Colegiul Naional Barbu tirbei

Clrai

Lucrare de atestat

Profesor coordonator: Elev: Veta on uu Nicoleta !dlina

Mai 2011

Castles and "alaces in England

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Argument.............4 Introduction.5 Chapter I - Castles in England.........................................................................6 I.1 Short histor ...6 I.2 !our most "isited castles....# I.3 $ar%ic& Castle......' I.4 $indsor Castle.....1( Chapter II - )alaces in England.................11 II.1 Short histor .......11 II.2 !our o* the most &no%n palaces in England...12 II.3 +ampton Court )alace....................................................................14 II.4 ,o%er o* -ondon15 Conclusion.1# .i/liograph .10

Argument
When I was little, like almost every girl, my main wish was to become a princess. I was dreaming of being very beautiful and smart and that everyone would love me. I would have defeated every witch or ogre standing in my way and, despite the usual fairy tales, I was the one rescuing my Prince Charming. But, in order to be a truly princess, I needed a castle to live in. I wanted beautiful enormous towers, which were very colorful, with a huge garden and a pound in which I would have had mermaids and dolphins. It would have been the greatest castle in the whole kingdom. As I grew up, I discovered that castles are not even nearly as I have pictured them, but that did not stop me from liking them anymore. hat is one of the reasons I chose this theme. Another reason would be the fact that I perceive castles as very imposing monuments. hey are a proof of kings! greatness, of their e"istence. Besides, castles are full of mystery. #very single castle has a different intriguing story. $o, in a few words, these are the reasons for which I have chosen %Castles and palaces in #ngland! as theme for my pro&ect. A castle is a properly fortified military residence. Initially, they were designed and built to hold down con'uered territory. hey also served to intimidate and strike fear into the local people, places of refuge or places for the lords to live. hey were impressive symbols of the power and wealth of their owners. (orman castles were built from the ))th to )*th centuries. Castles were brought to Britain by William the Con'ueror, when he invaded #ngland from his homeland in +rance. ,nown as the -uke of (ormandy, William invaded #ngland in ).// and, due to his victory in Battle of 0astings , William was crowned as the ,ing of #ngland, and became ,ing William I. 1ne of the most powerful ways for William to take control of his new kingdom, which included #ngland, $cotland and Wales, was to have castles built throughout the land.

ntroduction
1I* ou are going to /uild something in the air it is al%a s /etter to /uild castles than houses o* cards.2 34eorg C. -ichten/erg5 ,he theme I chose *or m pro6ect is 7Castles and palaces in England8. It contains t%o chapters. ,he chapters are *ormed o* *our su/chapters. In the *irst su/chapter I %rote a short general histor o* castles or palaces in England. In the second su/chapter I listed *our o* the most "isited castles or palaces and in the last t%o su/chapters o* each chapter I %rote a/out t%o o* them. $ar%ic& Castle is one o* the most complete medie"al *ortresses in .ritain. It is a place that e"er one should "isit at least once. !ormerl the home o* the po%er*ul Earls o* $ar%ic&9 the castle is no% run / the compan that also o%ns :adame ,ussaud;s $a< :useum in -ondon. $indsor Castle is a medie"al castle and ro al residence in $indsor in the English count o* .er&shire. :ore than *i"e hundred people li"e and %or& in $indsor9 ma&ing it the largest inha/ited castle in the %orld. Also9 it is the oldest in continuous occupation. +ampton Court )alace is the most inspiring sur"i"ing palace and the /est place to imagine the lost ,udor glories o* =onesuch9 $hitehall and 4reen%ich palaces. +ampton Court has gro%n *rom hum/le /eginnings in the 11th centur to one o* the *inest palaces in the %orld. >"er 0(( ears o* histor can /e e<plored through this magni*icent palace %hose pre"ious o%ners include Cardinal $olse 9 +enr ?III and Eli@a/eth I. ,o%er o* -ondon is one o* the most *amous prisons in .ritish histor and houses the .ritish :onarch ;s Cro%n Ae%el. ,he ,o%er has ser"ed "ariousl as an armour 9 a treasur 9 a menagerie9 the home o* the Bo al :int9 a pu/lic records o**ice9 and the home o* the Cro%n Ae%els o* the Cnited Dingdom. ,he to%er;s primar *unction %as a *ortress9 a ro al palace9 and a prison since at least 11((. ,he pea& period o* the castle;s use as a prison %as the 16th and 1#th centuries9 %hen man *igures *allen into disgrace9 such as Eli@a/eth I /e*ore she /ecame Eueen9 %ere held %ithin its %alls. ,his use has led to the phrase Fsent to the ,o%erF.

CHAPTER I CASTLES IN ENGLAND

Castles %ere /rought to .ritain / $illiam ,he ConEueror9 %hen he in"aded England *rom his homeland in !rance. Dno%n as ,he Gu&e o* =ormand 9 $illiam in"aded England in 1(66 and9 due to his "ictor in .attle o* +astings9 $illiam %as cro%ned as the Ding o* England9 and /ecame Ding $illiam I. >ne o* the most po%er*ul %a s *or $illiam to ta&e control o* his ne% &ingdom9 %hich included England9 Scotland and $ales9 %as to ha"e castles /uilt throughout the land. At *irst9 he ordered the construction o* a "er simple castles 3motte5 and /aile castles. Inside the /aile %ere the main acti"ities o* the castle3%or&shops9 sta/les and li"estoc&9 household acti"ities9 etc.59%hile the to%er on the motte %as used as the lord;s residence and as an o/ser"ation post. -ater9 $illiam ordered the construction o* stone castles. Stone castles %ere much more sturdier and %ere much more a/le to %ithstand an attac& / an in"ader. >"er the centuries9 a*ter $illiam9 &ings ordered to /e /uilt more ela/orated castles. Castles %ere not used onl / the &ing. :ost o* the castles9 in *act9 %ere granted / a &ing to their most lo al su/6ects9 &nights or /arons %ho *ought "aliantl in /attle and supported their &ing. ,he &ing9 starting %ith $illiam ,he ConEueror9 ga"e his lo al &nights "ast estates and permission to /uild castles. In return9 he e<pected these men 3most o* %hom %ere gi"en titles o* earl or lord5 to control their lands as the &ing;s representati"e9 to &eep the local population *rom re/elling9 and to *orce them to %or& and pa rent to the lord 3%ho then passed it onto the &ing5.:an o* the people %ho li"ed in .ritain /e*ore it %as conEuered did not li&e /eing controlled / the &ing;s /arons and %anted to &eep control o* their o%n lands themsel"es. .ut that %as not possi/le /ecause $illiam and later &ings 3and Eueens5 demanded them to pa homage. ,here*ore9 castles %ere /uilt to esta/lish po%er o* the &ing and his *ollo%ers9 and to &eep people *rom regaining control o* their o%n lands.

I.2 Four most visited castles of E !la d

1. $ar%ic& Castle H one o* the most popular tra"eling attractions

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2. .odiam Castle - It is said to /e a per*ect e<ample o* a late medie"al moated castle.

httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileICastleN.odiam1Nc@.6pg

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3. $indsor Castle - the largest inha/ited castle in the %orld

httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileI$indsorNCastleNatNSunsetN-N=o"N2((6.6pg

4. St :ichael8s :ount H it is a tidal island

httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileICAS,-E3.6pg

I." #ar$ic% Castle

$ar%ic& Castle is the *inest medie"al castle in England9 and is one o* the most popular tourist destinations in the Cnited Dingdom. $ar%ic& Castle %as /uilt / $illiam the ConEueror in 1(60 %ithin or ad6acent to Anglo-Sa<on /urh o* $ar%ic&. ,he gatehouse is a remar&a/le /uildingI a pair o* to%ers a/o"e the door%a passage9 %hich had portcullises and murder-holes. )ro6ecting *rom the east side o* the gatehouse is a tall rectangular /uilding leading to another to%er. ,his latter to%er is 45.2 metres 314# t to 9si< store s9 trilo/ed 3or si<-lo/ed i* the smaller /ulges are counted5 and capped / a t%o-*old s stem o* /attlements %ith machicolation all round /elo% the /attlements. It is called Caesar;s ,o%er. ,he three main store s in the to%er are each "aulted9 and ha"e stone *ireplaces. $ar%ic& Castle is the su/6ect o* man ghost stories. !ul&e 4re"ille is said to haunt the $atergate ,o%er9 despite /eing murdered in +ol/orn. ,he $atergate ,o%er is also &no%n as the 4host ,o%er and *or most o* the ear it is home to F$ar%ic& 4hosts Ali"eF9 a short9 li"e-action sho% telling the stor o* !ul&e 4re"ille;s murder. ,he sho% uses li"e actors9 sound9 lighting and "isual e**ects. An episode o* the tele"ision program 2ost 0aunted %as *ilmed in the castle in 2((6. ,he program in"estigated the dungeon in Caesar;s ,o%er9 the 4host ,o%er %hich !ul&e 4re"ille is rumored to haunt9 the undercro*t %hich is said to /e haunted / the ghost o* a little girl9 and the Denil%orth /edroom %here !rances E"el n FGais F 4re"ille9 Countess o* $ar%ic& supposedl held seances.

,he interior o* $ar%ic& Castle as "ie%ed *rom Ethel*leda;s :ound in 2((#.

httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ$ar%ic&NCastleO+auntings

I.& #i dsor Castle

$indsor Castle9 in $indsor in the English count o* .er&shire9 is the largest inha/ited castle in the %orld and9 dating /ac& to the time o* $illiam the ConEueror9 is the oldest in continuous occupation. ,he castle8s *loor area is appro<imatel 4049((( sEuare *eet 3449'65 sEuare metres5. ,ogether %ith .uc&ingham )alace in -ondon and +ol rood )alace in Edin/urgh9 it is one o* the principal o**icial residences o* the .ritish monarch. Pueen Eli@a/eth II spends man %ee&ends o* the ear at the castle9 using it *or /oth state and pri"ate entertaining. +er other t%o residences9 Sandringham +ouse and .almoral Castle9 are the Bo al !amil 8s pri"ate homes. :ost o* the Dings and Pueens o* England9 later Dings and Pueens o* 4reat .ritain9 and later still &ings and Eueens o* the Common%ealth realms9 ha"e had a direct in*luence on the construction and e"olution o* the castle9 %hich has /een their garrison *ortress9 home9 o**icial palace9 and sometimes their prison. ,he castle8s histor and that o* the .ritish monarch are ine<trica/l lin&ed. Chronologicall the histor o* the castle can /e traced through the reigns o* the monarchs %ho ha"e occupied it. $hen the countr has /een at peace9 the castle has /een e<panded / the additions o* large and grand apartmentsQ %hen the countr has /een at %ar9 the castle has /een more hea"il *orti*ied. ,his pattern has continued to the present da . )lan o* $indsor CastleI

A' ,he Bound ,o%er B' ,he Cpper $ard9 ,he Puadrangle C' ,he State Apartments (' )ri"ate Apartments E' South $ing F' -o%er $ard )' St 4eorge;s Chapel *' +orseshoe Cloister +' Ding +enr ?III 4ate L' ,he -ong $al& M' =orman 4ate N' =orth ,errace O' Ed%ard III ,o%er T' ,he Cur*e% ,o%er

httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileI$indsorcastleplan.png

Chapter II Palaces in England

II.1 S,ort ,istorIn the Cnited Dingdom9 / tacit agreement9 there ha"e /een no FpalacesF other than those used as o**icial residences / ro alt and /ishops9 regardless o* %hether located in to%n or countr . +o%e"er9 not all palaces use the term in their name . ,hus9 the )alace o* .eaulieu gained its name precisel %hen ,homas .ole n sold it to +enr ?III in 151#. )re"iousl it had /een &no%n as $al&*ares. .ut li&e se"eral other palaces9 the name stuc& e"en once the ro al connection ended. .lenheim )alace %as /uilt9 on a di**erent site9 in the grounds o* the disused ro al )alace o* $oodstoc&9 and the name %as also part o* the e<traordinar honor %hen the house %as gi"en / to a great general. Along %ith se"eral ro al and Episcopal palaces in the countr side9 .lenheim does demonstrate that FpalaceF has no speci*ic ur/an connotations in English.
+ol rood )alace
httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileIBo alNStan a grate*uldardN+ol nation rood

.lenheim )alace
httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileI.lenheimN)alaceNcropped.6pg

II.2 Four of t,e most % o$ .alaces i E !la d

1. +ampton Court )alace - the most inspiring sur"i"ing palace and the /est place to imagine the lost ,udor glories o* =onesuch9 $hitehall and 4reen%ich palaces.

httpIJJ%%%.tre&earth.comJgaller JEuropeJCnitedNDingdomJEnglandJ+ere*ordshireJ+amptonNCourtJphoto46#331.html

2. Densington )alace H the o**icial residence o* Giana9 )rincess o* $ales 3until her death in 1''#5

httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileIDensingtonN)alaceN>ranger .6pg

3. De% )alace - Pueen Eli@a/eth I ga"e this /uilding to Bo/ert Gudle 9 her childhood *riend and court *a"orite

,he )alace in the grounds o* De% 4ardens

httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileIDe%N)alace.6pg

4. ,o%er o* -ondon - one o* the most *amous prisons in .ritish histor and houses the

.ritish :onarch ;s Cro%n Ae%el

,he ,o%er o* -ondon;s outer curtain %all9 %ith the curtain %all o* the inner %ard 6ust "isi/le /ehind. In the centre is -egge;s :ount.
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II." *am.to Court /alace

+ampton Court has gro%n *rom hum/le /eginnings in the 11th centur to one o* the *inest palaces in the %orld. >"er 0(( ears o* histor can /e e<plored through this magni*icent palace %hose pre"ious o%ners include Cardinal $olse 9 +enr ?III and Eli@a/eth I. It has not /een inha/ited / the .ritish ro al *amil since the 10th centur . It %as originall /uilt *or Cardinal $olse 9 a *a"orite o* Ding +enr ?III9 around1514. In 152'9 as $olse *ell *rom *a"or9 the palace %as passed to the Ding9 %ho enlarged it. It %ould ser"e as the location *ilmed *or the 1'66 *ilm A 2an for All $easons9 directed / !red Rinnemann. ,he palace;s +ome )ar& is the site o* the annual +ampton Court )alace !esti"al and +ampton Court )alace !lo%er Sho%. Along %ith St. Aames;s )alace9 it is one o* onl t%o sur"i"ing palaces out o* the man o%ned / +enr ?III. ,oda 9 the palace is open to the pu/lic9 and is a ma6or tourist attraction. It is cared *or / an independent charit 9 +istoric Bo al )alaces %hich recei"es no *unding *rom the 4o"ernment or the Cro%n.

A garden recreated in the st le o* +enr ?III;s gardens o* 1536. In the /ac&ground is $illiam III;s .anEueting +ouse o* 1#((
httpIJJen.%i&ipedia.orgJ%i&iJ!ileI+ampton-Court-!.6pg

II.& To$er of Lo do

+er :a6est ;s Bo al )alace and !ortress9 more commonl &no%n as the ,o%er o* -ondon9 is a historic castle on the north /an& o* the Bi"er ,hames in central -ondon9 England. ,he ,o%er o* -ondon has pla ed a prominent role in English histor . It %as /esieged se"eral times and controlling it has /een important to controlling the countr . ,he ,o%er has ser"ed "ariousl as an armor 9 a treasur 9 a menagerie9 the home o* the Bo al :int9 a pu/lic records o**ice9 and the home o* the Cro%n Ae%els o* the Cnited Dingdom. ,he $hite ,o%er9 %hich gi"es the entire castle its name9 %as /uilt / $illiam the ConEueror in 1(#09 and %as a resented s m/ol o* oppression9 in*licted upon -ondon / the ne% ruling elite. ,he to%er;s primar *unction %as a *ortress9 a ro al palace9 and a prison since at least 11((. ,he pea& period o* the castle;s use as a prison %as the 16th and 1#th centuries9 %hen man *igures *allen into disgrace9 such as Eli@a/eth I /e*ore she /ecame Eueen9 %ere held %ithin its %alls. ,his use has led to the phrase Fsent to the ,o%erF. Ed%ard ? and his /rother %ere imprisoned in the ,o%er o* -ondon. .oth died in the same ear. It is said that Bichard III ordered their murder9 /ut this has ne"er /een pro"en. ,he Ba"ens are one o* ,he ,o%er;s most *amous sights. ,hese magni*icent /irds ha"e li"ed %ithin its %alls *or hundreds o* ears and legend has it that9 i* the lea"e9 the &ingdom %ill *all. -oo& out *or these uniEue guardians around ,he ,o%er and ma&e sure ou "isit their lodgings. ,he ghost o* Pueen Anne .ole n9 /eheaded in 1536 *or treason against Ding +enr ?III9 allegedl haunts the chapel o* St )eter ad ?incula9 %here she is /uried9 and has /een said to /e %al&ing around the $hite ,o%er carr ing her head under her arm. >ther ghosts include +enr ?I9 -ad Aane 4re 9 :argaret )ole9 and the )rinces in the ,o%er. In Aanuar 10169 a sentr on guard outside the Ae%el +ouse claimed to ha"e %itnessed an
1

apparition o* a /ear ad"ancing to%ards him9 and reportedl died o* *right a *e% da s later. In >cto/er 101#9 a tu/ular9 glo%ing apparition %as claimed to ha"e /een seen in the Ae%el +ouse / the Deeper o* the Cro%n Ae%els9 Edmund -enthal S%i*te. +e said that the apparition ho"ered o"er the shoulder o* his %i*e9 leading her to e<claimI F>h9 ChristS It has sei@ed meSF >ther nameless and *ormless terrors ha"e /een reported9 more recentl 9 / night sta** at the ,o%er.

)anoramic "ie% *rom the ,o%er o* -ondon

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Conclusion

$hen I thin& o* England9 I thin& o* castles and palaces. ,he *irst thing a lot o* people thin& a/out England is castles9 palaces and medie"al *ortresses. ,he are "er imposing monuments %ith a massi"e importance in England8s histor . Also9 the contri/uted at England8s *ame %ith their m ster and mostl 9 %ith the ghost stories. ,here are man m ths and legends associated %ith castles9 *rom secret tunnels to une<plained deaths. Castles and palaces %ere not al%a s used *or the reason the %ere /uilt. Some o* them %ere used as prisons9 %hile others li&e ro al residences or armories9 or e"en as treasuries. .ut9 un*ortunatel 9 despite England8s *ame *or castles9 there are not actuall that man that ha"e sur"i"ed intact.

.i/liograph

.ailet .rian9 3omantic 3uins of #ngland and Wales, )eerage .oo&s9 1'04 .el -ucien9 #nglish castles9 Puest9 1'05 Cho&e/ore9 )etrel9 Castles around world9 =e% Tor&9 >limpia 1''1 Cornmac&9 )atric&, Castles of Britain9 -ondon9 Artus )u/lishing9 1''5 +edle 9 >l%en9 0er 2a&esty!s ower of 4ondon Allen .ro%n9 Beginald 31'#65 U1'54V9 Allen Brown5s #nglish Castles9 ,he .o dell )ress Allen .ro%n9 BeginaldQ Curno%9 ) 31'0459 ower of 4ondon, 6reater 4ondon7 -epartment of the #nvironment 1fficial 0andbook9 +er :a6est ;s Stationar >**ice