IMO74

IMO Regulations, IBC-code
There are several international regulations, which are important for chemical tankers. The most fundamental regulation is the O!" convention which defines and sets into force the IBCcode. #$tract from O!" chapter %II -
PartB
Construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous liquid chemicals in bulk
Regulations 8 Definitions
&or the purpose of this part, unless e$pressl' provided otherwise( ) International Bulk Chemical Code (IBCCode) means the International Code for the Construction and #*uipment of hips Carr'ing-+angerous Chemicals in Bulk adopted ,' the Maritime afet' Committee of the .Organi-ation ,' resolution M C../.01, as ma' ,e amended ,' the Organi-ation, provided that such amendments are adopted, ,rought into force and take effect in accordance with the provisions of article %III of the present Convention concerning the amendment procedures applica,le to the anne$ other than chapter I. 2 Chemical tanker means a cargo ship constructed or adapted and used for the carriage in ,ulk of an' li*uid product listed in chapter )3 of the International Bulk Chemical Code. 4 &or the purpose of regulation 5, ship constructed means a ship the keel of which is laid or which is at a similar stage of construction. . At a similar state a/construction means the state at which( .) construction identifia,le with a specific ship ,egins6 and .2 assem,l' of that ship has commenced comprising at least 78 tonnes or ) 9 of the estimated mass of all structural material, -whichever is less.
Regulation 9 Application to chemical tankers

) :nless e$pressl' provided otherwise, this part applies to chemical tankers constructed on or after ) ;ul' )50< including those of less than 788 tons gross tonnage. uch tankers shall compl' with the re*uirements of this part in addition to an' other applica,le re*uirements of the present regulations. "n' chemical tanker, irrespective of the date of construction, which undergoes repairs, alterations, modifications and outfitting related thereto shall continue to compl' with at least the re*uirements previousl' applica,le to the ship. uch a ship, if constructed ,efore ) ;ul' )50< shall, as a rule, compl' with the re*uirements for a ship constructed on or after that date to at least the same e$tent as ,efore undergoing such repairs, alterations, modifications or outfitting. Repairs, alterations and modifications of a ma=or character and outfitting related thereto, shall meet the re*uirements for a ship constructed on or after ) ;ul' )50< in so far as the "dministration deems reasona,le and practica,le. " ship irrespective of the date of construction, which is converted to a chemical tanker shall ,e treated as a chemical tanker constructed on the date on which such conversion commenced.
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Regulation 10 Requirements for chemical tankers

) " chemical tanker shall compl' with the re*uirements of the International Bulk Chemical Code and shall, in addition to the re*uirements of regulation )@0, )@5, and )@)8, as applica,le, ,e surve'ed and certified as provided for in that Code. &or the purpose of this regulation, the re*uirements of the Code shall ,e treated as mandator'. " chemical tanker holding a certificate issued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph ) shall ,e su,=ect to the control esta,lished in regulation )@)5. &or this purpose such certificate shall ,e treated as a certificate issued under regulation I@I 2 or I@I 4.
IBC-code
The IBC-code (International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying angerous Chemicals in Bulk) has several purposes. &irst and most it is a construction code, which ensures that all chemical tankers are ,uild to high standards.
/&or chemical tankers ,uild ,efore ). of ;ul' )50< the BCA-code applies1
&urthermore the code has a lot of information which influences the dail' operation. The code consists of )5 chapters plus an inde$ and some appendices. +uring the normal operation the t'pical use of the code will ,e a check to see if the chemical the vessel is a,out to load will demand an' special precautions.
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The Crocedure is(

). &ind the chemical in the inde$
Index of Dangerous Chemicals Carried in Bulk

?ame ,eta-Meth'lacrolein GM#TAH! "CRH!"T# 2-Meth'lacr'lic acid 2-Meth'lacr'lic acid, dodec'i ester 2Meth'lacr'lic acid, laur'l ester G M#TAH! "!COAO! G M#TAH!"MI?# O!:TIO? /.29 OR !# 1 ) -Meth'l-2-amino,en-ene 2-Meth'M -amino,en-ene M#TAH!"MH! "C#T"T# M#TAH!"MH! "!COAO! M#TAH! "MH! I#TO?# G 2-Meth'laniline o-Meth'laniline 2-Meth'l,en-enamine o-Meth'l,en-enamine Meth'l,en-ene Meth'l,en-enediamine Meth'l,en-ol G 2-Meth'M ,4-,utadiene 4-Meth'l-) 4-,utadiene G 2-Meth'l,utane G 2-Meth'l,utan-2ol G 2-Meth'l-2-,utanol 2-Meth'l-.-,utanol G 4-Meth'l-)-,utanol G4-Meth'l,utan-)-ol 4-Meth'l,utan-4-ol G4-Meth'l,ut-)-ene Meth'l,utenes
See CROTO?"!+#AH+# Chapter )3 M#TA"CRH!IC "CI+ +O+#CH! M#TA"CRH!"T# +O+#CH! M#TA"CRH!"T# Chapter )0 Chapter )3 o-TO!:I+I?# o-O!:I+I?# Chapter )3 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 o-TO!:I+I?# o-TO!:I+I?# o-TO!:I+I?# o-TO!:I+I?# TO!:#?# TO!:#?#+I"MI?# TO!:#?# I OCR#?# I OCR#?# C#?T"?# /"!! I OM#R 1 terf-"MH! "!COAO! teri-"MH! "!COAO! ISOAMYL ALCOHOL I O"MH! "!COAO! I O"MH! "!COAO! tert-"MH! "!COAO! C#?T#?# /"!! I OM#R 1 C#?T#?# /"!! I OM#R 1 :? No. M&"J )5)5 448
1230 1235
306 320
1233 2053 1110
330 305 300
D In the inde$ 'ou will find a reference to Chapter )3 or )0 of the IBC-code or 'ou will find another name for the chemical. D If the name of the chemical is not in the inde$ the shipper must ,e contacted to see if he has another name for the chemical. D If the chemical cannot ,e found in the code the vessel is not allowed to transport it, unless a tripartite agreement is made ,' the flagstateEs administration and the administrations of the port states /IBC ).).41. If the chemical is listed in chapter )3 or if the chemical is listed in chapter )0 with a pollution categor' +, the product must ,e listed on the shipEs FCertificate of &itnessF. D ?ames in the inde$ that are preceded ,' an .asteri$ are chemical names in correspondence with the s'stem developed ,' I:C"C /International :nion of Cure and "pplied Chemistr'1
D In the fifth column of the inde$ is found the M&"J num,er. This is a reference to the appropriate ta,le in Medical &irst "id Juide, and the ta,le should ,e consulted to check whether the vessel needs an antidote for the product. /IBC )..2.51 D If the product is from chapter )0 without an' pollution categor' there are no restrictions for transport other than commercial restrictions. The products mentioned in chapter )0 are products which in spite of their chemical nature and names are not considered dangerous. This means that those products in principle ma' ,e transported in an' tanker e$cept for the fact that some of them present a minor pollution ha-ard. If the product has a Collution Categor' + it must ,e listed on the vesselEs Certificate of &itness. If the ship is not a chemical tanker /i.e. holds no Co&1 the product must ,e listed on a ?! -certificate / ?o$ious !i*uid u,stances1. Of course the e*uipment of the vessel such as coating, packings, pumps etc. is decisive as to which products actuall' can ,e carried. xtract from the IBC-code! cha"ter 18
a Product name b UN number c Pollution category for operational discharge (regulation 3 of Annex !
Acetone Acrylon tr le!Styrene copoly"er # $per$ on n polyether polyol Alcohol c &e'era(e$) n*o*$* Alcohol$ +C13,n!Al.ane$ +C10,Al.enyl+C8,-a" #e) Al.yl+C12,- ac # e$ter " /t0re Al.y1+C9,-&en2ene$ Al.yl# th oth a# a2ole +C6!C12Al0" n 0" $0lphate $ol0t on A" noethyt# ethanola" ne3 A" noethylethanola" ne $ol0t on 2!A" no!2!hy#ro/y"ethyl!1 )3!propane# ol $ol0t on +404 or le$$A""on 0" hy#ro(en pho$phate $ol0t on A""on 0" polypho$phate $ol0t on
1090
III % III III % % III % % III III % %
3065 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
2. If the product is listed in chapter )3 the ne$t step is to check the re*uirements in this chapter. #$tract from the IBC-codeEs F ummar' of Minimum Re*uirementsF /Chapter )31
h c 5 6ro#0ct nan c " 3C $% *7 *3 A J 1702 *3*( 2056 J % % C A 1294 1709 C C 5 6 ) 1 8S ( 9ll : r& 51 Ko Ko Ko Ko Ko Ko Ko Ko H3 IIJ K1 Ye$ Ko Ye$ Ye$ Ko Y; d e " h #kamal equipment ;< 3< = 5 C !3 $ lF* A Ye$ << > 8 9a *S 0 N 0 N 0 0 N C 5 !5 ! 9S A Ko A A A A A A)0 K1 A Hol0ene # $o L'anale o!Hol0 # T Hr l 0l'l pho$phatr 1 *2*4!Hr chlc rol en7en+L 23!L1 207J 17+18 C C J J S6 SL6 * 6 3 2C 2C 2P 2P Corn* Con-* Open Con *
%R
Ot
<5*? 's r IG t
@ "pn(i)il reB0 1c"rnC t$ee S 5 ( chapter 15D A
@ Hall o l $oap I# proport onale#l $ol0l on 1 e rachloroelhanc Helraelhylenepenla" ne Helrahy#rol0r n Hctrahy#ronaphlhalrne I&hHetra"elhyl&en2ene ILall $o"er$O Hol0ene +h ll Hol0ene# a" ne
95 5 1 3 2C 2C 2C 2P 2C 2C 2C 2P
E h2 Open Corn* Open Conl* Open Open Conl* Conl*
8!G Ko H Ko Q!H Ko Ko r H
Kl Ko K1 Ko Ko Ko Ko Ko >
n*ILl*1-* lh*2*+M) 16*2*L15*12* 15*17) 15*19*6
S6 3 !S S 6 6 6 O 3 3 3 3
15*19*6
lt *2*9* 1+MA*2*!L I5*19*1t 15*12* IS5) 15*1<-* ;-*3*7* 1+M*2*9 IS*12) 15*1+M*2) 13*7) 13*1L-* l0*2*LlL *12* 1*5*17* 1U19 IS*lt*h IS*%*h* lh*2*L-* l1 A*2*2
SL6 2
Hl
IIA
Ye$ Ye$ Y <) YT
C C 0 N
Q!H H Ko H
Ko KO KO
CS! K4 1) C A A A*J
> Ko Ko Ko
S6 2
S0""ary o1 " n "0" reB0 re"ent$

"ll the columns in chapter )3 hold information that has a ,earing on the operational procedures. ee comments a,ove. Column a! Croduct ?ame( Column "! :? num,er( Man' of the products /,ut not all1 have ,een assigned a uni*ue .digit num,er. If the product has a :? num,er this should ,e part of the shippers information to the vessel. The pollution categor' can ,e ", B, C or + according to the criteria laid down in M"RCO!Es "nne$ II or marked as IIIfl, meaning that the su,stance has ,een evaluated and found to ,e non-pollutant. The pollution categories are onl' kept updated in this list and not in M"RCO!. If the pollution categor' is listed in ,rackets it means that the su,stance has onl' ,een provisionall' assessed. Indicates whether the product is considered dangerous due to afet' pro,lems or due to Collution pro,lems. Column d! Aa-ards(
Column c+ Collution Categor'(
Chemical tankers will ,e assigned one or more ship t'pes according to the. shipEs construction. are constructed and e*uipped to carr' the most dangerous or reactive chemicals which re*uire the most e$tensive precautions to avoid spill if the vessel is involved in a collision or grounding. &urthermore the re*uirements to intact sta,ilit' and ,uo'anc' after a collision or grounding are rather stringent On the figure is shown the most important demands to the construction of the hull and the cargo tanks.
#ype $ ships
I#$ %hi" &'"es
a
n" V!
<<; ;;W XM
(() *ill!
*MlNtt
Type 2 ships
are constructed and e*uipped to carr' less dangerous product than t'pe ), ,ut nevertheless so dangerous that the vessel must ,e capa,le of surviving minor collisions and grounding without leaking cargo to the environment. +epending on the si-e of the vessel t'pe 2 ships are su,=ect to almost the same re*uirements for damage sta,ilit' as t'pe ) ships. are constructed to carr' products that represent a greater danger than oil products and conse*uentl' re*uires some protection. " t'pe 4 vessel has no demands to the location of the cargo tanks, ,ut is su,=ect to some re*uirements as to damage sta,ilit'.
Type 3 ships
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Column/! Tank T'pe( Independent tanks
Integral Tanks
Independent tanks
In addition to the re*uirements to the hull construction and the location of the cargo tanks, also the tank construction is classified. /tank t'pe )J1 means tanks which are not part of the hull structure. "n independent tank is not essential to the structural completeness of the hull. +tan. type 2P- are tan.$ Th ch 1or" part o1 the $h p$ h0ll an# Th ch "ay &e $tre$$e# n the $a"e "anner an# &y the $a"e loa#$ Th ch $tre$$ the h0ll* means a tank having a design pressure not greater than 8.3 ,ar gauge at the top of the tank. It ma' ,e an integral tank or an independent tank. means a tank having a design pressure greater than 8.3 ,ar gauge. " pressure tank should ,e an independent tank. /" pressure tank is not specified for an' of the products currentl' in the IBC-code.1
Integral tanks
Gravity tank
Pressure tank
Column g+ Tank vents:
The re*uirements for tank vents /Open or Controlled1 will ,e dealt with in detail in chapter )8.
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Column h! Tank environmental Control( Inert: Pad: Dry: Vent: Column i+ lectrical e+ui"ment,
The column offers one of four possi,ilities. The tank and associated piping must ,e-inerted ,' filling them with an appropriate gas or vapour, which will not support com,ustion or react with the cargo. The tank and piping must ,e filled with an appropriate gas or li*uid, which separates the cargo from the air and this condition must ,e maintained during the vo'age. The tanks and piping must ,e maintained at a dewpoint of -.8KC or ,elow. The ullage space of the tanks must ,e ventilated - either ,' natural or forced ventilation. This column states the temperature class and electrical apparatus group for e*uipment to ,e used in gas dangerous areas. &urthermore it is stated whether the flashpoint is a,ove <8KC or not. Chapter )8 of the #C-code deals in detail with the re*uirements for electrical e*uipment. "lso this column offers one of four possi,le devices.
Column -+ -auging, Open: Restricted: Closed: Indirect:
" method of gauging which will e$pose the gauger to the cargo or its vapour. "n e$ample is the use of a normal ullage hatch. " device which penetrates the tank, ,ut onl' e$poses the user to small amounts of vapour. #$amples are porta,le gauging devices mounted on sounding pipes with a valve. +evices that penetrate the tank ,ut which do not allow an' vapour to ,e released during their use. #$amples are float-t'pe s'stems, pressure sensors and tank radars. " device which does not penetrate the tank and is independent of the tank as for e$ample a flow-meter. Indirect devices are not presentl' specified for an' of the products in the IBC-code, ,ut ma' ,e used in stead of closed devices. This column specifies whether the vessel must have on ,oard special detector e*uipment for the product. If the column specifies &, the vessel must have at least two instruments capa,le of checking for a flamma,le atmosphere of the product. If the column specifies T, the vessel must have at least two instruments which are usa,le for testing for to$ic concentrations. If it is impossi,le to o,tain measuring e*uipment for a specific gas where this column specifies T, the shipEs Certificate of &itness will reflect this ,' re*uiring additional suppl' of ,reathing-air.
Column k! .a"our detection,
In either case one of the instruments can ,e a fi$ed installation. pecifies which kind of fire-fighting media will ,e the ,est for the product. "ll chemical tankers must have a foam-s'stem, ,ut addition of some products to the Certificate of &itness could mean re*uirements for large amounts of dr' powder or for a water-spra' s'stem. The column ma' specif' ?n, L or H' where n can ,e a num,er from ) to < and ' a num,er from ) to 7. The translation is found in chapter < of the IBC-code, ,ut ,asicall' the ?Es are a,out materials not suited for the product and the HEs are notes on materials which should ,e used for the product. Mhenever an # appears in this column it means that the ship must have suita,le respirator' and e'e protection for ever' person on ,oard. The e*uipment must include self-contined ,reathing apparatuses with at least )7 minutes air suppl'. This column refers to special re*uirements from the codeEs chapter )7 and@or )<. The special re*uirements var' considera,l' from product to product, and as *uite a lot of them has operational significance it is a,solutel' necessar' to check these re*uirements for each product. Mhen a vessel has ,een surve'ed and found to match the re*uirements of the IBC-code a FCertificate of &itnessF is issued either ,' the ?ational "uthorit' or ,' the Classification ociet' on ,ehalf of the ?ational "uthorit'. "ttached to the Certificate of &itness is a !ist of Cargoes. This list states the tanks that ma' ,e used for the carriage of a product from chapter )3 of the code / "nd categor' + product from chapter )01. The certificate will also mention an' additional re*uirements or e$emptions valid for the ship. The Certificate of &itness is su,=ect to the same surve's as most of the other statutor' certificates, i.e. "nnual, Intermediate and Ceriodical surve's. The Co& is issued for a 7-'ear period and the IBC-code states categoricall', that no e$tension of the 7-'ear period should ,e permitted, meaning that it is of utmost importance to make sure that the surve's are carried out in due time.
Column I! /ire "rotection,
Column m! #aterials of construction,
Column n! Res"irator' and e'e "rotection,
Column o! %"ecial re+uirements,
Certificate of /itness
> Marstal ?avigalionsskole - &e,ruai' 82
)8
Below is shown an e$ample ogf the first page of a Certificate of &itness and also a page from the accompan'ing product list.
&o! 04337 'age $ of ($
International Certificate of &itness for the Carriage of +angerous Chemicals in Bulk
.ssued under the pro/isions of the .ntemiiliomi Code for the Construction and 0quipment of "hips Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in ,ulk (resolutions 1"C( 2(23! and 10PC( 4(**! and resolution A(5 36! relating to the early implementation of the harmoni7ed system of sur/ey and certification!* under the authority of the 8o/ernment of the 9ingdom a:Denmark
?ame of ship +istinctive num,er or Carticulars of ship +"?CA#MB" T $01-2 +-)4.4. ?HI8BI?J MOR )<<< 2 584)<2. letters Cort of registr' Jross tonnage hip t'peG /Code paragraph 2-).21 IMO num,er +ate on which keel was laid@ date on which the ahip waa at a eimilaN . ?O%AMB#R )55)
+ate of ffiitial @ periodicalE inspection 0 eptem,er )553 The ship also complies full' with the following amendments to the Code( Resolutions M C 78/<<1 and M#CC <0/401
Hhe!$h
TtMhe!1olloT n( pro' $ on$ o1 the Co
#his is la certify! $% ).) that the ship has ,een surve'ed in accordance with the provisions of section ).7 of the Code6 ).2 mat the surve' showed that the construction and e*uipment of the ship complied with me relevant provisions of the Code6 2. that the ship has ,een provided with a manual, in accordance with the standards for procedures and arrangements as called for ,' regulations , 7" and 0 of "nne$ II of M"RCO! 34@30, and mat the arrangements and e*uipment of the ship prescri,ed in the manual are in all respects satisfactor' and compl' with the applica,le re*uirements of the said tandards6 4. that the ship is suita,le for the carriage in ,ulk of the products listed on page/s1 < to )0 provided thai all the relevant operational provisions of the Code are o,served6
* ! fast+ 7 o1 31 ? *IRYRLS L $t o1 6ro#0ct$ 1 W8 +*3*6 HCl !5L1 L 5L6 Ka"e Y %AKCH>M >ASH WX Cert 1 cate KoY 83775
6ro#0ct +a$ re1erre# to n para(raph 3-
Con# t on$ o1 Carr a(e Kote$ Han. Pro0p$ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AKIMAL ACI% OIL QISH ACI% OIL LAN% ACI% OIL MIU>% ACI% OIL MIU>% P>K>NAL ACI% OIL MIU>% HAN% ACI% OIL MIU>% SOQH ACI% OIL AKIMAL : QISH OILS* K*O*S* IKCLC%IKPY CO% CZ>N OIL LAKOLIK K>AHSQOOHOIL 6ILCHAN% OIL S6>NM OIL ANYL 6OLYOL>QIKS IC11!CJ01 AZIAHIOK ALSYLAH>S +C8 pT11ln$ : $o!para1l n$ J6H 95!120 #F(rVe$ CJ>K[>K> AK% MIUHCN>S HAZIKP 104 J>K[>K> or "ore J>K[>K>SCL6HOKYL CHLONI%> J>K[YL AC>HAH> J>K[YL ALCOHOL JNAS> QLCI% JAS> MIU 8NOMOCHLONOM>HHAK> JCH>K> OCPOM>N JCHYL AC>HAH> 1F11 /o"T l JCHYL ACNYLAH> 1F11 $onrrel JCHYLAMIK> I 9II Tnrr$ I JCHYL8>K[>K> +all $onrr$JCHYL J>K[YL 6HHHALAH> JCHYL JCHYNAH> 1V11 o"ar$ JCHYC%>CYL3C>HYL3>ICOSYL M>HHACNYLAH> MIUHCN> JCHYL>K> PLYCOL JCHYL M>HHACNYLAH> t!JCHYL 6NO610KAH> JCHYNALO>HY%> +all $o"or$ JF""V!JCHYNOLACHOK> CALCICM ALSYL +CSI 6H>KOL SCL6HIO>36OLYOL>QIK 6HOS6HONOSCL6HI%> MIUHCN> CALCICM HY6OCHLONIH> SOLCHIOK +154 or le$; CALCICM HY6OCHLONIH> SOLCHIOK I"ora than 154CALCICM LOKP!CHAIK ALSANYL SCL6HOKAH> +C11!C50CALCICM LOKP!CHAIK ALSYL 6H>KAH> SCL6HI%> IC8!C40CALCICM LOKP!CHAIK ALSYL SALICYLAH> IC13,CAM6HON OIL 9p$ ton! CA6NOLACHAM +"olten or aB0eo0$ $ol0t on$CANJOLIC OIL
10* n) 41 10* 11)41 10* 11) 41 10) 11)41 10) 11) 41 10) 11)41 10) 11) 41 10)41 10) 24) 41 10) 24) 41 10) 11)41 10* 24)41 10) 11)41 10) 11)27)42 24) 27) 36 10) 11*24*27 10 10 10* 11)41 10) 11) 27 10) 11*27 1)2)3)27) 29 5) 10) 11* 13) 14)23) 27)29 10)11)27 10) 11) 27)29 10) 11)27 1) 2*3* 10) 11)24 10) 11) 24)41 1) 2) 3) 11) 27 10* 11*27 6*27 10)41 10) 11*27*29 6 6)27 10) 11)41 10) 11)41 10) 11)37* 38 27)29 10) 11)24) 41 5) 10) 13)24)27* 28* 29 3
Cont n0e# on pa(e+$- n0"&ere#Y! 8 to 31 Han. (ro0p$ re1erre# to n th $ l $t are #ent 1 e# on the tan. (ro0p .ey on 6a(e 19*
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12
F1 ,
fage( 24 of 4)
*loTL$
hip ?ame( +"?CA#M #" T Certificate ?o( 04337
ItOOTCn-OET PPPPOPPPPPPP
)7
)BC Code paragraph )7.28 or BCA Code paragraph ..22, as applica,le, must ,e complied with. "ttention is drawn to the following (-
/i1 The carriage temperature of this cargo should ,e maintained ,elow )88 degrees centigrade. /)BC )7.28.)1 /BCA ..22.)1 )< )BC Code paragraph )..2.0 or BCA Code paragraph ..)3, as applica,le, applies to "mmonia "*ueous, 209 or less ,ut not ,elow )89. /)BC )3, footnote a1. Mhen applica,le, attention is drawn to the following (/i1 Respirator' and e'e protection should ,e provided for ever' person on ,oard. &ilter t'pe respirator' protection not to ,e used from ) ;ul' )55. onwards. If the product to ,e carried contains flamma,le solvents such that the flashpoint does not e$ceed <8 degrees Centigrade c.c., then special electrical s'stems and a flamma,le vapour detector should ,e provided. /)BC )3 footnote ,1. "lthough water is suita,le for e$tinguishing open-air fires involving this chemical, water should not ,e allowed to contaminate closed tanks containing this chemical ,ecause of the risk of ha-ardous gas generation. /)BC )3 footnote c1 +r' chemicals must not ,e used as a fire-fighting medium ,ecause of the possi,ilit' of an e$plosion, alternative arrangements are to ,e provided for fire protection of the cargo deck area and cargo tanks. /)BC )3, footnote g1 +r' chemicals must not ,e used as a fire-fighting medium, alternative arrangements are to ,e provided for fire protection of the cargo deck area and cargo tanks. /)BC )3. footnote u1 Temperature of carriage of odium A'dro$ide 779 "*ueous solution is not to e$ceed 77 degrees Centigrade. Temperature of carriage of Cotassium A'dro$ide 789 "*ueous solution is not to e$ceed 78 degrees Centigrade. This cargo has a low ,oiling point. &or low ,oiling point cargoes to which BCA Code paragraph ..))@IBC Code paragraph )7.). does not appl', operational measures ma' ,e necessar' in order to maintain cargo temperature ,elow the ,oiling point. This cargo ma' re*uire healing. The cargoEs melting point should ,e indicated on the shipping document. Temporar' heating arrangements ma' ,e re*uired. This cargo has a range of melting points, some of which e$ceed Q77 degrees Centigrade. It is to ,e ensured E D that the grades carried on this vessel do not e$ceed a melting point of Q77 degrees Centigrade. )BC Code paragraph )7.5 or BCA Code paragraph ..2), as applica,le, must ,e complied with. "ttention is drawn to the following (/i1 Tanks and associated e*uipment which have contained this product ma' ,e used for other cargoes after thorough cleaning ,' washing and purging. /)BC )7.5.)1 /BCA ..2).)1 /ii1 In the event of spillage of this product, all spilled li*uid should ,e thoroughl' washed awa' without dela'. To minimi-e fire risk, spillage should not ,e allowed to dr' out. /)BC )7.5.21 /BCA ..2).21 23 )BC Code paragraph )7.)5.< or BCA Code paragraph ..)..), as applica,le, must ,e complied with. "ttention is drawn to the following (/i1 !oading operations should ,e terminated at once in the event of an' s'stem essential for safe loading ,ecoming inoperative. Eontinued on page/s1 num,ered(- 2. to 4)
)3 )0 )5
28 2) 22 24
2. 27 2<
The notes in the product list reflect various operational notes from the IBC-code and the Classification ociet'Es interpretation of those notes.
Chemical &amilies
"ll the h'drocar,ons mentioned in chapter 4 consisted of car,on and h'drogen onl'. %er' often also other elements are present in the organic compounds e. g. O$'gen, nitrogen, halogens etc. These compounds ma' ,e grouped in different chemical families. In the following, chemical families often carried will ,e discussed. The grouping is also in accordance with the : Coast Juard Compati,ilit' Chart and the num,ers in /1 refer to that. "n alcohol is derived from a h'drocar,on ,' su,stituting a Aatom ,' the hydro)yl group -OA. Their names have the suffi$ -ol. The' are generall' to$ic ,ut in a ver' var'ing degree. The' are all flamma,le. The following are some of the more common alcohols(
#ethanol 3meth'lalkohol4 C*5$* H H HCC0H Ethanol (ethylalkohol) C2H !H H H H H H
1lcohols. /281
H HXCX0XH
6 (7(7876 2-"ro"anol 3iso-"ro"'lalkohol4 3C*542C*$* H 0 H H
"lso some of the higher alcohols, such as 2-eth'lhe$anol /octanol1 are commonl' encountered.
-l'cols /281
have 2 OA groups and are also called dih'dric alcohols. ome gl'cols are ver' to$ic. T'pical e$amples from this group are( H H
Ethylene"ly#ol CH2!HCH2!H
HX0!
H H
-l'cerol /281
is a trih'dric /three OA groups1 alcohol. It is non to$ic. :sed widel' in the e$plosives manufacturing ,usiness.
).
Chenols and cresols /2)1
&ormall' these su,stances also ,elong to the alcohol famil', ,ut generall' the' are considered as an independent group. The phenols consists of a ,en-ene ring with one or more -OA groups attached. Cresois furthermore have a meth'l group attached to the ,en-ene ring. The phenols are acidic as the' are a,le to 'ield A Q the' are ver' to$ic also ,' skin contact. The most well-known is phenol /car,olic acid1 C<A7OA and naphtol C)8A3OA , which have two ,en-ene rings linked. Cresol* also called meth'l phenol, has the formula CA4-C<A.-OA and are found in three isometric compounds. are alcohol anh'drides as the' ma' ,e derived from alcohols ,' elimination of water there,' having the generic formula RORE where R and RE are organic radicals(
thers /.)1
The most important is ethylether C2A7-O-C2A7 the same as ether in common speaking. "n other common ether is $*+,dio)ane C.A0O2, a gl'col anh'dride with a ring shaped molecule. The formula is often more correctl' written in the following wa'(
!CH2CH2!CH2CH2
All ether$ are to/ c) "ore or le$$) typ cal T th a narcot c e11ect) an# the 'apo0r$ 1or" 1la""a&le " /t0re$ T th a r* O C
9etones /)01
is a class of li*uid compounds in which the car"onyl group /RCO1 is attached to two car,on atoms i. e. the denominating group is inside the h'drocar,on chain. The su,stances have ver' different properties, ,ut most of them are narcotic and flamma,le. The simplest and most well-known ketone is acetone(
H 0 H HCCCH $%&ethylketone (a#etone) CH'C!CH'
"nother commonl' transported ketone is the methyl ethyl ketone* CA4COC2A7, which often is a,,reviated M#I. The most important group of organic acids contains in the molecule the car,o$'l group -COOA or more correctl'
Organic acids /.1
8 Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82
1nh'drides 3114
II
XCXOXH Th ch alTay$ T ll &e at the en# o1 the cha n*
The strongest organic acid is formic acid A-COOA. The strength of the acids decreases with increasing num,er of car,on atoms. The most well known are acetic acid CA4-COOA and propionic acid C2A7-COOA. "lso two -COOA groups are possi,le e. g. the o)alic acid AOOC-COOA or malonic acid AOOCCA2-COOA. If water is removed from acid, an acid anh'dride is formed. The' ma' ,e ver' to$ic and might react violentl' with water giving off heat. The most common are acetic anhydride /CA4CO12O and propionic anhydrid /CA4CA2CO12O. The constitutional formula of acetic anh'dride is as follows( A
PPP PPP
O
PPP PPP
O
PPP
A A
A C C O C CPPPA A
Commonl' carried are(
sters /4.1 /STUVW. XYZ[\ 1
O II
H I
HXCXCX0XCXH
Organic compounds corresponding in structure to a salt in the inorganic chemistr'. #sters are considered as derived from acids ,' the e$change of the replacea,le h'drogen for an organic radical. Their names normall' are derived from acid names with the suffi$ -ate #sters have ver' different properties, some are ver' volatile with a narcotic effect if inhaled. The' often have a pleasant odour, and are generall' not ver' reactive. Ma$es are esters derived from fatt' acids and alcohols, while fats are esters from fatt' acids and gl'cerol.
H H H H
#eth'lacetate :*5C$$-C*5
HXCX0XCXCXH H H
th'tformate *C$$-C2*;
and also some of the phthalates such as +iisooct'lphthlat-late /+IOC1.
1lk'lene oxides /)<1 /#po$ides1
Organic compounds containing a reactive group resulting from the union of an o$'gen atom with two other atoms /usua]l' car,on1 that are =oined in a triangle. Characteristic properties are a ver' wide flamma,ilit' range, ,urns violentl' and are ver' difficult to e$tinguish ,' smothering due to the o$'gen content. Transportation is carried out in incited tanks. Aeating should ,e avoided. The onl' product normall' encountered in chemical tankers is(
<ro"'leneoxide C5*=$
H H H I I I !H ()*0 H
1ldeh'des /)51
is a ,road class of organic compounds having the generic formula RCAO, and characteri-ed ,' the unsaturated car,on'l group Oo
f&& r+ C!5
The' are all ver' to$ic with vapours irritating to the e'es and mucous mem,ranes. Most of them are solu,le in water and alcohol and some of them are a,le to pol'meri-e. The smell is characteristicall' pungent. The simplest as formaldehyde ACAO and acetaldehyde CA4CAO are transported as water solutions, while pro,panal CA2CACAO, "utanal CA4CA2CA2CAO and furfu,ral C.A4OCAO are transported as pure products. " class of organic compounds of nitrogen that ma' ,e considered as derived from ammonia /?A41 ,' replacing one or more of the h'drogen atoms with alk'i groups. "s a general rule, h'drocar,ons containing nitrogen are more to$ic than e*uivalent compounds without nitrogen. "mines are su,divided into su,groups according to the organic radicals connected to the nitrogen atom. consists of one or more alk'les =oined to the nitrogen atom e. g. ethyl amine CA4CA2?A2 and diethylamine /C2A712?A. ?/CA1.CA
A&%nes +7)8) : 9-
1li"hatic amines 3>4
1romatic amines 394
have one or more ,en-ene groups. #$ample( aniline C<A7?A2 and pyridine
"lkanol amines /01
" compound such as ethanolamine AOCAaCAO?A- or trielhanolamine /AOCA-CA-1.O, in which nitrogen is attached directl' to the car,on of an alk'i alcohol. are organic compounds containing the group -CO?A- e.
"';' 'H 0 H
1mides /)81
AP-/!.^,ll 1cetamide C*5-C$N*2.
are compounds containing nitrogen in the form of -OC?. Most of them are iso compounds i. e. iso c'anates. &re*uentl' carried is toluene,-*+,diisocyanate CA4C<A4/?CO12. are monomere esters from acr'lic acid. The denominating molecular structure is CA-.ECACOO-. Jenerall' transported is methylacrylate CA2(CACOOCA4. 1cr'lates /).1 "cr'lates must normall' ,e inhi,ited during transport. are derived from propene /Rallene1. Col'meri-a,le su,stances with the group CAa.ECACAs-. Inown e$amples are( Allylalcohol CA2(CACA28A and 1?'ls /)71 acrylonitrile CA2.-CA-C?. "ichloroh'drin /)31 CA2CAOCA2CI is an epo$' compound that is a,le to pol'meri-e at elevated temperatures. It is poisonous and flamma,le and reacts with several other cargoes. are derived from vin'l CA2(CA- /R ethene1 with halogens attached .in'l halides 35;4 to the free ,onds. Most of them are gases at am,ient temperatures. Common are( <inyl chloride CHY2YCHC1 an# /inylidene fluoride CH2YC62*
C'anates /)21
*alogenated h'drocar@ons 35=4
Compounds ,etween h'drocar,ons and halogens. ome of them are poisonous especiall' as the' decompose when heated and forms to$ic gases. ome of them are used in fire fighting /the' *uench the flames1 others are used as refrigerants. Regularl' transported is ethylene dichloride /#+C1 C)CA2CA2C)
-l'col ethers /.81
are transported widel' under the trade name FcellosolveF and are mostl' used in the paint industr'. Mhen transported the' are often mi$ed. The' are chemical sta,le compounds ,ut also ver' often ,oth flamma,le and harmful to the health.
E,a&-le: Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether COOCIOCA-OCAs. Nitrocom"$imds. /.21 are compounds with nitrogen apart from those alread' mentioned. The radical -?O- is seen fre*uentl'. "s mentioned earlier all nitrogenh'drocar,ons should ,e regarded as to$ic especiall' in a fire situation in which different nitrogen o$ides ma' ,e formed. E,a&-le:
Nitmben7ene C6H5K02*
This name cover a great variet' of man' different su,stances. The Mater solutions. /.41
onl' common propert' is that the' are all water solu,le and contain water. The' should not ,e stowed ad=acent to cargoes reacting with water. The properties of a solution might ,e *uite different from those of the pure product.
If chemicals are mi$ed in tanks or pipelines, the resulting Com"ati@ilit' chemical Chart reaction might ,e ver' violent, high temperatures or pressure might arise or dangerous su,stances or vapours might ,e 16 C=9 f">? evolved.
CC.C
The IBC code gives no help on this pro,lem, it simpl' mentions that cargoes or slops, that dangerousl' ma' react with each other, should ,e separated ,' an intervening compartment that not contain a reactive su,stance.
: Coast Juard, +epartment of Transportation has regulated this pro,lem in the Code of &ederal Register, .< C&R )78. The cargoes are divided into chemical groups or families and group num,ers )-22 represents reactive chemicals, while 48 - .4 are products that do not react mutuall' with each other. The missing num,ers are reserved for future e$tensions of the chart.
If 'ou wish to investigate whether two cargoes are compati,le or not, 'ou must find the group num,ers in ta@le 1.
?sing the Com"ati@ilit' Chart
If ,oth group num,ers are ,etween 48 and .4 incl. the products are compati,le, and it is then not necessar' to use the chart. If ,oth group num,ers are not ,etween 48 and .4 'ou enter with one group num,er in the left side and the other from the top of the chart. "n F_F in the chart means that the two products are not compati,le with each other, unless informed otherwise in the "ppendi$ ) - F#$ceptions to the chartF. If the intersection is ,lank, there will normall' ,e no pro,lems with compati,ilit', ,ut there might ,e e$ceptions which also are mentioned in "pp. ). " foot note F2F in ta,le ) means that the su,stance should ,e checked further in "pp. ).
,ut'raldeh'de - acetic acid toluene diisoc'anate 48@42 )7@)2
)5@.
Jroup Compati,le 'es all'l alcohol @
no decene @ eth'l ,en-ene 0@)0 'es
'es ethanolamine @ acetone
ammonia @ dimeth'lformamidePPPP<@)8PPPPno tf two or morefnpn compati,le cargoesO has to ,e loaded, the' should ,e separated from each other ,' two ,arriers such as a cofferdam, an empt' tank, a piping tunnel or a tank containing a cargo compati,le with ,oth other cargoes. Isolation across a cruciform =oint is e*uivalent to isolation ,' two ,arriers. "lso the piping and venting s'stem from the two incompati,le cargoes has to ,e separated ,' e. g. Removing a valve or spool piece and ,lanking off the pipe ends or Installing two spectacle flanges in series with a means of detecting leakage into the pipe ,etween the spectacle flanges. " F eutelvenF valve is usa,le. The : Coast Juard regulations appl' in : waters onl', ,ut are widel' used in other parts of the world, also in #urope.
2O
Tank Coating and Tank Construction Materials

Most tanks in modem tankers are coated, i.e. covered ,' a protective la'er of a su,stance mostl' of a pol'mer nature. " num,er of coatings with ver' specific properties has ,een developed for use in chemical tankers, and to avoid damage to the coating it is necessar' to have a thorough knowledge of their possi,ilities and to treat them properl'. Han.$ are coate# 1or the 1olloT n( p0rpo$e$* 2* Diminishing of corrosion in the tanks( *( A/oidance of contamination of the cargo by ferrous substances such as rust or by residues from former cargoes(
3( 0asier tank cleaning and gas freeing( 2( 0asier tank inspection Ho co"ply T th the 'ar o0$ #e"an#$ Th ch are aro0$e# 1or che" cal tan.er$ $e'eral type$ o1 coat n($ ha'e &een #e'elope# n all . n#$ o1 B0al t e$* So"e o1 the "ore "! portant areY Resistant to man' chemicals and light organic acids, poor resistance to strong solvents such as ketones. Co"para&le to epo/y &0t T th &etter re$ $tance to 1atty ac #$) an# poorer re$ $tance to
E-o,y:
<ol'urethane, Neo"rene, Ainksilicate, %iloxirane

al.al ne$* Crimaril' for acids and alkalines. Coorer resistance to solvents and h'drocar,ons. %er' resistant to solvents and h'drocar,ons, ,ut normall' onl' resistant to products in the pArange from <.7 to 5. ilo$irane is a multifunctional pol'mer coating with a ver' dense, highl' cross-linked molecular structure. The resistance is ver' good and also the ph'sical properties are promising. This kind of coating is rather new in the shipping industr' and has 'et to prove its long-term value. 6r or to any loa# n( n a 'e$$el T th coate# tan.$ thetNe* sistance !ists .of the coating should ,e consulted to find an' restrictions valid for the product. If a product is not included in the list or if in dou,t, the compan' should ,e contacted to get instructions. "n' errors in this field might lead to ruined coating and cargo. Below is shown an e$ample of a resistance list comprising 7
s'stems i.e. 'stem ), 2 and 4 which are Lincsilicate coatings and s'stem . and 7 which are high-,uild epo$' coatings.
22
The resistance list offers a lot of information, for e$ample( Chemical formula, if known. The name of the product. :?-num,er M"RCO! pollution categor' IMO hip t'pe Resistance information and limitations " thorough e$planation of the different comments is given in the introduction to the list, ,ut ,elow is as an e$ample showing ?ote )<(
Note 1= #iscellaneous a''ressiBe "roducts and chemicals These #o&&o.%t%es sho/l. not 0e #arr%e. 1%th%n the )%rst ' &onths )ollo1%n" a--l%#at%on o) the l%n%n"2 The l%n%n" &/st he #on.%t%one. 0y #arry%n" )/lly a--rove. #ar"oes (res%stan#e #ate"ory + 3+) )or a -er%o. o) &%n%&/& '0 .ays 1hen: $ne cargo Cith %< CI/IC N$& 1= has @een carried for a "eriod of 50 da's or 1hen - &he trans"ortation "eriods of more cargoes Cith %< CI/IC N$& % 12 or 1= are adding u" to 50 da's! the trans"ortation "eriods @eing in uninterru"ted succession or not.
..
23
CA#MIC"! &ORM:!" C3A.? 2?a/sol`
C"RJO
:? ?O.
M"; i )MO CO! B 4
H T#M ?8.),2,4 -
H T#M ?8.. -
H T#M E 7 ?O.
Mercapto,en-ottna-oi, sodium .sail solution
Me-sanioll, /TM1 C7A)88 Me.sii'l o$idu )225 : 4
Q@ Q
Q
//%
i %f0 1C Q $2
C.A<82
Methacr'lic acid
274)
+ B
/a)% +( 1C Q@
, /a)% (31C % -i $($4-4
Methacr'lic resin in ),2-dichloroethaue solution
C.A7? /(2A.??a /b`l1 CA. C7A)282
Methacr'lonitrile Methani .sodium solution Medianethiol 4-Metlio$'-) -hutan`1
4835
/Ba "
2 4 -
Q -
)))
Q3
/a.% (0 5C Q 35 -/t
C3A).84 C3A).82 OA<82 C7A084 C.A<82 CA.8 CA.8 CA7?/sol1
4-Melho$',ut'l acetate .-Metho$'-.-rneth'lpentan-2-one Meth'l acetate Meth'l acetoacetale Medi'l acr'lale Meth'l alcohol, crude Meth'l alcohol, gasoline grade Meili'laniine soludcns /.29 or less1
2380
+ D
Q -
/a)% +(5C Q@
6 $( $4 /a)% ;O-C Q $--4
)24)
))) +
/u)% +(1C Q@
/m% +( 1a -Q @ 2 /a)% +(1C Q @ /a)% (31 C Q $- $( $7

//%
45)5 )248 /248 )247
B in in c
i $(
35
/a)% +( 1C Q @ 2 Q -
(31C -f @@ //% i (8)1C $4 $7 @@ $2 -S (389C 6 $4 $7

//%
/a)% : $2 -
(05C -;
Repairs of the coating should onl' ,e undertaken in accordance with instructions from the manufacturer of the coating. ?ormall' the Compan' should ,e consulted ,efore undertaking such repairs due to the possi,ilit' of infringement of warrant' etc. The use of hot water during tank cleaning should also ,e considered well as most coatings has a temperature limit of appro$imatel' 38K C. If packing or heating-coils of special materials are incorporated in the cargo s'stem, the resistance of those should also ,e considered.
24
tainless steel
%essels with stainless steel tanks are considered to ,e resistant to most products, ,ut an'wa' care should ,e e$ercised as some products will damage the surface of the steel. The most pro,lematic products in this respect are of course the strong inorganic acids such as ulphuric "cid and Chosphoric "cid. "n' tank cleaning involving sea water should alwa's ,e followed ,' a fresh water wash in order to remove traces of Chloride as sea water and chloride is ver' corrosive to stainless steel. Below is shown an e$empt of assistance lisO for a high grade stainless steel.
^^4 A5E6TA CHEM P<!$=CT NAME6 IN A7PHABET> CH)M7!8 N=MAA ;' E2F HG; F "# E H FG2 E ) E H ;H2 H ; H ; HGF H ; 2:0 HFF HFF G0: G0: G0: 'HG H 2 H ; H ; HFE HFF HFF HDEA6E (7=BE A$$ITI5E) HD$<AC<D7IC ACI$ BETA 7ACT!NE HD$<AC<D7!NIT<I7E HD!<A=N HD$<ATE! 7IME HD!<A@INE HD!<A@INE H2H*=METHD7* HD$<A@INE BA6E HD!<A@INE2 ANHD$<!=6 ($!T) HD$<! CBACATE (8A6!7INE) HD$<!CH7!<IC ACI$ HD$<!CH7!<IC ACI$ ($!T) HD$<!CH7!<IC ETHE< HD$<!CH7!<I$E HD$<!CDANIC ACI$4 6!$I=M 6A7T HD$<!?7=!<IC ACI$ HD$<!?7=!<IC ACI$ ($!T) HD$<!n=!<!6I7IC ACI$ HD$<!?7=!<!6I7ICIC ACI$ ($!T) HD$<!?7=!6I7HCIC ACI$ HD!<!?=<AN HD$<!8EN CA<B!BD=C ACI$ HD$<!8EN CH7!<I$E HD$<!8EN CH7!<I$E 6!7=TI!N HD$<!8EN $I!BI$E HD$<!8EN ?7=!<I$E HD$<!8EN n/!M!C ($!T) !. 02*C'*MG N*0*C'*M 0*CE*HH2 02*CA*M2 N2*HG N2*C2*H: N2*HG N2*HG NA Cl*M Cl*M CI*C2*H C7*H N*C*NA ?*H ?*M ?E*6H42H ?E*6H42H ?E*6H42H 0*CG*H: 02*C*M2 Cl*H C7*H 02*H2 ?*H ?*H M!$=CT NAM6 ?!<M=7A 6!74 IN (ATBI N4A4 DE6 DE6 2 H N4A4 DE6 N4A4 N4A4 N4A4 DE6 DE6 N! DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 6>C4 B!I7 8BA 5 N4A4 H4H H40E 04; 24'G H400 04F: H400 H400 N4A4 H4HE H*HE 04:; H4HE N4A4 H400 H400 H42; H42; H42; 04:; H422 H4HE H4HE H420 H400 H400 ?<B@I E A6 HA6H TEMP4 6I6T +C N4A4 *'' *GE 2G NA 2 * : 2 2 NA NA N4A4 *HG2 NA E' *:' *:' NA NA NA *H0: : NA NA * H *:' *:' NA F 2H E: N4?4 *H DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 DE6 N! N! I N!+ DE6 N! N! N! N! N! DE6 DE6 N! N!
7!8 9:; CA7 !<$E< n- mm MA<>
TEMP4 m. C C# N4A4 H HHF HEH N4A4 HHG E' HHG HHG NA E0 E0 H2 E0 HG;E H; H; NA N4A4 N4A4 EG H0H E0 E0 H 0 H; H;
H;;2
202; HHE' 202; 202; HF:; HF:; ' H0'F HF:; HE:; H0 2 H0 2 HFF: HFF: HFF: 20 E HFF; HF:; HF:;
NA N4?4 N4?4 * 0 N4?4 NA N4?4 N4?4 N4?4 N4?4 N4?4 *HF E; N4?4 N4?4 N4?4 N4?4 N4?4
H2 20H N! H0 2 N! H0 2
Pass%vat%on
If the tank surface has ,een damaged it might ,e necessar' to perform a new passivation of the stainless steel surface. The passivation can ,e performed in several wa's, ,ut the most general is to spra' the tank with a 289 nitric acid solution. In all cases it is alwa's a good idea to consult the manufacturer of the steel plates ,efore a passivation is carried out.
>Marstal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
25
Jas and vapour formation and distri,ution.

%er' intensive investigations on the ,ehaviour of gases and vapours have ,een performed, especiall' on oil and product tankers, so that it should ,e possi,le make a =udgement on where and when dangerous gases might ,e present. In the following we will not distinguish ,etween vapours and gases from oil products or chemicals ,ut use the common word FgasF.
Doading into a gas free tank
Mhen loading a non-volatile cargo at temperatures well ,elow the flashpoint there will ,e no flamma,le gas ha-ard. On the other hand loading a volatile cargo will have the effect that a certain amount of gas is evolved depending of the vapour pressure of the product. "s a high vapour pressure cargo enters the empt' gas free tank there is a rapid evolution of gas. Because nearl' all gases are heavier than air, the gas forms a la'er at the ,ottom of the tank which rises with the li*uid surface as the tank is filled. Once it has ,een formed, the depth of the la'er increases onl' slowl' over the period of time normall' re*uired to fill a tank, although ultimatel' an e*uili,rium gas mi$ture is esta,lished throughout the ullage space. The amount and concentration of gas forming this la'er at the ,eginning of the loading depend upon man' factors, including( #he true <apour pressure (#=') of the cargo% #he amount of splashing as the chemical enters the tank%
26
The loading rate
The gas concentration of the la'er varies with distance a,ove the li*uid surface. %er' close to the surface it has a value corresponding to the T%C of the li*uid. &or e$ample if the T%C is 8.37 ,ar the gas concentration =ust a,ove the surface is a,out 37 9 ,' volume. The gas la'er depth varies of course also according to the circumstances. But normall' the gas la'er depth during loading will not ,e higher than 4 m when the T%C is less than ) ,ar. " rather steep decrease in gas concentration is normal in the upper part of the la'er so that onl' a relative small part of the tank atmosphere is ,etween !&! and :&! and therefore flamma,le.
a%r
a%r an. -erha-s to,%# va-o/rs
8 8 8 .
too lean gas flamma@le gas toorichgas li+uid
a%r
air and "erha"s toxic Ba"ours -tooleangas EFE F.? gGa - 8 .-8 ....888 8. ! -1 I I I! r-
(lannaa0le"as 4 U\\t\\Z\\\Z
toor ch(a$* mssnsos7m

l%J/%.
>Marstal ?avigalionsskole &e,ruar' 82
27
!oading into a non gas free tank
Before loading it must ,e e$pected, that the gas concentration is nearl' the same all over the tank, and might ver' well ,e flamma,le. If the last cargo has ,een a ver' volatile product, the gas air mi$ture might ,e over-rich. Both the tank and the gas outlet must ,e considered dangerous. Mhen the loading is completed and vent s'stem closed the evaporation will continue until the e*uili,rium gas mi$ture e*ual the T%C has ,een esta,lished. +uring the vo'age further evaporation might take place due to climatic changes with increasing temperature of the li*uid. The amount of gas which has to ,e vented during loading depends on the evaporation rate and the loading rate. The composition of the vent gas is dependant on the position of the gas la'er in the tank. Mhen loading into a gas free tank the vent gas at the ,eginning will ,e nearl' clean air. +uring the loading the gas concentration increases and during the final part of the loading to$ic and flamma,le vent gas is to ,e e$pected. Jas concentrations from 48 to 78 9 or even more with high vapour pressure cargoes are not unusual during the end of the loading and when topping off. If loading is performed into dirt' or non gas free tanks, dangerous vent gas must ,e e$pected during the whole loading period. Mhen a product is discharged from a tank, the same volume of air has to ,e introduced into the tank through vent openings. The incoming air dilute the gas in the tank ,' tur,ulence and eddies where,' the gas concentration decreases.
-as eBolution after loading
.enting the gas
-as eBolution during discharging
+uring and after discharging a non volatile cargo, onl' small gas concentrations in the tank is e$pected unless the cargo has ,een heated during discharging, in which case some evaporation might occur. +uring discharge of volatile products, some constant evaporation from the li*uid surface occurs and due to tur,ulence in the tank the whole tank atmosphere might ,ecome flamma,le. This flamma,le tank condition might ver' well ,e present during the whole discharge period. +ischarge rate seem to ,e of minor importance to the gas concentration. "fter discharge the whole tank atmosphere is to ,e considered
28
e$plosive, or at rare occasions overrich. Inciting during discharging assure a safe tank condition.
Jas evolution during introduction of water into the tank
If water is introduced into the tank through the cargo lines it must ,e anticipated that also gas might enter the tank, even though tank cleaning and line flushing has ,een performed. The gas might ,e present as a relativel' thin la'er on top of the water surface. Investigations during the latest 'ears has considera,l' increased the knowledge of how gas is dispersed and diluted to non flamma,le and non to$ic concentrations. ituations to which special attention has ,een paid are those where outlet of gas might present a potential risk to the crew and the ship. #. g.( a: ?as e<olution during loading and "allasting%
b+ Butlets from P:< /al/es especially during the loaded /oyage( c+ 8as e/olution and outlet Ahen tank cleaning( d+ 8as freeing and tank /entilation(
Jas dispersion
e! isconnection operations% The investigations has revealed that flamma,le and to$ic gas ma' e$ist in a considera,l' larger distances from outlets than assumed earlier. &urthermore the investigations has shown that the greatest gas concentrations are met when topping off with open ullage holes, and that the largest gas volumes discharged to the atmosphere are during gas freeing. There is a potential danger of fire if the flamma,le gas -one reaches an' location where there ma' ,e sources of ignition such as(
a+ @he cargo deck Ahich) although it is usually regarded as free of sources of ignition) is a 'Aork area(
Superstructures and deckhouses >hich the gas can enter through doors* ports or <entilation intakes%
"! c+ An ad-acent -etty) the ship>s side and the Aater surface
about the ship Ahere boats Aith ignition sources might enter(
>Marstal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 3-
29
^$^..^%&^^^-^^'^^^'^''-'^#(-^^^^ KKK72 J * !?y<<FF<FF!
];55555 ;]5
* H $)-^v' 4LLM I (4n. (%n.I I96%%L499+999+9+9+99*N
55IS55?I!!< ]?
I4 F 8)lO distri*+tion ,-en one tank is *eing topped o... .ig. / T-ree tanks *eing topped +p .ig. 0 1oading .rom lig-ter. .ig. 2 Disc-arging to lig-ter C :"li&=
(%M I I* *I9(tII 9A*++ 69C+PP T9+9+
6 rX555L55 $<F r55!5L8 555!^n*%* *?S5<
fig% 0 #opping off at lo> tide fig% 4 'ro"lems at shore during topping off Investigation conditions( Calm wind. Aigh vapour concentration /78 91. Test chemical( Centane. +ilution of vent gas is directl' dependent on the wind speed. But e$perience at terminals seems to suggest that at wind speeds a,ove a,out 7 m@s dispersion is sufficient to avoid an' flamma,ilit' risk, when venting through the designated vent stacks. "t lower wind speeds caution should ,e o,served as the dispersion might further ,e complicated ,ecause the direction and location of the gas movements are not alwa's predicta,le.
Eind s"eed
30 In calm weather the densit' of the gas is important and dangerous gas concentrations should ,e suspected at low places on deck, along the shipEs sides and on the water surface. "ElOO lionOr,CcnEIO OFO regulations for vent s'stems has ,een laid down for . chemical tankers. "ll tanks should ,e provided with a vent D s'stem appropriate to the cargoes the ship is certified to carr'. Common gas outlets are onl' accepta,le if the vapours from the carried products cannot react with each other in an' wa'. IMO distinguish ,etween different tank vent s'stems. Open venting either through ullage openings or through open $"en Benting, pipings is allowed onl' for products with a flashpoint a,ove <8K C, and not offering a significant inhalation health ha-ard. Controlled venting s'stem re*uire pressure@vacuum valves on the vapour line from each tank and might either ,e completel' independent or connected on the pressure side into common header or headers with due regard to cargo segregation. %alves in the vent s'stem are not accepted, ,ut ,' pass valves is allowed for certain operations.
Controlled Benting,
PR34-V!C ig4peed Valve Jas outlets should ,e positioned at least < m /. m if the ship is ,uilt ,efore ). ;anuar' )55.1 a,ove the weather deck or a,ove the raised walkwa' if fitted within . m of the walkwa'. If high velocit' vent valves with a minimum discharge velocit' of at least 48 m@s pointing the gas stream upwards are fitted the height of the vent outlet might ,e reduced to 4 m.
>Marsta1 ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
4) Outlets should ,e positioned at least )8 m from an' air intakes or openings to accommodation, service and machiner' spaces and ignition sources. To$ic products might re*uire larger outlet heights and distances. afet' relief valves are re*uired onl' on pressure tanks on ships carr'ing special products with high vapour pressure. "fter tank cleaning it might ,e tempting to open the tank hatches and tank cleaning openings ,elieving that this would contri,ute to a faster or a natural gas freeing process. This is however an unsafe and dangerous method, unpredicta,le amounts of gas might ,e present on the deck area for a long time and the tanks are completel' unprotected from ignition sources. O!" prescri,e in reg. 75,2 how purging and@or gas freeing of cargo tanks should ,e performed. 60r( n( T th I8 0nt l the (a$ concentrat on $ &eloT 2 4 &e1ore p0r( n( T th a r* 1* Zent n( T th a r thro0(h 'ent o0tlet$ po$ t one# a$ #e$cr &e# a&o'e* 2* Zent n( T th a 'ert cal 'ent 'eloc ty o1 at lea$t 20 "3$ thro0(h open n($ po$ t one# at lea$t 2 "eter$ a&o'e #ec. le'el an# 10rn $he# T th 1la"e $creen$* Mhen the gas concentration is measured ,elow 48 9 of !&! tank hatches etc. might ,e opened. In addition to fire and e$plosion ha-ards crew mem,ers working on the tank deck should ,e aware of the possi,le presence of harmful gases during the different cargo operations. Cersonal safet' protection e*uipment should alwa's ,e used whenever the slightest possi,ilit' of personal contact with the cargo or harmful gases e$ists e. g. when taking samples, ullage and temperature measurements, or connecting and disconnecting hoses. Mhen standing at open hatches, donEt stand with the wind on 'our ,ack as gas eddies might ,e formed on 'our front side and eventuall' inhaled.
8as )ree%n" a)ter tank #lean%n"
6h%-s 1%th I8 syste&:
%hi"s Cithout Is'stem,
<ersonal safet'
32
Cositioning at open hatches Mrong Mind direction
Correct
wind from the side
.a"our Control %'stems VCS
In stead of =ust releasing the gas evolved during loading, resulting in air pollution it is possi,le to divert the gas ,ack to the terminal for further processing. ome of the products mentioned in IBC chapter )3 re*uire the ship to ,e e*uipped with a vapour return s'stem ,ut the code itself does not in details specif' the technical construction of this s'stem.
&rom )558 : " has regulated this su,=ect and the rules will of course have an influence on the tank ventilation and the vapour return s'stem. In the following the "merican rules are summarised(
33
These regulations appl' to oil- and chemical tankers. The regulations are found in Code of &ederal Regulations title .< part 45, a,,reviated to H= C/R 59! and deal with %apor Control 'stems /%C 1. Clease note that these regulations do not appl' to gas tankers. The regulations demand personnel who are in charge of operations involving %C to have participated in a training program covering the %C of the particular ship. The education or training shall include e$ercises and@or demonstration of the s'stem installed on the ship covering normal operation and emergenc' procedures. The training program must as a minimum cover the following( D Curpose of a vapor control s'stem6 D Crinciples of the vapor control s'stem6 D Components of the vapor control s'stem D Aa-ards associated with the vapor control s'stem D Coast Juard regulations in this part D Operating procedures, including( Testing and inspection re*uirements, Cretransfer procedures. Connection se*uence, tart-up procedures, ?ormal operations6 D #mergenc' procedures. In .< C&R 45 there are several re*uirements regarding design and capacit' of the %apor collection 'stem which will ,e too e$tensive to deal with in this course manual ,ut ( some of the interesting points are( D The vapor collection piping must ,e permanentl' installed, with the vesselEs vapor O connection located as close as practical to the loading manifold 6(66 D Incompati,le vapors must ,e kept separate throughout the entire vapor collection O s'stem 6 d D %apor collection piping must ,e electricall' ,onded to the hull and must ,e elec- ( O tricall' continuous i6e @ : "n inerted tankship must have a means to isolate the inert gas suppl' from the vapor f = collection s'stem A* O D "n isolation valve capa,le of manual operation must ,e provided at the vessel vapor O I connection. &he BalBe must haBe an indicator to shoC clearl' Chether the BalBe is ",eEeD EEDE O in the o"en or closed "osition 8*B9 8@ : The last ).8 meter of vapor piping ,efore the vessel vapor connection must ,e( (666 Cainted red@'ellow@red with the red ,ands 8.) meter wide, and the middle 'ellow O ,and 8.0 meter wide6 and la,eled FF%"CORF in ,lack letters. #ach vessel vapor f connection flange must have a permanentl' attached 8.7 inch diameter stud at 1/ least ).8 inch long pro=ecting outward from the flange face. This stud fits into a 8@ hole in the hose flange and should thus prevent a li*uid hose from ,eing con- O nected to the vapor s'stem. O
34
$ETAI7 AT 5E66E7 MANI?!7$ EN$ !? 5AP!< C!NT<!7 PIPIN8
5AP!< C!NT<!7 H!6E
#ach cargo vapor connection must ,e determined for each cargo handled ,' the vapor collection tank of a vessel that is connected to a vapor collection s'stem must ,e e*uipped with a cargo gauging device which provides a closed gauging arrangement and must ,e e*uipped with an intrinsicall' safe high level alarm and a tank overfill alarm. The %C must ,e capa,le of discharging cargo vapor at ).27 times the ma$imum transfer rate The %C must have pressure sensors giving alarms at a high pressure of not more than 58 percent of the lowest pressure relief valve setting in the cargo tank venting s'stem. The pressure drop through the vapor collection s'stem from the most remote cargo tank to the vessel s'stem at the ma$imum transfer rate and at lessor transfer rates.
35 This drop in pressure must ,e included in the vesselEs transfer procedures as a ta,le or graph showing the li*uid transfer rate versus the pressure drop. D " cargo tank must not ,e filled higher than 50.7 percent of the cargo tank volume6 or the level at which an overfill is set. EF D " cargo tank must not ,e opened to the atmosphere during cargo transfer operations e$cept as for gauging or sampling while a tank vessel is connected to a vapor control s'stem unless certain re*uirements given in .< C&R 45.48 - Ig /) - .1 are complied with.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP The a,ove were e$tracts from the most essentiall' regulations ,ut it is highl' recommended to ac*uaint oneself with the regulations and ,e sure to fulfil the re*uirements regarding training in the s'stem of the particular ship.
J#arstal NaBigationsskole /e@ruar' 02
35 This drop in pressure must ,e included in the vesselEs transfer procedures as a ta,le or graph showing the li*uid transfer rate versus the pressure drop. D " cargo tank must not ,e filled higher than 50.7 percent of the cargo tank volume6 or the level at which an overfill is set. EF D " cargo tank must not ,e opened to the atmosphere during cargo transfer operations e$cept as for gauging or sampling while a tank vessel is connected to a vapor control s'stem unless certain re*uirements given in .< C&R 45.48 - Ig /) - .1 are PPcomplied with.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP The a,ove were e$tracts from the most essentiall' regulations ,ut it is highl' recommended to ac*uaint oneself with the regulations and ,e sure to fulfil the re*uirements regarding training in the s'stem of the particular ship.
J#arstal NaBigationsskole /e@ruar' 02
37
%"ecial Cargoes <recautions in Mhen handling corrosive li*uids especiall' three danger , ,. , , i details should ,e ,orn in mind6
relation to e$tremel'
1, corrosiBe li+uids I)gI materials will ,e corroded prett' of
corrosion of shi" or e+ui"ment Com-mon ship-,uilding fast and man' of the products in this group can onl' ,e transported in ships e*uipped with special tank-materials, special coating and with gaskets used to the purpose. It is important to check if the concentration of the product has in influence to the resistance of the materials.
2(
Danger of fire, Mhen corrosive li*uids attack metal, fumes are evolved which ma' ,e flamma,le or e$plosive if mi$ed with air. #speciall' acids evolve free h'drogen, which is ver' e$plosive mi$ed with air, and do not forget that corrosive li*uids themselves ma' ,e flamma,le and ma' cause auto ignition in saw dust, rags or other similar materials.
5K *ealth haLards. The li*uids will when the' come in contact with skin or tissue damage or even destro' this. The wounds which come will ,e painful and heal slowl'. #'es and mucous mem,ranes are ver' sensitive to corrosive li*uids, so therefore do not neglect the use of protection e*uipment. Tank cleaning after corrosive products ma' re*uire *uite special procedures and relevant tank cleaning guides should ,e consulted. <recautions Chen OFe pfcduct0 in this connection can ,e split into several
handling Ber'
reactiBe chemicals
I)<8 De,
IM Di+uids Cith a self reaction. There will normall' ,e two kind of reactions in *uestion and that is decomposition or polymeriCation% Both reactions ma' ,e catastrophic to the ship, and when transporting such li*uids it is important to monitor the temperature of the cargo at certain intervals. " rise in temperature ma' indicate that a reaction is in progress, and some measures should ,e taken to ,ring the situation under control. +ecomposition will also cause heav' rise in pressure. uch li*uids will normall' ,e added an inhi,itor and ma' re*uire in-erting, and the shipper should give a clear loading instruction and vo'ageinstruction in relation to control of inhi,itor and eventuall' addition of e$tra inhi,itor.
38 2( !i*uids which react violentl' with water. Man' chemicals cannot come in contact water unless it causes violentl' reactions. The reaction ma' ,e decomposition with formation of enormous amounts of dangerous fumes6 it ma' ,e formation of acids or salts with h'drogen evolution, and there ma' ,e an undesira,le temperature rise. Other reactions can cause discolouration of the product or ma' form other materials which ma' attack the coating or tank materials. Information a,out reactions can ,e found in hand-,ooks. Di+uids Chich react Cith air. "s man' products ma' react with air it will often ,e necessar' to inert the tanks. The grade of inerting depends of the product and its purit'. It ma' ,e assumed that the shipper will give accurate instructions a,out the inerting and whether traditional inert gas or pure nitrogen ma' ,e used. H, Di+uids Chich react Cith other chemicals. *oC far some of the products that are to ,e loaded can react with each other, shall often ,e considered on ,oard, even if it ma' ,e e$pected that the shipper will give information a,out this pro,lem. The ,est guide to this pro,lem is : Coast Juard Compati,ilit' Chart, ,ut the information from this compati,ilit' chart should also ,e compared with the information from the shipperEs data sheet. CxnrF%BIefuR IteOculs-im,er of cargoes are contaminated ,' remnants of the previous 3edi@le oils4 cargo carried in a shipEs tank, despite thorough and conscientious cleaning prior to loading. This naturall' creates a serious pro,lem whatever cargo is contaminated, ,ut ,ecomes even more serious when the cargo is meant for human consumption. NI$< and /$%/1 The ?ational Institute of Oilseed Croducts /?IOC1 in the : ", and the &ederation of Oils, eeds and &ats "ssociation /&O &"1 in the :I have ,oth conducted studies and research in order to eliminate the potential contamination pro,lem. +iscussions have taken place with representatives of importers and some shipowners in this connection, and cargo lists have ,een prepared. &O &" gives a list of so called 1Banned immediate pre<ious cargoes1 with more than 78 products and a list of 1Accepta"le pre<ious cargoes1 giving a,out ))8 different cargoes which can ,e accepted as previous cargoes.
5,
/$%/1 lists of cargoes
>Maistal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
39 "cceptance procedure Before a ship can ,e accepted as carrier of edi,le oils it shall compl' with the &O &" 1International% Dualifications for all Ships Engaged in the Ecean and Short Sea Carnage and #ranshipment of Eils and Fats for Edi"le and Eleo,Chemical Gse1 giving re*uirements mainl' to materials of construction and tank coatings. " statement, in the form of the &O &" 1International Ship8s Dualifications Com"ined /aster8s Certificate1 signed ,' the shipEs captain@chief officer shall ,e provided for the shipper, certif'ing that the ship is *ualified for the coming vo'age with edi,le oil. The ship must also compl' with the &O &" 1International Eperational 'rocedures for all Ships Engaged in the Ecean and Short Sea Carriage and #ranshipment of Eils and Fats for Edi"le and Eleo,Chemical Gse1 which for e$ample details the re*uirements to the previous cargoes. It is worth noting that in order to accept a cargo as F"ccepta,le Crevious CargoF it shall have ,een not less than <89 ,' volume of the tankg The FOperational CroceduresF will also give details such as inspection of tanks, sampling, heating instruction and loading through shore hose directl' into shipEs tanks. Mhen trading to or ,etween mem,ers of the #uropean :nion special regulations appl'. The' are much similar to those of &O &", ,ut are more strict as regards the re*uirements to previous cargoes. It is hoped, ,' following the standards given ,' the recognised organisations, that cases where cargoes meant for human consumption are contaminated can ,e avoided. Mostl' the same precautions should ,e taken during the discharge as during the loading. A(a n t $ "portant to chec. the 10nct on o1 63Z!'al'e$* "t the ver' start of the discharge emergenc' stops should ,e tested. If the tanks have ,een filled a,ove the level of the highest highlevel alarm, all tanks should ,e disharged to a level ,elow the highlevel alarm in the ,eginning of the discharging operation, thus allowing the alarm to ,e put into operation, and giving the possi,ilit' of a warning if a leaking valve in the s'stem causes a tank to ,e filled during the discharge of other tanks with the same product. ometimes it is not allowed that air is drawn into the tank during discharge, so in order to prevent vacuo the tanks must ,e refilled with inert gas or nitrogen. This is not a
uro"ean ?nion
i5-6.
Conclusion
$%s#har"%n"
40 pro,lem in ships with their own inert gas generator, ,ut in other ships it will ,e necessar' to connect a vapour return or a nitrogen source from shore. +uring the discharge it is necessar' to ,e aware of the conditions in the pump room, if an'. #ven if the pumps can ,e run from outside the pump room it is sometimes necessar' to enter the pump room to inspect the pumps or valves there. +espite the operation of mechanical ventilation, it must ,e a standing order, that no,od' enters the pump room without permission from the responsi,le officer. This officer is the one to decide whether to use protective e*uipment and moreover assure that the regulations for entering the pump room are adhered to. It might ,e necessar' to use uncleaned cargo tanks containing residues as ,allast tanks. This is not permitted in tanks which have contained water reactive chemicals, as well as it is of cause onl' allowed to ,allast in accordance to the regulations in M"RCO!Es "??#_ 2. If tanks which have contained flamma,le or to$ic cargoes are used as ,allast-tanks, it must ,e remem,ered that a lot of vapour is released when taking ,allast into these tanks. The local regulations on air pollution should also ,e consulted in this situation.
lllfl Ballasting
Tank Cleaning
Tank Cleaning is one of the most important routines in a chemical tanker. The cleaning itself ma' ,e accomplished in a num,er of wa's, ,ut it is of utmost importance alwa's to ensure a safe operation. In this chapter the safet' matters will ,e discussed first, and later the actual cleaning operations will ,e looked upon.
-eneral %afet' Rules for &ank Cleaning in Chemical &ankers

-eneral To achieve ma$imum safet' all a,oard should ,e kept informed whenever a tank cleaning operation is commenced, and also when gas freeing is over. Onl' necessar' personnel should ,e allowed on deck during tank cleaning and gas freeing. "ll non-used openings to tanks should ,e kept closed. "s a general rule, tank cleaning and gas freeing should not take place concurrentl' with cargo handling. If for an' reason, this is necessar', there should ,e close consultation with, and agreement from, ,oth the terminal representative and the port authorit'. The responsi,le officer should check that all e*uipment is in safe working order and remain so throughout the operation. "ll tank cleaning hoses should ,e tested for electrical continuit' in a dr' condition prior to use /ma$. resistance < ohms per metre length1, and hoses should ,e indeli,l' marked to allow idenfication. " record should ,e kept showing the date and result of electrical continuit' testing. ?o one should enter an' cargo tank unless permission to do so has ,een received from the responsi,le officer and all appropriate precautions have ,een taken, including the issue of an entr' permit. &urthermore all recommendations from IMO and IC should ,e strictl' adhered to, as well as should an' special instructions issued ,' the compan'.
&ank Cashing at&os-heres

Inerted
Tank washing ma' ,e caried out in one of the following atmospheres( "n atmosphere made incapa,le of ,urning ,' the introduction of inert gas, and the resultant reduction of the overall o$'gen content to ,elow 09 ,' volume.
42
?on-inert
"n atmosphere which ma' ,e a,ove, ,elow or within the flamma,le range. In candinavian tankers this is the most- commonl' used procedure. &or chemical tankers of more than 28.888 T+M ,uilt after )50< Chapter D,- of the O!" convention specifies that this procedure can onl' ,e used if all of the following conditions are met( - Individual tank capacit' is less than 4888 m4 - Tank washing machine capacit' per no--le does not e$ceed )3.7 m4 per hour6 and - Total com,ined washing machine throughput in the tank is less than ))8m4 per hour. These conditions have ,een introduced in order to minimise the risk of fire and e$plosin resulting from the generation and discharge of static electricit'. It is therefore recommended that EnewE chemical tankers ,elow 28.888 T+M and e$isting chemical tankers of all si-es also compl' with them. The hoses should ,e tested for electrical continuit' /Ma$. < ohms pr metre length1 ,efore the' are used. If an e$ternal ,onding wire is used, this should also ,e inspected. Immediatel' ,efore use the tank cleaning hoses and machines should ,e flushed with water, and it is essential that the hoses and ,onding wires are interconnected and connected to the tank cleaning line ,efore the' are lowered into the tank, and that the' remain connected until the tank cleaning machine is on deck again. Recirculated wash water must not ,e used and chemical additives /tank cleaning chemicals1 must not ,e used. The wash water ma' ,e heated, ,ut not in e$cess of <8KC. team must never ,e in=ected into the tank. The tanks should ,e kept drained during washing, and washing should ,e stopped to clear an' ,uild up of wash water. "ll these restrictions are valid for the initial cleaning where the possi,ilit' of gas and static electricit' e$ists. If further cleaning is necessar', the tanks should ,e gas freed and then the cleaning operation can ,e resumed without restrictions. +uring washing and for five hours thereafter sounding rods of metallic materials ma' onl' ,e used if the' are
Cleaning in a noninert atmos"here Cithout "reBious Bentilation
&ank cleaning hoses
&ank cleaning Cater
%ounding
43
earthed to the ship or if the' are introduced through a sounding pipe. ?on-metallic e*uipment ma', in general, ,e used without restrictions. Ropes made of s'nthetic pol'mers should not ,e used for lowering e*uipment into cargo tanks.
Cleaning in a noninert @ut Bentilated atmos"here 3&oolean4
If a tank is to ,e washed in a Too !ean "tmosphere, the following precautions should ,e o,served in addition to the procedures set out for washing in a non-inert, non-ventilated atmosphere( &he tank should ,e isolated from other tanks. The tank ,ottom and the piping s'stem, including pumps, crossovers and discharge lines, should ,e flushed with water and drained. Before washing, the tank should ,e ventilated to reduce the gas concentration of the atmosphere to )89 or less of the lower flamma,le limit /!&!1. Jas tests must ,e made at various levels and due consideration given to the possi,le e$istence of local pockets of flamma,le gas. Mechanical ventilation and gas testing should continue during washing. %entilation should as far as possi,le provide a free flow of air from one end of the tank to the other. If porta,le washing machines are used, all hose connections should ,e made up and tested for electrical continuit' as is e$plained a,ove for an undefined atmosphere. +uring washing regular gas tests must ,e made at various levels. mall *uantities of chemical additives ma' ,e used provided the temperature of the wash water does not e$ceed <8KC. Mash water ma' ,e heated. If the wash water temperature is a,ove <8KC, washing should ,e discontinued if the gas concentration reaches 479 of the !&!. If during washing the o$'gen level is kept ,elow 09 ,' volume and the tank pressure is kept a,ove atmospheric pressure, none of the a,ove mentioned restrictions are valid, ,ut it is still recommended, that all hose connections for porta,le washing machines are tested for electrical continuit'. In this wa' cleaning in an incited atmosphere gives the possi,ilit' to appl' the ,est cleaning procedure. Cleaning of cargo tanks in connection with the transport of li*uid chemicals in ,ulk calls for special considerations, which ma' ,e *uite different from oil transport. It must ,e taken into consideration, which product has ,een in the tanks and which products are to ,e loaded.
Eashing in an Inerted 1tmos"here
&ank Cleaning $"eration
>Marstal ?avigationsskole &e,ruai' 82
44 &urthermore it is of importance, which e*uipment is at hand and how much time is availa,le. Cleaning from and to chemical cargoes can ,e ,oth time consuming and e$pensive. -In all cleaning operations it is essential to remem,er that all safet' rules must ,e strictl' adhered to. The actual cleaning operation will almost invaria,l' follow the flow diagram shown ,elow, as the same *uestions will arise each time. The details of the flow diagram are e$plained ,elow.
C* #IC1D &1N9 R CD 1NIN-
%ame CargoM
If the vessel is to carr' the same product on the following vo'age, the cleaning operation might ,e omitted. Of course this is not alwa's the case, as there still ma' ,e a num,er of reasons for the shipper to demand clean, gasfree tanks ,efore loading. One such reason might ,e that the final use of the product is *uite different.
45
Aigh %apour CressureN
If the vapour pressure of the product e$ceeds 78 m, at 28KC, tank cleaning ma' ,e accomplished simpl' ,' ventilation according to M"RCO!Es "nne$ :. Mhether this is an efficient techni*ue or not depends on the product and the vesselEs e*uipment. &or e$ample it is possi,le and allowa,le to ventilate pure Ben-ene, ,ut it might ,e unwanted ,ecause of the to$ic properties of Ben-ene vapour, and ,ecause of remaining smell and@or solid residues in the tank. Tank cleaning ,' ventilation alone re*uires efficient ,lowers and M"RCO! specifies a minimum ,lower capacit' according to the diameter of the air and the depth of the tanks. Tank cleaning ,' ventilation is an e$cellent procedure with man' Aigh %apour Cressure Croducts, as it eliminates the need to decide what to do with slops. The method is particularl' efficient if the vessel features a hot air or dr' air s'stem. M"RCO!Es "nne$ n specifies a Mandator' Crewash for man' su,stances. If this is relevant for the product to ,e cleaned, the procedures in the vesselEs Cc"-manual should ,e strictl' adhered to. Mostl' the a,ove mentioned considerations will ,e dealt with *uickl', and what is left is the actual tank cleaning where the purpose generall' is to get the tanks as clean as possi,le, as the ne$t cargo might not have ,een decided upon.
<reCash 1nnex II
<reliminar' Cleaning &or the first and possi,l' the onl' cleaning it must ,e decided whether to use water or not. " few cargoes will react with water /for e$ample T+I1 and form insolu,le sediments. &or the great ma=orit' of cargoes there is, however, no dou,t - the tanks are washed with water. The ne$t *uestion will ,e whether to use hot or cold water, and this might well ,e the most important *uestion. Mith man' products a wrong choice of washing temperature will not mean a lot, ,ut when cleaning after a Fdr'ing oilF /veg- and animal oils with a low content of free fatt' acids1 it is of utmost importance to start with cold water as the product otherwise will dr' into a coat on the tank surfaces which is ver' difficult to remove. :sing hot water will also ,e a great mistake after man' pol'merisa,le products. If in dou,t consulting various Tank Cleaning Juides, urve' Companies or the shipper might give a suggestion, and
46
if it impossi,le to get enough information the washing procedure should ,e initiated with cold water. Below is shown a list of some vegeta,le oils and animal oils. Aigh acid value *ot
.egeta@le and animal oils

!ow acid value Cold Cater Dr'ing oils China wood oil &ish oil Aempseed oil !inseed oil Menhaden oil Oiticica oil Cerilla oil afflower oil o'a,ean oil Tall oil Tung oil Malnut oil Col. 1ater
Cater
%emi-dr'ing oils Non-dr'ing oils

China wood oil Ba,assu oil "lmond oil &ish oil Candle ,ut oil "rachis oil Aempseed oil Corn oil Camphor oil !inseed oil Cotton seed oil Canaga oil Menhaden oil Croton oil Cashew nut oil Oiticica oil &ish oil Castor oil Cerilla oil Aerring oil Coconut oil afflower oil Mai-e oil Cod liver oil o'a,ean oil Copp' seed oil Jround nut oil Tall oil esame oil !ard oil Tung oil unflower oil ?eatsfoot oil Malnut oil Mheat oil Olive oil Calm oil Ceanut oil Cine oil Rape seed oil perm oil Tallow oil Mhale oil &urthermore it must ,e decided how long the washing should go on. The time will alwa's depend on the shipEs e*uipment, and might var' from one c'cle to several hours depending on the tank structure, the product and the washing machines. "gain reference to a Tank Cleaning Juide might ,e useful. &ank Cleaning -uides everal companies, which manufacture cleaning agents, also pu,lish hand,ooks or instructions to e$plain how to use the cleaning agents for various products. "lso some independent companies pu,lish such tank cleaning guides and as an e$ample of such a guide is used the #ank Cleaning ?uide pu,lished ,' !a,orator' +r. ".%erwe', Rotterdam. This guide takes ,oth the discharged cargo and the product to ,e loaded into consideration. The list advises on the cleaning operation ,etween .85 different products. Below
>Marsta] ?avigalionsskole &e,ruar' 82
47
is shown a cop' from the first part of the ,ook which gives a cleaning code ,' entering with the products in *uestion.
CBOM TO )3< )33 )30 )35 )08 )0) )02 )04 )0. )0< )0< )03 )00 )<5 )58 )5) )02 )04 )5. )57 )B0 )53 )50 )55 288
)30 )33 )30 )35 )08 )0) )02 )04 )0. )0 )M
#TAH!#?#J!HCO!+IM#TMHI#TA#R #TAHtA#_H!"CnH!"T#C-1 #TMH!A#_H!"ICOAO!O-1 #TMMe_Hl"MI?B/2-1 #TMHO"CT"T# #mH!M#TA"CB'i"T# #m%!CA#?O!fM-1 #TAH!CA#?O:C-1 #TM!CBOCIO?"-n# &"TTH"!COAO! /C)4-C)01 &) AOI! 8 f ; +C !CC
+ C C
+ ! C
+ ! C
8 ! C
+ ! C C
+ + + 8 + + + 8 ## 8 ,8 + 8 O+ 8 + !!!!.!!l.;tOl-!!t! CCCCCCCC##C(CCCCCC CCCCCCCC&&CCCCCCC ; ; ; ; ). ; A ; ; ; ; ; ; E; ). ).
a+ 8:i ! . C Ec c cc i. ; 8:A A r .s i 38 T .T ;; o
+ !CC
C ; A
C ; A . + T ; + C O + # # ;
c ; A
C ; A ; A
c ; A 8 + T ; + i H: s gN 9
A A A ; A A A A A EA A A ,A ; ; T TT
+ T ; 8
8 T ; +
8 T ; +
+ T ; +
+O +O+++++++O+## T T T T T T 6T T T T T T T T 6T ; ; ; ; ; ; ; :. ; ; ; ,; ; ; ; + + 8 + C O++OOO++CC
)03 &ORM"tO#AHO#/ O!e.791 )M &ORM"MIO# )00 )/8 roi:?C"CI+ &:#!O:.
D +O # # ; 88 a c
+ O # # ;
O + # # ;
88 # # ;
+ O # # ;
+O 88 +O 88 E +O +O 88 88 E+O 88 E+O +O E+O 88 ######### a# # # ,E# ,E# .# # # # # h E# # f # # 6E 6# .E# .E # # ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ## E; ; ( E; E; ; ; 8888 88 88 33 33 833 833%33%33 88886 888888
& & 88 & +O +O
)0) )G2 )04 M )5B )0G M
fI=I/J &:RR;RH!"!COAO! J" O! O" O:?# e4!:T"R"!O#AHO#/aO!efiOb1 O!HC#RMe itHCO!OMC#T"T#
e# h# ;; 888888 eB
# ,# ;
8888888888 B c ; c A B C ; C A B C ; C A B C ; C A B C ; C A
BBBBBBBBBaBBB B B C C C C C C C C JO C C C C C C C C ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; :. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; c c c c c c c Ec c. 8a c c " =c c c AAAAAAAAAAAAAA;; iDD,D
B C
)0B )50 288
iRO:?O?:roi! A#CT"?#/?-1 A#CT"?OIC"C)8
; C A
E; C AA
; C
In the second part of the ,ook the cleaning codes are translated into a cleaning operation and a cop' from this part of the ,ook is shown ,ellow.
C - ). Bunerworthing with cold seawater for a,out ) hour6 2. Butterworthing with warm freshwater /78KC1 for ) hour6 4. teaming6 .. +raining of tank, line and pump6 7. +r'ing. CC - ). "s soon as the cargo has ,een discharged perform prewash if re*uired. otherwise drain pump and line as well as possi,le6 -% &ill the tank completel' with cold seawater and leave it until cleaning is started6 4. #mpt' the tank and stan ,utterworthing with cold seawater for 4 hours6 .. &lushing with freshwater6 7. teaming until the odour has disappeared6 <. +raining of tank, line and pump6 3. +r'ing. + -). Butterworthing with cold seawater for ) hour6 2. &lushing with freshwater6 4. teaming6 .. +raining of tank, line and pump6 7. +r'ing. ++ - It is advisa,le ?OT to load and can' this product after su,=ect previous cargo. # -). Bunerworthing with cold seawater /or ) hour6 2. Butterworthing with hot seawater for 2 hours 4. &lushing with freshwater6 .. teaming6
48
5* %ra n n( o1 tan.) l ne an# p0"pD 6* %ry n(*
&urthermore the guide gives good information on the properties of the chemicals, although it lacks information on vegoils. Aere is Ae$ane shown FF as an e$ample(
6NO%CCH KAM> PAS n0"&er CK n0"&er Qor"0la O#o0r Sol0& l ty n Tater %en$ ty Jo l n( po nt Melt n( po nt Z $co$ ty Qla$hpo nt >/plo$ 'e l " t$ Zapo0r pre$$0re S. n a&$orpt on3 rr tat on HLZ Co0ntry KL Year 1998 6oll0t on cate(ory 1998 H>UAK>+K!110!54!3 1208 C;H; PASOLIK> LIS> IKSOLCJL> 0*66 at _C 69!C !95LLC 0*32 cp at 20_C !22_C 1*1!7*7Zol4 160"&arat 20_C Y>S 25 pp" 90 "(3"3 +C-
The cleaning guide should onl' ,e used as a recommendation, as no consideration is given to the coating , piping materials etc. uch pro,lems should ,e carefull' considered and incorporated into the cleaning method chosen. The most important answers to ,e found in a cleaning guide is( ( "hould the cleaning start Aith cold or hot Aater( *( .f Ae decide to use a cleaning agent ' Ahich type should be used and in Ahich concentration( On the other hand the instructions in the guides regarding washing times are no more than an educated guess, and the present e$perience shows that the hours mentioned in +r. %erwe's instructions might ,e translated as cycles% If it is considered necessar' to perform further cleaning after the preliminar' cleaning, more demanding techni*ues ma' ,e utilised. ?* 2* 3( "aponifying Aith caustics( Cleaning Aith detergents Dissol/ing Aith a sol/ent(
&inal Cleaning
2( Chemical reaction( C( "teaming %egeta,le and animal oils are easil' saponified with an alkaline like Caustic oda or Caustic Cotash. The remaining soap from Caustic Cotash is readil' washed awa' with water whereas the soap from Caustic oda tend to form hard ,rittle particles which are almost insolu,le in water.
re H:
49 re 26 "fter a cargo of mineral oil or its derivatives s'nthetic soaps or special cleaning agents which are mi$tures of s'nthetic soaps /detergents1 and other emulsifiers can ,e used for the final cleaning. ome cleaning agents also contains solvents, and will conse*uentl' ,e a,le to give positive h'drocar,on test after the cleaning. Aence the tanks must ,e washed thoroughl' with water after use of such cleaning agents. ome residues have ver' high melting points, which makes them difficult to emulsif'. To clean such residues it ma' ,e necessar' to use a solvent. &re*uentl' used solvents are toluene or white spirit. Both ma' ,e applied ,' -spra'ing or ,' the lift method /see ,elow1. ome residues are persistent enough to make it necessar' to heat the solvent, and care should ,e taken to chose a solvent with a sufficientl' high ,oiling point. Mhenever possi,le the cleaning procedures adopted should not involve personnel entering a non-gas free tank. If however it is necessar' to enter the tank, all precautions should ,e taken to protect the personnel involved from the health ha-ard of the cleaning solvent and a flamma,le solvent should onl' ,e used for spot-cleaning and never for spra'ing in a non-inerted tank. Chemical reactions are rarel' used for tank cleaning pur poses, ,ut ma' ,e the onl' alternative if some unwanted reaction during the vo'age or during the initial cleaning has left an insolu,le residue on the tank walls. &urthermore chemical reaction ma' ,e used to remove rust /iron o$ide1 from the coating and the piping. Mhen undertaking an operation involving chemical reactions, advice should ,e sought from competent companies. "nother wa' to dissolve solid residues is ,' steaming or even ,' steaming with a solvent /for e$ample tolouene1 or an alkaline cleaning agent. teaming with solvents like toluene should onl' ,e carried out in inerted tanks due to the risk of ignition ,' static electricit'. "ll the a,ove mentioned cleaning agents ma' ,e applied in a num,er of wa's which in ,rief can ,e descri,ed as follows( &he inNection method, This method is practised ,' in=ecting the cleaning agent /caustic, detergent or solvent1 directl' into the tank cleaning line either on deck or in the pump room.. It can ,e done ,' using a special pump or an eductor.
re 4(
re H,
re ;,
50
The recirculation method(
One of the vesselEs tanks is used to mi$ a suita,le solution of the cleaning agent /for e$ample a 79 detergent solution1. The mi$ture is pumped through the cleaning line and the cleaning machines and is stripped ,ack to same tank. To work properl' this method demands a good preliminar' cleaning as otherwise the cleaning mi$ture will *uickl' ,ecome inefficient. In some situations it ma' ,e convenient or necessar' to appl' a solvent or cleaning oil to the tank walls. This is done ,' pouring the solvent into a tank and then slowl' lifting the solvent ,' pumping water in ,elow it. The lift should not e$ceed a,out ) metre per hour, and thus the method is ver' slow. Mhen the tank is full the water level is lowered again ,' pumping the water to a slop tank. Mhen the tank is almost empt' the rest of the cleaning agent is pumped into the ne$t tank and the procedure starts all over again.
&he lift method,
*and s"ra' method,
The method is undertaken ,' spra'ing a cleaning agent directl' onto the surfaces of the tank. "fter a certain time, during which the cleaning agent works on the residues, the tank is water washed in a normal pattern. This method is ver' efficient and the consumption of cleaning agent is reasona,l' low, ,ut it should ,e ,orne in mind that it is ver' important to protect the crew involved in the operation as man' cleaning agents are rather dangerous to personnel. "lso, this method should never ,e used with a flamma,le cleaning agent due to the risk of an electrostatic ignintion.
>Maistal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
7i 1tomisation method, The principle is the same as mentioned for the hand spra' method, ,ut instead of sending men into the tanks to appl' the cleaning agent, a lance-like apparatus with fine no--les is introduced into the tank. The cleaning agent is pumped through the no--les and after some time the tanks are water washed. "s this method almost invaria,l' will generate large electrostatic potentials, it should onl' ,e used in incited tanks or in gas-free tanks with a non-flamma,le cleaning agent. Tanks made of stainless steel cannot alwa's ,e cleaned in the same wa' as coated tanks. The primar' resistance of stainless steel is a thin la'er of chromic o$ide which is created on the surface of the steel. This la'er is resistant to most chemicals, ,ut rather sensitive to su,stances containing chloride such as sea water. tainless tanks should thus prefera,l' ,e washed with fresh water onl', ,ut if it for some reason is necessar' to use sea water, the tanks should ,e flushed with fresh water without dela'.
%"ecial considerations for %tainless %teel
/resh Eater /lushing &or all kinds of tanks it ma' ,e necessar' to undertake a final rinsing with fresh or even destilled water to remove an' chlorine residues or residues from cleaning agents, which ma' react with the ne$t cargo.
.entilation and Dr'ing Dr'ing of tanks
"n' tank cleaning operation is concluded ,' ventilating and dr'ing the tanks with air. The dr'ing of the tanks is in fact done in the wa' that the air ,lown into the tank picks up the humidit' of the tank atmosphere, and there,' removing the water from the tank when the air again leaves the tank. Aowever it is important to remem,er a few fundamental principles of how air can accumulate@contain humidit'. The relation ,etween the temperature of the air and the water content in g@m4 is so, that the air is a,le to contain a higher amount of humidit' at a higher temperature as it is seen from the curves(
>Marstal ?avigalionsskoie &e,ruar' 82
52
H0 H
Temperature of air On the diagram is given the a,solute humidit' in g@m 4 on the left a$is, and the relative humidit' in 9 on the right a$is as a function of the temperature. Mhen the air reaches a relative humidit' of )889 the air is saturated and then no longer capa,le to take up more humidit'. "n e$ample will show that onl' a,out ),7 grams of water vapour can ,e removed per m4 of supplied air if the air ,lown in has a temperature of 28KC and a relative humidit' of 589, which is not unusual when at sea. One also has to ,e aware that there is no reason in tr'ing to dr' tanks if the empt' tanks are surrounded ,' cold ,allast tanks where the steel temperature is ,elow the dew point of the air ,lown in. &rom the curves can ,e read as an e$ample that a 28KC warm air with a relative humidit' of 589 will start to condense if the temperature of the air falls to ,elow a,out )0KC. o therefore it can ,e recommended that the dew point of the air is determined and compared with the steel temperature of the tank if in dou,t whether it is worth while to start dr'ing tanks now or wait until the relative humidit' is lower. In some ships it is possi,le to dr' the air ,efore it is ,lown into the tanks. This can ,e done ,' means of for e$ample a FMunters +r'erF or ,' ,lowing the air through receptacles /c'linders1 filled with a moisture a,sor,ing su,stance, which later can ,e regenerated. :sing those methods the dew point of the air can ,e significantl' lowered, and the air will therefore ,e a,le to remove considera,l' larger *uantities of water per m 4 air and furthermore it will ,e possi,le to dr' even ver' cold steel ,ulkheads. If the tanks are e*uipped with heating coils or if the ship is e*uipped with an air heater then it will ,e possi,le to heat up the tanks during the dr'ing, and it will ,e seen from the curve a,ove that a raise in temperature from for instance
53
28K to 27K will make it possi,le to remove a,out 0 grams of water per m4 in stead of onl' ),7 grams per m 4. The heating will of cause also result in a higher steel-temperature, so condensation will ,e less pro,a,le6 ,ut in practice it is often seen that it is difficult to FcatchF the under side of the deck, which results in condensation under the deck and FrainF in the tanks. Chemical cargoes will mostl' demand ver' clean tanks. ?ormall' the shipper will appoint a surve'or to inspect the shipEs tanks and a num,er of independent surve' companies undertakes such commissions. The vessel should alV
Ins"ection,
wa's ensure proof of an' inspection carried out. Mhen the surve'or inspects the tanks, he often carries out different tests to ensure the cleanliness of the tank walls. uch a test- could ,e a h'drocar,on test or a chloride test. Most of these tests can easil' ,e made ,' the crew itself, and if sufficient time is at hand, tests should ,e made ,efore arrival to ensure that an' residues are traced and removed, thus avoiding the re=ection of the tanks.
Tests:
>Marslal NaBigationsskole /e@ruar' 82
55
Collution regulations
Introduction
The international communit' has ,ecome seriousl' concerned a,out ship-generated marine pollution in recent 'ears. More than 08 international conventions and related instruments address the pro,lem. "mong these M"RCO! is considered as the most important. M"RCO!, which deals with all forms of marine pollution e$cept the disposal of land-generated waste into the sea ,' dumping, was ,orn as a result of an international Conference. In )5<5, the IMO "ssem,l' - inspired partl' ,' the Torre' Can'on disaster of two 'ears ,efore - decided to convene an international conference to adopt a completel' new convention. The conference met in !ondon in )534 and IMO adopted the International Convention for the Crevention of Collution from hips, )534. This was modified ,' a protocol in )530 and is now usuall' known as M"RCO! 34@30. The convention finall' entered into force in Octo,er )504 - ten 'ears after the first conference was held. Marpol 34@30 has three Crotocols dealing respectivel' with Reports on Incidents involving Aarmful u,stances, on "r,itration and The Crotocol of )553 /"nne$ %I1 and si$ "nne$es which contain regulations for the prevention of the various forms of pollution( "nne$ I Collution ,' Oil "nne$ n Collution ,' ?o$ious !i*uid u,stances carried in ,ulk "nne$ ffl Collution ,' Aarmful u,stances Carried B' ea In Cackaged &orm "nne$ I% Collution ,' ewage from hips "nne$ % Collution ,' Jar,age from hips "nne$ %I "ir Collution from hips "nne$es I% and %I have not 'et entered into force, as the te$t in "rticle )7 of the M"RCO! convention stipulates that optional "nne$es 1%%%shall enter into force $- months after the date on >hich not less than $0 States* the com"ined merchant fleets of >hich constitute not less than 03 per cent of the gross tonnage of the >orld8s merchant shipping ha<e "ecome parties to it%%%%1 The present status /Octo,er )5501 is( 3) countries with .2.78 percent of world tonnage have accepted "nne$ I% and onl' two countries have accepted "nne$ %IE.
E &ocus on IMO Octo,er )550 FM"RCO! - 27 'earsF
Mar-ol F'QF:
56 The relevant Annexes "s chemical tankers transport ,oth oil products and no$ious li*uid su,stances it is relevant in this chapter to deal with ,oth "nne$ I and "nne$ II. In the +efinitions section in M"RCO! it is worth noting that Fharmful su,stanceF includes an' su,stance discharged into the sea which is lia,le to( create ha-ards to human health, harm living resources and marine life, damage amenities or interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea. in@relation to harmful su,stances or effluents containing such su,stances, means an' release howsoever caused from a ship and includes an' escape, disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting or empt'ing. F+ischargeF does not include( dumping within the meaning of the !ondon Convention, or release of harmful su,stances directl' arising from offshore e$ploration, e$ploitation and associated processing of sea-,ed mineral resources6 or release of harmful su,stances for purposes of legitimate scientific research into pollution a,atement or control. F hipF means a vessel of an' t'pe whatsoever operating in the marine environment and includes h'drofoil ,oats, air-cushion vehicles, su,mersi,les, floating craft and fi$ed or floating platforms. In M"RCO! oil is defined as ,eing an' kind of mineral oil and mi$tures thereof, including crude oil, natural gas condensate, oil sludge and oil' residues, fuel oils and all other refined oil products e$cept petrochemicals which are classified according to the regulations concerning no$ious li*uid su,stances in ,ulk. " F!ist of oilsF is found in "ppendi$ I to "nne$ I(
F+ischargeF,
#1R<$D 1nnex I! Regulations for the <reBention of <ollution @' $il
57
"ppendi$ I Dist of oils O

1s"halt solutions Blending stocks Roofers flu$ traight run residue $ils Clarified Crude oil Mi$tures containing crude oil +iesel oil &uel oil no. . &uel oil no. 7 &uel oil no. < Residual fuel oil Road oil Transformer oil "romatic oil /e$cluding vegeta,le oil1 !u,ricating oils and ,lending stocks Mineral oil Motor oil Cenetrating oil pindle oil Tur,ine oil Distillates traight run &lashed feed stocks
Jas oil Cracked -asoline @lending stocks "lk'lates-fuel Reformates Col'mer-fuel -asolines Casinghead /natural1 "utomotive
A' at on
traight run &uel oil no. ) /kerosene1 &uel oil no. )-+ &uel oil no. 2 &uel oil no. 2-+ Fet fuels ;C-) /kerosene1
?6!3 ?6!4 ?6!5 +.ero$ene) hea'y-
Tur,o fuel Ierosene Mineral spirit Na"htha olvent Cetroleum Aeartcut distillate oil
G This list of oils shall not necessaril' ,e considered as comprehensive.
58
"nne$ I applies to all ships to which M"R.CO! 34@30 applies which means virtuall' all ships e$cept warships or similar ships owned or operated ,' a tate. The discharge of oil or oil' water into the sea is prohi,ited in some areas and severel' restricted in others. hips are re*uired to meet certain e*uipment and constructional standards and to maintain an Oil Record Book. Mith the e$ception of small ships, a surve' is re*uired and, for ships trading internationall', certification in a prescri,ed form is necessar'. Corts are re*uired to provide ade*uate reception facilities for oil' mi$tures and residues to meet the needs of ships using the ports. &he re+uirements for the control of o"erational discharges of oil are giBen in regulations 9! 10 and 11 of 1nnex I. Eithin ;0 nautical miles from nearest land and in )%"ecial 1reas) 3Chich are #editerranean %ea area! the Baltic %ea area! the Black %ea area! the Red %ea area! the )-ulfs area)! the -ulf of 1den area! the NorthCest uro"ean area and the 1ntarctic area4 discharge of oil' Cater is "rohi@ited. Discharge outside these areas is alloCed "roBided that a4 the tanker is "roceeding en route! @4 the instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not e$ceed 48 litres per nautical mile, c4 the total +uantit' of oil discharged into the sea does not exceed 1P50.000 of the total +uantit' of the "articular cargo of Chich the residue formed a "art 3for shi"s @uilt according to old rules 1P1;.0004! the tanker has in operation an oil discharge monitoring and control s'stem and an approved slop tank arrangement.
&he rules for discharge of oil' Cater from tankers are @riefl',
d4
&he "roBision of a@oBe shall not a""l' to the discharge of clean or segregated @allast.
#arstal NaBigationsskole /e@ruar' 02
59
6-e#%al Areas Mar-ol Anne, H Also (aters 6o/th o) E0C 6

Rules for discharge of oil' water from machiner' spaces are also given in regulations 5 and )8 of "nne$ I. The' appl' to tankers as well as other ships over .88 -&. Discharge of oil or oily water is prohibite !nless"allowing r!les are observe : Tan#ers Other ships
rA
/rom machiner' s"aces
$% Ship proceeding en route @. #anker proceeding en route -% /a)% (3 litres of oil per mile +% cargo Appro<ed slop tank system and oil content mopnifor (% /a)% $/(3%333 of last 0% Ship must "e outside Special Area and more than 03 nautical miles from nearest land% K Marstal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82 -% Eil content "elo> $0 ppm (% Eil filtering equipment >ith automatic $0 ppm stopping de<ice and alarm
60
M"RCO! "nne$ II, Regulations for the Control of Collution ,' ?o$ious !i*uid u,stances in Bulk
!i*uid su,stances are defined as ,eing su,stances with a vapour pressure not a,ove 2.0 kp@cm2 at 43.0KC /)88K&1, i.e. su,stances, which ma' ,e transported in a li*uid state at am,ient temperature and pressure. !i*uid su,stances, which are transported in ,ulk, must ,e classified according to the criterias laid out in M"RCO!Es "nne$ n, and su,stances, which are =udged as harmful ma' onl' ,e discharged according to particular criterias. The regulations controlling the discharge of harmful li*uid su,stances are e$plained on the following pages. u,stances, which have not ,een categori-ed, have to ,e provisionall' assessed ,' the authorities ,efore transportation.
T-e str+ct+re o. !nne7 II
"nne$ n consists of )< regulations giving detailed re*uirements for discharge criteria and measures for the control of pollution ,' ?o$ious !i*uid u,stances carried in Bulk /?! 1. The principles on which the operational aspects of M"RCO! 34@30 are ,ased are( - the ma$imum *uantit' of su,stances per tank which ma' ,e discharged into the sea6 - the speed of the ship during the discharge6 - the minimum distance from the nearest land during discharge6 - the minimum depth of water at sea during discharge6 - the ma$imum concentration of su,stances in the shipEs wake or the dilution of su,stances prior to discharge6 and - the need to effect the discharge ,elow the waterline. &urthermore "nne$ n has five appendi$es giving guidelines for the categori-ation of no$ious li*uid su,stances, a recommended la'out for the Cargo Record Book and the form of the so-called ?! Certificate. "nne$ n also contains a section called F tandards for procedures and arrangements for the discharge of no$ious li*uid su,stancesF and it has the purpose to provide a uniform international ,asis for approving procedures and arrangements ,' which ships carr'ing no$ious li*uid su,stances in ,ulk can satisf' the discharge provisions of "nne$ n. Basicall' "nne$ n applies to all ships carr'ing no$ious li*uid su,stances in ,ulk where a no$ious li*uid su,stance is defined as an' su,stance falling into pollution categor' ", B, C! or +. The pollution categories are e$plained as(
T-e reg+lations
> Marstal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
61
Category A+
?o$ious li*uid su,stances which if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or de,allasting operations would present a maNor haLard to either marine resources or human health or cause serious harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore =ustif' the application of stringent anti-pollution measures. ?o$ious li*uid su,stances which if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or de,allasting operations would present a haLard to either marine resources or human health or cause harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore =ustif' the application of special anti-pollution measures. ?o$ious li*uid su,stances which if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or de,allasting operations would present a minor haLard to either marine resources or human health or cause minor harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore re*uire special operational conditions. ?o$ious li*uid su,stances which if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or de,allasting operations would present a recogniLa@le haLard to either marine resources or human health or cause minimal harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore re*uire some attention in operational conditions. ?o$ious li*uid su,stances carried in ,ulk and which are presentl' categori-ed as Categor' ", B, C or + and su,=ect to the provisions of this "nne$, are so indicated in the pollution categor' column of chapters )3 or )0 of the International Bulk Chemical Code. / ee chapter 21
Category 8:
Category C:
Category D:
1ist o. no7io+s li9+id !i*uid su,stances carried in ,ulk which are identified as falling s+*stances carried in outside the Categories ", B, C or + and not su,=ect to the *+lk provisions of "nne$ n are indicated as FinF in the pollution
categor' column of chapters )3 or )0 of the International Bulk Chemical Code /IBC code1.
1ist o. ot-er li9+id s+*stances
It is in this connection worth noting that the discharge of ,ilge or ,allast water or other residues or mi$tures containing onl' su,stances indicated as FfflF in "nne$ n shall not ,e su,=ect to an' re*uirement of this "nne$. The discharge into the sea of clean ,allast or segregated ,allast as well shall not ,e su,=ect to an' re*uirement of this "nne$.
> Marslal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
62
@he discharge of tank Aashing containing Category A(,(CorD+
&or all . categories discharge into the sea ib prohi,ited unless the following two conditions are o,served(
]] if
: The ship is proceeding en routeF at a speed pf at least 3 knots in the case of self-propelled ships or at least . knots in the case of ships which are not self-propelled6 D the discharge is made at a distance of nouess than )2 nautical miles from the nearest land "dditionall' all discharge of residues from categories ", B and C must ,e made ,elow the waterline, taking into account the location of the seawater intakes6 and in a depth of water of not less than 27 metres. The ma$imum concentration and *uantities which ma' ,e discharged of each categor' is as follows(
Category A:
Category $:
"ll residues must ,e pumped ashore. If an' washing is necessar' residues from the cleaning /prewash1 must ,e pumped ashore until the concentration of the su,stance in the effluent is ,elow a certain value /for most categor' " su,stances this value is 8.) 9 ,' weight1 and until the tank is empt'. "n' water su,se*uentl' added to the tank ma' ,e discharged into the sea under the a,ove mentioned conditions. The concentration of residue in the shipEs wake must not e$ceed ) ppm /part per million1, and the ma$imum *uantit' of discharged residues must not e$ceed the greater of )m 4 per tank /including piping1 or )@4888 of the tank capacit'. The concentration in the shipEs wake must not e$ceed )8 ppm and the ma$imum *uantit' per tank must not e$ceed the greater of 4 m4 or )@)888 of the tank capacit'. The *uantit' of residue in the effluent must not e$ceed ) part of the su,stance in ten parts of water. /&or categor' + the discharge ma' ,e made a,ove or ,elow the waterline and in a depth of water of less than 27 metres if desired1. Inside special areas, which are the Baltic ea area and the Black ea area the regulations are even more stringent.
Category C:
Category D:
Discharge of Noxious li+uid su@stances inside %"ecial 1reas
The term en route is taken to mean that the ship is under wa' at sea on a course, or courses, which so far as practica,le for navigational purposes will cause an' discharge to ,e spread over as great an area of the sea as is reasona,l' practica,le.
> Maistal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
6-e#%al Areas Mar-ol Anne, 24 Also 1aters so/th o) E0C 6

Category A: "s for discharge outside special area ,ut the residues from the cleaning /prewash1 must ,e pumped ashore until the concentration of the su,stance in the effluent is ,elow 8.87 9. "s for discharge outside special area ,ut the tank shall ,e prewashed 4 "s for discharge outside special area ,ut the concentration in the shipEs wake must not e$ceed ) ppm and the ma$imum *uantit' per tank must not e$ceed the greater of ) m 4 or )@4888 of the tank capacit'. "s for discharge outside special area. Category D:
Category $: Category C:
.entilation of residues
"pproved ventilation procedures ma' ,e used to remove cargo cargo residues from the tanks ,oth outside and inside special area. The following is an e$tract from "ppendi$ C in F tandards for procedures and arrangementsF from "nne$ n giving the procedures to ,e followed in case of ventilation of cargo residues(
If the residues are retained on ,oard and discharged into the sea outside pecial "rea the prewash can ,e omitted.
64 Ventilation procedures 7* Cargo residues of substances Aith a /apour pressure greater than C??? Pa (C? millibar! at *?DC may be remo/ed from a cargo tank by /entilation( 2* ,efore residues of noxious liquid substances are /entilated from a tank the safety ha7ards relating to cargo flammability and toxicity should be considered( 6ith regard to safety aspects) the operational requirements for openings in cargo tanks in the .nternational ,ulk Chemical Code) the ,ulk Chemical Code) and the /entilation procedures in the .C" @anker "afety 8uide (Chemicals! should be consulted(
3( Port authorities may also ha/e regulations on cargo tank /entilation(
+% #he procedures for <entilation of cargo residues from a tank are as follo>s!
( the pipelines should be drained and further cleared of liquid by means of /entilation equipmentE
(* the list and trim should be ad-usted to the minimum le/els possible so that e/aporation of residues in the tank is enhancedE (3 /entilation equipment producing an air-et Ahich can reach the tank bottom shall be usedE
%+ <entilation equipment should "e placed in the tank opening closest to the tank sump or suction pointM %0 ventilation e*uipment should, when practica,le, ,e positioned so that the air=et is directed at the tank sump or suction point and impingement of the air=et on tank structural mem,ers is to ,e avoided as much as possi,le6 and
(F /entilation shall continue until no /isible remains of liquid can be obser/ed in the tank( @his shall be /erified by a /isual examination or an equi/alent method(
"n' water su,se*uentl' introduced into the tank shall ,e regarded as clean and shall not ,e su,=ect to an' of the discharge regulations given in M"RCO! "nne$ n.
#fficient stripping
Contrar' to the discharge of water containing oil residues from oil cargoes, where the oil content can ,e detected ,' an oil content monitor, it is not possi,le to construct a detector which can detect all residues from chemicals. Therefore in order to ensure that the allowed amount of residues discharged into the sea is not e$ceeded, M"RO!
L9 Marstal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
65
"nne$ II re*uires that the ship must ,e constructed with so-called efficient stripping. To ,e a,le to conform to the a,ove mentioned rules it has ,een necessar' to introduce rules for the construction and the e*uipment of the vessels. The construction re*uirements differ for vessels constructed ,efore and after ) ;ul' )50< so that vessels constructed after this date /hereafter referred to as new ships1 must compl' to one set of rules whereas e$isting ships should conform to another set of rules. &he most im"ortant re+uirements for neC shi"s are, %very ship shall be provi e with p!&ping an piping arrange&ents to ens!re, thro!gh testing !n er favo!rable p!&ping con itions, that each tan# esignate for the carriage of a Category $ s!bstance oes not retain a '!antity of resi !e in excess of ()* c!bic &etres in the tan#+s associate piping an in the i&&e iate vicinity of that tan#+s s!ction point) ,or category C the correspon ing &axi&!& is (,- &-) /or existing shi"s the folloCing a""liesK %very ship constr!cte before * .!ly */01 shall be provi e with p!&ping an piping arrange&ents to ens!re, thro!gh testing !n er favo!rable p!&ping con itions, that each tan# esignate for the carriage of a Category $ s!bstance oes not retain a '!antity of resi !e in excess of ()- c!bic &etres in the tan#+s associate piping an in the i&&e iate vicinity of that tan#+s s!ction point) The correspon ing re'!ire&ent for Category C is (,/ & ) Rece"tion facilities Corts must have ade*uate reception facilities for an' tank washings or residues that must ,e discharged in compliance with "nne$ n and terminals must have suita,le arrangements to facilitate the stripping of shipEs cargo tanks. It is im"ortant to note that cargo hoses and "i"ing s'stems of the terminal! containing noxious li+uid su@stances receiBed from shi"s unloading these su@stances at the terminal! shall not @e drained @ack to the shi".
J #arstal NaBigadonsskole /e@ruar' 02
66
Measures of control
Pre,as- and endorsement in Cargo Record 8ook *y :!RP;1 !nne7 II s+rveyor
Regulation 0 states that the government of each Cart' to the convention shall appoint or authori-e surve'ors who shall e$ecute control of for instance-the unloading and prewash in accordance with control procedures developed ,' IMO and adopted ,' Resolution ".303/)51. The surve'ors shall as minimum endorse in the Cargo Record Book entries of prewash operations after categor' " products. If the ship has ,een given an' e$emptions from mandator' prewash, such e$emptions shall also ,e endorsed ,' the surve'or. "t the re*uest of the shipEs master, the Jovernment of the receiving part' ma' e$empt the ship from the re*uirements of prewash where it is satisfied that( /i1 the tank unloaded is to ,e reloaded with the same su,stance or another su,stance compati,le with the previous one and that the tank will not ,e washed nor ,allasted prior to loading6 or /ii1 the tank unloaded is neither washed nor ,allasted at sea and the tank is prewashed and resulting tank washings are discharged to a reception facilit' at another port, provided that it has ,een confirmed in writing that a reception facilit' at that port is availa,le and ade*uate for uch a purpose6 or /iii1 the cargo residues will ,e removed ,' ventilation. If the unloading of categor' B or C su,stances is not carried out in accordance with the approved pumping conditions which is the case if the efficient stripping s'stem has not ,een in use, or if the su,stance unloaded has ,een identified as a solidif'ing or high viscosit' su,stance then the tanks shall ,e prewashed ,efore the ship leaves the port of unloading. It is possi,le to o,tain an e$emption from the prewash in accordance with the conditions given a,ove. In the F tandardsF solidif'ing su,stance and high-viscosit' su,stance is defined. " no$ious li*uid su,stance shall ,e regarded as a Solidifying su"stance! ). if the melting point is lower than )7 KC and the cargo temperature at the time of unloading is less than 7KC a,ove its melting point6 or 2. if the melting point is e*ual to or greater than )7 KC and the cargo temperature at the time of unloading is less than )8KC a,ove its melting point.
%"ecial cases Chere "reCash is re+uired
67 Ben-ene can ,e used as an e$ample to illustrate the pro,lem. Ben-ene has a melting point of < KC and therefore the temperature at the time of unloading must ,e at least )) KC if ,en-ene shall not ,e considered as solidif'ing and for that reason re*uire a prewash. " no$ious li*uid su,stance shall ,e regarded as a Nigh,<iscosity su"stance! ). in the case of categor' " and B and in the case of cate gor' C within special areas if the viscosit' at the unloading temperature is e*ual to or greater than 27 mCa D s. 2. in the case of categor' C outside special areas if the viscosit' at the unloading temperature is e*ual to or greater than <8 mCa D s. It is a re*uirement of chapter )< in the IBC-code that the viscosit' at 28KC and the melting point should ,e stated on the shipping documents if it is relevant. If the viscosit' at 28F e$ceeds the a,ove mentioned limits it should ,e stated at which temperature the viscosit' will ,e down to 27 mCa D s or <8 mCa D s. #ver' ship to which "nne$ n applies shall ,e provided with a Cargo Record Book, whether as part of the shipEs official log-,ook or otherwise, in the form specified in appendi$ I% to "nne$ n.
Cargo Record Book
The Cargo Record Book shall ,e completed, on a tank-to-tank ,asis, and shall cover operations such as loading, unloading and internal transfer of cargo6 ,allasting, discharge of ,allast and cleaning of cargo tanks6 disposal of residues to reception facilities, discharge into the sea or removal ,' ventilation of residues. #ach operation shall ,e full' recorded without dela' in the Cargo Record Book so that all the entries in the ,ook appropriate to that operation are completed. #ach entr' shall ,e signed ,' the officer or officers in charge of the operation concerned and each page shall ,e signed ,' the master of the ship. The entries in the Cargo Record Book shall ,e in an official language of the tate whose flag the ship is entitled to fl', and in #nglish or &rench. The Cargo Record Book shall ,e kept in such a place as to ,e readil' availa,le for inspection and it shall ,e retained for a period of three 'ears after the last entr' has ,een made.
%urBe' and certification
urve's are re*uired for all ships to cover "nne$ n re*uirements6 the condition of the ship and its e*uipment is
68 to ,e maintained and ma' not ,e changed without prior sanction of the marine administration. "n FInternational Collution Crevention Certificate for the Carriage of ?o$ious !i*uid u,stancesF /?! Certificate1 is re*uired for ships in international trade. Chemical tankers which have ,een surve'ed and certified ,' the marine administration in accordance with the IBC Code or the BCA Code should ,e accepted as compl'ing with the re*uirements and do not re*uire a ?! Certificate or an additional surve'. uch a ship must have a Certificate of &itness /see chapter 21. Regulation ). of "nne$ n opens up for the possi,ilit' that "roduct tankers ma' carr' certain no$ious li*uid su,stances that normall' re*uires to ,e carried in chemical tankers. The oil like su,stances are identified in the IBC code chapter )3 ,' the footnote F/,,1F. M#CC.2@Circ., which is updated ever' 'ear in +ecem,er, contains a list of oil like su,stances. Categor' C su,stances which are identified ,' the Organi-ation as oil-like su,stances under the criteria developed ,' the Organi-ation, ma' ,e carried on an oil tanker as defined in "nne$ I and discharged in accordance with the provisions of "nne$ I, provided that all of the following conditions are complied with( /a1 the ship complies with the provisions of "nne$ I of the present Convention as applica,le to product carriers as defined in that "nne$6 /,1 the ship carries an International Oil Collution Crevention Certificate /IOCC Certificate1 and its upplement B and the certificate is endorsed to indicate that the ship ma' carr' oillike su,stances in conformit' with this regulation and the endorsement includes a list of oil-like su,stances the ship is allowed to carr'6
Carriage and discharge of oil-like su@stances
/c1 in the case of Categor' C su,stances the ship complies with the ship t'pe 4 damage sta,ilit' re*uirements6 /d1 the oil content meter in the oil discharge monitoring and control s'stem of the ship is approved ,' the "dministration for use in monitoring the oil-like su,stances to ,e carried.
69
List of oil-like substances

u,stance Collution Categor' u,stance Collution Categor'
"viation "lk'lates /C0 paraffines and iso-paraffins BCT57-)28KC1 C'cloheplane C'clohe$ane C'clopentane p-C'mene #th'lc'clohe$ane Aeptane /at1 isomers1 Aeptene /all isomers1 Ae$ane /all isomers1 Ae$ene /all isomers1 Isoprop'lc'clohe$ane
/C1 /C1 C /C1 C /C1 /C1 C /C1 . /C1 /C1
Melh'lc'clohe$ane ?onane /all isomers1 Octane /all isomers1 Olefin mi$tures /C7-C31 Centane /all isomers1 Centene /all isomers1 )-Chen'l-l-$'l'l ethane Crop'lene dimer Tetrah'dronaphthalene Toluene _'lenes
/C1 /C1 /C1 C /C1 C C /C1 C C C
&or each of the a,ove su,stances, compliance with the oil-like su,stance criterion has to ,e demonstrated for the particular oil content meter installed.
Cort tate control on operational re*uirements
NBQ If a chemical tanker carries an oil-like su,stance, the su,stance should ,e treated as an' other no$ious li*uid su,stance of categor' C. " ship when in a port of another Cart' to M"RCO! is su,=ect to inspection ,' officers dul' authori-ed ,' such Cart' concerning operational re*uirements under "nne$ n, where there are clear grounds for ,elieving that the master or crew are not familiar with essential ship,oard procedures relating to the prevention of pollution ,' no$ious li*uid su,stances. Resolution ".303/)51 FCrocedures for Cort tate ControlF sa's that if the deficiencies found in a ship are serious the Cort tate Control Officer shall take such steps as will ensure that the ship shall not sail until the situation has ,een ,rought to order in accordance with the re*uirements of "nne$ n. The Juidelines to the resolution has a list of deficiencies which are considered to ,e of such a serious nature that the' ma' warrant the detention of the ship involved. This list is not considered e$haustive ,ut is intended to give e$amples of relevant items. The following is an e$tract of the list( "reas under the M"RCO! Convention, "nne$ n )1 ",sence of Cc" Manual. 21 Cargo is not categori-ed. 41 ?o Cargo Record Book availa,le. .1 Transport of oil-like su,stances without satisf'ing the re*uirements. 71 :nauthori-ed discharge ,'pass fitted.
70
Crocedures and "rrangement Manual /Cc"manual1
Any ship* which is certified to transport harmful su,stances from "nne$ II must ,e e*uipped with a Cc"-manual. The manual must carefull' descri,e all -procedures to ,e followed in connection with cargo-handling, tank cleaning, discharge into the sea and ventilation. O,viousl' these procedures must ,e in full accordance with the provisions of "nne$ n. &urthermore the Cc"-manual must contain a detailed description of the cargo handling e*uipment such as description of cargo pumping and piping arrangements and stripping s'stem6 description of underwater discharge outlet for effluents containing no$ious li*uid su,stances6 t'pe of tank washing machines with capacities and pressure rating etc. etc. The Cc" Manual will also contain flow diagrams which in an eas' wa' list the relevant procedures to ,e used when discharging a no$ious li*uid su,stance into the sea. The Cc"-manual must ,e approved ,' the authorities. The manual is prepared in accordance with a la'out given in F tandardsF and will as minimum contain( ). Main features ofM"RCO! 34@30, "nne$ u 2. +escription of the shipEs e*uipment and arrangements 4. Cargo unloading procedures and tank stripping .. Crocedures relating to the cleaning of cargo tanks, the discharge of residues, ,allasting and de,allasting Ta,le )-!ist of no$ious li*uid su,stances allowed to &e carr e# Ta,le 2-Cargo tank information "ddendum "( &low diagrams Crewash procedures %entilation procedures "ddendum B( "ddendum C( "ddendum +( "dditional information and operational instructions re*uired or accepted ,' the "dministration /if necessar'1. +etermination of permitted residue discharge rates for Categor' B su,stances /if necessar'1
> Marstal ?avigationsskole &e,ruai' 82
3)
Gere folloAs as an example an extract of+ @able 'Hist of noxious lic-uid substances alloAed to be carried+
Pa"e: H
Ta0le H4 7%st o) no,%o/s l%J/%. s/0stan#es allo1e. to 0e #arr%e. 6=B6TANCE CAT6 TAN> * 8<!=P6 8!<D .Tt.;4. CA<<IA8E (6ee Notes) III H $ B $ 0 A B C A B B H H H22 H22 H H22 H22 H H22 H ME7TIN 5I6C!6ITD 8 P!INT AT20+C &PaO C R2 2 G S*E0 6 *G:40 R2 0 6 H040 ' *:E40 *2 40 240 *H40 2040 *H40 40 R2 6=ITAB7E ?!< 5ENTI7ATI! N MI6!B7E IN (ATE<
ACET!NIT<I7E AC<D7AMI$E 6!7=TI!N (:0T or le/) AC<D7!NITBI7E AC<D7!NIT<I7E 6TDBENE C!P!7DMEB $I6PE<6I!N IN P!7DETHE< P!7D!7 A$IP!NITBI7E A7C!H!7 ICH2*CH ) P!7D (H*)lt ETH!BD7ATE6 A7C!H!7 GCH2*CH ) P!7D RF*H;A ETH!BD7ATE6 A7C!H!7 (CH2*CHB) P!7D (203A ETH!BD7ATE6 A7C!H!7 ICE*CHF) I1#on.ary) P!7D ('*E) ETH!BD7ATE6 A7C!H!7 (C:*CHF) IsB#on.1yl P!7D (F*H2) ETH!BD7ATE6 A7C!H!7 (C;* CHH >or%&Tvl ETH!BD7ATE
DE6 DE6 DE6
: 2 DE6
G0 F0
DE6 DE6
72
Appendix DE "tandard format for the P I A 1anual
"++#?+:M " &low diagrams - Cleaning of cargo tanks and disposal of tank washings@,allast containing residues of Categor' ", B, C and + su,stances
60"p n(3$tr pp n( reo0lre"ent$ KeT $h p$ 1966 >/ $t n( $h p$ 1994 >/ $t n( $h p$ 1987 Cat* 8* tan.$ 0*1"L+KO*t0*a nL+>0*310"L+>l*OCat* Clan.$ 0*3 nL+K0*3 O*a"LI>O* S-
CBP 1 +aW/ COC 2 no
Ne$0#0el$ 1 Cat* C $0&$tance no
Ne##0e $ Ca*%t0&eanca no
OSt a(eI"o lhaTarnol n(0late#&y Anna/ll
&ote! This is a flow diagram giving comprehensive re*uirements applica,le to new and e$isting ships. The flow diagram for a specific ship should onl' include parts applica,le to that ship.
> Marslal ?avigationsskole &e,ruar' 82
73
Standards for procedures and arrangements

Cleaning and disposal procedures /C+C1 e*uence of .procedures l/a1 "ppl' prewash in accordance with appendi$ B and discharge residue to reception facilit' = "ppl' prewash in accordance with appendi$ B and transfer residues to slop tank for discharge to sea in accordance with chapter )8, section )8.7 or )8.< "ppl' su,se*uent wash of minimum one c'cle "ppl' ventilation procedures in accordance with appendi$ C Residue ma' ,e retained on ,oard and discharged outside special area Residues of su,stances with viscosities e <8 mCa.s at the unloading temperature ma' ,e retained on ,oard and discharged outside special area. "lternativel', tanks ma' ,e prewashed and slops discharged asnore +ilute residue in cargo tanks with water to o,tain residue concentration in mi$ture of )89 or less Ballast tank or, wash tank to commercial re*uirements Conditions for discharge of ,allast@ residue@water mi$tures other than prewash( a )2 miles from land a3 knots shipEs speed a 27 metres water depth :sing underwater discharge $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ l/,1 $ 2 4 . 7/a1 7/,1 < 3 0
$ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $
Ballast added to tank Condition for discharge of ,allasts( a )2 miles from land a27 metres water depth "lternativel', residue@water mi$tures ma' ,e discharged ashore /?.B. optional not M"RCO! re*uirement1 "n' water su,se*uentl' introduced into the tank ma' ,e discharged into $
?ote6 tart at the top of the column under the C+C num,er specified and complete each procedure in se*uence where marked $.
74
The following e$amples will illustrate the use of the flow diagrams( xam"le 1 The ship is outside %"ecial 1rea and has unloaded a cargo of "cr';onitrile at a temperature of 28KC. &rom FTa,le )F is found that the pollution categor' is Cat. B, melting point is - 07 KC and viscosit' at 28 KC is e27 mCa.s. :sing the first flow diagram in F"ddendum "F, -PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
1DD ND?# 1 /loC diagrams - cleaning of cargo tanks and dis"osal of tank CashingsP@allast containing residues of Categor' 1! B! C and su@stances
** ++ ** *I
%olidif'ing or high R... Bise. su@. I
*yes
FCD< l3a4orCD<l3@4orR R CD<2orCD<5 R
yes
CD<2 or CD<H
we end up in ,o$(
CD<2 or CD<H
CD<2,
The cleaning and disposal procedure could then ,e( F"ppl' ventilation procedures in accordance with appendi$ CF and from Ta,le ) acr'lonitrile is listed as suita,le for ventilation. Or the cleaning and disposal procedure could ,e(
75
CD<H,
F-,allast tank, or wash tank to commercial re*uirements. Then the ,allast@residue or water mi$ture can ,e discharged a)2 miles from land, a 3 knots shipEs speed, a 27 metres water depth and using underwater discharge.
xam"le 2 The conditions are the same as in e$ample ), ,ut the ship is inside %"ecial 1rea. :sing again the first flow diagram in F"ddendum "EE
6ol%.%)y%n" or h%"h v%se4 s/04
CD< l3a4 or CD< l3@4 orCD<2orCD<5
we end up in the ,o$( CD< l/a1 and CD< l/,1
CD< l3a4 or CD< l3@4 or CD< 2 or CD< 5 re*uire a prewash and discharge of residue to reception facilit' ,efore the tank is ,allasted or washed to commercial re*uirements. Then the ,allast@residue or water mi$ture can ,e discharged a)2 miles from land, a 3 knots shipEs speed, a 27 metres water depth and using underwater discharge. /C+C l/a1 and C+C l/,1 is slightl' different in how to perform the final wash of the tank, ,ut is in principle the same method1. - as in e$ample ) a,ove. Residue ma' ,e retained on ,oard and discharged outside pecial "rea, - that is the tank could ,e ,allasted or, washed to commercial re*uirements and the ,allast@ residue or water mi$ture can ,e discharged outside pecial "rea a)2 miles from land, a3 knots shipEs speed, a27 metres water depth and using underwater discharge. "s the two e$amples show it is *uite simple to follow the re*uirements from M"RCO! "nne$ n as far as discharge
CD<2, CD< 5,
76 of residue@water mi$tures is concerned if the instructions in the C c " Manual are watched closel'. It should alwa's ,e taken into account that there ma' e$ist some local restrictions that could go ,e'ond the minimum re*uirements given in M"RCO!. o when in dou,t - alwa's check with the local agent or local authorities for special conditions for discharge of residue@water mi$tures containing no$ious li*uid su,stances.
J #arstal NaBigationsskole /e@ruar' 02

IMO74

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IMO Regulations, IBC-code

Regulation 9 Application to chemical tankers

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

Regulation 10 Requirements for chemical tankers

B Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

The Crocedure is(

Index of Dangerous Chemicals Carried in Bulk

1233 2053 1110

330 305 300

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

III % III III % % III % % III III % %

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

@ "pn(i)il reB0 1c"rnC t$ee S 5 ( chapter 15D A

E h2 Open Corn* Open Conl* Open Open Conl* Conl*

n*ILl*1-* lh*2*+M) 16*2*L15*12* 15*17) 15*19*6

Ye$ Ye$ Y <) YT

S0""ary o1 " n "0" reB0 re"ent$

Column c+ Collution Categor'(

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

I#$ %hi" &'"es

B Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

Column/! Tank T'pe( Independent tanks

Column g+ Tank vents:

> Marstal ?avigalionsskole - &e,ruar' 82

Column -+ -auging, Open: Restricted: Closed: Indirect:

Column k! .a"our detection,

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

Column I! /ire "rotection,

Column m! #aterials of construction,

Column n! Res"irator' and e'e "rotection,

Column o! %"ecial re+uirements,

> Marstal ?avigalionsskole - &e,ruai' 82

&o! 04337 'age $ of ($

International Certificate of &itness for the Carriage of +angerous Chemicals in Bulk

TtMhe!1olloT n( pro' $ on$ o1 the Co

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

6ro#0ct +a$ re1erre# to n para(raph 3-

Con# t on$ o1 Carr a(e Kote$ Han. Pro0p$ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,rual' 82

> Marstal ?avigalionsskole - &e,ruar' 82

6 (7(7876 2-"ro"anol 3iso-"ro"'lalkohol4 3C*542C*$* H 0 H H

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

Chenols and cresols /2)1

Organic acids /.1

8 Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

Commonl' carried are(

sters /4.1 /STUVW. XYZ[\ 1

and also some of the phthalates such as +iisooct'lphthlat-late /+IOC1.

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

1lk'lene oxides /)<1 /#po$ides1

1li"hatic amines 3>4

1romatic amines 394

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

"lkanol amines /01

AP-/!.^,ll 1cetamide C*5-C$N*2.

*alogenated h'drocar@ons 35=4

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

-l'col ethers /.81

?sing the Com"ati@ilit' Chart

> Marstal ?avigationsskole - &e,ruar' 82

,ut'raldeh'de - acetic acid toluene diisoc'anate 48@42 )7@)2

Jroup Compati,le 'es all'l alcohol @

no decene @ eth'l ,en-ene 0@)0 'es

nILl1-* lh2+M) 162L1512 1517) 1519*6

6 (7(7876 2-"ro"anol 3iso-"ro"'lalkohol4 3C542C$* H 0 H H

AP-/!.^,ll 1cetamide C5-C$N2.

(%M I I* I9(tII 9A++ 69C+PP T9+9+

6 rX555L55 $<F r55!5L8 555!^n% *?S5<