SHEAR BUILDING Figure 1 is a schematic of the 4 story shear building, and its corresponding mass and stiffness matrices.

Figure 1 : Shear Building with Mass and Stiffness Matrices The vertical distance between floors is 3m (see computations on overturning moments below). We assume that all of the building mass is lumped at the floor levels, that the floor beams are rigid, and that the columns are axially rigid. It follows from these assumptions that floor level displacements may be described by one degree-of-freedom alone, with only four degrees of freedom being needed to describe total displacements throughout the structure. The mass and stiffness matrices are simply given by mass = ColumnUnits( 1500*[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0; 0; 0; 3], [kg] );

stiff = ColumnUnits( 800*[ 1, -1, 0, 0; -1, 3, -2, 0; 0, -2, 5, -3;

0,

0, -3,

7], [kN/m] );

and generate the matrix ouput we are already familiar with.

MODAL ANALYSIS Input : The natural periods of vibration and modal shapes are computed are needed by the generalised mass, stiffness, and load vectors, and for the computation of displacements in each mode. The relevant block of ALADDIN code is: /* [c] : Calculate natural periods of vibration and mode shapes */ no_eigen = 3; eigen = Eigen( stiff, mass, [ no_eigen ] ); eigenvalue = Eigenvalue( eigen ); eigenvector = Eigenvector ( eigen ); period = ColumnUnits( Matrix( [ no_eigen,1 ] ), [ sec ] ); for( ii = 1; ii <= no_eigen; ii = ii + 1 ) { period [ii][1] = 2*PI/sqrt(eigenvalue[ii][1]); } print "\n"; for( ii = 1; ii <= no_eigen; ii = ii + 1 ) { print "Mode", ii, " : w^2 = ", eigenvalue[ii][1]; print " T = ", period [ii][1], "\n"; } PrintMatrix( eigenvector ); Ouput : Figure 2 shows the modal shapes and natural periods of vibration for the first three modes of the shear building

Figure 2 : Modal Shapes and Periods of Vibration for Shear Building The textual output is as follows: *** SUBSPACE ITERATION CONVERGED IN 10 ITERATIONS Mode Mode Mode 1 2 3 : w^2 = : w^2 = : w^2 = 117.8 1/sec^2 586.5 1/sec^2 1125 1/sec^2 T = T = T = 0.5789 sec 0.2595 sec 0.1873 sec

MATRIX : "eigenvector" row/col units 1 2 3 4 1.00000e+00 1.00000e+00 -9.00864e-01 7.79103e-01 -9.96239e-02 1.00000e+00 4.96553e-01 -5.39890e-01 -1.60784e-01 2.35062e-01 -4.37612e-01 -7.05724e-01 1 2 3

EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE SPECTRUM Input : The block of ALADDIN code: /* * [a] : Setup Matrix for Piece-wise linear approximation to earthquake * acceleration Spectra * * Column 1 : Natural Period (sec) * Column 2 : Spectral Acceleration (at 2% damping) */

print "*** ACCELERATION SPECTRA FOR MODAL ANALYSIS \n"; print "*** ======================================= \n"; npoints spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra = = = = 18; Matrix( [ npoints , 2] ); ColumnUnits( spectra, [sec], [1]); ColumnUnits( spectra, [cm/sec^2], [2]); = = = = = = = = = = 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 sec; sec; sec; sec; sec; sec; sec; sec; sec; sec; spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra spectra [ 1][2] [ 2][2] [ 3][2] [ 4][2] [ 5][2] [ 6][2] [ 7][2] [ 8][2] [ 9][2] [10][2] = = = = = = = = = = 981.0*0.15 981.0*0.18 981.0*0.25 981.0*0.38 981.0*0.50 981.0*0.50 981.0*0.40 981.0*0.32 981.0*0.25 981.0*0.19 cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec; cm/sec/sec;

[ 1][1] [ 2][1] [ 3][1] [ 4][1] [ 5][1] [ 6][1] [ 7][1] [ 8][1] [ 9][1] [10][1]

.... details of spectra removed ..... spectra [18][1] = 3.4 sec; PrintMatrix( spectra ); defines a (18x2) matrix, spectra, for the acceleration response spectrum. The earthquake ground motions have a peak ground acceleration of 0.15 g. The acceleration response spectra is represented as piecewise linear segments, whose end-points are defined by a (time, acceleration) coordinate. Output : Figure 3 shows the lower- half of the earthquake acceleration response spectrum that we will use for the analysis. spectra [18][2] = 981.0*0.02 cm/sec/sec;

Figure 3 : Acceleration Response Spectrum The textual counterpart to Figure 3 is: *** ACCELERATION SPECTRA FOR MODAL ANALYSIS *** ======================================= MATRIX : "spectra" row/col units 1 2 1 sec 0.00000e+00 1.00000e-01 2 m/sec^2 1.47150e+00 1.76580e+00

..... details removed .... 17 18 3.20000e+00 3.40000e+00 1.96200e-01 1.96200e-01

MODAL SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS Now that we know the systems natural periods, the next step is to compute the spectral accelerations corresponding to each period. The block of ALADDIN code: /* [d] : Find Spectral Accelerations at Modal Periods */ SpectralAccn = ColumnUnits( Matrix( [ no_eigen,1 ] ), [ m/sec^2 ] ); for( ii = 1; ii <= no_eigen; ii = ii + 1 ) {

for( ij = 1; ij < npoints; ij = ij + 1 ) { period1 = spectra [ ij][1]; period2 = spectra [ij+1][1]; if(period [ii][1] >= period1 && period [ii][1] < period2 ) { dAccn = spectra [ij+1][2] - spectra [ij][2]; dPeriod = (period [ii][1] - period1)/(period2 - period1); SpectralAccn[ii][1] = spectra [ij][2] + dPeriod*dAccn; } } } PrintMatrix( SpectralAccn ); walks along the spectra array, and for each element in the matrix ``period'' (shown above), finds the spectral acceleration corresponding to natural period of the mode. Modal periods that fall between array values are estimated by linear interpolation. Output : Figure 4 shows the acceleration response spectra with the modal periods and corresponding spectral accelerations superimposed.

Figure 4 : Acceleration Response Spectra The textual output from this computation is: MATRIX : "SpectralAccn" row/col 1 2 3 units m/sec^2 m/sec^2 m/sec^2 1 4.13122e+00 3.21070e+00 2.36550e+00

A quick comparison of the elements in ``period'' and ``spectra'' should reveal that these spectral accelerations match the computed natural periods.

MODAL DISPLACEMENTS Input : The displacements in each mode are a function of the generalised mass, stiffness and load, and the spectral displacement (the relevant formulae may be found in standard texts on seismic design/analysis). The block of ALADDIN code: /* [e] : Generalised mass, stiffness, and loading matrices */ eigenTrans = Trans (eigenvector); gmass = eigenTrans*mass*eigenvector; gstiff = eigenTrans*stiff*eigenvector; gload = eigenTrans*mass*[ 1; 1; 1; 1 ]; PrintMatrix( gmass, gstiff, gload ); /* [f] : Compute and print floor level displacements */ Y = ColumnUnits( Matrix([no_eigen,no_eigen]), [ m ] ); for( ii = 1; ii <= no_eigen; ii = ii + 1 ) { Y [ii][ii] = (gload[ii][1]/gmass[ii][ii]) * (SpectralAccn[ii][1]/eigenvalue[ii][1]); } modaldispl = ColumnUnits ( eigenvector*Y, [cm]); PrintMatrix( Y , modaldispl ); computes modaldispl, a (4x3) matrix containing displacements in each mode. Ouput : Figure 5 shows the modal shapes and natural periods of vibration for the first three modes of the shear building

Figure 5 : Modal Displacements for Shear Building The textual output is: MATRIX : "gmass" row/col units 1 2 3 1 2 3 kg kg kg 4.30934e+03 2.84217e-13 -1.13687e-13 1.13687e-13 3.26599e+03 -4.54747e-13 -2.27374e-13 -2.27374e-13 6.53610e+03

MATRIX : "gstiff" row/col units 1 2 3 1 2 3 N/m N/m N/m 5.07691e+05 -2.18279e-11 1.16415e-10 -1.16415e-10 1.91539e+06 -1.16415e-10 2.32831e-10 -2.32831e-10 7.35295e+06

MATRIX : "gload" row/col 1 2 3 units kg kg kg 1 6.38475e+03 -2.38779e+03 -2.00941e+03

MATRIX : "Y" row/col units 1 m 2 m 3 m

1 2 3

5.19545e-02 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 -4.00257e-03 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 0.00000e+00 -6.46441e-04

MATRIX : "modaldispl" row/col units 1 2 3 4 Points to note: As expected, the generalised mass and stiffness matrices, gmass and gstiff, are diagonalized, thereby indicating the eigenvector tranformation has decoupled the equations of motion. Notice how we have put the modal displacements "Y" is a (3x3) matrix, thereby simplifying the subsequent calculations. 1 2 3 cm cm cm 5.19545e+00 -4.00257e-01 5.82355e-02 4.04779e+00 3.98752e-02 -6.46441e-02 2.57982e+00 2.16095e-01 1.03938e-02 1.22125e+00 1.75157e-01 4.56209e-02

FLOOR DISPLACEMENTS Input : In this section we compute the maximum floor displacements possible by summing the absolute value floor displacements in each mode. print "\n"; print "Maximum Possible Floor Displacements (absolute values) \n"; print "====================================================== \n\n"; print " Floor Mode Modes Modes\n"; print " No 1 1 & 2 1, 2 and 3\n"; for( ii = 1; ii <= 4; ii = ii + 1 ) { print (5-ii); for( ij = 1; ij <= no_eigen; ij = ij + 1 ) { sum = 0.0 cm; for( ik = 1; ik <= ij; ik = ik + 1 ) { sum = sum + abs( modaldispl [ii][ik] ); } print sum (cm); } print "\n"; } Ouput : Results are presented for mode 1 alone, modes 1 and 2, and modes 1 to 3. Maximum Possible Floor Displacements (absolute values) ====================================================== Floor No 4 3 2 1 Mode 1 5.195 cm 4.048 cm 2.58 cm 1.221 cm Modes 1 & 2 5.596 cm 4.088 cm 2.796 cm 1.396 cm Modes 1, 2 and 3 5.654 cm 4.152 cm 2.806 cm 1.442 cm

Clearly, mode 1 makes the greatest contribution to overall floor displacements.

STORY DRIFTS Input : The story drifts in each mode are defined as the displacement of a floor relative to the floor below it. In the block of ALADDIN code: /* [g] : Compute and print story drifts */ print print print print print "\n"; "Maximum Likely Story Drifts (using SRSS) \n"; "======================================== \n\n"; " Story Mode Modes Modes\n"; " No 1 1 & 2 1, 2 and 3\n";

for( ii = 1; ii <= 4; ii = ii + 1 ) { print (5-ii); for( ij = 1; ij <= no_eigen; ij = ij + 1 ) { sum = 0.0 cm^2; for( ik = 1; ik <= ij; ik = ik + 1 ) { if (ii == 4) then { sum = sum + modaldispl[4][ik]^2; } else { sum = sum + (modaldispl [ii][ik] - modaldispl [ii+1][ik])^2; } } print sqrt(sum) (cm); } print "\n"; } we compute the maximum likely story drift at each floor using mode 1 alone, modes 1 and 2, and modes 1 to 3. Maximum likely story drift is taken as the square root of the sum of story drifts squared. Ouput : The output Maximum Likely Story Drifts (using SRSS) ======================================== Story No 4 3 2 1 Mode 1 1.148 cm 1.468 cm 1.359 cm 1.221 cm Modes 1 & 2 1.229 cm 1.479 cm 1.359 cm 1.234 cm Modes 1, 2 and 3 1.235 cm 1.48 cm 1.36 cm 1.235 cm

shows that most of the story drifts occur in modes 1 and 2.

INERTIA FORCES

Input : The inertial forces for each mode are simply given by the product of the stiffness matrix times the modal displacement. The relevant ALADDIN code is: /* [h] : Compute and print equivalent d.o.f. forces in each mode */ print "\n"; print "Inertia Forces for each mode \n"; print "============================ \n\n"; inertia_forces = stiff*modaldispl; PrintMatrix( inertia_forces ); Ouput : Figure 6 shows the distribution of inertia forces in each of the first three modes of vibration.

Figure 6 : Distribution of Inertia Forces The textual output is: Inertia Forces for each mode ============================ MATRIX : "inertia_forces" row/col units 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 N N N 9.18127e+03 -3.52106e+03 9.83037e+02 1.43063e+04 7.01546e+02 -2.18364e+03 9.11798e+03 3.80201e+03 3.55155e+02 6.47450e+03 4.62254e+03 2.30532e+03

SHEAR FORCES

Input : The base shear forces in each mode are shown in Figure 6, and correspond to the sum of inertial forces over the height of the structure. In the block of ALADDIN code: /* [i] : Compute and print base shear force */ print "\n"; print "Shear Forces (at base of the structure) \n"; print "======================================= \n\n"; base_shear_forces = [1,1,1,1] * inertia_forces; PrintMatrix( base_shear_forces ); shear1 = 0.0 N^2; shear2 = 0.0 N; for ( ii = 1; ii <= no_eigen; ii = ii + 1 ) { shear1 = shear1 + base_shear_forces[ 1 ][ ii ]^2; shear2 = shear2 + abs( base_shear_forces[ 1 ][ ii ] ); } print "\n"; print "Base Shear Force : Maximum Likely = ", sqrt(shear1) ,"\n"; print " : Maximum Possible = ", shear2 ,"\n"; we compute the base shear force for each mode by simply premultiplying the "inertia forces" by a sumation vector [1,1,1,1]. Ouput : The maximum likely and maximum possible base shear force is given by the square root of the sum of shear forces squared, and sum of absolutio shear forces, respectively. Shear Forces (at base of the structure) ======================================= MATRIX : "base_shear_forces" row/col units 1 1 N 3.90800e+04 2 N 5.60504e+03 3 N 1.45987e+03

Base Shear Force : Maximum Likely = : Maximum Possible =

3.951e+04 N 4.614e+04 N

Here we see that most of the base shear force is due to inertia forces in modes 1 and 2.

OVERTURNING MOMENTS Input : For each mode, the overturning moment is given by the sum of inertia forces times the vertical distance from the base. /* [j] : Compute and print overturning moments */ print "\n";

print "Overturning Moments (at base of the structure) \n"; print "============================================== \n\n"; floor_heights = [12 m, 9 m, 6 m, 3 m]; base_overturning_moments = floor_heights * inertia_forces; PrintMatrix( base_overturning_moments ); mom1 = 0.0 for ( ii = mom1 mom2 } (N*m)^2; 1; ii <= = mom1 + = mom2 + mom2 = 0.0 N*m; no_eigen; ii = ii + 1 ) { base_overturning_moments[ 1 ][ ii ]^2; abs( base_overturning_moments[ 1 ][ ii ] );

Here we assume that the floors are spaced 3 m apart. Ouput : The generated output: Overturning Moments (at base of the structure) ============================================== MATRIX : "base_overturning_moments" row/col units 1 1 N.m 3.13063e+05 2 N.m 7.40882e+02 3 N.m 1.19055e+03 3.131e+05 N.m 3.15e+05 N.m

Overturning Moments : Maximum Likely = : Maximum Possible =

shows the overturning moments for modes 1 through 3, and the maximum likely and maximum possible overturning momemts. Once again, we use the square root of the sum of the squares for likely overturning moments, and the sum of absolute values for maximum possible overturning moments.