Typhoid fever Alternative Names Enteric fever Causes The bacteria that cause typhoid fever -- S.

. typhi -- spread through contaminated food, drink, or water. If you eat or drink something that is contaminated, the bacteria enter your body. They travel into your intestines, and then into your bloodstream, where they can get to your lymph nodes, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and other parts of your body. A few people can become carriers of S. typhi and continue to release the bacteria in their stools for years, spreading the disease. Typhoid fever is common in developing countries, but fewer than 4 cases are reported in the !.S. each year. "ost cases in the !.S. are brought in from other countries where typhoid fever is common. Symptoms #arly symptoms include fever, general ill-feeling, and abdominal pain. A high $typically over % & degrees 'ahrenheit( fever and severe diarrhea occur as the disease gets worse. Some people with typhoid fever develop a rash called )rose spots,) which are small red spots on the abdomen and chest. *ther symptoms that occur include+ Abdominal tenderness .elirium Agitation 'luctuating mood ,loody stools /allucinations -hills 0osebleeds -onfusion Severe fatigue .ifficulty paying attention Slow, sluggish, lethargic feeling $attention deficit( 1eakness Exams and Tests A complete blood count $-,-( will show a high number of white blood cells. A blood culture during the first week of the fever can show S. typhi bacteria. *ther tests that can help diagnose this condition include+ 'luorescent antibody study to look for substances that are specific to Typhoid bacteria Stool culture Treatment 'luids and electrolytes may be given through a vein $intravenously(, or you may be asked to drink uncontaminated water with electrolyte packets. Appropriate antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. There are increasing rates of antibiotic resistance throughout the world, so your health care provider will check current recommendations before choosing an antibiotic. Prevention Wash hands frequently 2 It is important to wash your hands often with warm water and soap, especially before eating and after using the bathroom. 3 Refrain from drinking untreated water 2 .rinking contaminated water is one of the primary causes linked to typhoid fever. It is advisable to boil water before drinking it. Avoid swallowing contaminated water. 2 Aside from drinking, contaminated water can be ingested when brushing your teeth or taking a bath. Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables . 2 If there is a possibility that the water is contaminated then it is advisable to avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables. 3 /eat food before eating. 2 It is not advisable to serve or eat food that has been stored at room temperature. Avoid eating street food. 2 4efrain from buying food from street vendors.

Malaria
Cause "alaria is caused by 5lasmodium parasites. There are four parasite species that cause malaria in humans+ 5lasmodium falciparum 5lasmodium viva6 5lasmodium malariae 5lasmodium ovale. 5lasmodium falciparum and 5lasmodium viva6 are the most common. 5lasmodium falciparum is the most deadly. In recent years, some human cases of malaria have also occurred with 5lasmodium knowlesi 2

Transmission "alaria is transmitted e6clusively through the bites of Anopheles mos7uitoes. Symptoms "alaria is an acute febrile illness. In a non-immune individual, symptoms appear seven days or more $usually % 2%8 days( after the infective mos7uito bite. The first symptoms 2 fever, headache, chills and vomiting 2 may be mild and difficult to recogni9e as malaria. If not treated within :4 hours, 5. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness often leading to death. -hildren with severe malaria fre7uently develop one or more of the following symptoms+ severe anaemia, respiratory distress in relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria. In adults, multi-organ involvement is also fre7uent. In malaria endemic areas, persons may develop partial immunity, allowing asymptomatic infections to occur. 'or both 5. viva6 and 5. ovale, clinical relapses may occur weeks to months after the first infection, even if the patient has left the malarious area. These new episodes arise from dormant liver forms known as hypno9oites $absent in 5. falciparum and 5. malariae(; special treatment 2 targeted at these liver stages 2 is re7uired for a complete cure. Who is at risk? young children in stable transmission areas who have not yet developed protective immunity against the most severe forms of the disease; non-immune pregnant women as malaria causes high rates of miscarriage and can lead to maternal death; semi-immune pregnant women in areas of high transmission. "alaria can result in miscarriage and low birth weight, especially during first and second pregnancies; semi-immune !"-in#ected pregnant women in stable transmission areas, during all pregnancies. 1omen with malaria infection of the placenta also have a higher risk of passing /I< infection to their newborns; people with !"$%!&S; international travellers #rom non-endemic areas because they lack immunity; immigrants #rom endemic areas and their children Diagnosis and treatment The best available treatment, particularly for 5. falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-based combination therapy $A-T(. Prevention <ector control is the main way to reduce malaria transmission at the community level'or individuals, personal protection against mos7uito bites represents the first line of defence for malaria prevention. Two forms of vector control are effective in a wide range of circumstances. Insecticide-treated mos7uito nets $IT0s( Indoor spraying with residual insecticides