.ISSUE/ DOES A.0 +0' 2IOLA!E !.E RIG.! !O PRI2ACBC SUPREDE COUR!/Bes. Ass)3ing, a0g)en1#, t=at A.O. #. +0' nee1 n#t 7e t=e s)7Ee6t #9 a la<, still it 6ann#t 8ass 6#nstit)ti#nal 3)ste0 as an a13inist0ativelegislati#n 7e6a)se 9a6iall* it vi#lates t=e 0ig=t t# 80iva6*. A.O. +0' is s#vag)e. !=e vag)eness, t=e #ve070ea1t= #9 A.O. #. +0' <=i6= i9 i38le3ente1 <ill 8)t #)0 8e#8le@s 0ig=t t# 80iva6* in 6lea0 an1 80esent1ange0. !=e0e a0e n# vital sa9eg)a01s.A.O. #. +0' s=#)l1 als# 0aise #)0 antennas 9#0 a 9)0t=e0 l##; <ill s=#<t=at it 1#es n#t state <=et=e0 en6#1ing #9 1ata is li3ite1 t# 7i#l#gi6alin9#03ati#n al#ne 9#0 i1enti9i6ati#n 8)08#ses. In 9a6t, t=e S#li6it#0Gene0al 6lai3s t=at t=e a1#8ti#n #9 t=e I1enti9i6ati#n Re9e0en6eS*ste3 <ill 6#nt0i7)te t# t=e Fgene0ati#n #9 8#8)lati#n 1ata 9#01evel#83ent 8lanning.F 5G !=is is an a13issi#n t=at t=e P#8)lati#nRe9e0en6e )37e0 4PR 5 <ill n#t 7e )se1 s#lel* 9#0 i1enti9i6ati#n 7)t9#0 t=e gene0ati#n #9 #t=e0 1ata <it= 0e3#te 0elati#n t# t=e av#<e18)08#ses #9 A.O. #. +0'. Clea0l*, t=e in1e9initeness #9 A.O. #. +0'6an give t=e g#ve0n3ent t=e 0#ving a)t=#0it* t# st#0e an1 0et0ievein9#03ati#n 9#0 a 8)08#se #t=e0 t=an t=e i1enti9i6ati#n #9 t=e in1ivi1)alt=0#)g= =is PR .!=e 8#tential 9#0 3is)se #9 t=e 1ata t# 7e gat=e0e1 )n1e0 A.O. #. +0'6ann#t 7e )n1e08la*e1 as t=e 1issente0s 1#. P)0s)ant t# sai1a13inist0ative #01e0, an in1ivi1)al 3)st 80esent =is

PR eve0*ti3e =e1eals <it= a g#ve0n3ent agen6* t# avail #9 7asi6 se0vi6es an1se6)0it*. .is t0ansa6ti#ns <it= t=e g#ve0n3ent agen6* <ill ne6essa0il*7e 0e6#01e1 -<=et=e0 it 7e in t=e 6#38)te0 #0 in t=e 1#6)3enta0*9ile #9 t=e agen6*. !=e in1ivi1)al@s 9ile 3a* in6l)1e =is t0ansa6ti#ns 9#0l#an avail3ents, in6#3e ta? 0et)0ns, state3ent #9 assets an1 lia7ilities,0ei37)0se3ents 9#0 3e1i6ati#n, =#s8itali:ati#n, et6. !=e 3#0e 90e>)entt=e )se #9 t=e PR , t=e 7ette0 t=e 6=an6e #9 7)il1ing a =)ge an19#03i1a7le in9#03ati#n 7ase t=0#)g= t=e ele6t0#ni6 lin;age #9 t=e 9iles.!=e 1ata 3a* 7e gat=e0e1 9#0 gain9)l an1 )se9)l g#ve0n3ent8)08#sesH 7)t t=e e?isten6e #9 t=is vast 0ese0v#i0 #9 8e0s#nal in9#03ati#n6#nstit)tes a 6#ve0t invitati#n t# 3is)se, a te38tati#n t=at 3a* 7e t##g0eat 9#0 s#3e #9 #)0 a)t=#0ities t# 0esist.Ae 6an even g0ant, a0g)en1#, t=at t=e 6#38)te0 1ata 9ile <ill 7e li3ite1 t# t=e na3e, a110ess an1 #t=e0 7asi6 8e0s#nal in9#03ati#na7#)t t=e in1ivi1)al. Even t=at =#s8ita7le ass)38ti#n <ill n#t saveA.O. #. +0' 90#3 6#nstit)ti#nal in9i03it* 9#0 again sai1 #01e0 1#es n#ttell )s in 6lea0 an1 6ateg#0i6al te03s =#< t=ese in9#03ati#n gat=e0e1s=all 7e =an1le1. It 1#es n#t 80#vi1e <=# s=all 6#nt0#l an1 a66ess t=e1ata, )n1e0 <=at 6i06)3stan6es an1 9#0 <=at 8)08#se. !=ese 9a6t#0sa0e essential t# sa9eg)a01 t=e 80iva6* an1 g)a0ant* t=e integ0it* #9 t=ein9#03ati#n. Aell t# n#te, t=e 6#38)te0 lin;age gives #t=e0g#ve0n3ent agen6ies a66ess t# t=e in9#03ati#n. Bet, t=e0e a0e n#6#nt0#ls t# g)a01 against lea;age #9 in9#03ati#n. A=en t=e a66ess6#1e #9 t=e 6#nt0#l 80#g0a3s #9 t=e 8a0ti6)la0 6#38)te0 s*ste3 is70#;en, an int0)1e0, <it=#)t 9ea0 #9 san6ti#n #0 8enalt*, 6an 3a;e )se#9 t=e 1ata 9#0 <=ateve0 8)08#se, #0 <#0se, 3ani8)late t=e 1atast#0e1 <it=in t=e s*ste3. It is 8lain an1 <e =#l1 t=at A.O. #. +0' 9alls s=#0t #9 ass)0ing t=at8e0s#nal in9#03ati#n <=i6= <ill 7e gat=e0e1 a7#)t #)0 8e#8le <ill #nl*7e 80#6esse1 9#0 )ne>)iv#6all* s8e6i9ie1 8)08#ses. !=e la6; #9 80#8e0sa9eg)a01s in t=is 0ega01 #9 A.O. #. +0' 3a* inte09e0e <it= t=ein1ivi1)al@s li7e0t* #9 a7#1e an1 t0avel 7* ena7ling a)t=#0ities t# t0a6;1#<n =is 3#ve3entH it 3a* als# ena7le )ns60)8)l#)s 8e0s#ns t#a66ess 6#n9i1ential in9#03ati#n an1 6i06)3vent t=e 0ig=t against sel9in60i3inati#nH it 3a* 8ave t=e <a* 9#0 F9is=inge?8e1iti#nsF 7*g#ve0n3ent a)t=#0ities an1 eva1e t=e 0ig=t against )n0eas#na7lesea06=es an1 sei:)0es. !=e 8#ssi7ilities #9 a7)se an1 3is)se #9 t=e PR ,7i#3et0i6s an1 6#38)te0 te6=n#l#g* a0e a66ent)ate1 <=en <e6#nsi1e0 t=at t=e in1ivi1)al la6;s 6#nt0#l #ve0 <=at 6an 7e 0ea1 #08la6e1 #n =is ID, 3)6= less ve0i9* t=e 6#00e6tness #9 t=e 1ataen6#1e1. !=e* t=0eaten t=e ve0* a7)ses t=at t=e Bill #9 Rig=ts see;s t#80event.E?6e08ts 90#3 t=e 6#n6)00ing #8ini#n #9 t=e S)80e3e C#)0t E)sti6es/()sti6e RODERO, 6#n6)0 S# te00i9*ing a0e t=e 8#ssi7ilities #9 a la< s)6= as A13inist0ative O01e0 #. +0' in 3a;ing in0#a1s int# t=e 80ivate lives #9 t=e 6iti:ens, a vi0t)alBig B0#t=e0 l##;ing #ve0 #)0 s=#)l1e0s, t=at it 3)st, <it=#)t 1ela*, 7eFslain )8#n sig=tF 7e9#0e #)0 s#6iet* t)0ns t#talita0ian <it=

ea6= #9 )s, a3in1less 0#7#t.()sti6e 2it)g, 6#n6)0A13inist0ative O01e0 #. +0' a88ea0s t# 7e s# e?tensivel* 10a<n t=at6#)l1, in1ee1, all#< )n70i1le1 #8ti#ns t# 7e6#3e availa7le t# iti38le3ent#0s 7e*#n1 t=e 0eas#na7le 6#39#0t #9 t=e 6iti:ens an1 #9 0esi1ents ali;e.RIG.! !O PRI2ACB RECOG IIED U DER !.E CO S!I!U!IO .e0e)n1e0 a0e t=e 80#visi#ns in t=e $,'% C#nstit)ti#n <=i6= 0e6#gni:e #)0Rig=t t# P0iva6* /Se6ti#n +4$5 #9 t=e Bill #9 Rig=ts/FSe6. +. 4$5 !=e 80iva6* #9 6#33)ni6ati#n an1 6#00es8#n1en6e s=all 7einvi#la7le e?6e8t )8#n la<9)l #01e0 #9 t=e 6#)0t, #0 <=en 8)7li6 sa9et* #0#01e0 0e>)i0es #t=e0<ise as 80es60i7e1 7* la<.FOt=e0 9a6ets #9 t=e 0ig=t t# 80iva6* a0e 80#te6te1 in va0i#)s 80#visi#ns #9 t=e Bill #9 Rig=ts, vi:/ +GFSe6. $. # 8e0s#n s=all 7e 1e80ive1 #9 li9e, li7e0t*, #0 80#8e0t* <it=#)t 1)e80#6ess #9 la<, n#0 s=all an* 8e0s#n 7e 1enie1 t=e e>)al 80#te6ti#n #9 t=ela<s. Se6. 2. !=e 0ig=t #9 t=e 8e#8le t# 7e se6)0e in t=ei0 8e0s#ns, =#)ses, 8a8e0s, an1 e99e6ts against )n0eas#na7le sea06=es an1 sei:)0es #9 <=ateve0 nat)0e an1 9#0 an* 8)08#se s=all 7e invi#la7le, an1 n# sea06=<a00ant #0 <a00ant #9 a00est s=all iss)e e?6e8t )8#n 80#7a7le 6a)se t# 7e1ete03ine1 8e0s#nall* 7* t=e E)1ge a9te0 e?a3inati#n )n1e0 #at= #0a99i03ati#n #9 t=e 6#38lainant an1 t=e <itnesses =e 3a* 80#1)6e, an18a0ti6)la0l* 1es60i7ing t=e 8la6e t# 7e sea06=e1 an1 t=e 8e0s#ns #0 t=ingst# 7e sei:e1.??? ??? ???Se6. &. !=e li7e0t* #9 a7#1e an1 #9 6=anging t=e sa3e <it=in t=e li3its80es60i7e1 7* la< s=all n#t 7e i38ai0e1 e?6e8t )8#n la<9)l #01e0 #9 t=e6#)0t. eit=e0 s=all t=e 0ig=t t# t0avel 7e i38ai0e1 e?6e8t in t=e inte0est #9 nati#nal se6)0it*, 8)7li6 sa9et*, #0 8)7li6 =ealt=, as 3a* 7e 80#vi1e1 7*la<.??? ??? ???.Se6. '. !=e 0ig=t #9 t=e 8e#8le, in6l)1ing t=#se e38l#*e1 in t=e 8)7li6an1 80ivate se6t#0s, t# 9#03 )ni#ns, ass#6iati#ns, #0 s#6ieties 9#0 8)08#sesn#t 6#nt0a0* t# la< s=all n#t 7e a70i1ge1.Se6. $%. # 8e0s#n s=all 7e 6#38elle1 t# 7e a <itness against =i3sel9.Pe0s#nal Anal*sis/A.O. +0' <as 1e6la0e1 )n6#nstit)ti#nal 7* t=e S)80e3e C#)0t en 7an6 9#00eas#ns a7#ve state1. It 7ea0s st0essing t=at t=e 7)l; #9 1is6)ssi#n in t=e6ase 9#6)se1 3#0e #n t=e iss)e #9 in90inge3ent #9 t=e 0ig=t t# 80iva6*. As6an 7e gleane1 90#3 A.O. +0', t=e 80#visi#ns <e0e s# gene0al t=at t=e0e<e0e n# 6lea0 an1 vital g)i1elines t# sa9eg)a01 t=e in9#03ati#n st#0e1 int=e I1enti9i6ati#n Ca01. .a1 P0esi1ent Fi1el 2. Ra3#s iss)e1 a 3#0e6#38lete an1 1etaile1 g)i1elines 80#vi1ing 9#0 t=e 3etes an1 7#)n1s #9 t=e ID S*ste3, t=e 1e6isi#n 6#)l1 =ave 7een #t=e0<ise.Even t=e a0g)3ent #9 t=e 0es8#n1ents t=at 0)les an1 0eg)lati#ns <#)l17e iss)e1 7* t=e 6#33ittee late0, t=e 6#)0t still 0eEe6t t=e sa3e. !=e 6#)0tsai1./ !=e 0)les an1 0eg)lati#ns t# 7e 10a<n 7* t=e IACC 6ann#t 0e3e1*t=is 9atal 1e9e6t. R)les an1 0eg)lati#ns 3e0el* i38le3ent t=e 8#li6* #9 t=ela< #0 #01e0. On its 9a6e, A.O. #. +0' gives t=e Inte0Agen6*C##01inating C#33ittee 4IACC5 vi0t)all* )n9ette0e1 1is60eti#n t#1ete03ine t=e 3etes an1 7#)n1s #9 t=e ID S*ste3.In #ne 80ess 6#n9e0en6e last

3#nt=, P0esi1ential S8#;es8e0s#n Igna6i#B)n*e sai1 t=at t=e0e is 0eall* n# nee1 t# 8ass a la< t# 8)s= t=0#)g= <it=t=e 8lan #9 t=e ati#nal ID S*ste3. An e?e6)tive iss)an6e 7* t=eP0esi1ent <#)l1 s)99i6e 80#vi1e1 t=is ti3e t=e sai1 #01e0 <ill n#< 7e1etaile1, 6#380e=ensive an1 6#ntains all t=e vital sa9eg)a01s. F0#3 =isstate3ent, it 6an 7e 1e1)6e1 t=e0e90#3 t=at t=e 0ese0vati#n an17a6;las= 7* t=e s)80e3e 6#)0t #n t=e #n t=e O8le 6ase 4A.O +0'5 =ave7een ta;en int# 6#nsi1e0ati#n 7* Dala6anang. ------------------------------------------------------. C ! "A #$. %"IT&' (A!) ! PI* T$ A$$ C. substantive vs. procedural due process

The Phil. Ports Authority +PPA,, was created to control, regulate, and supervise pilots and the pilotage profession. It promulgated A -./01 providing that 2 that aspiring pilots must be holders of pilot licenses and must train as probationary pilots in outports for three months and in the Port of 3anila for four months. It is only after they have achieved satisfactory performance that they are given permanent and regular appointments by the PPA itself to exercise harbor pilotage until they reach the age of 4-, unless sooner removed by reason of mental or physical unfitness by the PPA 5eneral 3anager. *ater however, another A -6/78 was issued2 all existing regular appointments which have been previously issued either by the )ureau of Customs or the PPA shall remain valid up to .9 'ecember 9778 only: and that :all appointments to harbor pilot positions in all pilotage districts shall, henceforth, be only for a term of one +9, year from date of effectivity sub;ect to yearly renewal or cancellation by the Authority after conduct of a rigid evaluation of performance.: In the meantime, PPA issued a 3emorandum laying down the criteria or factors to be considered for the re/appointment of harbor pilots. The %nited (arbor Pilots Association <uestioned this A -6/78. They re<uested for the suspension of implementation of A -6/78 before ' TC $ecretary =esus ). 5arcia. $ec. 5arcia however said that the matter is within the ;urisdiction of the )oard of 'irectors of the PPA. The Association thus appealed this ruling to the ffice of the President + P,. The P gave due course to the appeal and directed the PPA to hold in abeyance the implementation of the <uestioned A -6/78. "ow, the P, through then Assistant $ecretary for *egal Affairs !enato Corona, dismissed the appeal and lifted the restraining order issued earlier. $ecretary Corona opined that2

:The exercise of one>s profession falls within the constitutional guarantee against wrongful deprivation of or interference with, property rights without due process. In the limited context of this case, PPA/A- -6/78 does not constitute a wrongful interference with, let alone a wrongful deprivation of the property rights of those affected thereby. As may be noted, the issuance aims no more than to improve pilotage services by limiting the appointment to harbor pilot positions to one year, sub;ect to renewal or cancellation after a rigid evaluation of the appointee>s performance. PPA/A -6/78 does not forbid, but merely regulates, the exercise by harbor pilots of their profession in PPA>s ;urisdictional area.: As to the claim by the Association that there was absence of prior consultation before the issuance of the A , $ecretary Corona likewise ruled that the law has been sufficiently complied with by PPA. +the law merely re<uires PPA to consult with relevant government agencies. $ince the PPA itself is already composed of representatives from the ' TC, '&"!, 'P?(, ' @, "&'A, secretary Corona deemed this sufficient compliance with consultation,.

I$$%&$2 ?as procedural due process satisfiedA ?as substantive due process satisfiedA $C2 Procedural B C&$. $ubstantive B " .

"o person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, x x x.: In order to fall within the aegis of this provision, two conditions must concur, namely, that there is a deprivation and that such deprivation is done without proper observance of due process. ?hen one speaks of due process of law, however, a distinction must be made between matters of procedure and matters of substance. In essence, procedural due process :refers to the method or manner by which the law is enforced,: while substantive due process :re<uires that the law itself, not merely the procedures by which the law would be enforced, is fair, reasonable, and ;ust.:

P! C&'%!A*2 !espondents argue that due process was not observed in the adoption of PPAA "o. -6/78 allegedly because no hearing was conducted whereby :relevant government agencies: and the pilots themselves could ventilate

their views. They are obviously referring to the procedural aspect of the enactment.

$C2 As long as a party was given the opportunity to defend his interests in due course, he cannot be said to have been denied due process of law, for this opportunity to be heard is the very essence of due process. 3oreover, this constitutional mandate is deemed satisfied if a person is granted an opportunity to seek reconsideration of the action or ruling complained of.: (ere, the Pilots Association, <uestioned PPA/A "o. -6/78 no less than four times before the matter was finally elevated to this Tribunal. Their arguments on this score, however, fail to persuade. ?hile respondents emphasiDe that the Philippine Coast 5uard, :which issues the licenses of pilots after administering the pilots> examinations,: was not consulted, the facts show that the 3A!I"A, which took over the licensing function of the Philippine Coast 5uard, was duly represented in the )oard of 'irectors of the PPA. Thus, there being no matters of naval defense involved in the issuance of the administrative order, the Philippine Coast 5uard need not be consulted. "either does the fact that the pilots themselves were not consulted in any way taint the validity of the administrative order. As a general rule, notice and hearing, as the fundamental re<uirements of procedural due process, are essential only when an administrative body exercises its <uasi/;udicial function. In the performance of its executive or legislative functions, such as issuing rules and regulations, an administrative body need not comply with the re<uirements of notice and hearing.

$%)$TA"TI#&2 There is no dispute that pilotage as a profession has taken on the nature of a property right. The exercise of one>s profession falls within the constitutional guarantee against wrongful deprivation of, or interference with, property rights without due process.

Pilotage, ;ust like other professions, may be practiced only by duly licensed individuals. *icensure is :the granting of license especially to practice a profession.: It is also :the system of granting licenses +as for

professional practice, in accordance with established standards.:89 A license is a right or permission granted by some competent authority to carry on a business or do an act which, without such license, would be illegal.88 )efore harbor pilots can earn a license to practice their profession, they literally have to pass through the proverbial eye of a needle by taking, not one but five examinations, each followed by actual training and practice.

Their license is granted in the form of an appointment which allows them to engage in pilotage until they retire at the age 4- years. This is a vested right. It is readily apparent that PPA/A "o. -6/78 unduly restricts the right of harbor pilots to en;oy their profession before their compulsory retirement. In the past, they en;oyed a measure of security knowing that after passing five examinations and undergoing years of on/the/;ob training, they would have a license which they could use until their retirement, unless sooner revoked by the PPA for mental or physical unfitness. %nder the new issuance, they have to contend with an annual cancellation of their license which can be temporary or permanent depending on the outcome of their performance evaluation. #eteran pilots and neophytes alike are suddenly confronted with one/year terms which ipso facto expire at the end of that period. !enewal of their license is now dependent on a :rigid evaluation of performance: which is conducted only after the license has already been cancelled. (ence, the use of the term :renewal.: It is this preevaluation cancellation which primarily makes PPA/A "o. -6/78 unreasonable and constitutionally infirm. In a real sense, it is a deprivation of property without due process of law. --------------------------------------------TOPIC: QUASI-LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION (Necessity for Notice and T#e P#i$i%%ine Ports A&t#ority (PPA" Genera$ 'ana!er iss&ed an ad(inistrati)e order to t#e fact t#at a$$ e*istin! re!&$ar a%%oint(ents to #ar+or %i$ot %ositions s#a$$ re(ain )a$id on$y &% to ,ece(+er -. of t#e c&rrent year and t#at #encefort# a$$ a%%oint(ents to #ar+or %i$ot %ositions s#a$$ +e on$y for a ter( of one year fro( date of effecti)ity/ s&+0ect to year$y rene1a$ or cance$$ation +y t#e PPA after cond&ct of a ri!id e)a$&ation of %erfor(ance2 Pi$ota!e as a %rofession (ay +e %racticed on$y +y d&$y $icensed indi)id&a$s/ 1#o earin!"

#a)e to %ass fi)e !o)ern(ent %rofessiona$ e*a(inations2 T#e ar+or Pi$ot Association c#a$$en!ed t#e )a$idity of said ad(inistrati)e order ar!&in! t#at it )io$ated t#e #ar+or %i$ots3 ri!#t to e*ercise t#eir %rofession and t#eir ri!#t to d&e %rocess of $a1 and t#at t#e said ad(inistrati)e order 1as iss&ed 1it#o&t %rior notice and #earin!2 T#e PPA co&ntered t#at t#e ad(inistrati)e order 1as )a$id as it 1as iss&ed in t#e e*ercise of its ad(inistrati)e contro$ and s&%er)ision o)er #ar+or %i$ots &nder PPA3s $e!is$ati)e c#arter4 and t#at in iss&in! t#e order as a r&$e or re!&$ation/ it 1as %erfor(in! its e*ec&ti)e or $e!is$ati)e/ and not a 5&asi-0&dicia$ f&nction2 ,&e %rocess of $a1 is c$assified into t1o 6inds/ na(e$y/ %roced&ra$ d&e %rocess and s&+stanti)e d&e %rocess of $a12 7as t#ere/ or/ 1as t#ere no )io$ation of t#e #ar+or %i$ots3 ri!#t to e*ercise t#eir %rofession and t#eir ri!#t to d&e %rocess of $a18 S&!!ested Ans1er: T#e ri!#t of t#e %i$ots to d&e %rocess 1as )io$ated2 As #e$d/ in Corona )s2 United ar+or Pi$ots Association of t#e P#i$i%%ines/ 9:SC;A -. (.<<="/ %i$ota!e as a %rofession is a %ro%erty ri!#t %rotected +y t#e !&arantee of d&e %rocess2 T#e %re-e)a$&ation cance$$ation of t#e $icenses of t#e #ar+or %i$ots e)ery year is &nreasona+$e and )io$ated t#eir ri!#t to s&+stanti)e d&e %rocess2 T#e rene1a$ is de%endent on t#e e)a$&ation after t#e $icenses #a)e +een cance$$ed2 T#e iss&ance of t#e ad(inistrati)e order a$so )io$ated %roced&ra$ d&e %rocess/ since no %rior %&+$ic #earin! 1as cond&cted2 As #e$d in Co((issioner r of Interna$ ;e)en&e )s2 Co&rt of A%%ea$s/ 9>. SC;A 9-= (.<< / 1#en a re!&$ation is +ein! iss&ed &nder t#e 5&asi-$e!is$ati)e a&t#ority of an ad(inistrati)e a!ency/ t#e re5&ire(ents of notice/ #earin! and %&+$ication (&st +e o+ser)ed2 ------------------------------------------------THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee vs. CAROL M. DELA PIEDRA, accused-appellant G.R. No. 121777 (350 SCRA 163) January 2 , 2!!1 "AP#NAN, J. FACTS$ On the afternoon of January 30 1!!" #aria $ourdes #odesto and %ancy Araneta to&ether 'ith her friends Jennelyn (ae) and Sandra A*uino 'ent to the house of Jas+ine Ale,andro after ha-in& learned that a 'o+an is

there to recruit ,o. applicants for Sin&apore/ Carol dela 0iedra 'as already .riefin& so+e people 'hen they arri-ed/ Jas+ine on the other hand 'elco+ed and as1ed the+ to sit do'n/ 2hey listened to the 3recruiter4 'ho 'as then tal1in& a.out the .rea1do'n of the fees in-ol-ed5 030 000 for the -isa and the round trip tic1et and 05 000 as place+ent fee and for the processin& of the papers/ 2he initial pay+ent 'as 06 000 'hile 030 000 'ill .e .y salary deduction/ 2he recruiter said that she 'as 3recruitin&4 nurses for Sin&apore/ Araneta her friends and $ourdes then filled up .io-data for+s and 'ere re*uired to su.+it pictures and a transcript of records/ After the inter-ie' $ourdes &a-e the initial pay+ent of 06 000 to Jas+ine 'ho assured her that she 'as authori)ed to recei-e the +oney/ #ean'hile in the +ornin& of the said date 7rlie Ra+os Attorney 88 of the 0hilippine O-erseas 7+ploy+ent A&ency (0O7A) recei-ed a telephone call fro+ an unidentified 'o+an in*uirin& a.out the le&iti+acy of the recruit+ent conducted .y a certain #rs/ Carol 9i&ueroa/ Ra+os 'hose duties include the sur-eillance of suspected ille&al recruiters i++ediately contacted a friend a certain #ayeth (ellotindos so they could .oth &o the place 'here the recruit+ent 'as reportedly .ein& underta1en. :pon arri-in& at the reported area at around "500 p/+/ (ellotindos entered the house and pretended to .e an applicant/ Ra+os re+ained outside and stood on the pa-e+ent fro+ 'here he 'as a.le to see around si; (6) persons in the sala/ Ra+os e-en heard a 'o+an identified as Carol 9i&ueroa tal1 a.out the possi.le e+ploy+ent she has to pro-ide in Sin&apore and the docu+ents that the applicants ha-e to co+ply 'ith/ 9ifteen (15) +inutes later (ellotindos ca+e out 'ith a .iodata for+ in hand/ 2hereafter Ra+os conferred 'ith a certain Capt/ #endo)a of the Cri+inal 8n-esti&ation Ser-ice (C8S) to or&ani)e the arrest of the alle&ed ille&al recruiter/ A sur-eillance tea+ 'as then or&ani)ed to confir+ the report/ After 'hich a raid 'as e;ecuted/ Conse*uently Carol 'as char&ed and con-icted .y the trial court of ille&al recruit+ent/

:pon appeal accused *uestions her con-iction for ille&al recruit+ent in lar&e scale and assails as 'ell the constitutionality of the la' definin& and penali)in& said cri+e/ First, accused su.+its that Article 13 (.) of the $a.or Code definin& 3recruit+ent and place+ent4 is -oid for -a&ueness and thus -iolates the due process clause/ 2he pro-ision in *uestion reads5 ART. 1%. D&'(n()(ons.E+a, x x x. (.) F!ecruitment and placementG refers to any act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting, transporting, utiliDing, hiring or procuring workers, and includes referrals, contract services, promising or advertising for employment, locally or abroad, whether for profit or not2 Prov(*&*, T+a) any ,&rson or &n)()y -+(.+, (n any /ann&r, o''&rs or ,ro/(s&s 'or a '&& &/,0oy/&n) )o )-o or /or& ,&rsons s+a00 1& *&&/&* &n2a2&* (n r&.ru()/&n) an* ,0a.&/&n). ISS#ES$ 314 <hether or not sec/ 13 (.) of 0/=/ ""6 as a+ended other'ise 1no'n as the ille&al recruit+ent la' is unconstitutional as it -iolates the due process clause/ 324 <hether or not accused 'as denied e*ual protection and therefore should .e e;culpated HELD$ 314 For )+& F(rs) (ssu&, *&0a P(&*ra su1/()s )+a) Ar)(.0& 1% 314 o' )+& La1or Co*& *&'(n(n2 5r&.ru()/&n) an* ,0a.&/&n)6 (s vo(* 'or va2u&n&ss an*, )+us, v(o0a)&s )+& *u& ,ro.&ss .0aus&. =ue process re*uires that the ter+s of a penal statute +ust .e sufficiently e;plicit to infor+ those 'ho are su.,ect to it 'hat conduct on their part 'ill render the+ lia.le to its penalties/ 8n support of her su.+ission dela 0iedra in-o1es 0eople -s/ 0anis 'here the Supre+e Court 3critici)ed4 the definition of 3recruit+ent and place+ent/4 2he Court ruled ho'e-er that her reliance on the said case 'as +isplaced/ 2he issue in 0anis 'as 'hether under the pro-iso of Article 13 (.) the cri+e of ille&al recruit+ent could .e co++itted only 3'hene-er t'o or +ore persons are in any +anner pro+ised or offered any e+ploy+ent for a fee/4 8n this case the Court +erely .e+oaned the lac1 of records that 'ould help shed li&ht on the +eanin& of the pro-iso/ 2he a.sence of such records not'ithstandin& the Court 'as a.le to arri-e at a reasona.le interpretation of the pro-iso .y applyin& principles in cri+inal la' and dra'in& fro+ the lan&ua&e and intent of the la' itself/ Section 13 (.) therefore is not a 3perfectly -a&ue act4 'hose o.scurity is e-ident

on its face/ 8f at all the pro-iso therein is +erely couched in i+precise lan&ua&e that 'as sal-a&ed .y proper construction/ 8t is not -oid for -a&ueness/ D&0a P(&*ra 'ur)+&r ar2u&s )+a) )+& a.)s )+a) .ons)()u)& 5r&.ru()/&n) an* ,0a.&/&n)6 su''&r 'ro/ ov&r1r&a*)+ s(n.& 1y /&r&0y 5r&'&rr(n26 a ,&rson 'or &/,0oy/&n), a ,&rson /ay 1& .onv(.)&* o' (00&2a0 r&.ru()/&n). 2hat Section 13 (.) enco+passes 'hat appellant apparently considers as custo+ary and har+less acts such as 3la.or or e+ploy+ent referral4 (3referrin&4 an applicant accordin& to appellant for e+ploy+ent to a prospecti-e e+ployer) does not render the la' o-er.road/ 7-idently =ela 0iedra +isapprehends concept of o-er.readth/ A statute +ay .e said to .e o-er.road 'here it operates to inhi.it the e;ercise of indi-idual freedo+s affir+ati-ely &uaranteed .y the Constitution such as the freedo+ of speech or reli&ion/ A &enerally 'orded statute 'hen construed to punish conduct 'hich cannot .e constitutionally punished is unconstitutionally -a&ue to the e;tent that it fails to &i-e ade*uate 'arnin& of the .oundary .et'een the constitutionally per+issi.le and the constitutionally i+per+issi.le applications of the statute/ 324 An&n) )+& s&.on* (ssu&, D&0a P(&*ra (nvo7&s )+& &8ua0 ,ro)&.)(on .0aus& (n +&r *&'&ns&. She points out that althou&h the e-idence purportedly sho's that Jas+ine Ale,andro handed out application for+s and e-en recei-ed $ourdes #odesto>s pay+ent appellant 'as the only one cri+inally char&ed/ Ale,andro on the other hand re+ained scot-free/ 9ro+ this she concludes that the prosecution discri+inated a&ainst her on &rounds of re&ional ori&ins/ Appellant is a Ce.uana 'hile Ale,andro is a ?a+.oan&ue@a and the alle&ed cri+e too1 place in ?a+.oan&a City/ 2he Supre+e Court held that the ar&u+ent has no +erit/ 2he prosecution of one &uilty person 'hile others e*ually &uilty are not prosecuted is not .y itself a denial of the e*ual protection of the la's/ 2he unla'ful ad+inistration .y officers of a statute fair on its face resultin& in its une*ual application to those 'ho are entitled to .e treated ali1e is not a denial of e*ual protection unless there is sho'n to .e present in it an ele+ent of intentional or purposeful discri+ination/ (ut a discri+inatory purpose is not presu+ed there +ust .e a sho'in& of 3clear and intentional discri+ination/4 8n the case at .ar =ela 0iedra has failed to sho' that in char&in& her there 'as a 3clear and intentional discri+ination4 on the part of the prosecutin& officials/ 9urther+ore the presu+ption is that the prosecutin& officers re&ularly perfor+ed their duties and this presu+ption can .e o-erco+e only .y proof to the contrary not .y +ere speculation/ As said earlier accused has not presented any e-idence to o-erco+e this presu+ption/ 2he +ere alle&ation that dela 0iedra a Ce.uana 'as char&ed 'ith the co++ission of a cri+e 'hile a ?a+.oan&ue@a the &uilty party in

appellant>s eyes 'as not is insufficient to support a conclusion that the prosecution officers denied appellant e*ual protection of the la's/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7S2RA=A - SA%=8AA%(ABA% A/R/ %o/ 1"C560 %o-e+.er 1! 6001 9acts5 0etitioner Joseph 7strada prosecuted An Act =efinin& and 0enali)in& the Cri+e of 0lunder 'ishes to i+press upon the Court that the assailed la' is so defecti-ely fashioned that it crosses that thin .ut distinct line 'hich di-ides the -alid fro+ the constitutionally infir+/ Dis contentions are +ainly .ased on the effects of the said la' that it suffers fro+ the -ice of -a&uenessE it dispenses 'ith the Freasona.le dou.tF standard in cri+inal prosecutionsE and it a.olishes the ele+ent of +ens rea in cri+es already punisha.le under 2he Re-ised 0enal Code sayin& that it -iolates the funda+ental ri&hts of the accused/ 2he focal point of the case is the alle&ed 3-a&ueness4 of the la' in the ter+s it uses/ 0articularly this ter+s are5 co+.ination series and un'arranted/ (ecause of this the petitioner uses the facial challen&e on the -alidity of the +entioned la'/ 8ssue5 <hether or not the petitioner possesses the locus standi to attac1 the -alidity of the la' usin& the facial challen&e/ Rulin&5 On ho' the la' uses the ter+s co+.ination and series does not constitute -a&ueness/ 2he petitioner>s contention that it 'ould not &i-e a fair 'arnin& and sufficient notice of 'hat the la' see1s to penali)e cannot .e plausi.ly ar&ued/ Goid-for--a&ueness doctrine is +anifestly +isplaced under the petitioner>s reliance since ordinary intelli&ence can understand 'hat conduct is prohi.ited .y the statute/ 8t can only .e in-o1ed a&ainst that specie of le&islation that is utterly -a&ue on its face 'herein clarification .y a sa-in& clause or construction cannot .e in-o1ed/ Said doctrine +ay not in-o1ed in this case since the statute is clear and free fro+ a+.i&uity/ Ga&ueness doctrine +erely re*uires a reasona.le de&ree of certainty for the statute to .e upheld not a.solute precision or +athe+atical e;actitude/ On the other hand o-er.readth doctrine decrees that &o-ern+ental purpose +ay not .e achie-ed .y +eans 'hich s'eep unnecessarily .roadly and there.y in-ade the area of protected freedo+s/ =octrine of strict scrutiny holds that a facial challen&e is allo'ed to .e +ade to -a&ue statute and to one 'hich is o-er.road .ecause of possi.le chillin& effect upon protected speech/ 9urther+ore in the area of cri+inal la' the la' cannot ta1e chances as in the area of free speech/ A facial challen&e to le&islati-e acts is the +ost difficult challen&e to +ount successfully since the challen&er +ust esta.lish that no set of circu+stances e;ists/ =octrines +entioned are analytical tools de-eloped for facial challen&e of a statute in free speech cases/ <ith respect to such statue the esta.lished rule is that one to 'ho application of a statute is constitutional 'ill not .e heard to attac1 the statute on the &round that i+pliedly it +i&ht also .e ta1en as applyin& to other persons or other situations in 'hich its application +i&ht .e unconstitutional/ On its face in-alidation of

statues results in stri1in& the+ do'n entirely on the &round that they +i&ht .e applied to parties not .efore the Court 'hose acti-ities are constitutionally protected/ 8t is e-ident that the purported a+.i&uity of the 0lunder $a' is +ore i+a&ined than real/ 2he cri+e of plunder as a +alu+ in se is dee+ed to ha-e .een resol-e in the Con&ress> decision to include it a+on& the heinous cri+e punisha.le .y reclusion perpetua to death/ Supre+e Court holds the plunder la' constitutional and petition is dis+issed for lac1in& +erit/ ---------------------------------------------------------Estrada v Sandiganbayan G.R. No. 148560. November 19, 2001. 07 1! 2010 0 "omments Facts: #etitioner $ose%& E'er(ito Estrada, t&e &ig&est)ran*ing o++i(ia, to be %rose(-ted -nder R. 7080 /.n .(t 0e+ining and #ena,i1ing t&e "rime o+ #,-nder2, 1 as amended by R. 7659, 2 3is&es to im%ress -%on -s t&at t&e assai,ed ,a3 is so de+e(tive,y +as&ioned t&at it (rosses t&at t&in b-t distin(t ,ine 3&i(& divides t&e va,id +rom t&e (onstit-tiona,,y in+irm. 4e t&ere+ore ma*es a stringent (a,, +or t&is "o-rt to s-b'e(t t&e #,-nder 5a3 to t&e (r-(ib,e o+ (onstit-tiona,ity main,y be(a-se, a((ording to &im, /a2 it s-++ers +rom t&e vi(e o+ vag-eness6 /b2 it dis%enses 3it& t&e 7reasonab,e do-bt7 standard in (rimina, %rose(-tions6 and, /(2 it abo,is&es t&e e,ement o+ mens rea in (rimes a,ready %-nis&ab,e -nder 8&e Revised #ena, "ode, a,, o+ 3&i(& are %-r%orted,y (,ear vio,ations o+ t&e +-ndamenta, rig&ts o+ t&e a((-sed to d-e %ro(ess and to be in+ormed o+ t&e nat-re and (a-se o+ t&e a((-sation against &im. 8&at d-ring t&e %eriod +rom $-ne, 1998 to $an-ary 2001, in t&e #&i,i%%ines, and 3it&in t&e '-risdi(tion o+ t&is 4onorab,e "o-rt, a((-sed $ose%& E'er(ito Estrada, 84E #RES90EN8 :; 84E RE#<=59" :; 84E #4959##9NES, by &imse,+ .N0 :R in ":NN9>.N"E ":NS#9R."? 3it& &is (o)a((-sed, @4: .RE AEA=ERS :; 49S ;.A95?, RE5.89>ES =? .;;9N98? :R ":NS.NG<9N98?, =<S9NESS .SS:"9.8ES, S<=:R09N.8ES .N0 :R :84ER #ERS:NS, =? 8.B9NG <N0<E .0>.N8.GE :; 49S :;;9"9.5 #:S989:N, .<84:R98?, RE5.89:NS49#, ":NNE"89:N, :R 9N;5<EN"E, did t&en and t&ere 3i,,+-,,y, -n,a3+-,,y and (rimina,,y amass, a((-m-,ate and a(C-ire =? 49ASE5; 09RE"85? :R 9N09RE"85?, i,,)gotten 3ea,t& in t&e aggregate amo-nt or 8:8.5 >.5<E o+ ;:<R =9559:N N9NE8? SE>EN A9559:N E9G48 4<N0RE0 ;:<R 84:<S.N0 :NE 4<N0RE0 SE>EN8? 84REE .N0 SE>EN8EEN "EN8.>:S /#4,097,804,17!.172, more or ,ess, 84ERE=? <N$<S85? ENR9"49NG 49ASE5; :R 84EASE5>ES .8 84E ED#ENSE .N0 8: 84E 0.A.GE :; 84E ;959#9N: #E:#5E .N0 84E RE#<=59" :; #4959##9NES t&ro-g& .N? :R . (ombination :R . series o+ overt :R (rimina, a(ts, :R S9A95.R S"4EAES :R AE.NS. RES#E"89>E5? :R . 8:8.5 :; A:RE :R 5ESS :NE =9559:N E9G48 4<N0RE0 ;:R8? SE>EN A9559:N ;9>E 4<N0RE0 SE>EN8? E9G48 84:<S.N0 ;9;8? SE>EN #ES:S .N0 ;9;8? "EN8.>:S /#1,847,578,057.5026 .N0 =? ":55E"89NG :R RE"E9>9NG, 09RE"85? :R 9N09RE"85?, =? 49ASE5; .N0 :R 9N ":NN9>.N"E @984 $:4N 0:ES $.NE 0:ES, ":AA9SS9:NS :R #ER"EN8.GES =? RE.S:N :; S.90 #<R"4.SES :; S4.RES :; S8:"B 9N 84E .A:<N8 :; :NE 4<N0RE0 E9G48? N9NE A9559:N SE>EN 4<N0RE0 84:<S.N0 #ES:S /#189,700,000.002 A:RE :R 5ESS, ;R:A 84E =E55E

":R#:R.89:N @49"4 =E".AE #.R8 :; 84E 0E#:S98 9N 84E EE<98.=5E =.NB <N0ER 84E ."":<N8 N.AE F$:SE >E5.R0EF Issue: R... No. 7080 is -n(onstit-tiona, on t&e +o,,o3ing gro-ndsG 9. 98 >9:5.8ES 84E 0<E #R:"ESS "5.<SE ;:R 98S >.G<ENESS 99. 98 >9:5.8ES 84E ":NS898<89:N.5 R9G48 :; 84E .""<SE0 8: BN:@ 84E N.8<RE .N0 ".<SE :; 84E .""<S.89:N .G.9NS8 49A 999. 98 >9:5.8ES 84E 0<E #R:"ESS "5.<SE .N0 84E ":NS898<89:N.5 #RES<A#89:N :; 9NN:"EN"E =? 5:@ER9NG 84E E<.N8<A :; E>90EN"E NE"ESS.R? ;:R #R:>9NG 84E ":A#:NEN8 E5EAEN8S :; #5<N0ER 9>. 98 9S =E?:N0 84E ":NS898<89:N.5 #:@ER :; 84E 5EG9S5.8<RE 8: 0E59A98 84E RE.S:N.=5E 0:<=8 S8.N0.R0 .N0 8: .=:59S4 84E E5EAEN8 :; AENS RE. 9N A.5. 9N SE "R9AES =? ":N>ER89NG 84ESE 8: A.5. #R:49=98., 9N >9:5.89:N :; 84E 0<E #R:"ESS ":N"E#8 :; "R9A9N.5 RES#:NS9=9598?. Held: #REA9SES ":NS90ERE0, t&is "o-rt &o,ds t&at R. 7080 ot&er3ise *no3n as t&e #,-nder 5a3, as amended by R. 7659, is ":NS898<89:N.5. "onseC-ent,y, t&e %etition to de(,are t&e ,a3 -n(onstit-tiona, is 09SA9SSE0 +or ,a(* o+ merit. S: :R0ERE0. Ratio: In view of vagueness and ambiguity "ongress is not restri(ted in t&e +orm o+ eH%ression o+ its 3i,,, and its inabi,ity to so de+ine t&e 3ords em%,oyed in a stat-te 3i,, not ne(essari,y res-,t in t&e vag-eness or ambig-ity o+ t&e ,a3 so ,ong as t&e ,egis,ative 3i,, is (,ear, or at ,east, (an be gat&ered +rom t&e 3&o,e a(t, 3&i(& is distin(t,y eH%ressed in t&e #,-nder 5a3. Aoreover, it is a 3e,,)sett,ed %rin(i%,e o+ ,ega, &ermene-ti(s t&at 3ords o+ a stat-te 3i,, be inter%reted in t&eir nat-ra,, %,ain and ordinary a((e%tation and signi+i(ation, 7 -n,ess it is evident t&at t&e ,egis,at-re intended a te(&ni(a, or s%e(ia, ,ega, meaning to t&ose 3ords 8 8&e intention o+ t&e ,a3ma*ers I 3&o are, ordinari,y, -ntrained %&i,o,ogists and ,eHi(ogra%&ers I to -se stat-tory %&raseo,ogy in s-(& a manner is a,3ays %res-med. 8&-s, @ebsterFs Ne3 "o,,egiate 0i(tionary (ontains t&e +o,,o3ing (ommon,y a((e%ted de+inition o+ t&e 3ords 7(ombination7 and 7seriesG7 "ombination I t&e res-,t or %rod-(t o+ (ombining6 t&e a(t or %ro(ess o+ (ombining. 8o (ombine is to bring into s-(& (,ose re,ations&i% as to obs(-re individ-a, (&ara(ters. Series I a n-mber o+ t&ings or events o+ t&e same (,ass (oming one a+ter anot&er in s%atia, and tem%ora, s-((ession. >eri,y, &ad t&e ,egis,at-re intended a te(&ni(a, or distin(tive meaning +or 7(ombination7 and 7series,7 it 3o-,d &ave ta*en greater %ains in s%e(i+i(a,,y %roviding +or it in t&e ,a3. .s +or 7%attern,7 3e agree 3it& t&e observations o+ t&e Sandiganbayan 9 t&at t&is term is s-++i(ient,y de+ined in Se(. 4, in re,ation to Se(. 1, %ar. /d2, and Se(. 2. . . -nder Se(. 1 /d2 o+ t&e ,a3, a F%atternF (onsists o+ at ,east a (ombination or series o+ overt or (rimina, a(ts en-merated in s-bse(tions /12 to /62 o+ Se(. 1 /d2. Se(ond,y, %-rs-ant to Se(. 2 o+ t&e ,a3, t&e %attern o+ overt or (rimina, a(ts is dire(ted to3ards a (ommon %-r%ose or goa, 3&i(& is to enab,e t&e %-b,i( o++i(er to amass, a((-m-,ate or a(C-ire i,,)gotten 3ea,t&. .nd t&ird,y, t&ere

m-st eit&er be an Fovera,, -n,a3+-, s(&emeF or F(ons%ira(yF to a(&ieve said (ommon goa,. .s (ommon,y -nderstood, t&e term Fovera,, -n,a3+-, s(&emeF indi(ates a Fgenera, %,an o+ a(tion or met&odF 3&i(& t&e %rin(i%a, a((-sed and %-b,i( o++i(er and ot&ers (onniving 3it& &im, +o,,o3 to a(&ieve t&e a+oresaid (ommon goa,. 9n t&e a,ternative, i+ t&ere is no s-(& overa,, s(&eme or 3&ere t&e s(&emes or met&ods -sed by m-,ti%,e a((-sed vary, t&e overt or (rimina, a(ts m-st +orm %art o+ a (ons%ira(y to attain a (ommon goa,. @it& more reason, t&e do(trine (annot be invo*ed 3&ere t&e assai,ed stat-te is (,ear and +ree +rom ambig-ity, as in t&is (ase. 8&e test in determining 3&et&er a (rimina, stat-te is void +or -n(ertainty is 3&et&er t&e ,ang-age (onveys a s-++i(ient,y de+inite 3arning as to t&e %ros(ribed (ond-(t 3&en meas-red by (ommon -nderstanding and %ra(ti(e. 9t m-st be stressed, &o3ever, t&at t&e 7vag-eness7 do(trine mere,y reC-ires a reasonab,e degree o+ (ertainty +or t&e stat-te to be -%&e,d I not abso,-te %re(ision or mat&emati(a, eHa(tit-de, as %etitioner seems to s-ggest. 4en(e, it (annot %,a-sib,y be (ontended t&at t&e ,a3 does not give a +air 3arning and s-++i(ient noti(e o+ 3&at it see*s to %ena,i1e. <nder t&e (ir(-mstan(es, %etitionerFs re,ian(e on t&e 7void)+or)vag-eness7 do(trine is mani+est,y mis%,a(ed. 8&e do(trine &as been +orm-,ated in vario-s 3ays, b-t is most (ommon,y stated to t&e e++e(t t&at a stat-te estab,is&ing a (rimina, o++ense m-st de+ine t&e o++ense 3it& s-++i(ient de+initeness t&at %ersons o+ ordinary inte,,igen(e (an -nderstand 3&at (ond-(t is %ro&ibited by t&e stat-te. In view of due process :n t&e se(ond iss-e, %etitioner advan(es t&e &ig&,y stret(&ed t&eory t&at Se(. 4 o+ t&e #,-nder 5a3 (ir(-mvents t&e imm-tab,e ob,igation o+ t&e %rose(-tion to %rove beyond reasonab,e do-bt t&e %redi(ate a(ts (onstit-ting t&e (rime o+ %,-nder 3&en it reC-ires on,y %roo+ o+ a %attern o+ overt or (rimina, a(ts s&o3ing -n,a3+-, s(&eme or (ons%ira(y. 8&e r-nning +a-,t in t&is reasoning is obvio-s even to t&e sim%,isti( mind. 9n a (rimina, %rose(-tion +or %,-nder, as in a,, ot&er (rimes, t&e a((-sed a,3ays &as in &is +avor t&e %res-m%tion o+ inno(en(e 3&i(& is g-aranteed by t&e =i,, o+ Rig&ts, and -n,ess t&e State s-((eeds in demonstrating by %roo+ beyond reasonab,e do-bt t&at (-,%abi,ity ,ies, t&e a((-sed is entit,ed to an a(C-itta,. @&at t&e %rose(-tion needs to %rove beyond reasonab,e do-bt is on,y a n-mber o+ a(ts s-++i(ient to +orm a (ombination or series 3&i(& 3o-,d (onstit-te a %attern and invo,ving an amo-nt o+ at ,east #50,000,000.00. 8&ere is no need to %rove ea(& and every ot&er a(t a,,eged in t&e 9n+ormation to &ave been (ommitted by t&e a((-sed in +-rt&eran(e o+ t&e overa,, -n,a3+-, s(&eme or (ons%ira(y to amass, a((-m-,ate or a(C-ire i,,) gotten 3ea,t&. In view of mens rea .s regards t&e t&ird iss-e, again 3e agree 3it& $-sti(e Aendo1a t&at %,-nder is a ma,-m in se 3&i(& reC-ires %roo+ o+ (rimina, intent. 8&-s, &e says, in &is "on(-rring :%inion I . . . #re(ise,y be(a-se t&e (onstit-tive (rimes are ma,a in se t&e e,ement o+ mens rea m-st be %roven in a %rose(-tion +or %,-nder. 9t is note3ort&y t&at t&e amended in+ormation a,,eges t&at t&e (rime o+ %,-nder 3as (ommitted 73i,,+-,,y, -n,a3+-,,y and (rimina,,y.7 9t t&-s a,,eges g-i,ty *no3,edge on t&e %art o+ %etitioner. J@it& t&e governmentK terrib,y ,a(*ing t&e money to %rovide even t&e most basi( servi(es

to its %eo%,e, any +orm o+ misa%%ro%riation or misa%%,i(ation o+ government +-nds trans,ates to an a(t-a, t&reat to t&e very eHisten(e o+ government, and in t-rn, t&e very s-rviva, o+ t&e %eo%,e it governs over. >ie3ed in t&is (onteHt, no ,ess &eino-s are t&e e++e(t and re%er(-ssions o+ (rimes ,i*e C-a,i+ied bribery, destr-(tive arson res-,ting in deat&, and dr-g o++enses invo,ving government o++i(ia,, em%,oyees or o++i(ers, t&at t&eir %er%etrators m-st not be a,,o3ed to (a-se +-rt&er destr-(tion and damage to so(iety. 9ndeed, it 3o-,d be abs-rd to treat %rose(-tions +or %,-nder as t&o-g& t&ey are mere %rose(-tions +or vio,ations o+ t&e =o-n(ing "&e(* 5a3 /=.#. =,g. 222 or o+ an ordinan(e against 'ay3a,*ing, 3it&o-t regard to t&e in&erent 3rongness o+ t&e a(ts. 8o (,in(&, %etitioner ,i*e3ise assai,s t&e va,idity o+ R. 7659, t&e amendatory ,a3 o+ R. 7080, on (onstit-tiona, gro-nds. S-++i(e it to say &o3ever t&at it is no3 too ,ate in t&e day +or &im to res-rre(t t&is ,ong dead iss-e, t&e same &aving been eterna,,y (onsigned by #eo%,e v. E(&egaray !8 to t&e ar(&ives o+ '-ris%r-dentia, &istory. 8&e de(,aration o+ t&is "o-rt t&erein t&at R. 7659 is (onstit-tiona,,y va,id stands as a de(,aration o+ t&e State, and be(omes, by ne(essary e++e(t, assimi,ated in t&e "onstit-tion no3 as an integra, %art o+ it. In view of presumption of innocence .t a,, events, ,et me stress t&at t&e %o3er to (onstr-e ,a3 is essentia,,y '-di(ia,. 8o de(,are 3&at t&e ,a3 s&a,, be is a ,egis,ative %o3er, b-t to de(,are 3&at t&e ,a3 is or &as been is '-di(ia,. Stat-tes ena(ted by "ongress (annot be eH%e(ted to s%e,, o-t 3it& mat&emati(a, %re(ision &o3 t&e ,a3 s&o-,d be inter%reted -nder any and a,, given sit-ations. 8&e a%%,i(ation o+ t&e ,a3 3i,, de%end on t&e +a(ts and (ir(-mstan(es as add-(ed by eviden(e 3&i(& 3i,, t&en be (onsidered, 3eig&ed and eva,-ated by t&e (o-rts. 9ndeed, it is t&e (onstit-tiona,,y mandated +-n(tion o+ t&e (o-rts to inter%ret, (onstr-e and a%%,y t&e ,a3 as 3o-,d give +,es& and b,ood to t&e tr-e meaning o+ ,egis,ative ena(tments. . (onstr-(tion s&o-,d be re'e(ted i+ it gives to t&e ,ang-age -sed in a stat-te a meaning t&at does not a((om%,is& t&e %-r%ose +or 3&i(& t&e stat-te 3as ena(ted and t&at tends to de+eat t&e ends t&at are so-g&t to be attained by its ena(tment. >ie3ed broad,y, 7%,-nder invo,ves not '-st %,ain t&ievery b-t e(onomi( de%redation 3&i(& a++e(ts not '-st %rivate %arties or %ersona, interests b-t t&e nation as a 3&o,e.7 9nvariab,y, %,-nder %arta*es o+ t&e nat-re o+ 7a (rime against nationa, interest 3&i(& m-st be sto%%ed, and i+ %ossib,e, sto%%ed %ermanent,y.7 In view of estoppel #etitioner is not esto%%ed +rom C-estioning t&e (onstit-tiona,ity o+ R... No. 7080. 8&e (ase at bar &as been s-b'e(t to (ontroversy %rin(i%a,,y d-e to t&e %ersona,ities invo,ved &erein. 8&e +a(t t&at one o+ %etitionerFs (o-nse,s 3as a (o)s%onsor o+ t&e #,-nder 5a3 and %etitioner &imse,+ voted +or its %assage 3&en &e 3as sti,, a Senator 3o-,d not in any %-t &im in esto%%e, to C-estion its (onstit-tiona,ity. 8&e r-,e on esto%%e, a%%,ies to C-estions o+ +a(t, not o+ ,a3. Aoreover, esto%%e, s&o-,d be resorted to on,y as a means o+ %reventing in'-sti(e. 8o &o,d t&at %etitioner is esto%%ed +rom C-estioning t&e va,idity o+ R... No. 7080 be(a-se &e &ad ear,ier voted +or its %assage 3o-,d res-,t in in'-sti(e not on,y to &im, b-t to a,, ot&ers 3&o may be &e,d ,iab,e -nder t&is stat-te.

What is RICO Ra(*eteer 9n+,-en(ed and "orr-%t :rgani1ations .(t is a <nited States +edera, ,a3 t&at %rovides +or eHtended (rimina, %ena,ties and a (ivi, (a-se o+ a(tion +or a(ts %er+ormed as %art o+ an ongoing (rimina, organi1ation. R9": 3as ena(ted by se(tion 901/a2 o+ t&e :rgani1ed "rime "ontro, .(t o+ 1970 /#-b.5. 91)452, 84 Stat. 922, ena(ted :(tober 15, 19702. R9": is (odi+ied as "&a%ter 96 o+ 8it,e 18 o+ t&e <nited States "ode, 18 <.S.". L 1961M1968. @&i,e its intended -se 3as to %rose(-te t&e Aa+ia as 3e,, as ot&ers 3&o 3ere a(tive,y engaged in organi1ed (rime, its a%%,i(ation &as been more 3ides%read. In view of facial challenge . +a(ia, (&a,,enge is a,,o3ed to be made to a vag-e stat-te and to one 3&i(& is overbroad be(a-se o+ %ossib,e 7(&i,,ing e++e(t7 -%on %rote(ted s%ee(&. 8&e t&eory is t&at 7J3K&en stat-tes reg-,ate or %ros(ribe s%ee(& and no readi,y a%%arent (onstr-(tion s-ggests itse,+ as a ve&i(,e +or re&abi,itating t&e stat-tes in a sing,e %rose(-tion, t&e trans(endent va,-e to a,, so(iety o+ (onstit-tiona,,y %rote(ted eH%ression is deemed to '-sti+y a,,o3ing atta(*s on over,y broad stat-tes 3it& no reC-irement t&at t&e %erson ma*ing t&e atta(* demonstrate t&at &is o3n (ond-(t (o-,d not be reg-,ated by a stat-te dra3n 3it& narro3 s%e(i+i(ity.F 8&is rationa,e does not a%%,y to %ena, stat-tes. "rimina, stat-tes &ave genera, in terrorem e++e(t res-,ting +rom t&eir very eHisten(e, and, i+ +a(ia, (&a,,enge is a,,o3ed +or t&is reason a,one, t&e State may 3e,, be %revented +rom ena(ting ,a3s against so(ia,,y &arm+-, (ond-(t. 9n t&e area o+ (rimina, ,a3, t&e ,a3 (annot ta*e (&an(es as in t&e area o+ +ree s%ee(&. -------------------------------------------------------------ES)RADA ! SA"DI9A"7A-A" * se Di3est ESTRADA v SANDIGANBAYAN G.R. No. 148560, November 19, 2001 Fac !" Petitioner ?ose%# Estrada %rosec&ted An Act ,efinin! and Pena$i@in! t#e Cri(e of P$&nder/ 1is#es to i(%ress &%on t#e Co&rt t#at t#e assai$ed $a1 is so defecti)e$y fas#ioned t#at it crosses t#at t#in +&t distinct $ine 1#ic# di)ides t#e )a$id fro( t#e constit&tiona$$y infir(2 is contentions are (ain$y +ased on t#e effects of t#e said $a1 t#at it s&ffers fro( t#e )ice of )a!&eness4 it dis%enses 1it# t#e Areasona+$e do&+tA standard in cri(ina$ %rosec&tions4 and it a+o$is#es t#e e$e(ent of (ens rea in cri(es a$ready %&nis#a+$e &nder T#e ;e)ised Pena$ Code sayin! t#at it )io$ates t#e f&nda(enta$ ri!#ts of t#e acc&sed2 T#e foca$ %oint of t#e case is t#e a$$e!ed B)a!&enessC of t#e $a1 in t#e ter(s it &ses2 Partic&$ar$y/ t#is ter(s are: co(+ination/ series and &n1arranted2 Deca&se of t#is/ t#e %etitioner &ses t#e facia$ c#a$$en!e on t#e )a$idity of t#e (entioned $a12 I!!#e" 7#et#er or not t#e %etitioner %ossesses t#e $oc&s standi to attac6 t#e )a$idity of t#e $a1 &sin! t#e facia$ c#a$$en!e2 R#$%&'" On #o1 t#e $a1 &ses t#e ter(s co(+ination and series does not constit&te )a!&eness2 T#e %etitionerEs contention t#at it 1o&$d not !i)e a fair 1arnin! and s&fficient notice of 1#at t#e $a1 see6s to %ena$i@e cannot +e %$a&si+$y ar!&ed2 Voidfor-)a!&eness doctrine is (anifest$y (is%$aced &nder t#e %etitionerEs re$iance since

ordinary inte$$i!ence can &nderstand 1#at cond&ct is %ro#i+ited +y t#e stat&te2 It can on$y +e in)o6ed a!ainst t#at s%ecie of $e!is$ation t#at is &tter$y )a!&e on its face/ 1#erein c$arification +y a sa)in! c$a&se or constr&ction cannot +e in)o6ed2 Said doctrine (ay not in)o6ed in t#is case since t#e stat&te is c$ear and free fro( a(+i!&ity2 Va!&eness doctrine (ere$y re5&ires a reasona+$e de!ree of certainty for t#e stat&te to +e &%#e$d/ not a+so$&te %recision or (at#e(atica$ e*actit&de2 On t#e ot#er #and/ o)er+readt# doctrine decrees t#at !o)ern(enta$ %&r%ose (ay not +e ac#ie)ed +y (eans 1#ic# s1ee% &nnecessari$y +road$y and t#ere+y in)ade t#e area of %rotected freedo(s2 ,octrine of strict scr&tiny #o$ds t#at a facia$ c#a$$en!e is a$$o1ed to +e (ade to )a!&e stat&te and to one 1#ic# is o)er+road +eca&se of %ossi+$e c#i$$in! effect &%on %rotected s%eec#2 F&rt#er(ore/ in t#e area of cri(ina$ $a1/ t#e $a1 cannot ta6e c#ances as in t#e area of free s%eec#2 A facia$ c#a$$en!e to $e!is$ati)e acts is t#e (ost diffic&$t c#a$$en!e to (o&nt s&ccessf&$$y since t#e c#a$$en!er (&st esta+$is# t#at no set of circ&(stances e*ists2 ,octrines (entioned are ana$ytica$ too$s de)e$o%ed for facia$ c#a$$en!e of a stat&te in free s%eec# cases2 7it# res%ect to s&c# stat&e/ t#e esta+$is#ed r&$e is t#at one to 1#o a%%$ication of a stat&te is constit&tiona$ 1i$$ not +e #eard to attac6 t#e stat&te on t#e !ro&nd t#at i(%$ied$y it (i!#t a$so +e ta6en as a%%$yin! to ot#er %ersons or ot#er sit&ations in 1#ic# its a%%$ication (i!#t +e &nconstit&tiona$2 On its face in)a$idation of stat&es res&$ts in stri6in! t#e( do1n entire$y on t#e !ro&nd t#at t#ey (i!#t +e a%%$ied to %arties not +efore t#e Co&rt 1#ose acti)ities are constit&tiona$$y %rotected2 It is e)ident t#at t#e %&r%orted a(+i!&ity of t#e P$&nder La1 is (ore i(a!ined t#an rea$2 T#e cri(e of %$&nder as a (a$&( in se is dee(ed to #a)e +een reso$)e in t#e Con!ressE decision to inc$&de it a(on! t#e #eino&s cri(e %&nis#a+$e +y rec$&sion %er%et&a to deat#2 S&%re(e Co&rt #o$ds t#e %$&nder $a1 constit&tiona$ and %etition is dis(issed for $ac6in! (erit2 EST;A,A )s SAN,IGANDAFAN Iss&es: .2 7ON P$&nder La1 is &nconstit&tiona$ for +ein! )a!&e

No2 As $on! as t#e $a1 affords so(e co(%re#ensi+$e !&ide or r&$e t#at 1o&$d infor( t#ose 1#o are s&+0ect to it 1#at cond&ct 1o&$d render t#e( $ia+$e to its %ena$ties/ its )a$idity 1i$$ +e s&stained2 T#e a(ended infor(ation itse$f c$ose$y trac6s t#e $an!&a!e of $a1/ indicatin! 1G reasona+$e certainty t#e )ario&s e$e(ents of t#e offense 1Gc t#e %etitioner is a$$e!ed to #a)e co((itted2 7e discern not#in! in t#e fore!oin! t#at is )a!&e or a(+i!&o&s t#at 1i$$ conf&se %etitioner in #is defense2 Petitioner #o1e)er +e1ai$s t#e fai$&re of t#e $a1 to %ro)ide for t#e stat&tory definition of t#e ter(s Bco(+inationC and BseriesC in t#e 6ey %#rase Ba co(+ination or series of o)ert or cri(ina$ acts2 T#ese o(issions/ accordin! to t#e %etitioner/ render t#e P$&nder La1 &nconstit&tiona$ for +ein! i(%er(issi+$y )a!&e and o)er+road and deny #i( t#e ri!#t to +e infor(ed of t#e nat&re and ca&se of t#e acc&sation a!ainst #i(/ #ence )io$ati)e of #is f&nda(enta$ ri!#t to d&e %rocess2 A stat&te is not rendered &ncertain and )oid (ere$y +eca&se !enera$ ter(s are &sed #erein/ or +eca&se of t#e e(%$oy(ent of ter(s 1it#o&t definin! t#e(2

A stat&te or act (ay +e said to +e )a!&e 1#en it $ac6s co(%re#ensi+$e standards t#at (en of co((on inte$$i!ence (ost necessari$y !&ess at its (eanin! and differ in its a%%$ication2 In s&c# instance/ t#e stat&te is re%&!nant to t#e Constit&tion in t1o (9" res%ects H it )io$ates d&e %rocess for fai$&re to accord %ersons/ es%ecia$$y t#e %arties tar!eted +y it/ fair notice of 1#at cond&ct to a)oid4 and/ it $ea)es $a1 enforcers &n+rid$ed discretion in carryin! o&t its %ro)isions and +eco(es an ar+itrary f$e*in! of t#e Go)ern(ent (&sc$e2 A facia$ c#a$$en!e is a$$o1ed to +e (ade to )a!&e stat&te and to one 1#ic# is o)er+road +eca&se of %ossi+$e Bc#i$$in! effectC &%on %rotected s%eec#2 T#e %ossi+$e #ar( to society in %er(ittin! so(e &n%rotected s%eec# to !o &n%&nis#ed is o&t1ei!#ed +y t#e %ossi+i$ity t#at t#e %rotected s%eec# of ot#er (ay +e deterred and %ercei)ed !rie)ances $eft to fester +eca&se of %ossi+$e in#i+itory effects of o)er$y +road stat&tes2 D&t in cri(ina$ $a1/ t#e $a1 cannot ta6e c#ances as in t#e area of free s%eec#2 92 7ON t#e P$&nder La1 re5&ires $ess e)idence for %ro)idin! t#e %redicate cri(es of %$&nder and t#erefore )io$ates t#e ri!#ts of t#e acc&sed to d&e %rocess No2 Sec2 I (;&$e of E)idence" states t#at: For %&r%oses of esta+$is#in! t#e cri(e of %$&nder/ it s#a$$ not +e necessary to %ro)e eac# and e)ery cri(ina$ act done +y t#e acc&sed in f&rt#erance of t#e sc#e(e or cons%iracy to a(ass/ acc&(&$ate or ac5&ire i$$-!otten 1ea$t#/ it +ein! s&fficient to esta+$is# +eyond reasona+$e do&+t a %attern of o)ert or cri(ina$ acts indicati)e of t#e o)era$$ &n$a1f&$ sc#e(e or cons%iracy2 In a cri(ina$ %rosec&tion for %$&nder/ as in a$$ ot#er cri(es/ t#e acc&sed a$1ays #as in #is fa)or t#e %res&(%tion of innocence !&aranteed +y t#e Di$$ of ;i!#ts/ and &n$ess t#e State s&cceeds in de(onstratin! +y %roof +eyond reasona+$e do&+t t#at c&$%a+i$ity $ies/ t#e acc&sed is entit$ed to an ac5&itta$2 T#e Breasona+$e do&+tC standard #as ac5&ired s&c# e*a$ted stat&re in t#e rea$( of constit&tiona$ $a1 as it !i)es $ife to t#e ,&e Process C$a&se 1#ic# %rotects t#e acc&sed a!ainst con)iction e*ce%t &%on %roof of reasona+$e do&+t of e)ery fact necessary to constit&te t#e cri(e 1it# 1#ic# #e is c#ar!ed2 Not e)eryt#in! a$$e!ed in t#e infor(ation needs to +e %ro)ed +eyond reasona+$e do&+t2 7#at is re5&ired to +e %ro)ed +eyond reasona+$e do&+t is e)ery e$e(ent of t#e cri(e c#ar!edJt#e e$e(ent of t#e offense2 ;e$ati)e to %etitionerEs contentions on t#e %&r%orted defect of Sec2 I is #is s&+(ission t#at B%atternC is a B)ery i(%ortant e$e(ent of t#e cri(e of %$&nder4C and t#at Sec2 I is Bt1o-%ron!ed/ (as" it contains a r&$e of e)idence and a s&+stanti)e e$e(ent of t#e cri(e/ B s&c# t#at 1it#o&t it t#e acc&sed cannot +e con)icted of %$&nder H 7e do not s&+scri+e to %etitionerEs stand2 Pri(ari$y/ a$$ t#e essentia$ e$e(ents of %$&nder can +e c&$$ed and &nderstood fro( its definition in Sec2 9/ in re$ation to sec2 . %ar2 (d"2 Sec2 I %&r%orts to do no (ore t#an %rescri+e a r&$e of %roced&re for t#e %rosec&tion of a cri(ina$ case for %$&nder2 Dein! a %&re$y %roced&ra$ (eas&re/ Sec2 I does not define or esta+$is# any s&+stanti)e ri!#t in fa)or of t#e acc&sed +&t on$y o%erated in f&rt#erance of a re(edy2 7#at is cr&cia$ for t#e %rosec&tion is to %resent s&fficient e)idence to en!ender t#at (ora$ certit&de e*acted +y t#e f&nda(enta$ $a1 to %ro)e t#e !&i$t of t#e acc&sed +eyond reasona+$e do&+t2

-2 7ON P$&nder as defined in ;A =K:K is a (a$&( %ro#i+it&(/ and if so/ 1#et#er it is 1it#in t#e %o1er of Con!ress to so c$assify it2 No2 It is (a$&( in se 1#ic# re5&ires %roof of cri(ina$ intent2 Precise$y +eca&se t#e constit&ti)e cri(es are (a$a in se t#e e$e(ent of (ens rea (&st +e %ro)en in a %rosec&tion for %$&nder2 It is note1ort#y t#at t#e a(ended infor(ation a$$e!es t#at t#e cri(e of %$&nder 1as co((itted B1i$$f&$$y/ &n$a1f&$$y and cri(ina$$y2C It t#&s a$$e!es !&i$ty 6no1$ed!e on t#e %art of %etitioner2 In s&%%ort of #is contention In s&%%ort of #is contention t#at t#e stat&te e$i(inates t#e re5&ire(ent of (ens rea and t#at is t#e reason #e c$ai(s t#e stat&te is )oid/ %etitioner cites t#e fo$$o1in! re(ar6s of Senator TaLada (ade d&rin! t#e de$i+eration on S2D2 No2=-Senator TaLada 1as on$y sayin! t#at 1#ere t#e c#ar!e is cons%iracy to co((it %$&nder/ t#e %rosec&tion need not %ro)e eac# and e)ery cri(ina$ act done to f&rt#er t#e sc#e(e or cons%iracy/ it +ein! eno&!# if it %ro)es +eyond reasona+$e do&+t a %attern of o)ert or cri(ina$ acts indicati)e of t#e o)era$$ &n$a1f&$ sc#e(e or cons%iracy2 As far as t#e acts constit&tin! t#e %attern are concerned/ #o1e)er/ t#e e$e(ents of t#e cri(e (&st +e %ro)ed and t#e re5&isite (ens rea (&st +e s#o1n2 T#e a%%$ication of (iti!atin! and e*ten&atin! circ&(stances in t#e ;e)ised Pena$ Code to %rosec&tions &nder t#e Anti-P$&nder La1 indicates 5&ite c$ear$y t#at (ens rea is an e$e(ent of %$&nder since t#e de!ree of res%onsi+i$ity of t#e offender is deter(ined +y #is cri(ina$ intent2 Fina$$y/ any do&+t as to 1#et#er t#e cri(e of %$&nder is a (a$&( in se (&st +e dee(ed to #a)e +een reso$)ed in t#e affir(ati)e +y t#e decision of Con!ress in .<<to inc$&de it a(on! t#e #eino&s cri(es %&nis#a+$e +y rec$&sion %er%et&a to deat#2 T#e e)i$ of a cri(e (ay ta6e )ario&s for(s2 T#ere are cri(es t#at are/ +y t#eir )ery nat&re/ des%ica+$e/ eit#er +eca&se $ife 1as ca$$o&s$y ta6en or t#e )icti( is treated $i6e an ani(a$ and &tter$y de#&(ani@ed as to co(%$ete$y disr&%t t#e nor(a$ co&rse of #is or #er !ro1t# as a #&(an +ein!2 T#ere are cri(es #o1e)er in 1#ic# t#e a+o(ination $ies in t#e si!nificance and i(%$ications of t#e s&+0ect cri(ina$ acts in t#e sc#e(e of t#e $ar!er socio-%o$itica$ and econo(ic conte*t in 1#ic# t#e state finds itse$f to +e str&!!$in! to de)e$o% and %ro)ide for its %oor and &nder%ri)i$e!ed (asses2 T#e $e!is$ati)e dec$aration in ;2A2 No2=>M< t#at %$&nder is a #eino&s offense i(%$ies t#at it is a (a$&( in se2 For 1#en t#e acts %&nis#ed are in#erent$y i((ora$ or in#erent$y 1ron!/ t#ey are (a$a in se and it does not (atter t#at s&c# acts are %&nis#ed in a s%ecia$ $a1/ es%ecia$$y since in t#e case of %$&nder t#e %redicate cri(es are (ain$y (a$a in se2 e$d: P;E'ISES CONSI,E;E,/ t#is Co&rt #o$ds t#at ;A =K:K ot#er1ise 6no1n as t#e P$&nder La1/ as a(ended +y ;A =>M</ is CONSTITUTIONAL2 Conse5&ent$y/ t#e %etition to dec$are t#e $a1 &nconstit&tiona$ is ,IS'ISSE, for $ac6 of (erit ------------------------------------------------------------------(a!e D%'e! o& Secre ar) o* +#! %ce v. ,o&. -a& %o& a&. /ar0 +%me&e1 G.R. No. 129465, 3c ober 14, 2000 Dy )irt&e of an e*tradition treaty +et1een t#e US and t#e P#i$i%%ines/ t#e US re5&ested for t#e e*tradition of 'ar6 ?i(ene@ for )io$ations of US ta* and e$ection

$a1s2 Pendin! e)a$&ation of t#e e*tradition doc&(ents +y t#e P#i$i%%ine !o)ern(ent/ ?i(ene@ re5&ested for co%ies of t#e USE e*tradition re5&est2 T#e Secetary of ?&stice denied t#at re5&est2 ISSUE: ,&rin! t#e e)a$&ation sta!e of t#e e*tradition %roceedin!s/ is %ri)ate res%ondent entit$ed to t#e t1o +asic d&e %rocess ri!#ts of notice and #earin!8 EL,: Pri)ate res%ondent is +ereft of t#e ri!#t to notice and #earin! d&rin! t#e e)a$&ation sta!e of t#e e*tradition %rocess2 E*tradition is a %roceedin! s&i !eneris2 It is not a cri(ina$ %roceedin! 1#ic# 1i$$ ca$$ into o%eration a$$ t#e ri!#ts of an acc&sed !&aranteed +y t#e Di$$ of ;i!#ts2 T#e %rocess of e*tradition does not in)o$)e t#e deter(ination of t#e !&i$t or innocence of an acc&sed2 is !&i$t or innocence 1i$$ +e ad0&d!ed in t#e co&rt of t#e state 1#ere #e 1i$$ +e e*tradited2 ,issent (ori!ina$ decision": Under t#e e*tradition treaty/ t#e %ros%ecti)e e*traditee (ay +e %ro)isiona$$y arrested %endin! t#e s&+(ission of t#e re5&est2 Deca&se of t#is %ossi+$e conse5&ence/ t#e e)a$&ation %rocess is a6in to an ad(inistrati)e a!ency cond&ctin! an in)esti!ati)e %roceedin!/ and %arta6es of t#e nat&re of a cri(ina$ in)esti!ation2 T#&s/ t#e +asic d&e %rocess ri!#ts of notice and #earin! are indis%ensa+$e2 Ass&(in! t#at t#e e*tradition treaty does not a$$o1 for s&c# ri!#ts/ t#e Constit&tiona$ ri!#t to %roced&ra$ d&e %rocess (&st o)erride treaty o+$i!ations2 7#en t#ere is a conf$ict +et1een internationa$ $a1 o+$i!ations and t#e Constit&tion/ t#e Constit&tion (&st %re)ai$2 -------------------------------In 9a6t in t=e 6ase #9 Philip Morris, Inc v. Court of Appeals N:O t=e P=ili88ine S)80e3e C#)0t 0)le1 t=at t=e 9a6t t=at inte0nati#nal la< =as 7een 3a1e 8a0t #9 t=e la< #9 t=e lan1 1#es n#t 7* an* 3eans i38l* t=e 80i3a6* #9 t=e inte0nati#nal la< #ve0 t=e nati#nal la< in t=e 3)ni6i8al s8=e0e. Clea0l* t=e0e9#0e, e?t0a1iti#n t0eat* as1#3esti6 la< 6ann#t 7e s)8e0i#0 t# t=e C#nstit)ti#n. In inte080eting 80#visi#ns #9 a t0eat* #ne 6ann#t 1e8a0t 90#3 t=e 6#nst0aints an1 li3itati#ns #9 t=e C#nstit)ti#n7* sa*ing, li;e in t=e 6ase #9 e?t0a1iti#n, t=at e?t0a1iti#n 0)les a0e s)i gene0is. Finall*, t=e g#ve0n3ent s=#)l1 al<a*s 7ea0 in 3in1 t=at t=e 6=e0is=e1 li7e0tiesg)a0antee1 7* t=e C#nstit)ti#n a0e n#n-neg#tia7le 0ig=ts. In t=e <#01s #9 ()sti6e Isagani C0):, <=ile a)t=#0it* an1 li7e0t* 3)st 6#-e?ist, t=e =ig=est 9)n6ti#n #9 a)t=#0it* is t# e?alt li7e0t*.

In lig=t #9 t=e 0e6ent Olalia 6ase, t=is <0ite0 0es8e6t9)ll* 8#sits t=at t=e #0iginal 0)ling lai1 1#<n in Lanti#n s=#)l1 7e 0einstate1 9#0 7eingin 6#ns#nan6e <it= t=e li7e0ta0ian 80in6i8le #9 E)sti6e.

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sit)ati#ns in <=i6= t=e0e a88ea0s t# 7e a 6#n9li6t 7et<een a 0)le #9 inte0nati#nal la< an1 t=e 80#visi#ns #9 t=e 6#nstit)ti#n #0 stat)te #9 a l#6al state. E99#0ts s=#)l1 7e 1#ne t# =a03#ni:e t=e3. In a sit)ati#n, =#<eve0, <=e0e t=e6#n9li6t is i00e6#n6ila7le an1 a 6=#i6e =as t# 7e 3a1e 7et<een a 0)le #9 inte0nati#nal la< an1 3)ni6i8al la<, E)0is80)1en6e 1i6tates t=at 3)ni6i8al la< s=#)l1 7e)8=el1 7* t=e 3)ni6i8al 6#)0ts. !=e 1#6t0ine #9 in6#08#0ati#n 1e60ees t=at 0)les #9 inte0nati#nal la< a0e given e>)al stan1ing, 7)t a0e n#t s)8e0i#0 t#, nati#nallegislative ena6t3ents.In t=is 6ase, t=e0e is n# 6#n9li6t 7et<een inte0nati#nal la< an1 3)ni6i8al la<. !=e Unite1 States an1 t=e P=ili88ines s=a0e a 3)t)al 6#n6e0na7#)t t=e s)880essi#n an1 8)nis=3ent #9 60i3e in t=ei0 0es8e6tive E)0is1i6ti#ns. At t=e sa3e ti3e, 7#t= States a66#01 6#33#n 1)e 80#6ess 80#te6ti#n t# t=ei00es8e6tive 6iti:ens. In 9a6t, neit=e0 t=e !0eat* n#0 t=e E?t0a1iti#n La< 80e6l)1es t=e 0ig=ts #9 1)e 80#6ess 90#3 a 80#s8e6tive e?t0a1ite. SECRE!ARB OF (US!ICE v. LA !IO N22 SCRA $&0 420005 O at)0e/ Petiti#n 9#0 0evie< #9 a 1e6isi#n #9 t=e Danila R!CFa6ts/ On ()ne $ : , $,,, t=e De8a0t3ent #9 ()sti6e 0e6eive1 90#3 t=e De8a0t3ent #9 F#0eign A99ai0s a 0e>)est 9#0 t=e e?t0a1iti#n #9 80ivate 0es8#n1ent Da0; (i3ene:t# t=e U.S. !=e G0an1 ()0* In1i6t3ent, t=e <a00ant 9#0 =is a00est, an1 #t=e0 s)88#0ting 1#6)3ents 9#0 sai1 e?t0a1iti#n <e0e atta6=e1 al#ng <it= t=e 0e>)est. C=a0gesin6l)1e/$. C#ns8i0a6* t# 6#33it #99ense #0 t# 1e90a)1 t=e US2. Atte38t t# eva1e #0 1e9eat ta? . F0a)1 7* <i0e, 0a1i#, #0 televisi#nG. False state3ent #0 ent0ies5. Ele6ti#n 6#nt0i7)ti#n in na3e #9 an#t=e0!=e De8a0t3ent #9 ()sti6e 4DO(5, t=0#)g= a 1esignate1 8anel 80#6ee1e1 <it= t=e te6=ni6al eval)ati#n an1 assess3ent #9 t=e e?t0a1iti#n t0eat* <=i6= t=e* 9#)n1=aving 3atte0s nee1e1 t# 7e a110esse1. Res8#n1ent, t=en 0e>)este1 9#0 6#8ies #9 all t=e 1#6)3ents in6l)1e1 in t=e e?t0a1iti#n 0e>)est an1 9#0 =i3 t# 7e givena38le ti3e t# assess it.!=e Se60eta0* #9 ()sti6e 1enie1 0e>)est #n t=e 99. g0#)n1s/$. .e 9#)n1 it 80e3at)0e t# se6)0e =i3 6#8ies 80i#0 t# t=e 6#38leti#n #9 t=e eval)ati#n. At t=at 8#int in ti3e, t=e DO( is in t=e 80#6ess #9 eval)ating <=et=e0 t=e80#6e1)0es an1 0e>)i0e3ents )n1e0 t=e 0elevant la< 4PD $0&,P=ili88ine E?t0a1iti#n La<5 an1 t0eat* 4RP-US E?t0a1iti#n !0eat*5 =ave 7een 6#38lie1 <it= 7* t=eRe>)esting G#ve0n3ent. Eval)ati#n 7* t=e DO( #9 t=e 1#6)3ents is n#t a 80eli3ina0* investigati#n li;e in 60i3inal 6ases 3a;ing t=e 6#nstit)ti#nall* g)a0antee1 0ig=ts

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ISS()' *hether or not private respondent has right to notice and hearing R(LI+G' Rati#nale #9 E?t0a1iti#n !0eat*H S)33a0* P0#6ee1ingIt 6ann#t 7e gainsai1 t=at t#1a*, 6#)nt0ies li;e t=e P=ili88ines 9#0ge e?t0a1iti#n t0eaties t# a00est t=e 10a3ati6 0ise #9 inte0nati#nal an1 t0ansnati#nal 60i3es li;ete00#0is3 an1 10)g t0a99i6;ing. E?t0a1iti#n t0eaties 80#vi1e t=e ass)0an6e t=at t=e 8)nis=3ent #9 t=ese 60i3es <ill n#t 7e 90)st0ate1 7* t=e 90#ntie0s #9 te00it#0ials#ve0eignt*. I38li6it in t=e t0eaties s=#)l1 7e t=e )n7en1ing 6#33it3ent t=at t=e 8e08et0at#0s #9 t=ese 60i3es <ill n#t 7e 6#11le1 7* an* signat#0* state.It #)g=t t# 9#ll#< t=at t=e RP-US E?t0a1iti#n !0eat* 6alls 9#0 an inte080etati#n t=at <ill 3ini3i:e i9 n#t 80event t=e es6a8e #9 e?t0a1itees 90#3 t=e l#ng a03 #9 t=e la<an1 e?8e1ite t=ei0 t0ial. !=e s)73issi#n #9 t=e 80ivate 0es8#n1ent, t=at as a 80#7a7le e?t0a1itee )n1e0 t=e RP-US E?t0a1iti#n !0eat* =e s=#)l1 7e 9)0nis=e1 a 6#8* #9 t=e US g#ve0n3ent 0e>)est 9#0 =is e?t0a1iti#n an1 its s)88#0ting 1#6)3ents even <=ile t=e* a0e still )n1e0 eval)ati#n 7* 8etiti#ne0 Se60eta0* #9 ()sti6e, 1#es n#t3eet t=is 1esi1e0at)3. !=e 9ea0 #9 t=e 8etiti#ne0 Se60eta0* #9 ()sti6e t=at t=e 1e3an1e1 n#ti6e is e>)ivalent t# a n#ti6e t# 9lee 3)st 7e 1ee8l* 0##te1 #n t=ee?8e0ien6e #9 t=e e?e6)tive 70an6= #9 #)0 g#ve0n3ent. As it 6#3es 90#3 t=e 70an6= #9 #)0 g#ve0n3ent in 6=a0ge #9 t=e 9ait=9)l e?e6)ti#n #9 #)0 la<s, it 1ese0ves t=e6a0e9)l 6#nsi1e0ati#n #9 t=is C#)0t. In a11iti#n, it 6ann#t 7e gainsai1 t=at 80ivate 0es8#n1ents 1e3an1 9#0 a1van6e n#ti6e 6an 1ela* t=e s)33a0* 80#6ess #9 e?e6)tive eval)ati#n #9 t=e e?t0a1iti#n 0e>)est an1 its a66#38an*ing 8a8e0s. !=e 9#0esig=t #9 ()sti6e Olive0 Aen1ell .#l3es 1i1 n#t 3iss t=is 1ange0. In $,$$, =e =el1/FIt is 6#33#n in e?t0a1iti#n 6ases t# atte38t t# 70ing t# 7ea0 all t=e 9a6titi#)s ni6eties #9 a 60i3inal t0ial at 6#33#n la<. B)t it is a <aste #9 ti3e . . . i9 t=e0e is80esente1, even in s#3e<=at )nte6=ni6al 9#03 a66#01ing t# #)0 i1eas, s)6= 0eas#na7le g0#)n1 t# s)88#se =i3 g)ilt* as t# 3a;e it 80#8e0 t=at =e s=#)l1 7e t0ie1,g##1 9ait= t# t=e 1e3an1ing g#ve0n3ent 0e>)i0es =is s)00en1e0.F 4e38=asis s)88lie15Ae e0#1e n# 0ig=t #9 an e?t0a1itee <=en <e 1# n#t all#< ti3e t# stan1 still #n =is 80#se6)ti#n. ()sti6e is 7est se0ve1 <=en 1#ne <it=#)t 1ela*.E?t0a1iti#n P0#6ee1ing is S)i Gene0isH #t C0i3inalAn e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing is s)i gene0is. It is n#t a 60i3inal 80#6ee1ing <=i6= <ill 6all int# #8e0ati#n all t=e 0ig=ts #9 an a66)se1 as g)a0antee1 7* t=e Bill #9 Rig=ts. !#7egin <it=, t=e 80#6ess #9 e?t0a1iti#n 1#es n#t inv#lve t=e 1ete03inati#n #9 t=e g)ilt #0 inn#6en6e #9 an a66)se1. .is g)ilt #0 inn#6en6e <ill 7e a1E)1ge1 in t=e 6#)0t#9 t=e state <=e0e =e <ill 7e e?t0a1ite1. .en6e, as a 0)le, 6#nstit)ti#nal 0ig=ts t=at a0e #nl* 0elevant t# 1ete03ine t=e g)ilt #0 inn#6en6e #9 an a66)se1 6ann#t 7einv#;e1 7* an e?t0a1itee es8e6iall* 7* #ne <=#se e?t0a1iti#n 8a8e0s a0e still )n1e0g#ing eval)ati#n. As =el1 7* t=e US

S)80e3e C#)0t in Unite1 States v. Galanis/FAn e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing is n#t a 60i3inal 80#se6)ti#n, an1 t=e 6#nstit)ti#nal sa9eg)a01s t=at a66#38an* a 60i3inal t0ial in t=is 6#)nt0* 1# n#t s=iel1 an a66)se190#3 e?t0a1iti#n 8)0s)ant t# a vali1 t0eat*.F!=e0e a0e #t=e0 1i99e0en6es 7et<een an e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing an1 a 60i3inal 80#6ee1ing. An e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing is s)33a0* in nat)0e <=ile 60i3inal 80#6ee1ingsinv#lve a 9)ll-7l#<n t0ial. In 6#nt0a1istin6ti#n t# a 60i3inal 80#6ee1ing, t=e 0)les #9 evi1en6e in an e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing all#< a13issi#n #9 evi1en6e )n1e0 lessst0ingent stan1a01s. In te03s #9 t=e >)ant)3 #9 evi1en6e t# 7e satis9ie1, a 60i3inal 6ase 0e>)i0es 80##9 7e*#n1 0eas#na7le 1#)7t 9#0 6#nvi6ti#n <=ile a 9)gitive 3a*7e #01e0e1 e?t0a1ite1 F)8#n s=#<ing #9 t=e e?isten6e #9 a 80i3a 9a6ie 6ase.F Finall*, )nli;e in a 60i3inal 6ase <=e0e E)1g3ent 7e6#3es e?e6)t#0* )8#n 7eing0en1e0e1 9inal, in an e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing, #)0 6#)0ts 3a* a1E)1ge an in1ivi1)al e?t0a1ita7le 7)t t=e P0esi1ent =as t=e 9inal 1is60eti#n t# e?t0a1ite =i3. !=e Unite1States a1=e0es t# a si3ila0 80a6ti6e <=e0e7* t=e Se60eta0* #9 State e?e06ises <i1e 1is60eti#n in 7alan6ing t=e e>)ities #9 t=e 6ase an1 t=e 1e3an1s #9 t=e nati#n@s9#0eign 0elati#ns 7e9#0e 3a;ing t=e )lti3ate 1e6isi#n t# e?t0a1ite.As an e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing is n#t 60i3inal in 6=a0a6te0 an1 t=e eval)ati#n stage in an e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing is n#t a;in t# a 80eli3ina0* investigati#n, t=e 1)e80#6ess sa9eg)a01s in t=e latte0 1# n#t ne6essa0il* a88l* t# t=e 9#03e0. !=is <e =#l1 9#0 t=e 80#6e1)0al 1)e 80#6ess 0e>)i0e1 7* a given set #9 6i06)3stan6es F3)st7egin <it= a 1ete03inati#n #9 t=e 80e6ise nat)0e #9 t=e g#ve0n3ent 9)n6ti#n inv#lve1 as <ell as t=e 80ivate inte0est t=at =as 7een a99e6te1 7* g#ve0n3ental a6ti#n.F!=e 6#n6e8t #9 1)e 80#6ess is 9le?i7le 9#0 Fn#t all sit)ati#ns 6alling 9#0 80#6e1)0al sa9eg)a01s 6all 9#0 t=e sa3e ;in1 #9 80#6e1)0e.FC#nstit)ti#nal Rig=t t# D)e P0#6ess vis-a-vis States O7ligati#n t# !0eat*C#nsi1e0ing t=at in t=e 6ase at 7a0, t=e e?t0a1iti#n 80#6ee1ing is #nl* at its eval)ati#n stage, t=e nat)0e #9 t=e 0ig=t 7eing 6lai3e1 7* t=e 80ivate 0es8#n1ent isne7)l#)s an1 t=e 1eg0ee #9 80eE)1i6e =e <ill allege1l* s)99e0 is <ea;, <e a66#01 g0eate0 <eig=t t# t=e inte0ests es8#)se1 7* t=e g#ve0n3ent t=0) t=e 8etiti#ne0Se60eta0* #9 ()sti6e. In Anga0a v. Ele6t#0al C#33issi#n, <e =el1 t=at t=e FC#nstit)ti#n =as 7l#6;e1 #)t <it= 1e9t st0#;es an1 in 7#l1 lines, all#t3ent #9 8#<e0 t# t=ee?e6)tive, t=e legislative an1 t=e E)1i6ial 1e8a0t3ents #9 t=e g#ve0n3ent.F Un1e0 #)0 6#nstit)ti#nal s6=e3e, e?e6)tive 8#<e0 is veste1 in t=e P0esi1ent #9 t=eP=ili88ines. E?e6)tive 8#<e0 in6l)1es, a3#ng #t=e0s, t=e 8#<e0 t# 6#nt0a6t #0 g)a0antee 9#0eign l#ans an1 t=e 8#<e0 t# ente0 int# t0eaties #0 inte0nati#nalag0ee3ents. !=e tas; #9 sa9eg)a01ing t=at t=ese t0eaties a0e 1)l* =#n#0e1 1ev#lves )8#n t=e e?e6)tive 1e8a0t3ent <=i6= =as t=e 6#38eten6e an1 a)t=#0it* t# s#a6t in t=e inte0nati#nal a0ena. It is t0a1iti#nall* =el1 t=at t=e P0esi1ent =as 8#<e0 an1 even s)80e3a6* #ve0 t=e 6#)nt0*s 9#0eign 0elati#ns. !=e e?e6)tive 1e8a0t3entis a8tl* a66#01e1 1e9e0en6e #n 3atte0s #9 9#0eign

0elati#ns 6#nsi1e0ing t=e P0esi1ents 3#st 6#380e=ensive an1 3#st 6#n9i1ential in9#03ati#n a7#)t t=einte0nati#nal s6ene #9 <=i6= =e is 0eg)la0l* 70ie9e1 7* #)0 1i8l#3ati6 an1 6#ns)la0 #99i6ials. .is a66ess t# )lt0a-sensitive 3ilita0* intelligen6e 1ata is als# )nli3ite1. !=e1e9e0en6e <e give t# t=e e?e6)tive 1e8a0t3ent is 1i6tate1 7* t=e 80in6i8le #9 se8a0ati#n #9 8#<e0s. !=is 80in6i8le is #ne #9 t=e 6#0ne0st#nes #9 #)0 1e3#60ati6g#ve0n3ent. It 6ann#t 7e e0#1e1 <it=#)t en1ange0ing #)0 g#ve0n3ent.

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Sec eta y o! Just"ce #s Jud$e Lant"on %R 139&'( Jan 18 2))) Facts On ?&ne .:/ .<<</ t#e ,e%art(ent of ?&stice recei)ed fro( t#e ,e%art(ent of Forei!n Affairs of t#e United States re5&estin! for t#e e*tradition of 'ar6 ?i(ene@ for )ario&s cri(es in )io$ation of US $a1s2 In co(%$iance 1it# t#e re$ated (&nici%a$ $a1/ s%ecifica$$y Presidentia$ ,ecree No2 .K>< BPrescri+in! t#e Proced&re for E*tradition of Persons 7#o a)e co((itted Cri(es in a Forei!n Co&ntryC and t#e esta+$is#ed BE*tradition Treaty Det1een t#e Go)ern(ent of t#e P#i$i%%ines and t#e Go)ern(ent of t#e United States of A(ericaC/ t#e de%art(ent %roceeded 1it# %roceeded 1it# t#e desi!nation of a %ane$ of attorneys to cond&ct a tec#nica$ e)a$&ation and assess(ent as %ro)ided for in t#e %residentia$ decree and t#e treaty2 T#e res%ondent re5&ested for a co%y of t#e officia$ e*tradition re5&est as 1e$$ as t#e doc&(ents and %a%ers s&+(itted t#erein2 T#e %etitioner denied t#e re5&est as it a$$e!es t#at s&c# infor(ation is confidentia$ in nat&re and t#at it is %re(at&re to %ro)ide s&c# doc&(ent as t#e %rocess is not a %re$i(inary in)esti!ation +&t a (ere e)a$&ation2 T#erefore/ t#e constit&tiona$ ri!#ts of t#e acc&sed are not yet a)ai$a+$e2

Iss&e .27#et#er or not %ri)ate res%ondent/ 'ar6 D2 ?i(ene@/ +e !ranted access to t#e officia$ e*tradition re5&est and doc&(ents 1it# an o%%ort&nity to fi$e a co((ent on or o%%osition t#ereto

927#et#er or not %ri)ate res%ondentEs entit$e(ent to notice and #earin! d&rin! t#e e)a$&ation sta!e of t#e %roceedin!s constit&te a +reac# of t#e $e!a$ d&ties of t#e P#i$i%%ine Go)ern(ent &nder t#e ;P-US E*tradition Treaty

;&$in! T#e S&%re(e Co&rt r&$ed t#at t#e %ri)ate res%ondent +e f&rnis#ed a co%y of t#e e*tradition re5&est and its s&%%ortin! %a%ers and to !i)e #i( a reasona+$e %eriod of ti(e 1it#in 1#ic# to fi$e #is co((ent 1it# s&%%ortin! e)idence2 In t#is case/ t#ere e*ists a c$ear conf$ict +et1een t#e o+$i!ation of t#e P#i$i%%ine Go)ern(ent to co(%$y 1it# t#e %ro)isions of t#e treaty and its e5&a$$y si!nificant ro$e of %rotection of its citi@ens of its ri!#t of d&e %rocess2 T#e %rocesses o&t$ined in t#e treaty and in t#e %residentia$ decree a$ready %ose an i(%endin! t#reat to a %ros%ecti)e e*traditeeEs $i+erty as ear$y as t#e e)a$&ation sta!e2 It is not an i(a!ined t#reat to #is $i+erty/ +&t a )ery i((inent one2 On t#e ot#er #and/ !rantin! d&e %rocess to t#e e*tradition case ca&ses de$ay in t#e %rocess2 T#e r&$e of %acta s&nt ser)anda/ one of t#e o$dest and (ost f&nda(enta$ (a*i(s of internationa$ $a1/ re5&ires t#e %arties to a treaty to 6ee% t#eir a!ree(ent t#erein in !ood fait#2 T#e doctrine of incor%oration is a%%$ied 1#ene)er (&nici%a$ tri+&na$s are confronted 1it# sit&ations in 1#ic# t#ere a%%ears to +e a conf$ict +et1een a r&$e of internationa$ $a1 and t#e %ro)isions of t#e constit&tion or stat&te of a $oca$ state2 Efforts s#o&$d +e done to #ar(oni@e t#e(2 In a sit&ation/ #o1e)er/ 1#ere t#e conf$ict is irreconci$a+$e and a c#oice #as to +e (ade +et1een a r&$e of internationa$ $a1 and (&nici%a$ $a1/ 0&ris%r&dence dictates t#at (&nici%a$ $a1 s#o&$d +e &%#e$d +y t#e (&nici%a$ co&rts2 T#e doctrine of incor%oration decrees t#at r&$es of internationa$ $a1 are !i)en e5&a$ standin!/ +&t are not s&%erior to/ nationa$ $e!is$ati)e enact(ents2 In t#is case/ t#ere is no conf$ict +et1een internationa$ $a1 and (&nici%a$ $a12 T#e United States and t#e P#i$i%%ines s#are a (&t&a$ concern a+o&t t#e s&%%ression and %&nis#(ent of cri(e in t#eir res%ecti)e 0&risdictions2 At t#e sa(e ti(e/ +ot# States accord co((on d&e %rocess %rotection to t#eir res%ecti)e citi@ens2 In fact/ neit#er t#e Treaty nor t#e E*tradition La1 %rec$&des t#e ri!#ts of d&e %rocess fro( a %ros%ecti)e e*tradite2 -----------------------------------------9.. ?hat is extraditionA To whom does it applyA

(eld2 It is the Fprocess by which persons charged with or convicted of crime against the law of a $tate and found in a foreign $tate are returned by the latter to the former for trial or punishment. It applies to those who

are merely charged with an offense but have not been brought to trialH to those who have been tried and convicted and have subse<uently escaped from custodyH and those who have been convicted in absentia. It does not apply to persons merely suspected of having committed an offense but against whom no charge has been laid or to a person whose presence is desired as a witness or for obtaining or enforcing a civil ;udgment.G +?eston, @alk, '> Amato, International *aw and rder, 8nd ed., p. I.J977 , cited in 'issenting pinion, Puno, =., in $ecretary of =ustice v. (on. !alph C. *antion, 5.!. "o. 9.76I1, =an. 90, 8---, &n )anc, 96. 'iscuss the basis for allowing extradition.

(eld2 &xtradition was first practiced by the &gyptians, Chinese, Chaldeans and Assyro/)abylonians but their basis for allowing extradition was unclear. $ometimes, it was granted due to pactsH at other times, due to plain good will. The classical commentators on international law thus focused their early views on the nature of the duty to surrender an extraditee /// whether the duty is legal or moral in character. 5rotius and #attel led the school of thought that international law imposed a legal duty called civitas maxima to extradite criminals. In sharp contrast, Puffendorf and )illot led the school of thought that the so/called duty was but an :imperfect obligation which could become enforceable only by a contract or agreement between states. 3odern nations tilted towards the view of Puffendorf and )illot that under international law there is no duty to extradite in the absence of treaty, whether bilateral or multilateral. Thus, the %$ $upreme Court in %$ v. !auscher +997 %$ 6-4, 699, 4 $ Ct. 8.6, 8.I, .- *. ed. 681 J900IK,, held2 Fx x x it is only in modern times that the nations of the earth have imposed upon themselves the obligation of delivering up these fugitives from ;ustice to the states where their crimes were committed, for trial and punishment. This has been done generally by treaties x x x Prior to these treaties, and apart from them there was no well/defined obligation on one country to deliver up such fugitives to anotherH and though such delivery was often made it was upon the principle of comity x x x.G +'issenting pinion, Puno, =., in $ecretary of =ustice v. (on. !alph C. *antion, 5.!. "o. 9.76I1, =an. 90, 8---, &n )anc, 91. ?hat is the nature of an extradition proceedingA Is it akin to a criminal proceedingA

(eld2 JAKn extradition proceeding is sui generis. It is not a criminal proceeding which will call into operation all the rights of an accused as guaranteed by the )ill of !ights. To begin with, the process of extradition does not involve the determination of the guilt or innocence of an accused. (is guilt or innocence will be ad;udged in the court of the state where he will be extradited. (ence, as a rule, constitutional rights that are only relevant to determine the guilt or innocence of an accused cannot be invoked by an extraditee especially by one whose extradition papers are still undergoing evaluation. As held by the %$ $upreme Court in %nited $tates v. 5alanis2 FAn extradition proceeding is not a criminal prosecution, and the constitutional safeguards that accompany a criminal trial in this country do not shield an accused from extradition pursuant to a valid treaty.G +?iehl, &xtradition *aw at the Crossroads2 The Trend Toward &xtending 5reater Constitutional Procedural Protections To @ugitives @ighting &xtradition from the %nited $tates, 97 3ichigan =ournal of International *aw 487, 469 J9770K, citing %nited $tates v. 5alanis, 687 @. $upp. 9891 J'. Conn. 9744K, There are other differences between an extradition proceeding and a criminal proceeding. An extradition proceeding is summary in natural while criminal proceedings involve a full/blown trial. In contradistinction to a criminal proceeding, the rules of evidence in an extradition proceeding allow admission of evidence under less stringent standards. In terms of the <uantum of evidence to be satisfied, a criminal case re<uires proof beyond reasonable doubt for conviction while a fugitive may be ordered extradited Fupon showing of the existence of a prima facie case.G @inally, unlike in a criminal case where ;udgment becomes executory upon being rendered final, in an extradition proceeding, our courts may ad;udge an individual extraditable but the President has the final discretion to extradite him. The %nited $tates adheres to a similar practice whereby the $ecretary of $tate exercises wide discretion in balancing the e<uities of the case and the demands of the nation>s foreign relations before making the ultimate decision to extradite. As an extradition proceeding is not criminal in character and the evaluation stage in an extradition proceeding is not akin to a preliminary investigation, the due process safeguards in the latter do not necessarily apply to the former. This we hold for the procedural due process re<uired by a given set of circumstances Fmust begin with a determination of the

precise nature of the government function involved as well as the private interest that has been affected by governmental action.G The concept of due process is flexible for Fnot all situations calling for procedural safeguards call for the same kind of procedure.G +$ecretary of =ustice v. (on. !alph C. *antion, 5.!. "o. 9.76I1, ct. 94, 8---, &n )anc JPunoK, 9I. ?ill the retroactive application of an extradition treaty violate the constitutional prohibition against :ex post facto: lawsA (eld2 The prohibition against ex post facto law applies only to criminal legislation which affects the substantial rights of the accused. This being so, there is no merit in the contention that the ruling sustaining an extradition treatyLs retroactive application violates the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws. The treaty is neither a piece of criminal legislation nor a criminal procedural statute. +?right v. CA, 8.1 $C!A .69, Aug. 91, 9776 JMapunanK, 94. 'iscuss the rules in the interpretation of extradition treaties.

(eld2 JAKll treaties, including the !P/%$ &xtradition Treaty, should be interpreted in light of their intent. "othing less than the #ienna Convention on the *aw of Treaties to which the Philippines is a signatory provides that Fa treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its ob;ect and purpose.G N x x. It cannot be gainsaid that today, countries like the Philippines forge extradition treaties to arrest the dramatic rise of international and transnational crimes like terrorism and drug trafficking. &xtradition treaties provide the assurance that the punishment of these crimes will not be frustrated by the frontiers of territorial sovereignty. Implicit in the treaties should be the unbending commitment that the perpetrators of these crimes will not be coddled by any signatory state. It ought to follow that the !P/%$ &xtradition Treaty calls for an interpretation that will minimiDe if not prevent the escape of extraditees from the long arm of the law and expedite their trial. N x x JAKn e<ually compelling factor to consider is the understanding of the parties themselves to the !P/%$ &xtradition Treaty as well as the general interpretation of the issue in <uestion by other countries with similar treaties with the Philippines. The rule is recogniDed that while courts have

the power to interpret treaties, the meaning given them by the departments of government particularly charged with their negotiation and enforcement is accorded great weight. The reason for the rule is laid down in $antos III v. "orthwest rient Airlines, et al. +89- $C!A 81I, 8I9 J9778K,, where we stressed that a treaty is a ;oint executive/ legislative act which en;oys the presumption that Fit was first carefully studied and determined to be constitutional before it was adopted and given the force of law in the country.G +$ecretary of =ustice v. (on. !alph C. *antion, 5.!. "o. 9.76I1, ct. 94, 8---, &n )anc JPunoK, //////////////////////

56B-I( INTERNATI3NA- -A7

A. E8TRADITI3N

Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Lantion and Mark Jimenez G.R. No. 139465, October 17, 2000 overturning 322 SCRA 160 (Jan. 18, 2000)

Dy )irt&e of an e*tradition treaty +et1een t#e US and t#e P#i$i%%ines/ t#e US re5&ested for t#e e*tradition of 'ar6 ?i(ene@ for )io$ations of US ta* and e$ection $a1s2 Pendin! e)a$&ation of t#e e*tradition doc&(ents +y t#e P#i$i%%ine !o)ern(ent/ ?i(ene@ re5&ested for co%ies of t#e US3 e*tradition re5&est2 T#e Secetary of ?&stice denied t#at re5&est2 ISSUE: ,&rin! t#e e)a$&ation sta!e of t#e e*tradition %roceedin!s/ is %ri)ate res%ondent entit$ed to t#e t1o +asic d&e %rocess ri!#ts of notice and #earin!8

,E-D" Pri)ate res%ondent is +ereft of t#e ri!#t to notice and #earin! d&rin! t#e e)a$&ation sta!e of t#e e*tradition %rocess2 E*tradition is a %roceedin! !" #ener" 2 It is not a cri(ina$ %roceedin! 1#ic# 1i$$ ca$$ into o%eration a$$ t#e ri!#ts of an acc&sed !&aranteed +y t#e Di$$ of ;i!#ts2 T#e %rocess of e*tradition does not in)o$)e t#e deter(ination of t#e !&i$t or

innocence of an acc&sed2 1#ere #e 1i$$ +e e*tradited2

is !&i$t or innocence 1i$$ +e ad0&d!ed in t#e co&rt of t#e state

$" ent (or"#"na% &ec" "on)' Under t#e e*tradition treaty/ t#e %ros%ecti)e e*traditee (ay +e %ro)isiona$$y arrested %endin! t#e s&+(ission of t#e re5&est2 Deca&se of t#is %ossi+$e conse5&ence/ t#e e)a$&ation %rocess is a6in to an ad(inistrati)e a!ency cond&ctin! an in)esti!ati)e %roceedin!/ and %arta6es of t#e nat&re of a cri(ina$ in)esti!ation2 T#&s/ t#e +asic d&e %rocess ri!#ts of notice and #earin! are indis%ensa+$e2 Ass&(in! t#at t#e e*tradition treaty does not a$$o1 for s&c# ri!#ts/ t#e Constit&tiona$ ri!#t to %roced&ra$ d&e %rocess (&st o)erride treaty o+$i!ations2 7#en t#ere is a conf$ict +et1een internationa$ $a1 o+$i!ations and t#e Constit&tion/ t#e Constit&tion (&st %re)ai$2

B. (3NF-I(TS BET7EEN INTERNATI3NA- -A7 AND 5,I-I55INE -A7

Secretary of Justice v. Hon. Lantion and Mark Jimenez 322 SCRA 160 (Jan. 18, 2000)

T#e o+ser)ance of o&r co&ntry3s d&ties &nder a treaty is co(%e$$ed +y/ first/ t#e %rinci%$e of (acta !nt er)an&a (t#e o+$i!ation to 6ee% t#eir a!ree(ent in !ood fait#"/ and seond +y t#e Constit&tion3s doctrine of incor%oration/ as t#e Constit&tion %ro)ides t#at t#e !enera$$y acce%ted %rinci%$es of internationa$ $a1 for( A%art of t#e $a1 of t#e $and2A Under t#e doctrine of incor%oration/ r&$es of internationa$ $a1 for( %art of t#e $a1 of t#e $and and no f&rt#er $e!is$ati)e action id needed to (a6e s&c# r&$es a%%$ica+$e in t#e do(estic s%#ere2 T#&s/ a treaty o+$i!ation #as t#e force and effect of a stat&te/ and is !i)en e5&a$ treat(ent 1it# t#e $atter2 T#e Constit&tion/ as t#e S&%re(e $a1 of t#e Land/ (ay in)a$idate a treaty inconsistent 1it# it/ as it does in case of an &nconstit&tiona$ stat&te2 In t#e case of a conf$ict +et1een a treaty and a stat&te/ t#e %rinci%$e of %e* (o ter"or &ero#at (r"or" a%%$iesJa treaty (ay re%ea$ a %rior stat&te/ and a $ater stat&te (ay re%ea$ an e*istin! treaty2

(.

E96A- 5R3TE(TI3N 6NDER T,E (3NSTIT6TI3N AND INTERNATI3NA- -A7

----------------------------------------------------------

International School Alliance of Educators v. Quisum ing and International School G.R. No. 128845 (J!ne 1, 2000)

Internationa$ Sc#oo$ (IS" %ays its teac#ers 1#o are #ired fro( a+road/ or forei!n#ires/ a #i!#er sa$ary t#an its $oca$-#ires/ 1#et#er t#e $atter are Fi$i%ino or not ((ost are Fi$i%ino/ +&t so(e are A(erican"2 It 0&stifies t#is &nder t#e 3dis$ocation factor3 H t#at forei!ners (&st +e !i)en a #i!#er sa$ary +ot# to attract t#e( to teac# #ere/ and to co(%ensate t#e( for t#e Asi!nificant econo(ic disad)anta!esA in)o$)ed in co(in! #ere2 T#e Teac#er3s Union cries discri(ination2

EL,:

,iscri(ination e*ists2 E5&a$ %ay for e5&a$ 1or6 is a %rinci%a$ $on! #onored in t#is

0&risdiction/ as it rests on f&nda(enta$ nor(s of 0&stice

.2 Art2 PIII/ Sec2 . of t#e Constit&tion (Socia$ ?&stice and

&(an ;i!#ts" e*#orts Con!ress to

!i)e t#e #i!#est %riority to t#e enact(ent of (eas&res t#at %rotect and enn#ance t#e ri!#t od a$$ %eo%$e to #&(an di!nity/ red&ce socia$/ econo(ic/ and %o$itica$ ine5&a$itites2A T#e Constit&tion a$so %ro)ides t#at $a+or is entit$ed to A#&(ane conditions of 1or62A2 T#ese conditions are not restricted to t#e %#ysica$ 1or6%$ace/ +&t inc$&de as 1e$$ t#e (anner +y 1#ic# e(%$oyers treat t#eir e(%$oyees2 Last$y/ t#e Constit&tion directs t#e State to %ro(ote Ae5&a$ity of e(%$oy(ent o%%ort&nities for a$$/A AQre!ard$ess of se*/ race/ or creed2A It 1o&$d +e an affront to +ot# t#e s%irit and t#e $etter of t#ese %ro)isions if t#e State c$oses its eyes to &ne5&a$ and discri(inatory ter(s and conditions of e(%$oy(ent2 92 Internationa$ $a1/ 1#ic# s%rin!s fro( !enera$ %rinci%$es of $a1/ $i6e1ise %roscri+es discri(ination2 Genera$ %rinci%$es of $a1 inc$&de %rinci%$es of e5&ity/ i2e2/ fairness and 0&stice/ +ased on t#e test of 1#at is reasona+$e2 T#e Uni)ersa$ ,ec$aration of &(an ;i!#ts and n&(ero&s ot#er internationa$ Con)entions a$$ e(+ody t#e !enera$ %rinci%$e a!ainst discri(ination/ t#e )ery antit#esis of fairness and 0&stice2 T#e P#i$i%%ines/ t#ro&!# its Constit&tion/ #as incor%orated t#is %rinci%$e as %art of its nationa$ $a1s

----------------------

ISAE v 9#%!%mb%&' G.R. No. 128845. +#&e 1, 2000

?2 Ra%&nan Facts: T#e IS'/ &nder Presidentia$ ,ecree =-9/ is a do(estic ed&cationa$ instit&tion esta+$is#ed %ri(ari$y for de%endents of forei!n di%$o(atic %ersonne$ and ot#er te(%orary residents2 T#e $oca$-#ires &nion of t#e IS' 1ere cryin! fo&$ o)er t#e dis%arity in 1a!es t#at t#ey !ot co(%ared to t#at of t#eir forei!n teac#in! co&nter%arts2 T#ese 5&estions are as6ed to 5&a$ify a teac#er into a $oca$ or forei!n #ire2 a222227#at is one3s do(ici$e8 +222227#ere is one3s #o(e econo(y8 c22222To 1#ic# co&ntry does one o1e econo(ic a$$e!iance8 d222227as t#e indi)id&a$ #ired a+road s%ecifica$$y to 1or6 in t#e Sc#oo$ and 1as t#e Sc#oo$ res%onsi+$e for +rin!in! t#at indi)id&a$ to t#e P#i$i%%ines8 S#o&$d any ans1er %oint to P#i$i%%ines/ t#e %erson is a $oca$ #ire2 T#e Sc#oo$ !rants forei!n-#ires certain +enefits to t#e forei!n #ires s&c# as #o&sin!/ trans%ortation/ and 9MS (ore %ay t#an $oca$s &nder t#e t#eory of (a" t#e Adis$ocation factorA and (+" $i(ited ten&re2 T#e first 1as !ro&nded on $ea)in! #is #o(e co&ntry/ t#e second 1as on t#e $ac6 of ten&re 1#en #e ret&rns #o(e2 T#e ne!otiations +et1een t#e sc#oo$ and t#e &nion ca&sed a dead$oc6 +et1een t#e %arties2 T#e ,OLE reso$)ed in fa)or of t#e sc#oo$/ 1#i$e ,o$e Secretary Q&isi(+in! denied t#e &nionEs (fr2 e said/ BT#e Union cannot a$so in)o6e t#e e5&a$ %rotection c$a&se to 0&stify its c$ai( of %arity2 It is an esta+$is#ed %rinci%$e of constit&tiona$ $a1 t#at t#e !&arantee of e5&a$ %rotection of t#e $a1s is not )io$ated +y $e!is$ation or %ri)ate co)enants +ased on reasona+$e c$assification2 A c$assification is reasona+$e if it is +ased on s&+stantia$ distinctions and a%%$y to a$$ (e(+ers of t#e sa(e c$ass2 Veri$y/ t#ere is a s&+stantia$ distinction +et1een forei!n #ires and $oca$ #ires/ t#e for(er en0oyin! on$y a $i(ited ten&re/ #a)in! no a(enities of t#eir o1n in t#e P#i$i%%ines and #a)e to +e !i)en a !ood co(%ensation %ac6a!e in order to attract t#e( to 0oin t#e teac#in! fac&$ty of t#e Sc#oo$2C T#e &nion a%%ea$ed to t#e S&%re(e Co&rt2 T#e %etitioner ca$$ed t#e #irin! syste( discri(inatory and racist2 T#e sc#oo$ a$$e!ed t#at so(e $oca$ #ires 1ere in fact of forei!n ori!in2 T#ey 1ere %aid $oca$ sa$aries2

Iss&e: 7#et#er or not t#e #irin! syste( is )io$ati)e of t#e e5&a$ %rotection c$a&se e$d: Fes/ Petition !ranted ;atio: P&+$ic %o$icy a+#ors discri(ination2 T#e Artic$e on Socia$ ?&stice and &(an ;i!#ts e*#orts Con!ress to A!i)e #i!#est %riority to t#e enact(ent of (eas&res t#at %rotect and en#ance t#e ri!#t of a$$ %eo%$e to #&(an di!nityQC T#e )ery +road Artic$e .< of t#e Ci)i$ Code re5&ires e)ery %erson/ Ain t#e e*ercise of #is ri!#ts and in t#e %erfor(ance of #is d&ties/ NtoO act 1it# 0&stice/ !i)e e)eryone #is d&e/ and o+ser)e #onesty and !ood fait#2A Internationa$ $a1 %ro#i+its discri(ination/ s&c# as t#e Uni)ersa$ ,ec$aration of &(an ;i!#ts and t#e Internationa$ Co)enant on Econo(ic/ Socia$/ and C&$t&ra$ ;i!#ts2 T#e $atter %ro(ises BFair 1a!es and e5&a$ re(&neration for 1or6 of e5&a$ )a$&e 1it#o&t distinction of any 6ind2C In t#e 1or6%$ace/ 1#ere t#e re$ations +et1een ca%ita$ and $a+or are often s6e1ed in fa)or of ca%ita$/ ine5&a$ity and discri(ination +y t#e e(%$oyer are a$$ t#e (ore re%re#ensi+$e2 T#e Constit&tion a$so directs t#e State to %ro(ote Ae5&a$ity of e(%$oy(ent o%%ort&nities for a$$2A Si(i$ar$y/ t#e La+or Code %ro)ides t#at t#e State s#a$$ Aens&re e5&a$ 1or6 o%%ort&nities re!ard$ess of se*/ race or creed2 Artic$e 9I: dec$ares it an &nfair $a+or %ractice for an e(%$oyer to discri(inate in re!ard to 1a!es in order to enco&ra!e or disco&ra!e (e(+ers#i% in any $a+or or!ani@ation2 In t#is 0&risdiction/ t#ere is t#e ter( Be5&a$ %ay for e5&a$ 1or6C/ %ertainin! to %ersons +ein! %aid 1it# e5&a$ sa$aries and #a)e si(i$ar s6i$$s and si(i$ar conditions2 T#ere 1as no e)idence #ere t#at forei!n-#ires %erfor( 9MS (ore efficient$y or effecti)e$y t#an t#e $oca$-#ires2 T#e State/ t#erefore/ #as t#e ri!#t and d&ty to re!&$ate t#e re$ations +et1een $a+or and ca%ita$2 T#ese re$ations are not (ere$y contract&a$ +&t are so i(%ressed 1it# %&+$ic interest t#at $a+or contracts/ co$$ecti)e +ar!ainin! a!ree(ents inc$&ded/ (&st yie$d to t#e co((on !ood2N For t#e sa(e reason/ t#e Adis$ocation factorA and t#e forei!n-#ires3 $i(ited ten&re a$so cannot ser)e as )a$id +ases for t#e distinction in sa$ary rates2 T#e dis$ocation factor and $i(ited ten&re affectin! forei!n-#ires are ade5&ate$y co(%ensated +y certain +enefits accorded t#e( 1#ic# are not en0oyed +y $oca$-#ires/ s&c# as #o&sin!/ trans%ortation/ s#i%%in! costs/ ta*es and #o(e $ea)e tra)e$ a$$o1ances2

In t#is case/ 1e find t#e %oint-of-#ire c$assification e(%$oyed +y res%ondent Sc#oo$ to 0&stify t#e distinction in t#e sa$ary rates of forei!n-#ires and $oca$ #ires to +e an in)a$id c$assification2 T#ere is no reasona+$e distinction +et1een t#e ser)ices rendered +y forei!n-#ires and $oca$-#ires2 O+iter: o1e)er/ forei!n-#ires do not +e$on! to t#e sa(e +ar!ainin! &nit as t#e $oca$#ires2 It does not a%%ear t#at forei!n-#ires #a)e indicated t#eir intention to +e !ro&%ed to!et#er 1it# $oca$-#ires for %&r%oses of co$$ecti)e +ar!ainin!2 T#e co$$ecti)e +ar!ainin! #istory in t#e Sc#oo$ a$so s#o1s t#at t#ese !ro&%s 1ere a$1ays treated se%arate$y2 T#e #o&sin! and ot#er +enefits accorded forei!n #ires 1ere not !i)en to $oca$ #ires/ t#ere+y s&c# ad(i*t&re 1i$$ n+ot ass&re any !ro&% t#e %o1er to e*ercise +ar!ainin! ri!#ts2 T#e factors in deter(inin! t#e a%%ro%riate co$$ecti)e +ar!ainin! &nit are (." t#e 1i$$ of t#e e(%$oyees (G$o+e ,octrine"4 (9" affinity and &nity of t#e e(%$oyees3 interest/ s&c# as s&+stantia$ si(i$arity of 1or6 and d&ties/ or si(i$arity of co(%ensation and 1or6in! conditions (S&+stantia$ '&t&a$ Interests ;&$e"4 (-" %rior co$$ecti)e +ar!ainin! #istory4 and (I" si(i$arity of e(%$oy(ent stat&s2
--------------------------

(a!e D%'e! o& I& er&a %o&a$ Sc:oo$ A$$%a&ce o* E.#ca or! v. 9#%!#mb%&' a&. I& er&a %o&a$ Sc:oo$ G.R. No. 128845 ;+#&e 1, 2000<
Internationa$ Sc#oo$ (IS" %ays its teac#ers 1#o are #ired fro( a+road/ or forei!n-#ires/ a #i!#er sa$ary t#an its $oca$-#ires/ 1#et#er t#e $atter are Fi$i%ino or not ((ost are Fi$i%ino/ +&t so(e are A(erican"2 It 0&stifies t#is &nder t#e Tdis$ocation factorE H t#at forei!ners (&st +e !i)en a #i!#er sa$ary +ot# to attract t#e( to teac# #ere/ and to co(%ensate t#e( for t#e Bsi!nificant econo(ic disad)anta!esC in)o$)ed in co(in! #ere2 T#e Teac#erEs Union cries discri(ination2 EL,: ,iscri(ination e*ists2 E5&a$ %ay for e5&a$ 1or6 is a %rinci%a$ $on! #onored in t#is 0&risdiction/ as it rests on f&nda(enta$ nor(s of 0&stice .2 Art2 PIII/ Sec2 . of t#e Constit&tion (Socia$ ?&stice and &(an ;i!#ts" e*#orts Con!ress to !i)e t#e #i!#est %riority to t#e enact(ent of (eas&res t#at %rotect and enn#ance t#e ri!#t od a$$ %eo%$e to #&(an di!nity/ red&ce socia$/ econo(ic/ and %o$itica$ ine5&a$itites2C T#e Constit&tion a$so %ro)ides t#at $a+or is entit$ed to B#&(ane conditions of 1or62C2 T#ese conditions are not restricted to t#e %#ysica$ 1or6%$ace/ +&t inc$&de as 1e$$ t#e (anner +y 1#ic# e(%$oyers treat t#eir e(%$oyees2 Last$y/ t#e Constit&tion directs t#e State to %ro(ote Be5&a$ity of e(%$oy(ent o%%ort&nities for a$$/C BQre!ard$ess of se*/ race/ or creed2C It 1o&$d +e an affront to +ot# t#e s%irit and t#e $etter of t#ese %ro)isions if t#e State c$oses its eyes to &ne5&a$ and discri(inatory ter(s and conditions of e(%$oy(ent2 92 Internationa$ $a1/ 1#ic# s%rin!s fro( !enera$ %rinci%$es of $a1/ $i6e1ise %roscri+es discri(ination2 Genera$ %rinci%$es of $a1 inc$&de %rinci%$es of e5&ity/ i2e2/ fairness and

0&stice/ +ased on t#e test of 1#at is reasona+$e2 T#e Uni)ersa$ ,ec$aration of &(an ;i!#ts and n&(ero&s ot#er internationa$ Con)entions a$$ e(+ody t#e !enera$ %rinci%$e a!ainst discri(ination/ t#e )ery antit#esis of fairness and 0&stice2 T#e P#i$i%%ines/ t#ro&!# its Constit&tion/ #as incor%orated t#is %rinci%$e as %art of its nationa$ $a1s2

--------------------------------------Huinto -s Co+elec A/ R/ %o/ 1C!6!C 9AC2S5 0etitioners 7lea)ar 0/ Huinto and Aerino A/ 2olentino Jr/ filed a petition for certiorari and prohi.ition a&ainst the CO#7$7C for issuin& a resolution declarin& appointi-e officials 'ho filed their certificate of candidacy as ipso facto resi&ned fro+ their positions/ 8n this defense the CO#7$7C a-ers that it only copied the pro-ision fro+ Sec/ 13 of R/A/ !36!/ 8SS:75 <hether or not the said CO#7$7C resolution 'as -alid/ D7$=5 %O/ 8n the 9ari@as case the petitioners challen&ed Sec/ 1" of RA/ !006 repealin& Sec/ 66 of the O+ni.us 7lection Code (O7C) for &i-in& undue .enefit to electi-e officials in co+parison 'ith appointi-e officials/ 8ncidentally the Court upheld the su.stantial distinctions .et'een the t'o and pronounced that there 'as no -iolation of the e*ual protection clause/ Do'e-er in the present case the Court held that the discussion on the e*ual protection clause 'as an o.iter dictu+ since the issue raised therein 'as a&ainst the repealin& clause/ 8t didnIJKt s*uarely challen&e Sec/ 66/ Sec/ 13 of RA/ !36! unduly discri+inated appointi-e and electi-e officials/ Applyin& the " re*uisites of a -alid classification the pro-iso does not co+ply 'ith the second re*uire+ent IJ3 that it +ust .e &er+ane to the purpose of the la'/ 2he o.-ious reason for the challen&ed pro-ision is to pre-ent the use of a &o-ern+ental position to pro+ote oneIJKs candidacy or e-en to 'ield a dan&erous or coerci-e influence of the electorate/ 2he +easure is further ai+ed at pro+otin& the efficiency inte&rity and discipline of the pu.lic ser-ice .y eli+inatin& the dan&er that the dischar&e of official duty 'ould .e +oti-ated .y political considerations rather than the 'elfare of the pu.lic/ 2he restriction is also ,ustified .y the proposition that the entry of ci-il ser-ants to the electorate arena 'hile still in office could result in ne&lect or inefficiency in the perfor+ance of duty .ecause they 'ould .e attendin& to their ca+pai&n rather than to their office 'or1/ Sec/ 13 of RA/ !36! pertains to all ci-il ser-ants holdin& appointi-e posts 'ithout distinction as to 'hether they occupy hi&h positions in &o-ern+ent or not/ Certainly a utility 'or1er in the &o-ern+ent 'ill also .e considered as ipso facto resi&ned once he files his certificate of candidacy for the election/ 2his scenario is a.surd for indeed it is uni+a&ina.le ho' he can use his position in the &o-ern+ent to 'ield influence in the political 'orld/

2he pro-ision s directed to the acti-ity any and all pu.lic offices 'hether they .e partisan or non partisan in character 'hether they .e in the national +unicipal or .aran&ay le-el/ Con&ress has not sho'n a co+pellin& state interest to restrict the funda+ental ri&ht in-ol-ed on such a s'eepin& scale/ #O28O% 9OR R7CO%S8=7RA28O% 9AC2S5 2his is a +otion for reconsideration filed .y the Co++ission on 7lections/ 2he latter +o-ed to *uestion an earlier decision of the Supre+e Court declarin& Section " (a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC unconstitutional/ Section " (a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC pro-ides that IJMAny person holdin& a pu.lic appointi-e office or position includin& acti-e +e+.ers of the Ar+ed 9orces of the 0hilippines and other officers and e+ployees in &o-ern+ent-o'ned or controlled corporations shall .e considered ipso facto resi&ned fro+ his office upon the filin& of his certificate of candidacy/IJ =e it noted t&at %etitioners o+ t&e above)entit,ed (ase are a%%ointive o++i(ia,s 3&o intend to be e,e(ted in t&e %revio-s,y &e,d 2010 e,e(tions and 3&o +e,t aggrieved by the issuance of the *uestioned resolution/ 8SS:75 <hether or not Section " (a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC is constitutional/ R:$8%A5 2he Supre+e Court o-erruled its pre-ious decision declarin& the assailed resolution unconstitutional/ Dere it stron&ly upholds the constitutionality of the resolution sayin& that it does not -iolate the e*ual protection clause/ 8t is settled that the e*ual protection clause does not de+and a.solute e*ualityE it +erely re*uires that all persons shall .e treated ali1e under li1e circu+stances and conditions .oth as to pri-ile&es conferred and lia.ilities enforced/ 2he test used is reasona.leness 'hich re*uires that5 1/ 2he classification rests on su.stantial distinctionsE 6/ 8t is &er+ane to the purposes of the la'E 3/ 8t is not li+ited to e;istin& conditions onlyE and "/ 8t applies e*ually to all +e+.ers of the sa+e class/ 8n the case under consideration there is a su.stantial distinction .et'een pu.lic and electi-e officials 'hich has .een rendered +oot and acade+ic .y the rulin& +ade in the case of 9arinas etl/ al/ -s/ 7;ecuti-e Secretary et/ al/ Section " (a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC is constitutional/

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QUINTO vs COMELEC
G.R. No. 19:;:9 F&1ruary 22, 2!1! ELEA<AR P. =#INTO an* GERINO A. TOLENTINO, JR., 0etitioners -s/ COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, Respondent/ R7SO$:28O%

P#NO, C.J.: ETO DIGEST NG CASE PRIOR TO THE MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION. RESOL#TION >#NG ASSIGNED CASE SA ATIN Fa.)s$ 0ursuant to its constitutional +andate to enforce and ad+inister election la's CO#7$7C issued Resolution %o/ C6LC the Auidelines on the 9ilin& of Certificates of Candidacy (CoC) and %o+ination of Official Candidates of Re&istered 0olitical 0arties in Connection 'ith the #ay 10 6010 %ational and $ocal 7lections/ Sections " and 5 of Resolution %o/ C6LC pro-ide5 S7C/ "/ Effects of Filing Certificates of Candidacy/Na) Any person holdin& a ,u10(. a,,o(n)(v& o''(.& or position includin& acti-e +e+.ers of the Ar+ed 9orces of the 0hilippines and other officers and e+ployees in &o-ern+ent-o'ned or controlled corporations s+a00 1& .ons(*&r&* ipso facto r&s(2n&* 'ro/ +(s o''(.& u,on )+& '(0(n2 o' +(s .&r)('(.a)& o' .an*(*a.y. .) Any person holdin& an &0&.)(v& o''(.& or ,os()(on s+a00 no) 1& .ons(*&r&* r&s(2n&* u,on )+& '(0(n2 o' +(s .&r)('(.a)& o' .an*(*a.y 'or )+& sa/& or any o)+&r &0&.)(v& o''(.& or ,os()(on. Alar+ed that they 'ill .e dee+ed ipso facto resi&ned fro+ their offices the +o+ent they file their CoCs petitioners 7lea)ar 0/ Huinto and Aerino A/ 2olentino Jr/ 'ho hold appointi-e positions in the &o-ern+ent and 'ho intend to run in the co+in& elections filed the instant petition for prohi.ition and certiorari, see1in& the declaration of the afore-*uoted Section "(a) of Resolution %o/ C6LC as null and -oid/ 0etitioners also contend that S&.)(on 1% o' R.A. No. :%;:, )+& 1as(s o' )+& assa(0&* COMELEC r&so0u)(on contains t'o conflictin& pro-isions/ 2hese +ust .e har+oni)ed or reconciled to &i-e effect to .oth and to arri-e at a declaration that they are not ipso facto resi&ned fro+ their positions upon the filin& of their CoCs/ 8ssue5 'hether the second pro-iso in the third para&raph of Section 13 of R/A/ %o/ !36! and Section "(a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC are -iolati-e of the e*ual protection clause Deld5 Bes/ 8n considerin& persons holdin& appointi-e positions as ipso facto resi&ned fro+ their posts upon the filin& of their CoCs .ut not considerin& as resi&ned all other ci-il ser-ants specifically the electi-e ones the la' unduly discri+inates a&ainst the first class/ 2he fact alone that there is su.stantial distinction .et'een those 'ho hold appointi-e positions and those occupyin& electi-e posts does not ,ustify such differential treat+ent/ 8n order that there can .e -alid classification so that a discri+inatory &o-ern+ental act +ay pass the constitutional nor+ of e*ual protection it is necessary that the four (") re*uisites of -alid classification .e co+plied 'ith na+ely5 (1) 8t +ust .e .ased upon su.stantial distinctionsE (6) 8t +ust .e &er+ane to the purposes of the la'E (3) 8t +ust not .e li+ited to e;istin& conditions onlyE and (") 8t +ust apply e*ually to all +e+.ers of the class/ 2he first re*uire+ent +eans that there +ust .e real and su.stantial differences .et'een the classes treated differently/ As illustrated in the fairly recent Mirasol v. Department of Public Works and Hig !ays a real and su.stantial distinction e;ists

.et'een a +otorcycle and other +otor -ehicles sufficient to ,ustify its classification a+on& those prohi.ited fro+ plyin& the toll 'ays/ %ot all +otori)ed -ehicles are created e*ualNa t'o-'heeled -ehicle is less sta.le and +ore easily o-erturned than a four-'heel -ehicle/ %e-ertheless the classification 'ould still .e in-alid if it does not co+ply 'ith the second re*uire+entNif it is not &er+ane to the purpose of the la'/ 2he third re*uire+ent +eans that the classification +ust .e enforced not only for the present .ut as lon& as the pro.le+ sou&ht to .e corrected continues to e;ist/ And under the last re*uire+ent the classification 'ould .e re&arded as in-alid if all the +e+.ers of the class are not treated si+ilarly .oth as to ri&hts conferred and o.li&ations i+posed/ Applyin& the four re*uisites to the instant case the Court finds that the differential treat+ent of persons holdin& appointi-e offices as opposed to those holdin& electi-e ones is not &er+ane to the purposes of the la'/ 2he o.-ious reason for the challen&ed pro-ision is to pre-ent the use of a &o-ern+ental position to pro+ote one>s candidacy or e-en to 'ield a dan&erous or coerci-e influence on the electorate/ 2he +easure is further ai+ed at pro+otin& the efficiency inte&rity and discipline of the pu.lic ser-ice .y eli+inatin& the dan&er that the dischar&e of official duty 'ould .e +oti-ated .y political considerations rather than the 'elfare of the pu.lic/ 2he restriction is also ,ustified .y the proposition that the entry of ci-il ser-ants to the electoral arena 'hile still in office could result in ne&lect or inefficiency in the perfor+ance of duty .ecause they 'ould .e attendin& to their ca+pai&n rather than to their office 'or1/ 8f 'e accept these as the underlyin& o.,ecti-es of the la' then the assailed pro-ision cannot .e constitutionally rescued on the &round of -alid classification/ Alarin&ly a.sent is the re*uisite that the classification +ust .e &er+ane to the purposes of the la'/ 8ndeed 'hether one holds an appointi-e office or an electi-e one the e-ils sou&ht to .e pre-ented .y the +easure re+ain/ 9or e;a+ple the 7;ecuti-e Secretary or any #e+.er of the Ca.inet for that +atter could 'ield the sa+e influence as the Gice-0resident 'ho at the sa+e ti+e is appointed to a Ca.inet post (in the recent past elected Gice-0residents 'ere appointed to ta1e char&e of national housin& social 'elfare de-elop+ent interior and local &o-ern+ent and forei&n affairs)/ <ith the fact that they .oth head e;ecuti-e offices there is no -alid ,ustification to treat the+ differently 'hen .oth file their CoCs for the elections/ :nder the present state of our la' the Gice-0resident in the e;a+ple runnin& this ti+e let us say for 0resident retains his position durin& the entire election period and can still use the resources of his office to support his ca+pai&n/ As to the dan&er of ne&lect inefficiency or partisanship in the dischar&e of the functions of his appointi-e office the in-erse could .e ,ust as true and co+pellin&/ 2he pu.lic officer 'ho files his certificate of candidacy 'ould .e dri-en .y a &reater i+petus for e;cellent perfor+ance to sho' his fitness for the position aspired for/ 2here is thus no -alid ,ustification to treat appointi-e officials differently fro+ the electi-e ones/ 2he classification si+ply fails to +eet the test that it should .e &er+ane to the purposes of the la'/ 2he +easure encapsulated in the second pro-iso of the third para&raph of Section 13 of R/A/ %o/ !36! and in Section 66 of the O7C -iolates the e*ual protection clause/

?HEREFORE pre+ises considered the petition is GRANTED/ 2he second pro-iso in the third para&raph of Section 13 of Repu.lic Act %o/ !36! Section 66 of the O+ni.us 7lection Code and Section "(a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC are declared as #NCONSTIT#TIONAL/ MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION 9acts5 2his is a +otion for reconsideration filed .y the Co++ission on 7lections/ 2he latter +o-ed to *uestion an earlier decision of the Supre+e Court declarin& the second pro-iso in the third para&raph of Section 13 of R/A/ %o/ !36! the .asis of the CO#7$7C resolution and Section "(a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC unconstitutional/ 2he resolution pro-ides that 3Any ,&rson +o0*(n2 a ,u10(. a,,o(n)(v& o''(.& or ,os()(on (n.0u*(n2 a.)(v& /&/1&rs o' )+& Ar/&* For.&s o' )+& P+(0(,,(n&s, an* o)+&r o''(.&rs an* &/,0oy&&s (n 2ov&rn/&n)@o-n&* or .on)ro00&* .or,ora)(ons, s+a00 1& .ons(*&r&* ipso facto r&s(2n&* 'ro/ +(s o''(.& u,on )+& '(0(n2 o' +(s .&r)('(.a)& o' .an*(*a.y /4 RA !36! pro-ides that 39or this purpose the Co++ission shall set the deadline for the filin& of certificate of candidacyOpetition of re&istrationO+anifestation to participate in the election/ Any person 'ho files his certificate of candidacy 'ithin this period shall only .e considered as a candidate at the start of the ca+pai&n period for 'hich he filed his certificate of candidacy5 Provided 2hat unla'ful acts or o+issions applica.le to a candidate shall ta1e effect only upon the start of the aforesaid ca+pai&n period5 Provided, finally T+a) any ,&rson +o0*(n2 a ,u10(. a,,o(n)(v& o''(.& or ,os()(on, (n.0u*(n2 a.)(v& /&/1&rs o' )+& ar/&* 'or.&s, an* o''(.&rs an* &/,0oy&&s (n 2ov&rn/&n)@o-n&* or @.on)ro00&* .or,ora)(ons, s+a00 1& .ons(*&r&* ipso facto r&s(2n&* 'ro/ +(sA+&r o''(.& an* /us) va.a)& )+& sa/& a) )+& s)ar) o' )+& *ay o' )+& '(0(n2 o' +(sA+&r .&r)('(.a)& o' .an*(*a.y. 8ssue5 8ssue5 'hether the second pro-iso in the third para&raph of Section 13 of R/A/ %o/ !36! and Section "(a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC are -iolati-e of the e*ual protection clause and therefore unconstitutional Deld5 %o 2o start 'ith the e*ual protection clause does not re*uire the uni-ersal application of the la's to all persons or thin&s 'ithout distinction/ <hat it si+ply re*uires is e*uality a+on& e*uals as deter+ined accordin& to a -alid classification/ 2he test de-eloped .y ,urisprudence here and yonder is that of reasona.leness 'hich has four re*uisites5 (1) 2he classification rests on su.stantial distinctionsE (6) 8t is &er+ane to the purposes of the la'E (3) 8t is not li+ited to e;istin& conditions onlyE and (") 8t applies e*ually to all +e+.ers of the sa+e class/ Our assailed =ecision readily ac1no'led&ed that these dee+ed-resi&ned pro-isions satisfy the first third and fourth re*uisites of reasona.leness/ 8t ho'e-er proffers the du.ious conclusion that the differential treat+ent of appointi-e officials -is-P--is elected officials is not &er+ane to the purpose of the la' .ecause F'hether one holds an appointi-e office or an electi-e one the e-ils sou&ht to .e pre-ented .y the +easure re+ain/F

8n the instant case is there a rational ,ustification for e;cludin& elected officials fro+ the operation of the dee+ed resi&ned pro-isionsQ 2here is/ An election is the e+.odi+ent of the popular 'ill perhaps the purest e;pression of the so-erei&n po'er of the people/ 8t in-ol-es the choice or selection of candidates to pu.lic office .y popular -ote/ Considerin& that elected officials are put in office .y their constituents for a definite ter+ it +ay ,ustifia.ly .e said that they 'ere e;cluded fro+ the a+.it of the dee+ed resi&ned pro-isions in ut+ost respect for the +andate of the so-erei&n 'ill/ 8n other 'ords co+plete deference is accorded to the 'ill of the electorate that they .e ser-ed .y such officials until the end of the ter+ for 'hich they 'ere elected/ 8n contrast there is no such e;pectation insofar as appointed officials are concerned/ 2he dichoto+i)ed treat+ent of appointi-e and electi-e officials is therefore &er+ane to the purposes of the la'/ 9or the la' 'as +ade not +erely to preser-e the inte&rity efficiency and discipline of the pu.lic ser-iceE the $e&islature 'hose 'isdo+ is outside the ru.ric of ,udicial scrutiny also thou&ht it 'ise to .alance this 'ith the co+petin& yet e*ually co+pellin& interest of deferrin& to the so-erei&n 'ill/ IN BIE? ?HEREOF the Court R7SO$G7S to ARA%2 the respondent>s and the inter-enors> #otions for ReconsiderationE R7G7RS7 and S72 AS8=7 this Court>s =ece+.er 1 600! =ecisionE =8S#8SS the 0etitionE and 8SS:7 this Resolution declarin& as not :%CO%S282:28O%A$ (1) Section "(a) of CO#7$7C Resolution %o/ C6LC (6) the second pro-iso in the third para&raph of Section 13 of Repu.lic Act %o/ !36! and (3) Section 66 of the O+ni.us 7lection Code/ RRRRRRRRRRRRRR %ote5 %ot applica.le sa .aran&ay office$ Any &0&.)(v& or a,,o(n)(v& +unicipal city pro-incial or national official or e+ployee or those in the ci-il or +ilitary ser-ice includin& those in &o-ern+ent-o'ned or-controlled corporations shall .e .ons(*&r&* au)o/a)(.a00y r&s(2n&* upon the filin& of certificate of candidacy for a .aran&ay office/ Since .aran&ay elections are &o-erned .y a separate dee+ed resi&nation rule under the present state of la' there 'ould .e no occasion to apply the restriction on candidacy found in Section 66 of the O+ni.us 7lection Code and later reiterated in the pro-iso of Section 13 of RA !36! to any election other than a partisan one/ 9or this reason the o-er.readth challen&e raised a&ainst Section 66 of the O+ni.us 7lection Code and the pertinent pro-iso in Section 13 of RA !36! +ust also fail/

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Quinto vs Commission on !lections "CO#!$!C% & R 'o ()*+*), ( -ecember .//* Facts: 9n t&is #etition +or "ertiorari and #ro&ibition, %etitioners, 3&o &e,d a%%ointive %ositions in government and 3&o intended to r-n in t&e 2010 e,e(tions, assai,ed 0ection 1"a% of CO#!$!C2s Resolution 'o )+3)45 3&i(& deemed a%%ointed o++i(ia,s a-tomati(a,,y /ipso facto) resigned +rom o++i(e -%on t&e +i,ing o+ t&eir "erti+i(ate o+ "andida(y /"o"2. Se(tion 4/a2 o+ ":AE5E" Reso,-tion No. 8678 is a re%rod-(tion o+ t&e second proviso in the third

paragraph of 0ection (6 of Republic 7ct 'o *6+* 55 8&e %roviso 3as ,i+ted +rom 0ection ++ of 8atas 9ambansa 8lg ))( 555 #etitioners averred t&at t&ey s&o-,d not be deemed ipso facto resigned +rom t&eir government o++i(es 3&en t&ey +i,e t&eir "o"s, be(a-se at s-(& time t&ey are not yet treated by ,a3 as (andidates. 8&ey s&o-,d be (onsidered resigned +rom t&eir res%e(tive o++i(es on,y at t&e start o+ t&e (am%aign %eriod 3&en t&ey are, by ,a3, a,ready (onsidered as (andidates. /Se(tion 11 o+ R... No. 84!6, as amended by Se(tion 1! o+ R... No. 9!69 %rovides t&at any %erson +i,ing &is (erti+i(ate o+ (andida(y 3it&in t&e %eriod set by ":AE5E" s&a,, on,y be (onsidered as a (andidate at t&e start o+ t&e (am%aign %eriod +or 3&i(& &e +i,ed &is (erti+i(ate o+ (andida(y.2 #etitioners +-rt&er averred t&at t&e assai,ed %rovision is dis(riminatory and vio,ates t&e eC-a, %rote(tion (,a-se in t&e "onstit-tion. Re%resenting t&e ":AE5E", t&e :++i(e o+ t&e So,i(itor Genera, /:SG2 arg-ed t&at t&e %etition 3as %remat-re and %etitioners &ad no ,ega, standing sin(e t&ey 3ere not yet a++e(ted by t&e assai,ed %rovision, not &aving as yet +i,ed t&eir "o"s. 8&e :SG a,so arg-ed t&at %etitioners (o-,d not avai, t&e remedy o+ (ertiorari sin(e 3&at t&ey 3ere C-estioning 3as an iss-an(e o+ t&e ":AE5E" made in t&e eHer(ise o+ its r-,e)ma*ing %o3er. 8&e :SG +-rt&er averred t&at t&e ":AE5E" did not grave,y ab-se its dis(retion in %&rasing Se(tion 4/a2 o+ its Reso,-tion No. 8678 sin(e it mere,y (o%ied 3&at 3as in t&e ,a3. 8&e :SG, &o3ever, agreed t&at t&ere is no basis to (onsider a%%ointive o++i(ia,s as ipso facto resigned -%on +i,ing t&eir "o"s be(a-se t&ey are not yet (onsidered as (andidates at t&at time. Issues: Main Issue: 1. @&et&er or not 0ection 1"a% of CO#!$!C2s Resolution 'o )+3) and t&e ,a3s -%on 3&i(& it 3as based "second proviso in the third paragraph of 0ection (6 of Republic 7ct 'o *6+* and 0ection ++ of 8atas 9ambansa 8lg ))(2 are -n(onstit-tiona,. Other Issues: 2. @&et&er or not (ertiorari is %etitionersN %ro%er remedy. !. @&et&er or not %etitioners &ave ,ega, standing (locus standi) to +i,e t&e (ase, and 3&et&er or not t&ere is an a(t-a, (ontroversy. Ruling: ( On the Constitutionality of the 7ssailed 9rovisions 8&e se(ond %rovision in t&e t&ird %aragra%& o+ Se(tion 1! o+ Re%-b,i( .(t No. 9!69, Se(tion 66 o+ =atas #ambansa =,g. 881 and Se(tion 4/a2 o+ ":AE5E" Reso,-tion No. 8678 3ere de(,ared as :'CO'0;I;:;IO'7$ +or being vio,ative o+ t&e eC-a, %rote(tion (,a-se and +or being overbroad. O9n (onsidering %ersons &o,ding a%%ointive %ositions as ipso facto resigned +rom t&eir %osts -%on t&e +i,ing o+ t&eir "o"s, b-t not (onsidering as resigned a,, ot&er (ivi, servants, s%e(i+i(a,,y t&e e,e(tive ones, t&e ,a3 -nd-,y dis(riminates against t&e +irst (,ass. 8&e +a(t a,one t&at t&ere is s-bstantia, distin(tion bet3een t&ose 3&o &o,d a%%ointive %ositions and t&ose

o((-%ying e,e(tive %osts, does not '-sti+y s-(& di++erentia, treatment.P 8&ere are 4 reC-isites +or a va,id (,assi+i(ation t&at 3i,, '-sti+y di++erentia, treatment bet3een (,assesG /a2 9t m-st be based -%on s-bstantia, distin(tions6 /b2 9t m-st be germane to t&e %-r%oses o+ t&e ,a36 /(2 9t m-st not be ,imited to eHisting (onditions on,y6 and /d2 9t m-st a%%,y eC-a,,y to a,, members o+ t&e (,ass. 8&e di++erentia, treatment o+ %ersons &o,ding a%%ointive o++i(es as o%%osed to t&ose &o,ding e,e(tive ones is not germane to t&e %-r%oses o+ t&e ,a3. O/@2&et&er one &o,ds an a%%ointive o++i(e or an e,e(tive one, t&e evi,s so-g&t to be %revented by t&e meas-re remain.P .n a%%ointive o++i(ia, (o-,d 3ie,d t&e same dangero-s and (oer(ive in+,-en(e on t&e e,e(torate as t&e e,e(tive o++i(ia,. =ot& may be motivated by %o,iti(a, (onsiderations rat&er t&an t&e %-b,i(Ns 3e,+are, -se t&eir governmenta, %ositions to %romote t&eir (andida(ies, or neg,e(t t&eir d-ties to attend to t&eir (am%aign. 8&ere is t&-s no va,id '-sti+i(ation to treat a%%ointive o++i(ia,s di++erent,y +rom t&e e,e(tive ones. 8&e (&a,,enged %rovision is a,so overbroad be(a-seG /a2 9t %ertains to a,, (ivi, servants &o,ding a%%ointive %osts 3it&o-t distin(tion as to 3&et&er t&ey o((-%y &ig& %ositions in government or not /9t 3o-,d be abs-rd to (onsider a -ti,ity 3or*er in t&e government as ipso facto resigned on(e &e +i,es &is "o"6 it is -nimaginab,e &o3 &e (an -se &is %osition in t&e government to 3ie,d in+,-en(e in t&e %o,iti(a, 3or,d.26 and /b2 9t is dire(ted to t&e a(tivity o+ see*ing any and a,, %-b,i( o++i(es, 3&et&er t&ey be %artisan or non%artisan in (&ara(ter, 3&et&er t&ey be in t&e nationa,, m-ni(i%a, or barangay ,eve,. "ongress &as not s&o3n a (om%e,,ing state interest to restri(t t&e +-ndamenta, rig&t invo,ved on s-(& a s3ee%ing s(a,e. 2. On the 9ropriety of Certiorari as a Remedy "ertiorari -nder R-,e 65 (annot be avai,ed o+ be(a-se 3&at %etitioners assai,ed in t&eir %etition 3as a reso,-tion iss-ed by t&e ":AE5E" in t&e eHer(ise o+ its C-asi),egis,ative %o3er. "ertiorari is a remedy to C-estion de(isions, reso,-tions and iss-an(es made in t&e eHer(ise o+ a '-di(ia, or C-asi)'-di(ia, +-n(tion. #ro&ibition is a,so an im%ro%er remedy, be(a-se 3&at %etitioners a(t-a,,y so-g&t 3as t&e %ro%er (onstr-(tion o+ a stat-te and a de(,aration o+ t&eir rig&ts t&ere-nder. @&at t&ey +i,ed 3as a %etition +or de(,aratory re,ie+, over 3&i(& t&e S-%reme "o-rt does not eHer(ise origina, '-risdi(tion. 4o3ever, t&e S-%reme "o-rt de(ided to reso,ve t&e %etition (onsidering t&atG /a2 it (&a,,enged t&e (onstit-tiona,ity o+ t&e C-estioned %rovisions o+ t&e ":AE5E" Reso,-tion and t&e ,a36 /b2 t&e trans(endenta, nat-re and %aramo-nt im%ortan(e o+ t&e iss-es raised6 /(2 t&e (om%e,,ing state interest invo,ved in t&e ear,y reso,-tion o+ t&e iss-es /(onsidering t&at t&e %eriod +or +i,ing o+ "o"s +or t&e 2010 e,e(tions &ad started and &-ndreds o+ (ivi, servants intending to r-n +or e,e(tive o++i(es 3ere to ,ose t&eir em%,oyment and t&e governmentNs man%o3er mig&t be (ri%%,ed26 and /d2 t&e "o-rt &as am%,e a-t&ority to set aside errors o+ %ra(ti(e or te(&ni(a,ities o+ %ro(ed-re and reso,ve t&e merits o+ a (ase, ot&er3ise, t&e (o-rts 3o-,d be (onsigned to being

mere s,aves to te(&ni(a, r-,es, de%rived o+ t&eir '-di(ia, dis(retion. !. On the $egal 0tanding of 9etitioners to File the Case and the !<istence of an 7ctual Controversy @&i,e %etitioners are not yet (andidates, t&ey &ave t&e ,ega, standing to raise t&e (onstit-tiona, (&a,,enge, sim%,y be(a-se t&ey are C-a,i+ied voters. . restri(tion on (andida(y, s-(& as t&e (&a,,enged %rovisions, a++e(ts t&e rig&ts o+ voters to (&oose t&eir %-b,i( o++i(ia,s. =ot& (andidates and voters may C-estion (&a,,enge, on gro-nds o+ eC-a, %rote(tion, t&e assai,ed %rovisions, on gro-nds o+ eC-a, %rote(tion, be(a-se o+ its im%a(t on voting rig&ts. .t any rate, t&e S-%reme "o-rt O&as re,aHed t&e stringent dire(t in'-ry test and &as observed a ,ibera, %o,i(y a,,o3ing ordinary (iti1ens, members o+ "ongress, and (ivi, organi1ations to %rose(-te a(tions invo,ving t&e (onstit-tiona,ity or va,idity o+ ,a3s, reg-,ations and r-,ings.P 8&ere is an a(t-a, (ase or (ontroversy bet3een %etitioners and t&e ":AE5E". #etitioners &ave a,,eged in a %re(ise manner t&at t&ey 3o-,d +i,e t&eir "o"s +or t&e 2010 e,e(tions. Given t&at t&e assai,ed %rovisions %rovide +or a-tomati( resignation -%on +i,ing t&e "o", it (annot be said t&at it %resents on,y a s%e(-,ative or &y%ot&eti(a, obsta(,e to %etitionersN (andida(y. Q G-ide,ines on t&e ;i,ing o+ "erti+i(ates o+ "andida(y and Nomination o+ :++i(ia, "andidates o+ Registered #o,iti(a, #arties in "onne(tion 3it& t&e Aay 10, 2010 Nationa, and 5o(a, E,e(tions QQ .n .(t .mending Re%-b,i( .(t No. 84!6, entit,ed O.n .(t .-t&ori1ing t&e "ommission on E,e(tions to <se an .-tomated E,e(tion System in t&e Aay 11, 1998 Nationa, or 5o(a, E,e(tions and in S-bseC-ent Nationa, and 5o(a, E,e(tora, EHer(ises, to En(o-rage 8rans%aren(y, "redibi,ity, ;airness and .((-ra(y o+ E,e(tions, .mending +or t&e #-r%ose =atas #ambansa =,g. 881, as amended, Re%-b,i( .(t No. 7166 and :t&er Re,ated E,e(tion 5a3s, #roviding ;-nds 8&ere+ore and +or :t&er #-r%osesP QQQ 8&e :mnib-s E,e(tion "ode o+ t&e #&i,i%%ines 9onente: $. .ntonio Ed-ardo =. Na(&-ra =ote: 8)6 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))