Notes on Dispatch of Merchants The entire tax scheme is grounded in the so called "commerce clause" of Article I, section 1, clause

3, of the Federal Constitution, allo ing Congress to "regulate commerce ith foreign nations, and among the se!eral states, and ith the Indian tri"es#" The $upreme Court held in %i""ons !# &gden in 1'() that commerce "comprehends traffic, trade, na!igation, communication, the transit of persons and the transmission of messages "* telegraph+ indeed e!er* species of commercial intercourse#" Ne!ertheless, commencing ith the Interstate Commerce Act of 1'',, monolithic pri!ate enterprise succeeded in expropriating the Federal go!ernment to its o n uses "* se!eral cle!er la s# &ne such as the $herman Anti-Trust Act of 1'./, hose ording protects far different "persons" than one might suspect# 0* it, e!en the innocent unemplo*ed are "in restraint of trade" "* the mere fact of "eing unemplo*ed# The fundamental premise has "een to compel as man* pri!ate indi!iduals as possi"le to "ecome "merchants" su"1ect to these la s, here the* could "e su"1ect to no others, and had actuall* "een promoting the "free flo of interstate commerce," "ut right straight into one monopoli2ed ocean of pri!ate control outside the go!ernment# This result is achie!ed through the 3nited Nations treat*, upon hich, "* the commerce clause and the "la of nations," e!er* human "eing has "ecome, in one a* or another, a "merchant" su"1ect to an international super-something called the "4a Merchant#" This is strictl* a !oluntar* la no here ritten do n and it is strictl* a pri!ate la of negotia"le instruments, sales, insurance, and other matters "inding onl* upon the honor of "merchants," as the personal income tax# Thus, the simplest a* to compel e!er*one to "ecome a "merchant" under this un ritten la is to compel him to accept "ills of exchange as mone*# The "asis for this action as laid in the Federal 5eser!e Act hich ma6es commercial paper the fundamental "la ful mone*" hich form the reser!es of mem"er "an6s# This means pri!ate notes, acceptances, and "ills of exchange, "ecome la ful mone* "ut not legal specie, for specie defeats the s indle "* destro*ing credit and de"t# It li6e ise means chec6s# Thus, "* the dail* passing of Federal 5eser!e Notes and endorsing of chec6s and the use of Credit Cards, e!er* indi!idual, hate!er his calling, "ecomes a credit merchant su"1ect to summar* 1udgment under the pri!ate custom of merchants, hose primar* rule is the lia"ilit* to inform on oneself upon one7s o n acts, goods, and dealings# No , this 4a Merchant has ne!er "een the pu"lic positi!e la of an* particular countr*, "ut the mere pri!ate, consensual, !oluntar* practice of international merchants and traders#

Thus, it is this un ritten pri!ate la of hich the 1udges are "ound to ta6e "1udicial notice" in their rulings# The principle "eing that, hate!er else can "e pleaded, an* supposedl* national la of ci!il constitutional right claimed !iolated can "e ruled immaterial on the "asis of this unseen, unspo6en, imprinted, "natural" la # It ne!er needs to "e gi!en in e!idence, and al a*s fa!ors the practicing "merchant" communi2er as against the 8uasi "merchant" citi2en ho hasn7t the faintest idea that the 1udge sees him as a merchant, una"le to understand# 1')( # # # # # # Case of $ ift !# T*son declares the mercantile la 9merchant: to "e common la of the 3nited $tates, thus guaranteeing trial "* 1ur* under the $e!enth Amendment in the 3#$# Courts in commercial disputes# In effect granted a preferential forum in Federal Court here relief might not "e had in a $tate Court# 1'./ # # # # # # $herman Anti-Trust Act ma6es illegal all com"inations in restraint of trade in interstate or foreign commerce# Does not appl* to manufacturing monopolies# ;ffecti!el* ma6es e!er* citi2en a "merchant" e!en upon his o n person under the commerce clause# 1.3' # # # # # # Case of ;rie 5#5# !# Tomp6ins re!erses $ ift !# T*son, declaring there is no general federal common la , thus destro*ing rights to normal 1ur* trial as guaranteed "* $ ift# Also allo s 1udge to gi!e 1udicial notice to the indiscriminate and un ritten "custom of Merchants" as domestic rule of la , e#g# pu"ert* rites in $amoa# <inderlider case decided the same da*# 1.=' # # # # # # >ithdra al of 1st gold redeema"ilit* for 3#$# currenc* "* ?u"lic 4a ./-(=. loc6s all 3#$# citi2ens into status of permanent feudalistic de"tor@creditor on the "natural la " of summar* 1udgment through use of negotia"le instruments in the form of irredeema"le perpetual annuit* "onds 9F5N7s:, chec6s, and credit cards# This is the uni!ersal credit-and-insurance franchise upon hich the enforcement of the code of the I5$ is "ased, including the $ocial $ecurit* grounds# ?urpose of the Federal 5eser!e 9Notes:A To su"1ect all interstate commerce to the rule of ;8uit* 9o!erruling $ ift !# T*son of 1')(: upon claim that there is no federal common la 9except 4a Merchant under F5N7s and National 0an6s:, "common la " B la of pri!ate propert* grounded in land as expounded in the case decisions# $tatute la is "ci!il la #" Thus, the 5o""er 0arons ac8uired the means of e!ading the Constitutional in1unction of Article I, section 1/, clause 1, on the su"1ect of tender "* the $tates# In 1.3' the* extended it "* means of the ;rie 5#5# decision# 0* it, the un ritten 4a Merchant as ta6en out of the common la 9thus defeating the $e!enth Amendment: and put into ;8uit*, here it could "e "1udiciall* noticed" in an* 1urisdiction# 4a Merchant B $ummar* Cudgment B "4a of Nature" 9tooth and cla :# F5N7s declared la ful "* Milam, hich reiterated the legal tender cases of 1'') 9Cuilliard, for example:# The meaning is that the Federal %o!ernment can outla common la on the Federal le!el and replace it ith an ;8uit* enforcea"le upon statutes and a ne manner of pleading 9"confession and a!oidance" instead of the demurrer:, thus turning the courts into trading and "argaining pits, formerl* called merchant courts of the staple# 9pri!ate:#

0ut the Federal %o!ernment cannot 9"* Article I, section 1/, clause 1: outla the su"stance of the common la of the se!eral states and thus regulate commerce ithin the $tates "* compelling e8uita"le mone* 9commercial paper, negotia"le instruments: in exchanges "et een $tates and citi2ens of $tates# Nor can the $tates# The "est the Federal %o!ernment can do is to compel the acceptance of paper "et een indi!iduals# 4oo6 carefull* at *our $tate Ci!il ?ractice 4a and 5ules# The "4a " is the 4a of the $tate+ the 5ules are the ;8uit* of the 4a Merchant# That7s here e7!e got them# Thus, the simplest plea in $tate tax cases, as in Federal, is Inability to Perform# 0ut *ou had "etter 6no h*# This "4a " is the pri!ate la of mercantile practice put into operation through the Federal 5eser!e and the Income Tax# These la s ere ratified in the decision of the $upreme Court in 1.3' in the case of ;rie 5#5# !# Tomp6ins, hich effecti!el* declared that there is no general federal la of pri!ate propert* except the pri!ate e8uit* of mercantile arrangements grounded in "ills and notes, insurance, and transport and called the 4a Merchant# The 1udges ha!e thus "ecome administrators of pri!ate commercial la in the role or capacit* as 1udges of the old courts of the staple+ this one "eing credit and de"t# This is the ;8uit* upon hich all our federal statutes are "uilt, namel* the "pri!ileges and immunities" of franchises in credit called "4i"erties#" These are the grounds upon hich "indi!iduals" are "immune" from prosecution along ith s arms of "ureaucrats, for the* are not reall* pu"lic ser!ants 9persons: "ut pri!ate indi!iduals protected under the 1)th Amendment# "Thus it is laid do n "* "oo6s of authorit* that as a man dra s a "ill of exchange, he is, for the purposes of that "ill, a merchant#" Com*ns, Digest+ Merchant, A#l# >ell then, hat is "la ful mone* D" That7s a good 8uestion to start# It has ne!er "een defined in the statutes, "ut e can still disco!er hat it is from indirect sources# A Federal 5eser!e Note as e 6no it, though al a*s legal tender, did not "ecome a"solute "la ful mone*" until March 1', 1.='# >e remem"er that "la ful mone*" prior to the Ci!il >ar, 3nited $tates Notes 9red-seal notes: "ecame "la ful mone*#" That is, the e8ui!alent of coin, not a su"stitute, "ut the e8ui!alent# The* ere paid into circulation "* the go!ernment and ithout interest# The* ere not lent into circulation, "ut outright paid# Thus, hile the* ere "la ful mone*," "an6notes ne!er ere# The* ere not for the reason that, although la ful mone* ma* "e pri!atel* lent at interest, it is the non-interest "earing 8ualit* that ma6es the la ful mone* as currenc* ithout a premium or discount# 4a ful mone* ma* "e lent at interest, "ut is not issued at interest# Thus, legal tender ma* either "ear interest, or it ma* not, "efore "eing lent commerciall* at pri!ate interest# Federal 5eser!e Notes toda* do not "ear interest, according to correspondence ith the Federal 5eser!e 0an6 of Ne Eor6# Thus, "an6notes are onl* legal tender redeema"le in la ful mone*# 4a ful mone* ma* "e defined partiall* as a circulating medium of exchange issued ithout interest, and representing standard specie, and pa*a"le on demand# ;nd page . of DofM

<ere, parentheticall*, e see the meaning of the summar* 1udgment# This notorious e8uita"le de!ice, passing as legal, is the means "* hich credit-mone* can "e con!erted into "la ful mone*" and "e compelled of acceptance as such# $ince the summar* 1udgment accomplishes the demand pa*ment of specie or its e8ui!alent in tangi"le propert*, it causes the "dispatch of merchants#" &n this "asis and for this purpose did commercial paper "ecome "la ful mone*" under the Federal 5eser!e, that is, mere choses-in-action could "e considered the e8ui!alent of tangi"le specie# No , the strange thing is that the practices of merchants and traders ha!e ne!er "een "ased on the la of an* particular nation or localit*, or "een deri!ed from such# &n the contrar*, the* ere solel* and strictl* the practice of pri!ate merchants# And although it as ne!er an* single nation7s "la ," the pri!ate commercial practice of merchants as dignified ith the title of "la " merchant# As it as strictl* pri!ate custom and practice, it could not "e enforced in the domestic courts of an* host countr* including particularl* %reat 0ritain, and the reason as that it as not immediatel* founded in hard mone*, "ut onl* upon hat are generall* called "negotia"le instruments"# Indeed, as long as indi!idual countries preser!ed their national mone*s in hard coin, commercial practice in commercial paper could not demand hearing in the courts in an action for de"t 9called an assumpsit:# Nor could it "e enforced in the courts of ;ngland until a certain gentleman named 4ord Mansfield "ecame Chief Custice of the Fing7s 0ench to %eorge II in 1,G=, commencing a hea!* tour of dut* in dealing in commercial e8uit*# The fundamental difference "et een 4a and ;8uit* is that 4a is grounded in or deri!ed from guaranteed allodial land titles, hile e8uit* is "ased on enforcement of "natural" rights hich the common la does not necessaril* pro!ide for# That is an o!erall simplification, "ut discloses hat is essentiall* at issue# 4a deals in su"stance, ;8uit* in potentialit* upon the su"stance# It could "e said that 4a deals ith the realit* of the su"stance, hile ;8uit* deals in onl* the theor* of the su"stance# >hat has this to do ith Federal 5eser!e Notes and ith 3nited $tates NotesD Cust this, namel* that a Federal 5eser!e Note, "eing a pri!ate ritten o"ligation, is hat e call commercial paper# Though it "ears no interest, it is "ased on o"ligations hich do "ear interest, and is negotia"le, allegedl* issued "for !alue recei!ed," that is for 3nited $tates securities or other "la ful mone*" of the 3nited $tates# The* are "as good as gold," "ut onl* "et een merchants# Thus, to compel *ou to accept them, *ou *ourself must someho "e made a merchant despite *ourself or *our inclinations# 3nli6e 3nited $tates Notes, Federal 5eser!e Notes are not the e8ui!alent of specie, since it is a commercial o"ligation, and not in an* a* pa*a"le in specie to intermediaries# The* can "e redeemed onl* in 3nited $tates 0onds# The rule of all rules of this 4a Merchant, this la supreme of "pri!ate enterprise" is, ho trades ith a merchant "ecomes a merchant for the purpose of the transaction at hand# That is, lia"le to support the paper at hate!er stage it is in or at# Further, it ma6es an*one lia"le in e8uit* on a summar* 1udgment to an* merchant ho ma* "ring a charge of default# And that means no 1ur* trial, despite hat one might "e led to "elie!e under the $e!enth Amendment "ecause 1ur* trials are "ased in Mone* transactions and not De"t transactions# ;8uit*, *ou see, is not strictl* "common 4a #" The rule can also compel hat is called an "action of account" 9in e8uit*: on the

de"tor@creditor "asis# It is this continuing relationship hich creates the lia"ilit* to file 9not necessaril* to gi!e information, or to pa* tax: under the Code of the 1#5#$## Thus, the continuing de"tor-creditor relationship creates the running account, hich cash transactions do not# That is the heart of the matter, "ut onl* the "eginning of the ma2e of deceit and treacher* re!ealed in challenging the s*stem# The onl* ord for hat follo s is "sl*#" $ince 1ur* trials in our s*stem of la originated in land and real propert* titles and in their protection, it follo s that summar* 1udgments in e8uit* on the la merchant are the essence of communistic socialism and the means of holesale confiscation and destruction of pri!ate land titles# The Federal 5eser!e Note is thus a multiple-part* communist groupie-dollar confiscator* of real propert*, here all ealth originates# Indeed, if the Federal 5eser!e Notes ha!e one o!erriding purpose 9and the same thing goes for an* such notes issued "* the so-called International Monetar* Fund:, it is to confiscate in e8uit* 9summar* 1udgment: all pri!ate landed propert* for the "enefit of certain international commercial "pri!ate enterprise" interests hich issue them# It is on this grounds that Federal 5eser!e Notes can rationall* "e attac6ed as illegal "* calculated discrimination under the e8ual protection clause of the 1)th Amendment# The* discriminate against real propert*, as real propert* is not personalit* or hat is called a chose-in-action# $ince March 1',1.=', there are technicall* no more rights to a 1ur* trial in common la default cases# Through "negotia"le instruments," Federal 5eser!e Notes and chec6s hich represent the commercial paper called "la ful mone*" in the "an6s, e!er* indi!idual ho accepts one of these, or indeed a draft or chec6 upon them, hether he li6es it or not "ecomes a credit merchant ith no:right of defense against others upon a 1ur* trial of peers 9per pais:# The I5$ also operates on the same unprincipled principle, "ut in different areas# $o, e understand something further a"out Federal 5eser!e Notes# >e understand h* the* ha!e effecti!el* outla ed trials "* 1ur* on an*thing "ut the amount of damages or extent of punishment# This is the "asis of the executi!e summar* Cudgments of the Internal 5e!enue and the* are all called "ci!il#" All the "criminal" charges arise in ant of performing "ci!il" acts under the 1ust "natural la " of the 4a Merchant# This so-called Income Tax, is a tax on a franchise 9pri!ilege: of 1uristic persons and is onl* measured "* the amount of income propert* of a 1uristic person or corporation su"1ected to it upon some clear contractual franchise or pri!ilege# And the 1uristic person, "eing created "* societ*, can "e compelled "* la to re!eal ho it operates on the pri!ilege granted to it, and also to report its earning and pa* a return for the pri!ilege# >hat it does is to render unto its creator a measure of gratitude and lia"ilit* of discipline for its creation# In plain do n to earth terms, the tax is upon the 8uasi-immortalit* granted to societ*# HTo see this in operation during the time of Cesus, see Matt# ((#1,-(1#I Natural persons, cannot "e su"1ected to "eing compelled to informing on themsel!es in either criminal or ci!il cases# The I5$ intimidation artists ill tell *ou that the lia"ilit* to inform on

oneself is onl* a ci!il lia"ilit* under the Code, and one can indeed "e compelled to gi!e information# 0ut hat *ou are not told is that that information can automaticall* change the case from allegedl* ci!il to outright criminal "ecause of information right out of ones mouth# $o the I5$ ill tr* an*thing to 6eep its goons in "usiness as pri!ate contractors in harassment and sha6edo n# $o, if onl* 1uristic persons are lia"le under the $ixteenth Amendment, ho can natural persons "e lia"le for the taxD Jer* simpleA "* en1o*ing the fa!ors of the holder of the franchise the* "ecome de"tor@creditor merchants themsel!es "* "argaining ith merchants on the corporate franchise, and thus en1o*ing the right to summar* 1udgment themsel!es on a default of hate!er description against the chic6en next do n the pec6ing-order in this "natural la " of summar* 1udgment# Actuall*, there are man* defenses# The fast is the defense that a natural person or indi!idual cannot "e lia"le on a franchise, as he has granted no franchise to himself# Can an indi!idual render himself immortal or li"erate himself from natural processD Nor can an indi!idual "e lia"le on a corporate franchise "ecause no one can "e compelled to su"mit to an unsolicited or un anted pri!ate "oon# Indi!iduals cannot "e enfranchised "* their o n creation# Did %od create men so that men could alter their creatorD These franchises are deri!ed onl* from the ?eople themsel!es ho are policed onl* "* the ?ro!idence of their o n Creator# Defense on the Federal 5eser!e Notes is essentiall* that the* clearl* discriminate against holders of allodial land titles in fa!or of la merchants# This is "ecause the Federal 5eser!e Notes and demand deposits passed "* chec6 9in e8uit*: la* a disproportionate "urden of from 1/ to 1 to a"out 1= to 1 upon real propert* or su"stance 9in la :# That is, the real propert* must *ield or produce from ten to sixteen tax or income "Dollars" for e!er* one tax or income "Dollar" paid "* the 1uristic person# In other ords, "e8uita"le" commercial paper is orth from ten to sixteen times as much in pure mone*-of-account as legal specie of gold and sil!er, or the real propert* 9su"stance: hich it represents# Actuall*, there are man* defenses# The fast is the defense that a natural person or indi!idual cannot "e lia"le on a franchise, as he has granted no franchise to himself# Can an indi!idual render himself immortal or li"erate himself from natural processD Nor can an indi!idual "e lia"le on a corporate franchise "ecause no one can "e compelled to su"mit to an unsolicited or un anted pri!ate "oon# Indi!iduals cannot "e enfranchised "* their o n creation# Did %od create men so that men could alter their creatorD These franchises are deri!ed onl* from the ?eople themsel!es ho are policed onl* "* the ?ro!idence of their o n Creator# Defense on the Federal 5eser!e Notes is essentiall* that the* clearl* discriminate against holders of allodial land titles in fa!or of la merchants# This is "ecause the Federal 5eser!e Notes and demand deposits passed "* chec6 9in e8uit*: la* a disproportionate "urden of from 1/ to 1 to a"out 1= to 1 upon real propert* or su"stance 9in la :# That is, the real propert* must *ield or produce from ten to sixteen tax or income "Dollars" for e!er* one tax or income "Dollar" paid "* the 1uristic person# In other ords, "e8uita"le" commercial paper is orth from ten to sixteen times as much in pure mone*-of-account as legal specie of gold and sil!er, or the real propert* 9su"stance: hich it represents#

This mercantile "asis of communi2ation is laid in a"solutel* nothing "ut the 4a Merchant, the la of pri!ate traders hich supposedl* in the man* cases decided "* the 4ord Mansfield a"o!e mentioned, "ecame a part of the "common la of ;ngland" 1ust prior to the American 5e!olution# Indeed, it as this ne la of summar* 1udgments hich spar6ed the American 5e!olution, hich itself re1ected the ne la # If is the un ritten la of sanctioned spontaneous practice upon informed consent as expounded "* the 1udges in the case decisions, hich do not create the la , "ut disclose it# Can the Federal Courts impose the common la of one state upon anotherD No# The common la mentioned in this Amendment is the common la pre!ailing in each state at the time of the adoption of their Constitutions# In some, it "ars an* common la of ;ngland prior to 1=/,, in most of the others prior to 1,,=# It enters Federal Courts onl* on appeals from $tate courts or in di!ersit* suits "et een citi2ens of different states# Much more on this su"1ect follo s "elo # >hat is "contro!ers* D" Do contro!ersies exist o!er "4a " as ell as o!er "factD" &f course# Are all contro!ersies tria"le "* 1ur*D No# Can the Congress suppress de"ata"le issues of fact "* incorporating them in a statute 9I5$ tax ta"les, for example: and thus call them matters of 4a D Eou7d "etter "elie!e it# Do the 1udges deal in 4a in that caseD No, "ut in e8uit*# That is, essentiall* in8uisitor* 1ustice on summar* 1udgment, in hich case the 1udge is ad!ocate for the plaintiff, thus ma6ing it a semi-criminal case 1ust as most of e8uit* amounts to# $ometimes the courts decide that "facts" too are onl* for the court# Is this "e8uit*" a part of the ConstitutionD 4et7s see Article III, $ection (, of the ConstitutionA 7The 1udicial po er shall extend to all cases, in la and e8uit*, arising under this Constitution, the la s of the 3nited $tates+ and treaties made, or hich shall "e made under their authorit*#" Federal e8uit* rules ere re!ised in 1.13, the same *ear as the Federal 5eser!e and the Income Tax ere instituted# Imagine thatK ;8uit* as originall* an extraordinar* 1urisdiction of the 5ing7s prerogati!e in deficient common la principles# It has no come to "e almost an* 6ind of sociological 1ustification hate!er passing as natural or human rights, "* the !er* la s of the Congress# This is here the 1udges get the 1urisdiction the* exercise+ from the Congress and the legislatures, here elseD Hlegislati!e tri"unalsI