Chapter 1: Introduction 1.

1 Background Electric heating brought a revolutionary change at the time, and has been developed and modernized ever since to fit ever-growing demands for functionality. The biggest advantage of this form of heating over other fuels is comfort, and of course cleanness and control. As well as its efficiency, converting electrical energy to heat. There are many benefits related to electric heating - ranging from the easy installation and the low maintenance cost, to the reliable safety and environmental care. The issue that is still very arguable is the cost of electric heating since electricity prices have been only going higher the last few years. But the immediate cost against the lifelong cost of electric heating is actually not arguable since either is based on different variables. Electric heating system is definitely a long-term saving deal. In addition to the already mentioned advantages, the proper maintenance of the electric heating unit can extend its life over 20 years with no problem. Cost issue is also connected with the way the heat is provided. Electric heating systems vary in the way they deliver the heat they are mostly known as convective heaters (heating the air close to the system, very safe), forced convection heaters (so-called fan heater, heating the space faster), and radiant heaters (heating objects and people not air, could be dangerous). In my point of view, installation for electric heating system(hydroelectric dams, turbine. maintanance charge) is expensive. To overcome this we need to find a new alternate power generation source which more environmental and user friendly. Owners of industrial, commercial, office, and apartment buildings are always interested in new ways to lower overhead or operating expenses. While millions are thinking of automated lighting and other interior building power saving devices, like putting in compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFL) wherever possible, and more efficient heating or cooling systems, there are property owners who are more aggressive and are planning to upgrade their properties with a solar heating system. It is actually commercial green energy equipment that can supply a large portion of a commercial office or residential building's hot water requirements by utilizing the sun's heat energy. And although there are passive and active systems, some with flat panels and some

with tubes, solar heating systems are mostly made of a coil of metal or plastic or panel, where water goes through and is heated by radiant heating or solar radiation energy. Looks too complex, doesn't it? Actually is not difficult to understand the technology. Green technology is so effective that many organizations and national governments are offering landlords and commercial property owners numerous economic incentives for investing in green technology. This demonstrates the practicality of installing a solar water heating system nowadays for a large-scale operation. These bonuses are intended to minimize installation and purchase capital outlays, and make the return on invested capital achievable in as quickly as two to five years. 1.2 Objective Identify advantage of solar heating system compared to electrical heating system. Find out better green technology to save environment. Create awareness among society on disadvantage of electrical heating system.

1.3 Problem Statement Most of the Malaysian residents are used to live their life with the comfort of electrical heating system. Major source of current is generated hydro generation system. This system required high cost for installation setup. Moreover hydro electric system need undergo maintenance process to maintain high efficiency in source outcomes. In additional charges for current supplies to residential areas also needs to be consider. From my view, i think solar heating system is more affordable for Malaysian. Eventhough fixing cost for solar panel is expensive, but this energy generation system required one time installation only and more save compared to the electrical heating system. 1.4 Scope of Project Solar heating system and electrical heating system Benefits for environment and society

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Due to recent and on-going power supply problems experienced in South Africa, regulatory bodies have announced the use of a power ration scheme and this will result in the different markets sectors required to reduce energy consumption by a predetermined percentage, for instance 10% for the residential sector and 20% for the hospitality industry according to R.Rankin & M.V.Eldik. 2008. Using the suns energy to heat water is not a new idea. More than one hundred years ago, black painted water tanks were used as simple solar water heaters in a number of countries. Solar water heating technology has greatly improved during the past century. Today there are more than 30 millions of solar collectors installed around the globe according to C.Gerry, 2011. One of economic reasons to install solar energy components is to available of amount site of sun radiation can be gets. Malaysia has a high solar energy potential. So Malaysia has favourable climatic conditions for the development of solar energy and solar water heaters households used but, because of lack of public understanding and awareness of the working and potential benefits of Solar water heaters (SWH), the high initial cost of solar water heating systems (SWHSs) and easily to install and relatively inexpensive to purchase electric water heaters, many Malaysian families are still using Electric Water Heaters to hot their water needs. This will be done in the hope of improving the stability of the electricity supply. While this is being put forward as a short term solution of a couple of months, it is evident that long term solutions should be implemented to ensure a reliable electricity supply for the next few years. The main challenge confronting us is how to reduce the energy consumption with a sustainable demand side management effort. The only way to achieve a sustainable energy consumption reduction will involve the implementation of energy efficient programs in all sectors. These programs typically aim at installing energy efficient devices that consume less energy whilst, most importantly, still provide the same service levels. The main reason of changing from normal water heating to solar heating system because electrical consumption according to B.Ali & K.Sopian, 2009. We know that electric will consume more when we change from electric energy to other energy, it will consume or will use a lot of energy. If a lot of energy is used, the electricity will be consuming a lot electric. As a result, when the main purpose of changing the system because can save up some electric and save up our electric payment.

The environmental impacts of products and energy utilization have gained increasing interest in recent years. Increasingly, the public is interested on the impact the consumption of products has on natural resources and environmental quality. International efforts for the protection and restoration of the environment include intervention in the energy system, with a strong emphasis on utilization of renewable energy sources (RES). Solar energy is an important RES, with the domestic hot water production solar systems being the most widely used application.

Figure 2.2: Schematic of the experimental test facility.

The PCM storage tank is connected to a simulated solar heating system as well as to a cold water supply simulating the heat load. Flow rates and temperatures of the water inlets and outlets were measured and recorded, along with temperature readings from six temperature probes distributed inside the tank covering the tank diameter, as shown in Figure 2.2. The probes were submerged between the tubes, into the PCM through sealed tubes at approximately one-third of the depth of the tank. These six tank temperatures were used to analyze the progress of the charging/discharging process in the melting/freezing PCM.

The inuence of the driving force for heat transfer was shown through varying the inlet temperature of the heat source. The inlet temperature of 70C. Like in the case of charging temperature at 75C, about 40% of the storage capacity is charged in the rst 100 min. However, as more and more of the PCM is heated to the melting temperature of 58C, the power goes down to in this case close to 1 kW, as compared with 2 kW for the case of 75C charging temperature. This is due to the lowered driving force for heat transfer when the difference in temperature between the heat transfer uid and PCM is reduce.

There is another energy-efficient water heating concept that has proven itself highly successful; known as a heat pump. Until now this success was mainly achieved in the commercial building market (hotels, hospitals, university residences, etc.). A heat pump is essentially a vapour compression cycle, similar to an air conditioning unit. However, instead of the cycle being used for air cooling purposes with the associated heat as a by-product, a heat pump utilizes the heat generated in the cycle to heat water.

Figure 2.3: Basic Water Heating System

In brief; energy is extracted from the ambient air using a finned-coil heat exchanger, also known as an evaporator, using a refrigerant at low pressure and temperature as the working fluid inside the tubes. This refrigerant is then compressed to a high pressure and temperature by an electrically driven compressor. The high pressure refrigerant is then circulated through a refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger, also known as a condenser. Here energy is exchanged with water, at a lower temperature, thus heating the water to

temperatures in the region of 60C. The refrigerant leaving the condenser is then expanded back to a low pressure by using an expansion valve before it enters the evaporator to start the cycle once more. This is a continuous process, and the only electrical energy used is to drive i) the compressor, ii) a pump to circulate water through the refrigerant-to-water condenser, iii) fan power to cycle air through the finned air-to-refrigerant evaporator. This cycle typically consumes 1 unit of electrical energy for every 3 units of heating produced; i.e. only 33kWhelectrical is used to produce 100kWhthermal. Therefore on average two thirds (67%) of the electrical energy consumption can be saved compared to conventional electrical resistance heating.

According to B.Ali & K.Sopian, 2009 solar water heating systems, Malaysia market expanded significantly from many years ago and as a result there are some popular models which are chosen to make this comparison of economic evaluation to find out which and when each of the systems is more economical than the other comparing with Electric water heater such as, Aztec, Edwards, Micro solar M80VTHE Indirect Vacuum, Solarpollo, Solarmate and Summer system.

Solar System Aztec Edward Summer System Microsolar M80VTHE Indirect Vacuum Solarpollo Solarmate

Installation Price (RM) RM 4250 RM 5950 RM 5950 RM 6190 RM 4200 RM 3950

Capacity (Liters) 255 300 300 356 270 270

Table 2.1: Types of Solar System (Source B.Ali & K.Sopian, and etc, 2009)

Chapter 3: Methodology The best solar system that use is as figure below. In order to use solar energy, an estimation of the amount of solar energy that is incident on a particular location is essential. Solar energy that is incident on the Earth depends on several factors, such as solar trajectory, the change of seasons, atmospheric characteristics, and so on. A crucial step in the design and development of a cost and energy efficient PCMbased storage for solar hot water is a cost analysis comparing cost to those of a stratified water storage. Solar system are generally characterized by high initial cost and low operational costs as compared with the relatively low initial costs and high operating costs of conventional (Electric Water Heater) systems. In additional heating water with the sun also means long-term benefits, such as being cushioned from future fuel shortages and price increases, and environmental benefits. The comparison between these systems is based on the direct monetary outlay of the end users.

Figure 3.1: Schematic Diagram of Double-effect Absorption Chiller.

Explanation of System The main components of a double effect steam absorption chillier are two generators, a condenser, an evaporator, an absorber, two solutions heat exchangers, solution pump, refrigerant pump and two refrigerant expansion valves as figure above. The solution pump assures the circulation of the solution inside the system. The dilute solution (in LiBr) leaving the absorber is pumped through the heat exchangers to the first and second generators. In the first generator heat is added to the solution from steam circulating in the tube side and water vapour is given off by the solution. This vapour is in superheated state, due to the elevation of the boiling point of water caused by the presence of LiBr solute. The vapour from first generator is used to heat the solution in the second generator. Thus, the heating coil (tube side) of the second generator (LTG) is also condenser for the first generator (HTG). The vapour generated by LTG is condensed in the condenser, which usually is enclosed in the same vessel or section of shell as in the second generator. The vapour generated in the first generator, after condensing is throttled to the pressure of the condenser. The concentrated solutions from the first and second generators are reunited at the solution heat exchanger, transferring heat to the dilute solution coming from the absorber and then the united stream inters the absorber where it is sprayed onto the absorber tubes, thus facilitating the absorption of the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator. A throttling process occurs in the absorber spraying nozzles that reduce the pressure of the concentrated solution to the absorber pressure. The absorber and evaporator are normally operated at the same pressure. The absorber by absorbing the refrigerant vapour produces low pressure that is required for the operation of the evaporator.

Chapter 4: Conclusion

Solar water heating systems consist of storage tanks and solar collectors. Broadly, these are divided into 2 types - Active and Passive. Active heaters have circulating pumps and controls while Passive ones don't. Both these types need a well-insulated storage tank. Both the solar storage tank and conventional one is there in these water heating systems. Before the water enters the conventional storage tank, it passes through the solar one. The Passive heater is further divided into - Integral collector-storage passive systems and Thermo syphon systems. A solar water heating system lessens the amount of fuel needed to heat the water for daily requirements. It uses the suns energy to compensate for most of the fuel usage. Most systems use a small electric module to provide the pump enough power. The pump circulates the heat through collectors. Water heated through solar systems is as good as the one we get through conventional heaters. It can be effectively used to wash cars, in hotels, swimming pools and laundries. There are many designs possible for a residential solar water heating system. No matter what the design, there are three major common components: 1. Solar collector, 2.Heat exchanger, and 3.Storage tanks. Solar water heating is one of the easiest and most cost effective ways of churning out some hot water for daily needs. It causes no pollution, is easy to produce and has more than one advantage. If you live in a warm place, give installing a solar water heater some serious thought. Not only will getting hot water become much easier and cheaper, you will be doing your bit for Mother Nature as well. Nothing is better than paying back the Earth with some care and conservation!