FAAST TRAINING AND REFERENCE MANUAL

PART 1: Firearm operations and management

This document was produced by the FAAST Management Committee and Murrumbidgee College of Agriculture

March 2003

SECTION B
Firearms operations

Contents SECTION B Module 4 The Self Loading Rifle (LR) ....................................................................33 Module 5 The Pump Action Shotgun ......................................................................58 Module 6 Firearm Safety and Firing Range Instruction ..........................................74

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The self loading rifle (SLR)

The L1A1 self loading rifle (SLR) has been approved by the FAAST Management Committee for use by FAAST shooters, but only after the necessary modifications are made to make it suitable for aerial shooting operations. The loading and firing cycle of an L1A1 SLR involves the following steps: unlocking, ejection, feeding and locking. The most important aspect of firearm safety is to check that the firearm is unloaded and the safety is engaged before handling. This involves six steps. To operate an L1A1 SLR successfully, the user must be able to strip, assemble and clean it. An L1A1 SLR rifle needs to be fitted with a non-magnification red dot scope before use and must be zeroed before use.

Summary:

4.1

Learning outcomes

1. After completing this module successfully, students will be able to: 2. Explain why FAAST has approved the SLR L1A1 for its operations. 3. List the steps required for loading and firing an L1A1 SLR. 4. Explain the operation (unloading, ejection, feeding, and locking) of a L1 A1 SLR. 5. Demonstrate the 6 steps required to ensure an L1A1 SLR is safe to handle. 6. Demonstrate the stripping, cleaning and assembling of an SLR. 7. State the procedure required for an immediate action (IA) drill. 8. Discuss the causes of SLR malfunctions and suitable corrective actions. 9. Be able to zero the SLR.

4.2

Introduction

Prior to 1992 the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and NSW Rural Lands Protection Boards used firearms with differing calibres and actions for the job of feral animal control via aerial shooting. The choice of calibre and firearm usually reflected personal choice.

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When FAAST was established in 1992, it became clear that the choice of firearm needed to be limited. Advice from experienced pilots and rangers coupled with the logistics of obtaining and maintaining a rifle, suggested that a semi-automatic rifle, commonly known as the SLR (L1A1) in calibre .308 Winchester, be used. This became the approved firearm for the aerial culling of feral animals by the FAAST.

4.3

The L1A1 self loading rifle

Figure 4.1

Self loading rifle L1A1 1

Photo: S McGilchrist

This rifle is an imperial scaled copy of the Belgium F.A.L rifle and was produced at Lithgow, NSW between 1959 and 1988. The qualities that made this rifle an excellent military service weapon are the same that make it suitable for aerial culling of feral animals. These include factors like: Suitable calibre 7.62mm (.308Win) Semi automatic 1 round is fired on each depression of the trigger, allowing for fast, repetitive, aimed shots.

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Faster second shot The semi-automatic operation reduces the need to change sight picture between shots. Therefore a quicker second shot, if required to humanely dispatch a wounded animal, is ensured. Re-loading The firearm can easily be reloaded with a large capacity magazine without loosing sight of the target. Control The pistol grip fitted to the firearm allows for a more comfortable shooting position and assists in controlling the firearm in the wind stream of the aircraft. Serviceability No tools are required to break the firearm down for cleaning. Longevity The firearm is designed to take a higher degree of abuse than commercial rifles. For example it has a chrome chamber and bore. Accuracy The accuracy of the rifle exceeds the needs of aerial culling where the majority of shots are taken at less than one hundred metres. Availability The ban on semi-automatic rifles has narrowed the field of competing types, these rifles are still available for sale via the Australian army logistics command.

4.4

Modifications to the L1A1 SLR

Prior to using the rifle from an aircraft the following modifications must be performed.

4.4.1 Fitting of case deflector

The SLR tends to throw the expended ammunition case sideways and forward. Therefore, a case deflector must be fitted to the rifle to minimise the possibility of an expended case hitting the helicopter rotors. The case deflector usually consists of a flat steel plate extending out over the ejection port. It must be securely attached and of robust construction.

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4.4.2 Fitting of a non-magnified red dot scope

The rifle must be fitted with a non-magnified red dot scope. It has been clearly demonstrated that such a sighting device will increase the speed of target acquisition and improve shot placement. The scope can be attached by having a mount fitted to either the dust cover or the upper receiver of the rifle. When the mount is attached to the dust cover there are a number of limitations. These are listed below. If the case deflector is attached to the mount, it has to be dismantled before the firearm can be stripped for cleaning. The additional weight of the mount and scope can cause the rear of the dust cover to crack. The mount itself prevents the use of the iron sights which may need to be used if the scope fails during use. A scope mount fitted to the receiver is the recommended means of attachment. It provides a secure spot to which the case deflector can be attached. It also allows the use of the rifles iron sight if the scope fails and doesnt induce any additional wear on the dust cover. The rifle can still be easily stripped down for cleaning. However, experience has shown that the screws holding the mount to the receiver can become loose. This can be alleviated by the addition of spring roll pins to the mount. Do not allow the mount to be welded to the receiver. This can warp the action leading to malfunctions, or can change the temper of the locking shoulder which can cause the shoulder to fail. Both of these situations can result in serious injury to the user.

4.4.3 Prong removal

It is required on all SLRs that the prongs on the flash suppressor be removed. There have been examples of one or more of the prongs fatiguing to the point that they break off during shooting. One of these broken prongs can cause as much damage to the helicopter rotor blades as an expended case can. The preferred modification is to remove the prongs but refit the body of the suppressor to the barrel so as to give protection to the muzzle.

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Figure 4.2

SLR fitted with case deflector and pro-point sight

Photo: S McGilchrist

4.5

Cycle of operation

4.5.1 To load
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Check the safety is on safe. (up position) Insert magazine. Engage cocking handle and pull to rear. Allow action to go forward under its own momentum. Ensure cocking handle is forward against the body.

4.5.2 Firing
1. 2. 3. 4. Move the safety to R (down position) Acquire target Squeeze the trigger. The hammer will strike the rear of the firing pin extension, driving it and the firing pin forward against the primer in the base of the round.

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Figure 4.3

The SLR L1A1 trigger mechanism ready to fire.

Source: Australian Army Volume 4 Pamphlet No.5. The Self Loading Rifle 7.62mm Liai, 1983

Figure 4.4

The SLR L1A1 trigger mechanism firing.

Source: Australian Army Volume 4 Pamphlet No.5. The Self Loading Rifle 7.62mm Liai, 1983

4.6

Operation

As the expanding gases drive the bullet down the barrel, they enter the gas vent and pass through the gas plug into the gas cylinder and drive the piston rearward. Excess gas escapes though the hole in the gas block, the amount being determined by the setting on the gas regulator. The piston strikes the bolt carrier and drives it rearward compressing the return spring which arrests the rearward movement of the carrier, which then commences to drive forward.

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GAS CYLINDER

Figure 4.5

Path of gases in gas block

Source: Australian Army Volume 4 Pamphlet No.5. The Self Loading Rifle 7.62mm Liai, 1983

4.6.1 Unlocking
As the slide travels rearward it lifts the breechblock up and out of the locked position, carrying it to the rear.

4.6.2 Ejection
The empty case is held by the extractor and is drawn out of the chamber as the breech bolt moves rearwards. During the rearward movement the base of the cartridge case hits the ejector, causing the case to be thrown out of the ejection port. As the breech block clears the magazine the next round moves upwards and is positioned ready for firing.

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Figure 4.6

SLR L1A1 unlocking mechanism.

Source: Australian Army Volume 4 Pamphlet No.5. The Self Loading Rifle 7.62mm Liai, 1983

Cartridge case

Ejector

Figure 4.7

SLR L1A1 ejection mechanism.

Source: Australian Army Volume 4 Pamphlet No.5. The Self Loading Rifle 7.62mm Liai, 1983

4.6.3 Feeding
As the return spring pushes the breech bolt and carrier forward, the breech bolt contacts the top round in the magazine and feeds it into the chamber.

4.6.4 Locking
As the breech bolt stops, the carrier continues forward and forces the breech bolt down into the locked position at the same time the extractor grips the base of the round.

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Figure 4.8

SLR L1A1 feeding and locking mechanism.

Source: Australian Army Volume 4 Pamphlet No.5. The Self Loading Rifle 7.62mm Liai, 1983

4.7

Safety precautions

The most important aspect of firearm safety is to check that the firearm is unloaded and the safety is engaged before handling. This involves the following six steps: 1. 2. 3. Check the safety is set to safe. Remove magazine. With the firearm tilted to the right, engage the cocking handle and pull it to the
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rear. 4. 5. 6. Engage the hold open device or physically hold the bolt carrier to the rear. Inspect the chamber to make sure it is empty. Ease the working parts forward.

4.8

Stripping the L1A1 SLR

Stripping dismantles the firearm for maintenance and cleaning and involves the following steps: 1. 2. 3. Carry out safety precautions, using the 6 steps listed above. Cock the firearm and engage the safety catch. Remove the gas plug and piston by depressing the wide end of the gas plug plunger. Turn the plug a quarter of a turn clockwise and remove it under control. With the muzzle pointed down, press the body locking lever to the rear and open the weapon by lowering the butt. Slide the dust cover to the rear and out. Remove the bolt carrier by pulling the rat tail and slide and supporting the bolt from below, until the slide is fully withdrawn. Separate the bolt from the carrier by depressing the firing pin extension and pulling the bolt away from the rat tail end of the carrier.

4.

5. 6.

7.

4.9

Assembling the L1A1 SLR

After stripping for maintenance or cleaning, the L1A1 SLR needs to be assembled. This involves the following steps: 1. Reassemble the breech block and slide by turning the bolt carrier upside down and placing the firing pin extension through the hole on the rear of the slide. Then press the firing pin, as for stripping, and lower the bolt into the slide. With the body open and the muzzle pointed down slide the carrier and bolt down the body. Slide the dust cover back into the body. Close the body. With the rifle held upright replace the gas piston and spring into the gas tube. Replace the gas plug on the piston head with the narrow recess on the side of the plug to the left. Push the plug in as far as it will go and turn it

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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anticlockwise until it stops.

4.10 Immediate action drills

If the rifle stops or fails to fire, the immediate action (IA) drill, is to be carried out at once. The procedure is as follows: 1. 2. 3. Tilt the rifle to the right. Pull the cocking handle to the rear and engage the hold open device. Tilt the rifle to the left and look into the body and chamber.

4.10.1 Stoppages
Stoppages are commonly due to an empty magazine, an empty chamber or an insufficient gas supply. Other causes and their corrective actions are listed later in this module. Empty magazine Remove the magazine and replace with a full one. Then engage the cocking handle and pull to rear. Release the cocking handle and resume firing. Empty chamber If the chamber is empty and there are rounds still in the magazine pullback and release the cocking handle and resume firing. Gas stoppage If, after conducting the IA drill, the firearm stops again, pull back the cocking handle and release it. Engage the safety and withdraw the rifle and turn the gas regulator down 2 numbers lower. Return safety to R position and resume firing.

Figure 4.9

SLR Gas block.

Source: Australian Army Volume 4 Pamphlet No.5. The Self Loading Rifle 7.62mm Liai, 1983

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Table 4.1

SLR stoppages causes and corrective actions

Cause
Dirty breech block or chamber. Damaged magazine. Incorrectly loaded magazine Double feed Broken or damaged return spring Fouled or damaged gas cylinder

Stoppage
Failure to feed, chamber or load a round into the breech

Corrective action
Clean breech block and chamber Replace magazine Reload magazine Remove rounds from body and breech Replace return spring Clean or replace gas cylinder Replace ammunition Replace firing pin Clean firing pin, breech block and carrier Replace magazine

Failure to fire

Faulty ammunition Broken firing pin Carbon build up on firing pin Empty magazine Insufficient gas

Turn gas regulator down two Failure to extract or eject Carbon build up on breech head or chamber Weak or damaged extractor Broken ejector Rim stripped from case Clean chamber, breech block and extractor Replace extractor Gunsmith required Insert cleaning rod from muzzle and tap the case out

4.11 Basic ballistics

4.11.1 The metallic cartridge
The metallic cartridge is the only sure way of delivering a projectile accurately to a target to effect a quick and humane termination. The cartridge used by FAAST is the .308 Winchester which has a proven and stable design with an excellent balance of velocity and weight.

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Figure 4.10

The metallic cartridge and its parts

Source: A manual for the control of feral animals from helicopters, FMC May 1999

The housing of the metallic cartridge is called the case, which is described as a semiwater proof pressure pot. The case contains the primer which is a device developed to explode after being struck by the firing pin of the rifle. The primer ignites the stored energy contained in the propellent which sits above the primer and is held by the case. Upon ignition the propellent burns rapidly creating a large amount of pressure and gas which drives upwards and pushes the projectile, which sits in the neck of the case, out of the firearm.

Figure 4.11

Bullet parts and types.

Source: A manual for the control of feral animals from helicopters, FMC May 1999

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Depending on the weight of the projectile and the type of targets to be destroyed a number of types of projectile constructions are used by FAAST. The most common are a 130-160 grain, hollow point, jacketed expanding bullets. These are generally used on small to medium target species. When larger animals are destroyed the 180 grain projectile is often used, which has a soft point construction.

4.11.2 Internal ballistics

Internal ballistics describes the sequence and components of firing from the time the trigger is pulled to the exiting of the projectile from the muzzle. 1. The firing pin strikes the primer cup causing it to depress. The dented cup crushes the priming mixture against the anvil which is held in place by the primer pocket base. The crushing effect causes the mixture to explode. 2. The sparks from the explosion are forced through the flash hole and into the powder cavity of the case. Hot sparks bounce around between the powder cavity walls and the propellent is ignited. 3. The powder is burnt rapidly and converted into expanding gas which reaches around 55,000 psi. The heat decreases and the gas reaches maximum pressure in all directions. 4. At this point the cartridge face is forced back against the bolt and the shoulders and body of the case are forced outwards in all directions to create a gas seal in the rifle chamber. The weak point in the pressure chamber is the neck/projectile seal. 5. The neck expands under pressure and the projectile breaks free. The projectile shank and base seal the expanding gases behind it as it moves into the throat of the chamber. The projectile builds up speed rapidly as it enters the lands and grooves of the rifling twist and the pressure drops off as it reaches the muzzle. 6. The projectile exits the muzzle at supersonic speed, rotating rapidly at around 3000 rotations per second from the rifling twist. Rotation ensures gyroscopic stability of the projectile. 7. The cartridge case shrinks back to near its original dimensions where it can be withdrawn by the extractor and ejected from the firearm. Head space Head space is the distance from the bolt face to that part of the chamber which stops forward movement of the cartridge case when the action is loaded and locked. It is very important that any firearm is headspaced correctly. Insufficient head space interferes with the closing of the breach and would make the cartridge too long for the breach. Excessive head space permits the cartridge case to unduly stretch and separate. This could endanger the firearm and the shooter.

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4.11.3

External ballistics

Bullet trajectory Many forces exert influence on a projectile in flight. The most significant is air resistance, which works upon the projectile the instant it leaves the muzzle. Gravity also exerts a strong force on the projectile. From the moment a projectile leaves the muzzle it losses velocity and steadily drops lower the further it travels. With these two natural forces working on the projectile the bullet path tends towards an increasing curve the further it travels from the muzzle. This is known as bullet trajectory and can be best explained by the diagram below. Wind Another force encountered may be wind. A strong wind across a projectiles path will blow it off course in the winds direction. The wind factor, when present must be taken into account while aiming. Some lead into the wind will be necessary, particularly at longer distances when the projectiles velocity is lower. Other forces There are other forces which act on a projectile in flight. These are, altitude, atmospheric pressure, temperature, rain and shooting up hill and down hill and over water. However, these factors have such a minimal influence on trajectory under 100m that they are not worthy of consideration. FAAST shooters normally encounter moving targets and for longer shots some lead may need to be given to the target. However at shorter distances none or very little may be required because the helicopter will normally be travelling at a faster or equivalent rate to the target and the speed of the projectile will mostly negate the need for lead time. For example a .308 130 grain projectile will travel at approximately 2,800 ft/sec and have a flight time of 0.1173 of a second at 100m and 0.2701 of a second at 200m. When a 130-160 grain .308 hollow point projectile (as commonly used by FAAST) hits a target animal it releases an excess of 2,000 foot ponds of energy. When this energy enters the animals vital zone the projectile will expand and break up, creating a massive wound channel with excessive amounts of bleeding and shock followed by a rapid death.

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Figure 4.12

External ballistics of a rifle bullet.

Source: A manual for the control of feral animals from helicopters, FMC May 1999

4.12 Setting up and sighting in the L1A1 SLR

A firearms can not be expected to perform accurately if it is not correctly sighted in. Regular checks and adjustments will be necessary as frequent use, transportation and maintenance will inevitably knock a rifle and/or its scope out of zero. Before zeroing the rifle and/or scope ensure you have the correct tools for the job. Bad fitting screw drivers or Allen keys can damage optical sights and screw heads. Make sure the firearm is clean and totally serviceable. Check each locking screw and ensure they are tight. Always use lock tight or nail polish on the threads of all screws on optical sights. Recoil can knock a scope off a firearms if the scope is not correctly secured. Always use the ammunition you are using in the field. Different projectile weights and brands will shoot a different point of impact (POI).

4.12.1 Zeroing the rifle - iron sights

Vertical adjustment of the point of impact. To raise the point of impact:

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Loosen foresight screw. Rotate foresight blade in clockwise direction. To lower the point of impact: Loosen foresight screw. Rotate foresight blade in anti-clockwise direction. A half turn of the foresight will adjust the point of impact by 50 mm, at one hundred metres. Sideways adjustment of the point of impact. To move the point of impact to the right Loosen right back sight keeper screw, by rotating it anti-clockwise. Tighten left side keeper screw by rotating it clockwise the same number of turns.

To move the point of impact to the left. Loosen left back sight keeper screw, by rotating it clockwise. Tighten right back sight keeper screw, by rotating it anticlockwise the same number of turns.

4.12.2 Zeroing the rifle - red-dot scopes

To fit a new scope or relocate a scope to the SLR, the following steps should be followed: Centre both the windage and elevation adjustment within the scope. This is done by gently turning each adjustment screw fully one way (clockwise). Then, while counting the number of clicks or units, reverse the direction (anti-clockwise), counting the number of units, until the adjustment is screwed fully in reverse (this is when resistance is felt). Screw the adjustment in the clockwise direction for half the number of units just counted. Complete for windage and elevation adjustments. Fit the scope to the firearm. Check for eye relief and freedom of movement in the cocking handle, bolt handle and any other moving parts. When satisfied tighten all the screws evenly.

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To sight the firearm in using a scope complete the following steps: 1. Using a firing range of known distance, set up a reasonable sized target (initially 1m square is adequate). 2. Fire a group of three shots and note the point of impact (POI). Adjust where necessary. 3. If your mount has external adjustment for windage then screw those first. When you get your group close to the centre, then use the internal adjustment screws. 4. Have a note pad and pencil ready and record the direction (use the clock face) and the number of clicks that you make. Note down each adjustment and the next groups POI. After a few groups the direction and number of clicks should be revealed. 5. Keep the pad and the recording for future reference. It may save a lot of time and ammunition when next the zero needs adjustment. Red-dot sights are preferred on L1A1 SLRs due to their ability to provide a clear aiming point without any loss of field of view, usually associated with magnification sights/scopes. Aiming points are holographically projected into the centre of the scopes field of view in the form of a red dot. Two brands of Red-dot scopes are recommended the Pro-point and the Eotech. Zeroing the Pro-point. The pro-point red-dot sight is a scope produced by Tasco Optics for specific shotgun and rifle types. It is a smaller version of the larger magnification scopes distributed by most optic manufacturers and it has a one piece tube construction. To zero the Tasco Pro-point sight complete the following: Activate the illuminated reticule by turning the knob clockwise to brighten. Strip the bolt and carrier from the body of the rifle after carrying out safety precautions. Then with the barrel supported, sight along the bore at the target. Use the windage and elevation adjustments on the pro-point to align the lighted reticule with the target as seen through the bore. Each click moves the point of impact 5mm at 25 metres.

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Figure 4.13

Components of a pro-point red dot sighting mechanism.

Source: Pro-Point Operators Manual

Zeroing the Eotech The Eotech red-dot sight is slightly different to the pro-point sight due to its open sight wall which lacks an enclosed tube. The aiming point is holographically projected onto an arched screen which is protected by a short sleeve. The Eotech sight should be bore sighted, as described above for the pro-point sight. To zero the Eotech sight complete the following: To move the point of impact right turn the windage adjustment clockwise. To move the point of impact left turn the windage adjustment counter clockwise. To move the point of impact up turn the elevation adjustment clockwise. To move the point of impact down turn the elevation adjustment counter clockwise.

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Figure 4.14 The Eotech red dot sight.

Source: Eotech Operators Manual

4.13 SLR marksmanship principles

Marksmanship principles for rifles like the SLR can vary for different shooting situations and for different shooters. For example range shooting is vastly different to field shooting and persons with a background in one will often struggle with the other. For FAAST shooting, field shooting principles generally apply. However aerial shooting principles do vary slightly due to factors such as shooting from a moving platform which impact on shot placement. These factors will be covered in module 13: Principles of safe and effective aerial shooting. Marksmanship principles for the L1A1 SLR are similar to those which apply to most other centre-fire rifles. All FAAST students should have a thorough knowledge of the principles of safe and effective firearms use before they attend a FAAST training course. The following is a basic list of considerations for consistent and accurate shot placement with a rifle. Set up the rifle properly. Ensure it is in safe working order and that any scopes are secure and fitted correctly (scopes will move on rifles when they are transported, even in a gun case). FAAST shooters come in a variety of shapes and sizes and customised stocks which are light with moveable cheek pieces and butts are often used. State of mind. Before shooting ensure that you are comfortable, alert and focused, but not tense. Know you rifle. Nothing will substitute for experience with a rifle and the better you know the workings and capabilities of each individual part, the more consistent your accuracy will become. This includes knowing the types of ammunition suited to your rifle and the ballistics of this ammunition. Breathing. The organ which controls shot placement is the lungs. Aerial shooting is done in the prone position without a rest. The breath is normally inhaled slightly more and exhaled around quarters and held just prior to shooting. Practice the breathing principles demonstrated during the practical range exercises in Part 1

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and Part 2 of the course. Trigger control. Shooters should develop a consistent trigger pull to ensure that the shooting process does not vary and the moment of firearm discharge is predictable. Shooters should practice the trigger control practices outlined during practical demonstrations in Part 1 of the FAAST training course. Windage. Wind is normally not a factor during aerial shooting due to the relatively short distances involved and helicopter rotor wind does not affect the ballistics of the .308. Practice! Practice! Practice!. When undertaking ground range practice with the SLR, always shoot as if you are in a helicopter and live animals are being shot. Some FAAST shooters employ the third eye technique which many professional sports shooters use. This method involves imagining hitting the target animal in the right spot whilst aerial shooting. The simulation of stoppage drills and unexpected situations whilst practicing on the range is also important. All of these factors and other SLR marksmanship principles will be covered during practical range demonstrations and range practice during Part 1 and Part 2 of the FAAST accreditation training course.

4.14 Cleaning the SLR

The rifle must be cleaned and oiled at the completion of each days shooting. It is important to use the correct equipment. This includes: A cleaning rod of appropriate bore size. A bronze bristle brush of appropriate bore size. A jag of appropriate bore size. Cleaning patches. Perishables: Hoppes No. 9, Sweets 7.62 and quality gun oil. Cleaning the SLR involves the following steps: Carry out the safety precautions. Strip the rifle by removing the gas plug, pistol, dust cover, carrier and breech bolt. Clean the bore with a mild solvent like Hoppes No.9. (Do not use Sweets 7.62 solvent It is too harsh can damage the chrome inside the barrel). To do this first run a clean patch through the bore 2 or 3 times to remove course or loose fouling. Then run patches with Hoppes No. 9 through 2 or 3 times and follow with 2 or 3 runs with a bronze bristle brush. Follow this with clean patches until no fouling is detected. Then run Hoppes No. 9 through again and clean patches. Finally run a patch through the bore with light gun oil on it. Remember before the firearms next

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use run 2 or 3 clean patches through to remove excess oil as this may caused excessive pressure build up in the first couple of shots. Clean the gas plug and head of the gas piston with solvent and Scotch Brite material. Only strip the gas tube and regulator for cleaning when there is a large build up of carbon material. Excessive stripping of this area will cause unnecessary wear. Lightly oil the working parts but keep the face of the breech block and gas vent dry.

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Figure 4.15

Components of the SLR L1A1

Source: Slr Australias Fnfal, I Skennerton & D Balmer, 1989

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Figure 4.16

Components of the SLR L1A1 1

Source: Slr Australias Fnfal, I Skennerton & D Balmer, 1989

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1.

To put the L1A1 SLR rifle in safety position, which direction is the safety catch moved? List the 6 steps to be followed to be sure an L1A1 SLR rifle is safe to handle. What is the first step required for stripping and cleaning of an L1A1 SLR rifle? Why is it necessary to deflect the ejected cases? An immediate action drill requires three steps. What are they?

2. 3.

4. 5.

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5.

The pump action shotgun

Summary:
While the effective range is less than for a self-loading rifle, pump action shotguns play a valuable role in aerial shooting operations. There are two shotgun models recommended for FAAST activities which are only to be used with approved ammunition. FAAST shotguns also requires an approved configuration (setup) There are 4 steps to ensure a shotgun is safe before handling it. Likely faults, their causes and recommended actions are listed

5.1

Learning outcomes

After successfully completing this module, students will be able to: 1. State the shotgun models recommended for FAAST activities. 2. Explain why shotguns have an effective range of 30 metres. 3. Describe the configuration of a shotgun recommended for FAAST activities. 4. List the steps required to make a shotgun safe. 5. List the steps required for an immediate action drill (stoppage drill) for a pump action shotgun. 6. List the steps required to strip and assemble a shotgun (either a Remington 870 or a Mossberger 500).

5.2

Introduction

The shotgun is a versatile firearm that can fire a single round or launch groups of submissiles towards the intended target. It is designed for shooting fast moving targets and kills by expelling multiple projectiles (shot). Multiple projectile wounds kill very quickly. The theory being that 2 or more wounds are not just multiples, but squared multiples, of that effect. For example, 2 wounds have 4 times the effect as 1 and 3 wounds have 9 times the effect as 1. Historically, all manner of makes and action types have been used for aerial culling by FAAST shooters, with differing levels of success. How ever like for the SLR the FMC has restricted their use. Currently the approved shotguns for FAAST activities are the:

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Remington 870 pump action shotgun and the Mossberg 500 pump action shotgun. Both are chambered for 2 inch 12 gauge ammunition.

5.3

Ammunition

The approved calibre is the 2 12 gauge cartridge, bore dimension 0.729 .The ammunition must be plastic sided rather than paper or cardboard which can cause jamming.

Figure 5.1

The shotgun shell.

Source: A manual for the control of feral animals from helicopters, FMC May 1999

Table 5.1 lists the recommended shot to be used for the different size animals likely to be targeted during FAAST shooting operations.
Table 5.1 Recommended shot to used for various sized targets

Game size Small game Medium game Large Game

Example Foxes/Cats/Piglets Pigs/Goats Cattle

Recommended shot AAA, BB (or No.4 for very small piglets) SG (00), SSG Shotgun not recommended. However, if circumstances dictate, use rifled slugs.

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Table 5.2 outlines the characteristics of each type of shot recommended for use by FAAST shooters. These figures are an indication only, as pellet size and the number of pellets can vary between brands.
Table 5.2 Characteristics of various shot recommended for FAAST activities

Shot size Rifled slug SG00 SSG AAA BB No.4

Number of pellets 1 9 18 42 82 169

Diameter of pellets 0.729 0.330 0.270 0.205 0.168 0.130

Weight of each pellet 493.0 grains (32g) 55.0 grains (3.5g) 30.0 grains (1.9g) 12.5 grains (0.8g) 6.5 grains (0.4g) grains (0.2g)

5.4

Effective range

Due to its multi-pelleted ammunition and low velocity, the shotgun should not be used for FAAST activities at distances greater than 30 metres. As the range increases the total pattern of the pellets grows larger. This expansion resembles a cone with its apex being the muzzle of the shotgun. Not only do the pellets spread, reducing the number that strikes the target, there is also an appreciable drop in velocity over a relatively short range. For example: No.4 shot fired from a 20 barrel gives a velocity at the muzzle of 381 m/sec, but at 35 metres this has reduced to 237 m/sec. Therefore in areas that are heavily wooded or have natural features that prevent the aircraft from closing to within 30 metres of the target, shotguns should not be the primary firearm used.

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Figure 5.2

Spread pattern of shotgun shot with different choke settings.

Source: Smith, G. 1999. Hunting and shooting in Australia SSAA.

5.5

Chokes

A choke is a constriction at the muzzle of a shotgun to reduce the spread and increase the density of the shot column. The 4 commonly identified chokes are: True cylinder - no constriction at all. Improved cylinder - some constriction (0.007) Modified Choke more constriction Full choke - maximum constriction

5.6

Shotgun configuration recommended for FAAST activities

The following shotgun configuration is recommended for FAAST activities.

5.6.1 Barrel length

The barrel must be longer than 61 cm (24) to assist in both the safe handling of the firearm during flying and improved ammunition performance.

5.6.2 Magazine capacity

Long barrels also allow increased magazine tube length. A magazine capacity of about 8 rounds is considered suitable for FAAST operations. In relation to the Remington 870, the magazine extension must be supported by the barrel to avoid damaging the threads on the end of the magazine.

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5.6.3 Sights
Due to the need for accurate shooting, the single bead front sight is not acceptable for FAAST operations. The minimum requirement is for rifle sights to be fitted. Ghost ring sights, pictured below, have produced good results. If funding allows, red dot sights would be the ideal choice. They greatly assist in target acquisition.

Figure 5.3. Ghost ring sights.

Source: A Manual for the control of Feral Animals from helicopters, FMC May 1999

5.6.4 Choke
A modified choke or improved cylinder is recommended. Full choke has a tendency to elongate the pattern spread when using SG and true cylinder shortens the effective range as the pattern spreads too quickly.

5.7

Making the shotgun safe

When receiving a shotgun always check its condition. The following steps outline the procedure required to ensure the shotgun is safe. Point the muzzle in a safe direction Slide the fore-end to the rear. (If this doesnt move it indicates that the firearms is cocked, and possibly with a chambered shell. If so depress the action bar lock then slide the fore-end to the rear) Look into the breech and to ensure it is clear of all ammunition. Then using a finger manually feel for ammunition. Invert the firearm, depress the carrier, look into the magazine then manually feel for any ammunition.

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5.8 Immediate action (stoppage drill) for the pump action shotgun
1. Engage the safety 2. Tilt the shotgun to the right 3. Pull the action slide to the rear 4. Tilt the shotgun to the left and look into the receiver and chamber Empty magazine If the stoppage was an empty magazine and there is no ammunition in the chamber, magazine or on the shell lifter (elevator); Insert a shell through the ejection port Push action slide forward Load magazine

Empty chamber If on inspection of the chamber after an IA drill there is no ammunition in the chamber or elevator, but there is ammunition in the magazine; Push action slide forward Cycle the action slide firmly to chamber a round from the magazine

Failure to fire If upon carrying out the IA a live shell is ejected and there are cartridges in the magazine; Leave the action slide to the rear Check if magazine cap is loose if so tighten

Failure to eject If after carrying out the IA drill a cartridge has not been ejected; - Leave the action slide to the rear - Tilt the shotgun to the right - Flick the round out with your fingers Failure to fire If after an IA drill there is still a round in the chamber; Tilt shotgun to the right Allow the round on the lifter to fall out the ejection port Push action slide forward Pull action slide to rear firmly If round has still not bean extracted, leave action to rear with the safety engaged and disassemble barrel from shotgun.

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5.9

The Remington 870 shotgun

This is one of the pump action shotguns recommended for FAAST activities.

Figure 5.4

Remington model 870 pump action shotgun - general parts.

Source:: Remington sporting firearms field service manual

5.10 Stripping the Remington 870

1. Point the muzzle in a safe direction. 2. Carry out the procedures to make the firearm safe. 3. Cock the action, by sliding the fore-end fully to the rear and then fully forward. 4. Remove magazine cap, by unscrewing it. 5. Remove barrel, by pulling it away from the receive group. 6. With the action closed depress the left shell latch within the loading port and remove the fore-end from the magazine tube. 7. Separate the breech block and slide from the action bars. 8. Remove the trigger group by setting safety on safe then drift out the front and rear pins followed by pulling the rear of the trigger group down. 9. To remove the magazine spring, insert the blade of a small flat screwdriver into the hole in the spring retainer. Then pry the retainer from magazine tube. Remove retainer slowly to relieve tension of magazine spring. Spring and retainer may now be removed. NOTE: Removing the spring is not necessary for usual maintenance.

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a)
Figure 5.5 Remington 870 pump action shotgun

b)

a) Removing trigger group

Source: Remington sporting firearms field service manual

b) Removing magazine spring

5.11 Assembling the Remington 870

The following steps outlines the procedures required to assemble a Remington 870 shotgun. NOTE: Action must by cocked when assembling shotgun. Place the breech block and slide in the correct position on the action bars. Slide the fore-end over the magazine and insert the action bars into the corresponding grooves in the receiver. Move the fore-end gently to the rear until the action bars contact the right shell latch. Depress the right shell latch and move the fore-end to the rear until the action bars contact the left shell latch. Depress the left shell latch and allow the fore-end to slide rearwards until the action bars contact the action bark lock. Depress the action bar lock and half cock the firearm. Replace the barrel. Replace the magazine cap. Cycle the action forward, disengage the safety, fire the action, check for correct functioning of the weapon.

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Figure 5.6

Configuration of the Remington 870 pump action shotgun

Source:: Remington sporting firearms field service manual

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5.12 The Mossberg 500 shotgun

This is one of the pump action shotguns recommended for FAAST activities.

5.13 Stripping the Mossberg 500

Point the muzzle in a safe direction. Carry out the procedures to make the firearm safe. Move safety to rear position. Move bolt from rearward position slowly until the front of the bolt is in the middle of the ejection port. (Refer to Fig 5.7) Loosen the take down screw turning counter clockwise until the screw is completely disengaged. Remove the barrel by pulling it out from the receiver. Use a drift to push out the trigger housing pin, then remove trigger group by rotating the rear portion upward first. (Refer to Fig 5.8) Now remove the cartridge interrupter and cartridge stop from inside the receiver. It may be necessary to gently tap the sides of the receiver to remove them. Move the action slide assembly rearwards so that the bolt assembly and bolt slide are three quarters of the way rearward. Now lift the bolt slide upward and out of the receiver. The bolt can be removed by sliding forward out of the receiver. (Refer to Fig 5.9) The elevator can be removed by squeezing the legs together and disengaging from the receiver.

Figure 5.7

Barrel removal of a Mossberg 500 - bolt position

Source: Mossberg armours manual, North Haven USA

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Figure 5.8

Trigger group removal of a Mossberg 500

Source: Mossberg armours manual, North Haven USA

Figure 5.9

Bolt and elevator assembly of a Mossberg 500

Source: Mossberg armours manual, North Haven USA

5.14 Assembling the Mossberg 500

Assembling the Mossberg 500 is simply the stripping procedure carried out in reverse.

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Figure 5.10

Configuration of the Mossberg 500

Source: Mossberg armours manual, North Haven USA

5.15 Pump action shotgun marksmanship principles

Marksmanship principles for the pump action shotgun vary considerably compared to rifles. This is because they have a much shorter range and a different method of killing involving a pattern of projectiles that inflicts numerous injuries to target animals over a wide area.

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Due to the greater volume of projectiles emitted which increases the probability of hitting the kill zone, shotguns are normally pointed at targets rather than aimed. Basic pump action shotgun marksmanship principles are listed below: Set up the shot gun properly. Ensure it is in safe working order and that any extra sights are secure and fitted correctly. FAAST shooters come in a variety of shapes and sizes and customised stocks which are light and have moveable cheek pieces and butts are often used. State of mind. Before shooting ensure that you are comfortable, alert and focused, but not tense. Know your shotgun. Nothing will substitute for experience with a firearm and the better you know your individual firearms parts, their workings and capabilities the more consistent your accuracy will become. Know your ammunition. Know the spread pattern, size and number of shot for the ammunition being used and understand the limitations of the ammunition and the appropriate use of the ammunition for different target species. Breathing. Consistent, normal breathing is required when aerial shooting with a shotgun. Trigger control. Develop a consistent trigger pull to ensure that the shooting process does not vary and the moment of firearm discharge is predictable. Practice! Practice! Practice!. When undertaking ground range practice always shoot as if you are in a helicopter and live animals are being shot. Some FAAST shooters employ the third eye technique which many professional sports shooters use. This method involves shooters imagining themselves hitting the target animal in the right spot whilst aerial shooting. The simulation of stoppage drills and unexpected situations by FAAST shooters whilst practicing on the range is also important. All of these factors and other pump action shotgun marksmanship principles will be covered during practical range demonstrations and range practice during Part 1 and Part 2 of the FAAST training course.

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Figure 5.11
Source: K Pines

A FAAST student undergoing pump action shotgun training.

5.16 Cleaning a pump action shotgun

The shotgun must be cleaned and oiled at the completion of each days shooting. Ensure you have the correct equipment. This can include: A cleaning rod of appropriate bore size. A bronze bristle brush of appropriate bore size. A jag of appropriate bore size. Cleaning patches. Perishables: Hoppes No. 9, Sweets 7.62 and quality gun oil Cleaning the pump action shot gun involves the following steps: 1. Carry out the safety precautions. 2. Strip the shotgun. 3. Clean the bore by first running a clean patch through the bore 2 or 3 times to remove course or loose fouling. Then run patches with Hoppes No. 9 through 2 or 3 times and follow with 2 or 3 runs with a bronze bristle brush. Follow this with clean patches until no fouling is detected. Then run Sweets 7.62 through 2 or 3

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times and remove it 5 - 10 minutes later with and clean patches. Finally run a patch through the bore with light gun oil on it. Remember before using the firearm next time, run 2 or 3 clean patches through to remove excess oil as this may caused excessive pressure build up in the first couple of shots. 4. Clean the breach and ejection port with solvent and Scotch Brite material. 5. The working parts should be lightly oiled but the face of the breech block and gas vent should be dry.

5.17 Troubling shooting

Table 5.3 outlines some of the common faults that occur with pump action shotguns. It also includes likely causes and recommended actions.
Table 5.3 Common faults associated with a pump action shotgun

FAULT
1. Shell fails to load

CAUSE
Bent carrier does not allow shell alignment with magazine. Defective shell latch Bent action bars Jammed or bent shell latch Foreign object or part in receiver. Shell latch holding back shell Magazine follower sticks in magazine tube. Failure of shell latch to retain shell in magazine after one has been ejected onto the carrier and action can not close.

ACTION
Gunsmith repair Gunsmith repair Gunsmith repair Gunsmith repair Remove and clean Gunsmith repair Clean and lightly oil With the action open press down on the nose of the shell and push the partially released shell into the magazine until retained by shell latch. Apply safety catch. Grasp the fore-end firmly and pull back firmly whilst depressing the action bar lock. Load weapon Disengage safety. Cycle the action. Gunsmith repair Gunsmith repair Clean weapon Correct as per stacked feed Gunsmith repair Pull for-end fully to the rear, remove the shell, cycle the action forward and continue firing.

2. Fore-end fails to fully cycle

3. Failure to feed

4. Double feed

5. Stacked feed

6. Failure to fire

A round is in the chamber and the action is closed. The shell latch has failed to retain the shell once the action is closed and ejected it onto the carrier Weapon is unloaded Safety is on. Mechanical defect. Broken extractor Dirty chamber Could be caused by expansion of shell against fouling after firing or split shell casing Ejector missing or broken. Stovepipe, a partially ejected shell trapped by breech block in ejection port

7. Failure to extract 8. Action will not open

9. Failure to eject

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1. A shotgun should not be used for targets greater than ______metres away? 2. What does the choke do on a shotgun? 3. What are the first two steps to be carried out when stripping a Remington 870 or a Mossberg 500? 4. List 3 possible causes for a shotgun failing to fire. 5. What is the recommended choke setting and magazine capacity for FAAST shotguns?

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6.

Firearm safety and firing range instructions

Summary:
The use of firearms, particularly from helicopters is a dangerous and hazardous practice and penalties apply to FAAST shooters and students for breaches of protocol. There are 8 key firearms safety commandments and many others which are contained in the NSW Police Handbook on Firearms Safety Awareness. There are a number of essential safety precautions for the handling of firearms around base camps. A number of firing range protocols and commands exist to ensure that clear and concise directions are conveyed between shooters and range officers and that safe and professional conduct is exhibited by all.

6.1

Learning outcomes

After completing this module successfully, students will be able to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of general firearm safety principles. 2. Demonstrate an understanding of firing range rules and the load-action-fire and cease fire sequences

6.2

Introduction

Firearms are inherently dangerous and hazardous items, particularly when in the hands of inexperienced or incompetent users. However, if used in a safe and professional manner they are a crucial tool for pest and wildlife managers. For FAAST shooters, the risks of firearms are somewhat greater than in normal shooting situations. This is due to the capabilities of the firearms involved and the nature of aerial shooting with its many additional principles, safety procedures and potential risks. For this reason FAAST shooters and students undertaking training must ensure that before handling firearms, they are alert and aware of all of their actions and responsibilities. There is no second chance if a FAAST shooter or a student mishandles a firearm through carelessness, horseplay or other inappropriate practice (see FAAST shooters disciplinary code - module 2 of this manual and the FAAST Procedures Guide).

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FAAST students will have a thorough grounding in the safe handling and use of FAAST firearms however, due to the inherent risks of using FAAST firearms for the first time: ANY BREACH OF FIREARM SAFETY AT A FAAST TRAINING COURSE WILL LEAD TO THE INSTANT DISMISSAL FROM THE COURSE OF THE STUDENT CONCERNED.

6.3

General firearms safety

Some firearms safety principles are generic and can be applied to all situations involving firearms. In this section some of the generic firearms safety principles relevant to aerial shooting operations, including those relevant to ground range work, will be outlined. All of these principles and others are contained in the NSW Police Handbook on Firearms Safety Awareness produced by the NSW Firearms Safety Awareness Council. A full copy of this booklet can be found in attachment.3.

Figure 6.1

Firearms are to be treated with extreme caution at all times.

Source :A.Moriarty

6.3.1 The 8 commandments of firearms safety

1. Treat every firearm as being loaded. 2. Always point firearms in a safe direction. 3. Never have loaded firearms in the car, home or camp. 4. Identify your target and what is behind it. 5. Never fire at hard surfaces or water. 6. Store firearms and ammunition separately. 7. No alcohol or drugs when handling firearms. 8. Do not climb fences or obstacles with loaded firearms.

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6.3.2 Additional firearms safety principles

Treat every firearm as being loaded. If it has not been continually in your possession, there is a chance that it may be loaded. If you have not personally checked it, assume that it is loaded. Always check that the muzzle is pointed in a safe direction. Do not point a loaded or unloaded firearm at anybody of anything you do not wish to shoot (this should become habit). When first picking up a firearm, keep the muzzle under control and always pointing in a safe direction. Immediately check if it is unloaded. Whenever taking possession of a firearm also check that the barrel is not cocked and that the action is unobstructed. Never take a loaded firearm indoors. Accidental discharge can cause death, injury or property damage. Never carry a loaded firearm in a vehicle. Carry only empty firearms, preferably with the action open and the bolt removed or dismantled, in an appropriate carrying case. Driving over rough roads or terrain can cause a loaded firearm to discharge. Exercise extreme care when placing a firearm in, or removing it from any vehicle (including helicopter). Never have the barrel pointing towards any person. Always handle the firearms by the butt or frame with the muzzle pointed in a safe direction. Never lean a loaded firearm against a wall, fence, tree or vehicle, as the firearm may fall. The impact with the floor or ground may cause it to discharge. Never skylark or engage in horseplay when you have a firearm in your hands. This is irresponsible behaviour and can result in serious accidents. Never mix alcohol or drugs with firearms use. Alcohol dulls and slows mental and physical faculties. Alertness is essential to proper and safe firearms use. Safety catches should be engaged at all times when not firing. However safety catches are mechanical devices and may become worn and not work. Do not let them give you a false sense of firearms security. Keep your finger off the trigger unless you are about to fire. Load your firearm only when you are ready to shoot. This is a practice recommended by the most experienced and safest shooters and one which should be followed by all. Make certain your target is positively identified before firing. Keep you finger out of the trigger guard until your target is identified. If in doubt do not shoot.

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Do not fire at movement. Do not fire at colour. Do not fire at shape. Do not fire at sound. When shooting check your danger zone. The danger zone is the area between you and your target and the area beyond the target which is within range of your projectile. Remember, for high powered rifles a bullet from an upward shot may travel for kilometres. Ensure that the path from the muzzle to the target is free of obstructions likely to impede its safe progress. Never shoot during the hours of darkness. During these hours it is impossible to see what may be in your danger zone. Never shoot over the top of hills or ridges. This creates danger to people, animals and property because you have no knowledge of what may be out of sight. Always seek the permission of land-holders before shooting on their land. Firing at or across water, flat hard ground or metal objects is always dangerous and may cause a ricochet. Unless you are an expert, damaged firearms should be repaired by a gunsmith. Use only the correct ammunition as specified for your firearm. Be particularly careful at the moment of closing, cocking, taking off the safety catch, uncocking or opening a loaded firearm. This is the time when accidental discharge most frequently occurs. Practice self-control continually when shooting. Indiscriminate, unplanned shooting usually results in damage to property and may cause death or injury to humans or livestock. If you shoot at an animal and cause obvious injury, do your utmost to make the final kill. Failure to do this will often subject the animal to days or weeks of suffering before death. Repeated exposure to shotgun and centre-fire rifle explosion discharge can cause permanent hearing damage. It is recommended that FAAST students and FAAST shooters read and familiarise themselves with all firearms safety principles as outlined in the NSW Police Handbook on Firearms Safety Awareness (attachment 3).

6.4

Firearm safety around base camp

The following rules must be adhered to around the base camp during all FAAST operations and FAAST training courses. All students/shooters must be licensed for the weapons they carry and use.

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All students/shooters must be familiar with general firearms safety principles outlined above and those outlined in the N.S.W. Police Firearms Safety Awareness booklet (attachment 3). Upon arrival all students/shooters may surrender their personal weapons to the weapons instructors who will prove the weapons clear and secure all weapons in a designated secure area. No ammunition or loaded magazines will be stored in the weapons area. Under no circumstances will any weapon be loaded in or near the base camp site. No weapons will be removed from the storage area without the authority of a weapons instructor/master. When weapons are returned from the range area they must be inspected by a weapons instructor/master and cleared prior to the commencement of daily weapons cleaning. There will be no ammunition in the cleaning area. After cleaning has been completed the firearms are to be proven safe and appropriately stored.

6.5

Firing range rules

It is critical that firing range rules are fully understood and followed by everyone using the range. The range master will be the officer in charge of these sessions and will wear identifiable clothing. No more than four students, each with an instructor, will be on the range at any one time. Everyone else must remain off the range in a designated area. Weapons will be removed from the storage area under the directions of a weapons instructor. Weapons will be conveyed to the range in one vehicle under the supervision of a weapons instructor. No loaded weapons will be conveyed and ammunition will be conveyed in a separate vehicle. All weapons will remain in the designated vehicle under the immediate control of a weapons instructor, whilst at the back of the range, in a designated area. Ammunition and magazines will be located on a separate vehicle located a safe distance away from the weapons vehicle. All weapons, not in immediate use, must be placed on a nominated vehicle. One instructor will be nominated ammunitions officer and will have sole responsibility over ammunition.

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Weapons will be issued to the students when required to be taken into the range. They will remain checked and unloaded until directed otherwise by the range master. Weapons movement to and from the range will be as follows - Actions locked open, magazines removed and the muzzle of the weapon pointed in a safe direction. All weapons will be taken onto the range and placed on the ground with the muzzle facing directly down towards the target. No weapon will be loaded until directed by the range master. All fire will cease and safety catches will be applied immediately on the direction of the range master. At the completion of the live shoot, weapons will have their magazines removed and proved clear by the weapons instructor prior to being returned to the designated weapons vehicle.

Figure 6.2

It is critical that firing range rules are fully understood and followed by everyone using the range. Source: D.Pitt

6.6

Load-action-fire and cease fire sequences

The range master will explain the sequences to the students before entering the firing range. Students will be given the opportunity to ask questions to ensure that everyone clearly understands the sequences. The range master will call, "Students ready. Earmuffs on."

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Students will put their earmuffs on. The range master will call "Load", (or an appropriate signal as indicated beforehand). Students will load the magazine into the weapon. The range master will call "Action or give an appropriate signal as indicted beforehand.The Students will action the weapon (load the chamber). The range master will call "Commence Fire or give an appropriate signal as indicated beforehand. The students will commence fire and complete the sequence. In the event of a student experiencing a weapon malfunction (stoppage) they will immediately keep the weapon pointed down range at their target, apply the safety catch and raise one arm as an indication of a problem. A weapons instructor will respond immediately. On the final call of cease fire All students will remain in their shooting position until the range master and the weapons instructors have cleared all weapons on the range and the range master has called "Range closed". At the completion of the session all weapons will be inspected, magazines removed and cleared by the range master or a weapons instructor prior to being dismissed from the range. Students will leave the range immediately and return the weapons to the designated vehicle for surrender to the weapons instructor stationed at that location. The weapons instructor will prove the weapons safe and place them on the vehicle.

6.6.1 Warning signal

At the indicated warning, all fire is to stop immediately. All students will stop firing, apply the safety catch and remain where they are situated with the muzzle of the weapon pointed down range and wait for further instruction.

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Figure 6.3

SLR marksmanship training by a FAAST student.

Source: D Pitt

1. 2.

List 2 of the 8 firearms safety commandments. What is the maximum number of students allowed on the firing range at any time? In what state is the firearm carried onto the firing range? How are shooters to respond if the range master gives repeated whistle blasts? When transporting FAAST firearms to a range for use where should the ammunition be?

3. 4. 5.

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