: 3.

3 : SOUND WAVES :
Sound Waves

: PIONEER ACADEMY : PIONEER : 10 : 10 : PHYSICS

Sound waves are mechanical longitudinal waves. Longitudinal waves are produced when the medium vibrates parallel to the direction of wave, i.e. backwards and forwards. Sound waves are produced when some part of the source vibrates. (e.g. : Cone of a speaker) The produce compression and rarefaction in the medium. Compression is the area of medium where the air pressure is higher (air particles are compressed together) and in rarefaction the air pressure is less (air particles are spread apart) . !istance between two consecutive compression or rarefaction is called the wavelength of the sound wave. The cannot travel through vacuum, a material medium is re"uired for their propagation. Sound waves can travel through solids, li"uids and gases. Speed of sound is ma#imum in solid than li"uid and gases. Speed of sound increase with temperature.(e.g. : Speed in air at $ $c % &&' m(s ) at *+ $ C % &&,m(s) Speed of sound at different temperature can be calculated Speed of sound doesn-t depends on pressure. .uman ears are sensitive to sound with fre"uencies from *$ ./ to *$,$$$ ./ (*$ 0./). Speed of sound can be calculated using the e"uation of mechanics : s = Speed of sound waves in various medium are as follows: 1edium Speed at $ 0C m(s Speed at $ 0C m(s ' 2ir (gas) &$$ * 3ater (li"uid) ',$$ & Concrete (solid) +$$$ , Steel (solid) 4$$$
d t (m/s) .

L ou d sp ea k er

REFLECTION OF SOUND WAVES & ECHOES : Sound waves are reflected from hard flat surfaces such as walls or cliffs and obe same laws of reflection as that of light. The reflected sound forms an echo. The time taken to travel echo back to the source (t), the distance it covers (d5d) and the speed of sound waves can be calculated using the formula : speed of sound in air = 3here, d % distance traveled b sound wave from source to the wall. REVERBERATION : 6f the reflecting surface is nearer than 15 from the source of sound, the echo 7oins up with the original sound which. The two sound waves tend to combine as one sound wave which is ver prolonged sound wave known as !eve!"e!a#$on% This happens because the reflected sound wave reaches the ear in less than $.' s, after the original sound wave. &% ' (a) : O*#+Nov% ,00' - ./ &% 5 (a) : O*#+Nov% ,00, - . &% 0 : O*#+Nov% ,000 1 .
d +d *d = t t

 &% . : 3a6+7une% ,000 1 . &% ' : 3a6+7une ,008 - .

2IONEER ACADE34 : 2H4SICS : 5 : SOUND WAVES : ,

2RACTICAL WOR9 : 3EASURIN: THE S2EED OF SOUND IN AIR : ;1< : DIRECT 3ETHOD : IN LABORATOR4 : Set two microphones about ' m apart. 2ttach one to the start terminal and other to the stop terminal of an accurate digital timer, as shown in 8ig. 1easure and record the distance 9d: between the centers of the microphone with a meter ruler. ;roduce a sharp sound near the start microphone with the help of a hammer and a metal plate. 3hen the sound reaches to the start microphone, the timer starts and it stops when the sound reaches to the stop microphone, automaticall . The reading in the timer is the time 9t: taken b the sound waves to travel the distance 9d: between the two microphones. <eset the timer and repeat the e#periment a few times and work out the average value for time 9t:. Thus, the speed of sound in air %
d t (m/s) .

;,< : INDIRECT 3ETHOD : 3easu!$n= s>eed o? sound $n a ?$e@d+>@a61=!ound+o>en a!ea% Ins#!u en#s : =un > To produce sound and flesh oh light, Stop?clock ? To record time, and 1eter <uler > To measure distance between source of sound and the listener (<eceiver). Two students are standing @ d- m apart from each other. Ane has a gun in his hand and the other has a stop clock. 3hen the student with gun fires the gun the other student sees the flash of the fire and starts the stop clock. 2s soon as he hears the sound of the gun fire, he stops the stop clock and records the time as 9#1: s . A#1B s is the time taken to travel the distance @d- m. The repeats the e#periment for three to four times and records the time for each tr s. t +t +t +t Then the calculate the average time, t = ' * & , s ,
Dd

as #,/ #./ #8/

Thus, the speed of sound in air % 2!e*au#$ons : ?

d t

(m/s) .

('). !istance between them must be larger or the must be farther apart. (*). Timer (stop?clock) must be accurate. (&). The must repeat e#periment for three to four time to get accurate time. 2AST 2A2ERCS &UESTIONS : 4ea! 1a (Bune *$$& 1a (Bune *$$4 1a (Bune *$$D Act(Eov. *$$D Act(Eov. *$$* Act(Eov. *$$$ 2A2ER - . &ues#$on No% C. D C. D C. D C. D (a) FGC.A ? S;GG! A8 SAHE!I C. + (a) C. 4 4ea! 2A2ER 1 1 &ues#$on No%

1a (Bune. *$$$ 1a (Bune *$$,

C. & C. D
2IONEER ACADE34 : 2H4SICS : 5 : SOUND WAVES : .

2ITCH : 1 6rregular vibrations, those of vibrations of motor engine, causes noiseJ regular vibrations produces pleasant sound known as us$*a@ no#es. 1usical notes have three properties : (') ;itch, (*) Loudness and (&) Cualit . (1) 2ITCH : 1 ;itch of a sound is a measure of its fre"uenc . The pitch of a sound note depends on the fre"uenc of the sound wave reaching the ear. 2 high pitch note has a high fre"uenc and a short wavelength and a low pitch note has a low fre"uenc and long wavelength. Some notes give harsh and discordant sound when pla ed together. Some notes give pleasant sound if the fre"uenc of the one of the note is e#actl twice the other. An a musical scale, such notes are said to be one octave apart in pitch. 2s shown in the 8ig. below, the middle C corresponds to a fre"uenc of *+4 ./. Eotes of known fre"uenc can be generated b a tuning forks with fre"uencies marked on them. 2 tuning fork has two steel prongs which vibrate when struck. The prongs move in and out together, generating compressions and rarefactions. Eotes of known fre"uenc can also b a signal generator suppl ing alternating electric current (a.c.) to a loud speaker. The cone of the speaker vibrates at the fre"uenc of the a.c. which can be varied and read off a scale on the generator. .uman ears are sensitive to sound with fre"uencies from *$ ./ to *$,$$$ ./ (*$ 0./).
L ow er C 128 H z 1 o c ta v e M id d le C 256 H z 1 o c ta v e U pper C 512 H z

(,) LOUDNESS : 1 (.) Loudness of a sound is a measure of its amplitude. 2 note becomes louder when more sound energ enters our ears per second than before. 3hen a source vibrates with a large amplitude, it produces a loud sound. &UALIT4 OR TI3BRE : 1

Two sound notes of the same fre"uenc (pitch) and same amplitude (loudness) produced b two different sources (b different musical instruments) differ in "ualit or timbre. The "ualit of sound or timbre depends upon the waveform of the sound waves. 2 musical instrument cannot produce a pure sound note, i.e. sound of a single fre"uenc e#cept a tuning fork or a single generator. Eote produced b a musical instrument consist of a main or a fundamental fre"uenc mi#ed with other fre"uencies called overtones.
N o te s o f t e s a m e fre ! " e # c $ (p itc ) % " t d iffe re # t ! " a lit$

 Avertones are usuall weaker and have fre"uencies that are e#act multiple of the fundamental fre"uenc . The number and strength of the overtones decides the "ualit of a note. !ue to the overtones the waveform of the sound note is modified as shown in 8ig. Thus, overtones determine the "ualit or timbre of a note.