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The Science of
Ergonomics

Meghant Nichant
Industrial Engineer
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If we want to
change the
response . . .

We need to
change the
circumstances!
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What will be discussed?


l What is Ergonomics?
l Ergonomic Statistics
l The benefits of an Ergonomic program
l Ergonomic related injuries and their causes
l Identifying Ergonomic Risk Factors
l Office Ergonomics
l Industrial Ergonomics
l Control Strategies to minimize risk
l What you can do to prevent injury?

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What is Ergonomics?
l Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions
and job demands to the capabilities of employees. ( U.S.
Dept.of Health)

l Ergonomic principles are used to improve the “fit”


between the worker and the workplace.

l A practical approach to Ergonomics considers the match


between the person, the equipment they use, the work
processes and the work environment.

l A persons capabilities, physical attributes and work habits


must be recognized to improve ergonomic factors in the
workplace.
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Ergonomics Defined
l Early 1700’s, Ramazzini’s study of ill-effects of poor
posture & poorly designed tools on the health of
workers.

Greek Words: “Ergon = work, Nomikos = law”


Ergonomics: Study of Laws of work 6
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What Is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is fitting the job to the person.

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Ergonomics

Human Machine

Work Environment

Utmost Goal: “Humanization” of Work


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Design with “E & E”: Ease and Efficiency


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The Basics of Ergonomics

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INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

ATHLETE

SKILL

WILL

COACHING

GREAT EQUIPMENT

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Applications of Ergonomics
Anatomy
Orthopedics
Physiology
Medicine
Anthropometry
Psychology
Biomechanics
Sociology
Work Physiology
Industrial Hygiene
Management
Labor Relations
Industrial Engineering
Bio-Engineering
Systems Engineering
Safety Engineering
Military Engineering
Computer-Aided Design
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Where Does Ergonomics Fit In?


Physical Hazards P
Chemical Hazards P
Biological Hazards P
Ergonomics

Human Machine

Work Environment 13
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The benefits of an ergonomic program

l Decreased injuries & illnesses .

l Increased efficiency at work.

l Increased physical well being.

l Decreased absenteeism.

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Ergonomic related injuries


l May be called:
– CTD’s (cumulative trauma disorders)
– RSI’s (repetitive stress injuries)
– RMI’s (repetitive motion injuries)

– Which are all considered:


MSD’s (musculoskeletal disorders)
– MSD’s can affect muscles, tendons, nerves, joints and
spinal disks.
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Common types of MSD’s


l Tendonitis
l Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
l Tennis Elbow
l Neck and Back injuries
l Strains/Sprains
l Bursitis
l Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
l Trigger finger

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Risk factors and causes of MSD’s


l Repetition
l Force
l Awkward Posture
l Static Posture
l Contact Stress
l Temperature Extremes
l Vibration
l Psycho Social

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Identifying Risk Factors


l Conditions or circumstances that increase the
chances of developing a MSD.

l The likelihood of developing an injury is


dependent on the frequency and duration of
exposure to risk factors.

l Both occupational and personal risk factors


can affect an individuals well being at home or
work. 18
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Repetition
l Occurs when the same or similar movements
are performed frequently.

l Repetition can also occur when different tasks


are performed if those tasks have the same
movements.

l Injury may result from repetition when the


tissues do not have adequate time to recover.
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Force
l Force is the amount of physical effort required by a
person to do a task or maintain control of tools or
equipment.

l A pinch grip produces 3-5 times more force on the


tendons in the wrist than a grip with the whole
hand.

l With excessive force the muscles are contracting


much harder than normal, this can lead to stress on
the muscles, tendons and joints.
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Awkward Posture

l Is a deviation from the “neutral” body


position.

l A “neutral” body position is safest and


most efficient position in which to work.

l Awkward posture puts stress on muscles,


tendons and joints.
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Static Posture
l Static posture occurs when one position is
held for a prolonged period of time.

l The muscles will become fatigued from a


lack of blood flow during a static posture.

l This fatigue can lead to discomfort and


even injury.
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Contact Stress
l Contact stress is caused by any sharp or
hard object putting localized pressure on a
part of the body.

l Contact stress will irritate local tissues and


interfere with circulation and nerve
function.

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Temperature Extremes
l Extreme cold constricts blood
vessels and reduces sensitivity
and coordination of body parts.

l Excessive heat can result in


increased fatigue and heat
stress.

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Vibration
l Exposure to vibration can occur while
using power tools or while driving
equipment.

l Vibration from power tools can place


stress on the tissues of the fingers,
hand and arms.

l Whole body vibration from driving


puts stress on the spinal tissues.
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Psycho-social Issues
l Stress, boredom, job dissatisfaction and
anxiety can contribute to the possibility of
developing a MSD.
l Psycho-social issues can create increased
muscle tension and reduce a person’s
awareness of work technique.

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Office Ergonomics
l By applying ergonomic principles to the office
setting, risk factors are minimized, productivity is
increased, and overall workplace quality is
improved.

l The workstation must be adjusted to promote a


neutral position while a person works.

l When adjusting a workstation, keep in mind that all


of the equipment interacts. Making one adjustment
may alter another.
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Adjusting the Workstation


l Adjust the Chair.

l Adjust reach requirements.

l Adjust focal requirements.

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Correct the Environment


l Check lighting, noise and temperature.

l Check work pace and stress levels.

l Check work processes.

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Improve Posture and Habits


l Modify wrist/hand motions

l Improve neck and back postures

l Consider personal preferences

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Adjustable Platforms
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Arrange the work area


l Consider the base of support.

l Place equipment and materials where


appropriate.

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Choose the appropriate tools


l Check the fit.

l Make sure the tools match the task.

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Correct the environment


l Adjust lighting, noise and temperature
when possible.

l Check work pace.

l Check work processes.

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Improve work techniques and habits

l Improve postures.

l Check work techniques.

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Control Strategies
l The next step is to develop and implement
control strategies to increase quality and
productivity.

l Once the risk factors and their causes are


identified, control strategies can be
implemented based on needs.

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Administrative Controls
l Training workers in work methods.

l Varying or rotating work tasks.

l Limiting extended work hours.

l Providing mini-breaks.

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What you can do to prevent injury?


l Develop an Ergonomics program.

l Take proper breaks.

l Health and Fitness.

l Be aware of your hobbies away from


work.
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When Ergonomics are improved in the


workplace:
l We work smarter, not harder.

l Quality, comfort and safety make us more


productive and happy people.

l Stay Healthy and Safe, Take action!!!

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Summary of Ergonomic Principles:

l Position and support body in


neutral
l Work in reach zone
l Provide correct tools, equipment
and facilities
l Promote effective work processes
l Promote Health and Wellness
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Thank you for your attention!

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