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Protection Of Generators And Transformers

Bipul Raman

As

Pro te c tio n o f g e ne rato rs and trans fo rme rs (Sip ro te c nume ric al p ro te c tio n re lays )

Generators and transf ormers are major components of a power system, so it is quite necessary to take all the preventive measures f or the protection of transformers and generators. T hese are the f ollowing ways (ANSI codes) we use to protect transf ormers and generators f rom f aults:

87/G1
Generator dif f erential protection (87/G1): the protection is provided with high speed, high stability circulating current relays. T he relays has a pick up range of 10 to 40% of 5A and shall have suitable stabilizing f or ensuring stability against external f aults. T he relays shall be tuned to f undamental f requency to reject harmonics produced by CT saturation.

87/GT1
Generator-transf ormer differential protection (87/GT 1): the dif f . relays f or the generator-transf ormer has to be of sensitive high speed percentage bias type with harmonic restraint and has CT ratio matching devices. T he relay should have all required restraints to make it inoperative f or f ault current, magnetizing inrush current and abnormal magnetizing inrush current during short time over voltage conditions.

87T1A
Unit auxiliary transf ormer dif f erential protection (87T 1A): percentage biased dif f erential relays are used along with ratio matching device. T he relay shall not operate f or magnetizing inrush current. High set instantaneous over current relays shall be provided in series with the previous relay, set f or magnetizing inrush current, f or f ast protection f rom internal f aults.

64GI
Generator stator earth f ault protection (64GI): the stator earth f ault protection shall consist of a zero sequence voltage relay connected to the broken delta winding of generator voltage transf ormer. T he protection shall act to initiate a time-delayed signal only and hence the relay shall be continuously rated f or 110V. T he relay shall incorporate arrangements to make it insensitive to third harmonic voltages.

87TG
Generator inter-turn protection(87T G): the protection shall be by means of an instantaneous over current relay. T he relay shall incorporate f iltering arrangements to make it inoperative f or third harmonics. T he relay shall have suitable range to cover 20-50% of generator current.

64-1,64-2
Generator rotor earth fault protection(64-1,64-2): the f irst rotor earth f ault of generator shall be detected by means of super imposing of separate Dc bias on the f ield winding. T he DC bias shall be such that the f aults at any point in the winding are covered by the protection. Also the relay shall withstand the voltage encountered. Second rotor earth f ault protection f or generators shall also be provided, with suitable relays common f or two units. T he protection shall incorporate f eature f or compensating the ef f ects of induced alternating currents in rotor circuit and shall have minimum dead zone.

40G
Generator loss of f ield protection(40G): this protection shall be single phase of f set impedance type. T he relays shall have impedance settings to cover the usual range of impedance of large turbo generators.

21G
Generator backup protection(21G): the generator backup relay shall be of three phase impedance type f or one zone protection together with required auxiliary relays and two stage timer to give backup protection f or f aults in the generator, main transf ormer and transmission system.

46G
Generator negative sequence current protection(46G): the negative sequence current relays shall protect the generator f rom damage by overheating due to sustained f low of unbalanced phase currents, and the operating characteristics of the relay shall be adjustable to match I2Rt thermal characteristics

67-1G, 67-2G

Generator under power and anti motoring protection (67-1G, 67-2G): the step up transf ormer back up earth f ault protection current relays shall be of IDMT characteristics. One of the two relays shall be set with higher time dial setting to provide second stage of protection.

51G
Generator overload protection(51G): one over current relay shall be provided to initiate an overload alarm. T he relay shall have high reset ratio and adequate continuous thermal rating.

59G
Generator over voltage protection(59G): suitable over-voltage relays pref erably with volt/cycle characteristics shall be provided.

50T1A
Back-up protection f or unit auxiliary transf ormer(50T 1A): Two instantaneous over current relays with an external DC timer shall be provided f or back-up protection f or unit 6.6 kV bus bar.

95G
Fuse f ailure protection(95G): T his protection shall block the operation of all protections associated with voltage circuits in the event of f ailure of a f use of generator.

86G and 86GT

Lockout relays(86G and 86GT ): lockout relays shall be provided f or each generator unit which will be multi contact , hand reset type. T he latching mechanism shall be positive and insensitive to vibration and shock SOURCE: Internet and several books of Electrical Engineering