Energy and Buildings 41 (2009) 220228

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Energy and Buildings

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Evaluation of ground-source heat pump combined latent heat storage system performance in greenhouse heating
seyin Benli a,*, Aydn Durmus b Hu
a b

, Turkey Department of Technical and Vocational Education, Frat University, TR-23119 Elazg , Turkey Department of Mechanical Education, Frat University, TR-23119 Elazg

A R T I C L E I N F O

A B S T R A C T

Article history: Received 5 May 2008 Received in revised form 12 September 2008 Accepted 16 September 2008 Keywords: Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) Horizontal heat exchanger (HHE) Latent heat storage (LHS) Phase change material (PCM) The coefcient of performance (COP) Greenhouse

The use of renewable energy for greenhouse heating in winter and cold days, helps to save fossil fuels and conserve green farm environment on the one hand, and on the other hand, enhances the quality of agricultural products, reduces production costs and limits the release of greenhouse gases. In this study, a ground-source heat pump-phase change material (GSHP-PCM) latent heat storage system was developed to use natural energy, to the extent possible, for thermal environment control of the greenhouse. The coefcient of performance of the heat pump (COPHP), that of the overall system (COPsys) and the energy capacity of the PCM during the chargedischarge phases has been determined. Based upon the , Turkey, the measurements made in the heating mode from 1 September 2005 till 30 April 2006 in Elazg average heating COPHP of the GSHP unit and the overall system COPsys were obtained to be in the range of 2.33.8 and 23.5, respectively. These results showed that the utilization of a GSHP-PCM system is a suitable approach for greenhouse heating in this district. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction The greenhouse industry is considered to be one of the fastest growing agricultural sectors in Turkey, mainly because of its favorable climatic conditions. This sector creates important employment opportunities and added value throughout the processing and marketing stages of greenhouse products. The industry is also very important for creating a demand for subsectors that provide inputs for greenhouse production such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, glass and so on. The total greenhouse area has increased from 1003 ha in 1960 to 30,000 ha in 2003, with 23,000 low plastic tunnels (Table 1). In 2006, 3 million tons of greenhouse products were produced under cover, of which 5% were exported [1]. Owing to large heating loads and relatively high prices of fossil fuels, alternative energy sources for greenhouse heating has gained utmost interest. Some of the important alternative sources of energy are solar collectors, heat pump and thermal energy storage

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 424 2370000/4402; fax: +90 424 2188947. E-mail address: hbenli@rat.edu.tr (H. Benli). Abbreviations: GHE, ground heat exchanger; GSHP, ground-source heat pump; HGSHP, horizontal ground-source heat pump; HHE, horizontal heat exchanger; LHS, latent heat storage; PC, personal computer; TES, thermal energy storage. 0378-7788/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.09.004

(TES) systems using phase change materials (PCMs). As solar energy is available only during the day, its application requires efcient thermal energy storage. Therefore, the excess heat collected during the day is stored for later use during the night. A ground-source heat pump (GSHP) transforms the earth energy into useful energy to heat and cool greenhouses, buildings, large structures and so on. It provides low-temperature heat by extracting it from the ground or a body of water and facilitates cooling by reversing this process. Its principal application is space heating and cooling, though many also supply hot water, such as for domestic use. A GSHP system does not directly create combustion products. It can actually produce more energy than it uses, as it draws additional free energy from the ground. The GSHP systems are more efcient than air-source heat pumps, which exchange heat with the outside air, due to the stable, moderate temperature of the ground. They are also more efcient than conventional heating and air-conditioning technologies, and typically have lower maintenance costs. In addition, signicant energy savings can be achieved through the use of GSHP in place of conventional air-conditioning systems and air-source heat pumps. Reductions in energy consumption of 3070% in the heating mode and 2050% in the cooling mode can be obtained. Energy savings are even higher when compared with fossil origin fuels, wood or electrical resistance heating systems. This potential has led to the use of GSHP in a variety of applications. The use of GSHPs has other

H. Benli, A. Durmus / Energy and Buildings 41 (2009) 220228 Table 1 Developments of greenhouse production area in Turkey. Years Glasshouse Area (ha) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002 525 76 925 2000 5656 6420 % 52.3 38.3 18.5 23.3 27.6 26.25 Plastic house Area (ha) 478 1,572 4,072 6,600 14,825 18,039 % 47.7 61.7 81.5 76.7 72.4 73.75 Total area (ha) 1,003 2,548 4,997 8,600 20,481 24,458

221

Nomenclature A a COM COP Cp d f H h I LH m Q T V W X area (m2) heat absorption rate of soil () consumption (W) heating coefcient of performance () specic heat (J/kg K) diameter (m) energy saving rate by the thermal curtain () enthalpy (J/kg) heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K) solar radiation on the horizontal surface (W/m2 h) latent heat of water vaporization (J/kg) mass ow rate (kg/s) rate of heat transfer (W) temperature (K) volume (m3) power consumption (W) absolute humidity in the greenhouse ()

Annular growth rate (%) 9.8 7.0 5.6 9.1 9.3

Greek letters hi isentropic efciency of the compressor () hm mechanical efciency of the compressor () t transmissivity of the greenhouse cover () Subscript
1 2 3 4 bw co comp cp ev fc g HP i o PCM rg sys t rst condition or evaporator outlet-compressor inlet second condition or condenser inlet-compressor outlet condenser outlet, expansion valve inlet expansion valve outlet-evaporator inlet brine water (antifreeze water) condenser compressor circulation pump evaporator condenser fan-coil greenhouse heat pump inner outlet phase change material refrigerant (R-22) system greenhouse cover ventilation

benets, too: utilities are promoting the technology as it can help reduce their internal costs thorough the ability to reduce both peak and average load demands. There are also of benet to the community as the consumption of fossil fuels is reduced and the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants is decreased and centralized. Consequently, this study is devoted to an analysis of the operation of a large-scale GSHP and latent heat storage (LHS) system for greenhouse heating and dehumidication requirements analysis of the system. In this experimental study, a heat pump runs continuously for both heating a model-sized

greenhouse of 30 m2 and charging calcium chloride hexahydrate (the PCM) into the system in liquid form. Thermal energy can be stored as sensible heat or latent heat. In most of the storage systems, it is stored as sensible heat in materials such as water and rocks. In air collection systems, rock beds are normally used to store heat, while water tanks store heat in liquid systems. In LHS systems, the latent heat arising from the phase change of a material is used for TES. PCMs can store large amounts of heat (latent heat of fusion) when transformed from solid to liquid phases. The LHS is one of the most efcient ways of storing thermal energy. During the 1990s, a great number of investigations were conducted by many researchers in the design, modeling and testing of GSHPs and TES techniques [26]. Case studies [79], handbooks and standards [1013] are available for the installation procedures of GSHP systems. These studies which were undertaken on a system basis may be categorized into two main groups as follows: (i) HGSHP with storage for greenhouse heating and (ii) TES technique using extra heating. In recent years, TES has been recognized as a potentially signicant means by which primary energy consumption can be reduced in domestic, commercial and industrial processes [14]. Comprehensive studies have been conducted by many researchers concerning the application and modeling of LHS systems and thermal properties of PCMs [1523]. Latent heat thermal energy storage has proved to be an effective method for the utilization of clean energy, because of its high-energy storage density and small temperature variation from storage to extraction. Therefore, a number of investigations that aimed at improving the efciency of LHS systems have been done by some researchers in the design, modeling and testing of LHS systems [2426]. El-Dessouky and Al-Juwayhel [27] developed the second law analysis for a phase change TES system using parafn as a PCM with the latent heat technique for heating a plastic greenhouse of 180 m2. Benli [28] studied heat distribution in a greenhouse built by him, using horizontal GSHP and a PCM (calcium chloride hexahydrate as the PCM). This study includes the performance evaluation of an HGSHP with R-22 as the refrigerant heating mode and LHS with a PCM. An LHS tank was directly connected to a heat pump. An experimental set-up, described in Section 2, was constructed and tested for the rst time on the basis of a university study performed in the country. The coefcient of performance (COP) of the heat pump, the TES of the PCM and the whole system were computed from the measurements. 2. Description of the system In this study, a GSHP-PCM latent heat storage system was developed to use natural energy, to the extent possible, for thermal environment control of the greenhouse. The schematic arrangement of the GSHP and LHS systems for greenhouse heating is given in

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Fig. 1. Experimental equipment of greenhouse heating system.

Fig. 1. The system consists mainly of ve units: (1) GSHP and ground heat exchanger (GHE), (2) LHS unit, (3) heat storage material, (4) experimental greenhouse and (5) heat transfer unit and data logger unit. The greenhouse heating system utilizes heat pump and , East Anatolia region of Turkey. seasonal LHS located in the Elazg 2.1. Heat pump and ground heat exchanger To avoid freezing of water under the working conditions and during cold winter days, non-toxic propylene glycol solution (30% by weight) was used. The refrigerant circuit was built on the closed-loop copper tubing and the working uid was R-22. A GSHP system can be used for both heating and cooling. In this study, conversion from the heating to cooling cycle was achieved by means of a four-way valve. The performance evaluation method of the cooling mode operation of the system will not be discussed here. During winter, the waterantifreeze solution in the pipes extracts heat from the earth and carries it into the greenhouse, whereas during summer, the system reverses and takes heat from the greenhouse storing it in the cooler ground. The heat pump used in the study is shown in Figs. 2. Fig. 3(a) shows the layout of the GHE and Fig. 3(b) shows how the GHE was covered with soil. Heat transfer from the earth to the heat pump or vice versa is maintained with the uid or waterantifreeze solution circulated through the GHE. The uid transfers its heat to the refrigerant uid in the evaporator. The refrigerant, which ows through the other closed loop in the heat pump, evaporates by absorbing heat from the waterantifreeze solution circulated through the evaporator. It then enters the hermetic compressor where it is compressed before it enters the condenser where it is condensed. A fan blows across the condenser to move the warmed air of the greenhouse.

The specications and characteristics of the main components of the GSHP system are given in Table 2. 2.2. The LHS unit A cylindrical plastic tank with a diameter of 0.60 m and a total volume of 0.33565 m3 was used as the seasonal LHS unit. The whole surface of the LHS unit was insulated with 0.07 m glass wool and the unit was placed horizontally on the ground surface at a distance of 0.5 m from the experimental greenhouse. The LHS unit was attached to the heat pump by means of a paddle box. Heat energy, produced by the GSHP, was transferred to the LHS unit and the experimental greenhouse. The heat pump was operated continuously all day long for heating the greenhouse and feeding the PCM to the system. The energy obtained from the GSHP was transferred to the LHS unit by circulating air through the polyethylene (PE) pipes. Perforated PE pipes were installed in the LHS unit as the heat exchanger. The total length of 30 perforated PE pipes was 45 m and the diameter was 0.05 m. Fig. 4 shows the LHST manufactured for this study along with a view of the GHE. 2.3. Heat storage material In general, materials that have a large change in internal energy per unit volume minimize the space needed to store energy. A large number of organic and inorganic substances are known to melt with a heat of fusion in any required temperature range (0120 8C). Nevertheless, the following properties of the heat storage material must be taken into account in the selection of the storage material for sensible heat storage systems: heat capacity, density, heat storage temperature, storage material cost and heat exchange cost, thermal conductivity, vapor pressure, toxicity and corrosiveness. For selecting the PCM for the present LHS system, the following desirable properties of calcium chloride hexahydrate were taken into account: high latent fusion per unit mass, chemical stability, melting in the desired operating temperature range, small volume changes during phase transition, availability in large quantities and low price. Thermal properties of calcium chloride hexahydrate were measured with a differential scanning calorimeter. The melting temperature range and latent heat of fusion were found to be 3245 8C and 190 kJ/kg, respectively. The LHS unit was lled with 300 kg of calcium chloride hexahydrate, corresponding to 10 kg of PCM/m2 of the greenhouse ground surface area. 2.4. Experimental greenhouse The experiments were conducted in a glass greenhouse that was laid in the northsouth direction. The greenhouse was framed

Fig. 2. The view of GSHP unit.

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Fig. 3. The layout and the covering of the ground heat exchanger.

with galvanized steel with mechanical up-or-down ventilation openings in the sidewalls. The glass material (side wall thickness 3 mm and roof thickness 4 mm) contained ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) stabilizers. The dimensions of the greenhouse were width 5 m, length 6 m and height 2.9 m. Warm air from the GSHP unit was distributed by PE pipes (of diameter 0.10 m) lying on the corner of the ground surface inside the greenhouse. The experimental system is illustrated in Fig. 5. 2.5. Heat transfer unit In this experiment, heat transfer with forced convection between the heat pump unit, the LHS unit and the experimental
Table 2 The main components specication and characteristics of the GSHP system studied. Main circuit Ground coupling unit Element HGHE length of 246 m Waterantifreeze solution circulating pump Expansion tank Refrigerant circuit Compressor

greenhouse was facilitated with two centrifugal fans (fan A for the condenser unit and fan B for the LHS unit). During winter, two differential thermostats were used to control the charging and discharging processes. The thermostats were controlled by independently operating centrifugal fans and at the same time, the GSHP was continuously operated for charging the LHS unit. During the charge phase, the air obtained from the heat pump was passed through the LHS unit. During winter and cold days, when the air temperature of the experimental greenhouse fell below a certain value, fan B (discharging fan) was activated during the extraction operation. The discharging fan drove the greenhouse air through the LHS unit during the night and returned it to the interior of the experimental greenhouse through the PE pipes. The

Technical specication Horizontal heat exchanger; pipe distance 0.3 m; pipe diameter 0.016 m; piping depth 2 m; material polyethylene, PX-b Cross Link Manufacturer: DAB A50/180x3 speed; speed step (2710, 2540 and 1715 rpm); power (160, 148 and 140 W); ow rate 112 m3/h; pressure head 8 m 50 l Type, hermetic reciprocating, manufacturer: Tecumseh; model TFH 5532 F volumetric ow rate 9.2 m3/h; speed 2900 rpm; the rated power of electric motor driving 2.5 HP (1.86 kW); refrigerant R-22; capacity 5.484 kW (at cooling/condensing temperatures of 0/46 8C) Manufacturer: Altntas Is typeID 23-01; capacity 10 kW heat transfer surface 0.85 m2 utma typeAS169 25 model; m2D capacity 11.63 kW; 25 m2 surface Manufacturer: Azak Sog area; 45 cm fan diameter Manufacturer: DE-NA/233-083 Dry-101 connection 3/8 in. Manufacturer: Honeywell S21; connection 3/8 in. Manufacturer: Aldag typeSAS 228; diameter 380 mm; air volumetric ow rate 600 m3/h; power180 W Manufacturer: Bahc van motorBDRKF 180; diameter 200 mm; volumetric ow rate 860 m3/h; power 85 W; speed 2350 d/d

Heat exchanger Condenser for heating Dryer Observe glass Fan circuit Fan of air cooled condenser Fan of discharging of PCM

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Fig. 4. Manufacturing of LHST and the ground heat exchangers buried at 2 m depth.

Fig. 5. Various views of greenhouse and heating unit.

operation of the electric motor activating the discharging fan was controlled by a time clock between 17:00 and 04:00 h. 3. Measurements The following data were regularly recorded at 15-min intervals during the experiments:  Mass ow rates of the water/antifreeze solution measured by a rotameter.  Mass ow rates of the refrigeration solution measured by a ow meter.  Temperature of the waterantifreeze solution entering and leaving the GHE measured by copper-constantan thermocouples mounted on the water inlet and outlet lines.  Condenser and evaporator pressures measured by bourdon-type manometers.  Ambient atmospheric pressure measured by a barometer.  Outdoor and greenhouse air temperatures and humidity at the northern side as well as the southern side measured by using a multi-channel digital thermometer.  Electrical power input to the compressor, fans (A and B) and the circulating pump measured by a wattmeter.  Ground temperatures measured by copper-constantan thermocouples.  Inlet and outlet temperatures of circulated waterantifreeze solution through the closed-loop HGHE and WARHEX measured by copper-constantan thermocouples.

 Wind velocities at a height of 6 m measured by an anemometer maximum dic-3.  Solar ux inside and outside the greenhouse measured by a Kipp State Meteorological & Zonnen CM11 pyranometer and Elazg Station weather data from 2005 to 2006.  Temperatures of the heat storage materials and circulating air as the heat transfer uid measured by copper-constantan thermocouples. Ten thermocouples were uniformly placed in the heat storage unit to measure the temperature of the heat storage material. 4. Energy balance in the greenhouse heating system As shown in Fig. 6, solar radiation and thermal energy gained from the heat pump were the energy sources for heating the greenhouse. The crop, air, soil and the PCM were used as the heat storage media to heat the air inside the greenhouse. However, only a small amount of this heat source could be used to heat the air inside the greenhouse while a large amount was lost through the greenhouse cover. Under daylight, the thermal energy balance can be written as follows [29]: solar Q sys Q t Q v Q soil Q cro p Q air Q pcm Q (1)

solar ) is calculated from where solar radiation in the greenhouse (Q the following equation: solar t I Q (2)

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Fig. 6. Energy balance model in the greenhouse heating system equipped with PCM storage unit and the heat pump.

For the cycle calculations for the GSHPS, the following assumptions were made: (i) the volumetric efciency of the compressor was taken to be 90%, (ii) the compressor isentropic efciency was taken to be 75% and (iii) there were no pressure loses in the cycle. The rate of heat extracted (absorbed) by the unit in the heating GHE was calculated from the following equation: mode (GHE load) Q GHE m bw C p;bw T o;bw T i;bw Q The heat rejection rate in the condenser was calculated by co m rg H2 H3 Q The heat transfer rate in the evaporator is ev m rg H1 H4 Q The work input rate to the compressor is com p W rg H2 H1 m (6) (5) (4) (3)

soil ) The heat absorbed and released by the soil in the greenhouse (Q is soil asoil Ag Rg t I Q (12)

where the ratio of soil area not covered by the crop is calculated as   Ag Acro p Rg (12a) Ag cro p ) is The heat absorbed and released by the crop (Q cro p Rcro p acro p t I 1 Rg acro p t I Q (13)

where the ratio of soil area covered by the crops is calculated as   Acro p Rcro p (13a) Ag air ) is Air enthalpy in the greenhouse (Q air fhdryair xhva por gm air Q ( ) pva por air C p T inside 0:6220 LHwater C v T inside m pdryair ) is The heat stored by the PCM (Q PCM m pcm pcmsolid C p pcmsolid T 2;solid T 1;solid LH pcm m Q pcmliquid C p pcmliquid T 1;liquid T 2;liquid m (15)

hi hm

Hence, the COP of the GSHP can be calculated as COPHP co Q com p W (7)

(14)

The coefcient of performance of the overall heating system (COPsys), which is the ratio of the condenser load to total work consumption of the compressor, brine water, circulation pump and the condenser fan-coil unit, was computed by the following equation: COPsys co Q cp W fc com p W W (8)

The heat gained from the GSHP overall system can be written as sys COPsys COMelectric Q t ) is The heat loss through the greenhouse cover (Q t Ag ht 1 f T inside T ambient Q v ) is The heat loss of ventilation from the greenhouse (Q v Ag hv T inside T ambient Q (11) (10) (9)

The heat gain from the ground depends on the seasonal conditions. In our study using the pipes, which were laid horizontally 2 m under the ground, the heat gain per pipe unit length (m) was found to be 0.00315 kW/m on an average. Heat transfer coefcient of the ground was taken as 1.70 W/m K. In order to achieve a better level of heat transfer, pebbles with a heat transfer coefcient of 1.75 W/m K were spread on the ground. In LHS systems, the transferred heat can be calculated instantaneously with the following equation. The heat transfer during the charge and discharge of the phase change material is a function of time: PCMt m air C pair T i;air T o;air Q (16)

This also shows the amount of heat, which appears during the charge phase. The heat transferred to the chemical material tank by

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Fig. 7. The daily variation of various temperatures of HGHE.

Fig. 8. Heat storage variation with time of day during charging period.

air is assumed to be the heat received by the chemical material: PCM PCM Q Q t t
charge

PCM Q t

discharge

(17)

When the heat pump is off and the chemical material storage is let to cool, the heat the chemical material transfers via movement will be equal to the discharge heat: PCM hinside Asur face; pcm T sur face; pcm;average T inside; pcm Q t (18)

In this study, a heat pump and a PCM heat storage unit were developed in order to limit the use of fossil fuels with increased use of renewable energy for greenhouse heating. Fig. 7 shows daily variation of Tin, Tout, Tsoil, Tbw-i and Tbw-o in the case of using HGHE. 4.1. Calculating heat loss from the greenhouse Heat loss calculation is the rst step in determining the heating system capacity before selecting the system and its various components. The heating system should be properly sized to meet the needs of the greenhouse under extreme weather conditions. Greenhouse heat loss is determined by the following equation [30]: g A1 A2 T inside T outdoor f wind f construction f sys Q R1 R2 (19)

Fig. 9. Heat storage variation with time of day during discharging period.

heat dissipated by the chemical material during the discharge phase with respect to time. Empirical relations as derived separately for the heat pump and the chemical material charge and discharge conditions were found to be as follows: For heat pump during charge pcmcharge 0:0276 t 2 0:4488 t 1:9143 Q For heat pump during discharge pcmdischarge 0:0504 t 2 0:6962 t 2:3776 Q 0:947 These empirical equations are valid for the following values:  6 h > t > 1 h (time period for charging) and 4 h > t > 1 h (time period for discharging);  50 8C > Ti,air > 35 8C (heat pump chemical material air input temperature for charging) and 35 8C > To,air > 5 8C (heat pump chemical material air output temperature for discharging); Aratio Aheating pi pes 0:21; APCM V ratio V PCM 0:33565 V heating pi pe 0:08835 (23) R2 (22) R2 0:963 (21)

Using Eq. (19) and assuming that the construction type factor ( fconstruction), the system factor ( fsys) and the wind factor ( fwind) are 1.08, 1.00 and 1.03, respectively, the average heating load of the solar greenhouse was obtained to be 6.28 kW at the design conditions. In this equation, greenhouse surface area was calculated to be 29.15 m2, the thermal resistance of greenhouse 0.165 m2 8C/W and the difference between the greenhouse inside and outdoor temperatures (Tinside Toutdoor) to be 10 8C. 5. Results To run the experiments, 300 kg chemical material and 200 kg water were put in to the heat tank. About 6 kg potassium nitrate was added, to facilitate nucleation and transformation. The mixture was then slightly heated and mixed in order to provide homogeneity. Then, it was ready for use: V PCM 0:33565 3:8 V heating pi pe 0:08835 (20)

3:8;  mPCM = 300 kg chemical material; air 0:27 kg=s:  m

The derived experimental equations are valid for situations where the ratio of the amount of the chemical material to the heating surface area is three to four times higher. Fig. 8 gives the change of total heat stored by the chemical material during the charge phase with respect to time. Fig. 9 gives the change of

For the GSHP, the experimental data were converted into tables and under the light of these data COP values for each system were calculated and various graphics were obtained. COPsys changes of the GSHP according to the hours of the day are given in Fig. 10. COPsys value of the system and a dimensionless u = Tenvironment/Tsoil number was determined and empirical (experimental) relations were found as follows. In order to obtain reliable values, Tsoil > Tenvironment should be taken. For this reason u value is always smaller than 1. Otherwise, underground heat exchanger turns out to be harmful rather than benecial. The change in total electrical

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COPsys were found to be 3.8 and 3.5, respectively, while the maximum uncertainties associated with COPHP and COPsys were 5.78% and 5.66%, respectively. 6. Conclusions In the region where the current study was carried out, January is the coldest month of the year. Temperature range is 5 8C to 20 8C for 2022 days, which provides ideal conditions for a stable operation of the GSHPs. To prevent freezing problem of brine water, which is fed into the heat pump, it is necessary to take additional measures. The temperature of the ground in the month of January is around 57 8C. During the process of feeding brine into the nested pipes of the heat exchanger, environment temperature leads to sudden drops in the heat exchange system of F-22 gas, as a result of which freezing problems emerge. An additional heat source may be necessary in the case of sudden heat drops. Placing the heat pump directly inside the greenhouse or in a covered place outside would be a more convenient solution. The GSHPs can be used in times when the temperature of the environment is lower than that of the ground. The GSHP systems show better performance than conventional air-source heating systems under low environment conditions. The effect of climatic conditions and operating parameters on the system performance parameters and PCM heat gain were also investigated in this study. Nine empirical correlations were developed to estimate the average performance coefcients of the system (COPsys) and the heat transfer rate of PCM during the charge and discharge phases. Consequently, 1. COPHP values of the GSHP were found to be higher than the COPHP values of the air-source heat pump during winter and cold days. Operation of the compressor was quite stable. As hermetic compressors demonstrate low risks of malfunctioning, they are quite suitable for long-period operations. Using a scroll compressor instead of a hermetic compressor would lead to an increase in the COPHP values obtained. 2. When the mass ow of the brine water increases, heat transfer, and thus the COPsys of the system also increase. Brine water has no risk of freezing until 20 8C. As this risk was calculated, an additional emergency heating and automatic stop facility were made available in the system. 3. Heat pumps must be placed inside the greenhouse or under a cover for an efcient use in these systems. 4. Since the temperature of water received from the ground is higher than that of the environment, the compression rate of the compressor is rather low, by means of which it needs less energy from external sources. 5. With the help of a storage system, the state of the chemical material (stability and changes) could easily be observed. Since the temperature of the chemical material stored was almost constant, a rational distribution of heat in the greenhouse was achieved. 6. Since a GSHP, which easily operates even at 20 8C was used, freezing problems did not occur. 7. The pipes used in the heat exchanger should have a diameter of (25.4 mm) 1 in. or higher. 8. During warm days, it takes a shorter time to charge the chemical material and a longer time to discharge it, whereas the reverse is true for cold days. 9. The performance of the GSHP was found to be between 2.3 and 3.8 for COPHP, whereas it was between 2 and 3.5 for COPsys. Depending on the temperature of the environment in the greenhouse, the heat pump increased the temperature by 510 8C and the chemical material increased it by 13 8C on the

Fig. 10. The daily variation of COPsys of the GSHP.

Fig. 11. Total power consumption (compressor, condenser fan and circulating pump).

energy consumption according to the hours of the day is given in Fig. 11. October 2005 (15 October 2005) COPsys 11944u 23055u 11122 November 2005 (5 November 2005) COPsys 2333:3u 4488:3u 2161:3 December 2005 (10 December 2005) COPsys 10476u 20866u 10387 January 2006 (20 January 2006) COPsys 10076u 19376u 9312:8 February 2006 (15 February 2006) COPsys 16429u 31491u 15088 March 2006 (20 March 2006) COPsys 43667u 85935u 42282 April 2006 (5 April 2006) COPsys 857:14u 1700:3u 840:14
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

R2 0:9804

(24)

R2 0:9738

(25)

R2 0:9761

(26)

R2 0:9812

(27)

R2 0:9635

(28)

R2 0:9824

(29)

R2 0:9765

(30)

The uncertainties arising in calculating a result (wR ) due to several independent variables are given as follows: W R 

dR w dX 1 1

2

dR w dX 2 2

2

dR w dX n n

2 !1=2

(31)

where the result R+ is a given function of the independent variables X1, X2, . . ., Xn, and w1 , w2 , . . ., wn are uncertainties in the independent variables. In this study, the values for COPHP and

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