RJC JC2 H2 Physics Common Test 2 (2008) Section B Solutions

21 (a) Define gravitational field strength. Gravitational field strength at a point is defined as the gravitational force per unit mass experienced by a mass placed at that point. (b) A spherical star of mass 2.0 1030 kg undergoes gravitational collapse to an extremely dense neutron star of radius 10 km as shown in Fig. 21.1.
X

Neutron star

10 km

Fig. 21.1 (i) Calculate the weight of a 60-kg man at the surface of the neutron star.

g=

( 6.67 10 )( 2.0 10 ) (10 10 )

-11 30 3 2

= 1.334 1012 N kg-1 W = mg = ( 60 ) 1.334 1012 = 8.0 10 N Comments: Some students did not convert the radius to metres when substituting the value into the equation. Some did not square the radius. (ii) If the star spins about a vertical axis XY through its centre, the man feels lighter at point Z as compared to point X. Explain. At point Z, the man is undergoing circular motion due to the spin of the star but not at point X. At X, the reaction force on the man is equal to his weight. At Z, this reaction force is less than his weight as there is a resultant force/centripetal force directed towards the centre of the star. Hence he will feel lighter at Z as compared to X. Comments: Some students fail to realize that the gravitational force (weight) acting on the man at both X and Z are the same. The different feeling is due to the difference in reaction force/contact force acting on the man at X and Z.
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(c) A ring of particles is formed 900 km from the surface of the star. Calculate the speed of the particles.

GMm mv 2 = r2 r v=

( 6.67 10 )( 2.0 10 ) ( 910 10 )

11 30 3

= 1.21 107 m s-1 Comments: Some students used energy equations in this question but they are irrelevant as there are no energy changes here. The particles are just moving in uniform circular motion.

22

(a) Since oil drop is moving at constant speed, Fnet = mg 2kv = 0

k= mg 2v

2kv

mg

(b)

Since oil drop is moving at constant speed, qE1 = mg + 2kv mg qE1 = mg + 2v = 2mg 2v 2mg q= E1

qE1

mg

2kv

(c)

For case 3, Drag force is kv = mg Since oil drop is moving at constant speed, the electric force must be upwards due to an electric field that is upwards as well 1 qE 2 = mg kv = mg 2 1 E 2 = E1 4

qE2

kv

The direction of E2 is upwards.

mg

1 If E2 is assumed to be downward, qE2 + mg = kv E 2 = E1 4 The negative here does not mean that E2 is in a direction opposite to E1 but it means that the assumed direction is wrong and should be upwards instead! Since the question asks for the magnitude, the negative sign is not required but the interpretation is important.

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(d)
As the oil-drop rises, it losses electric potential energy but gains gravitational potential energy. It is also losing energy to the surrounding air as it moves through the air. When the loss in electrical potential energy is equal to the gain in gravitational potential energy and the loss due to drag, the kinetic energy of the oil-drop will be constant. This question asks for energy change and hence must be answered accordingly. Abbreviations such as GPE, EPE and KE should be written in full.

23 (a)

Equivalent resistance of 4 lamps in parallel, Req = 30 / 4 = 7.5 Current in circuit, I =

E 6.0 = = 0.75 A Rtotal 0.50 + 7.5

Total power dissipated in the 4 lamps,

P=I 2 Req = 0.752 (7.5) = 4.21875 = 4.22 W

(b)

VT = E - Ir = 6.0 0.75(0.50) = 5.625 V

OR

VT = IReq = 0.75(7.5) = 5.625 V

VXY = 5.0 9.0 = 7.03125 V 5.0 + 1.4

LXP VXP = LXY VXY LXP =

(c)

VT 5.625 (1.000) = 0.800 m LXY = VXY 7.03125

(1) (2)

VXY R VXY RXY = XY or = E - VXY R E RXY + R L L RXY = XY = XY A r 2

For larger values of potential difference across the wire XY 1. change the material of wire XY to one with higher resistance RXY. (from (1)) OR 2. change the material of wire XY to one with higher resistivity (to increase RXY). (from (2)) 3. decrease the cross-sectional area of the wire (to increase RXY). (from (2)) OR 4. decrease the radius / diameter of the wire (to increase RXY). (from (2)) 5. increase length of wire XY (to increase RXY). (from (2)) 6. change the driver cell to one with higher e.m.f. (from (1)) 7. decrease the resistance R. (from (1))

NOTE: If students state (1) or (2) and (3) or (4), (1) or (2) has to be specifically to change the material of the wire and (3) or (4) to change the dimensions of the wire of the same material.
Comments General: Students should show proper and neat substitution and working by using the values exactly as stated in the questions e.g. 6.0 V and not 6 V. Units of quantities found in intermediate steps should also be stated clearly. This will help students ensure that they give the final answers to the correct number of significant figures and units.

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(b) Students should give their answers to 2 or 3 significant figures and not 1. Potential difference across length XP is the terminal p.d. of the cell in Fig. 23.1 and not the e.m.f of the cell. The potential drop across the internal resistance has to be accounted for. (c) Suggested ways should involve only the potentiometer and not the circuit in Fig. 23.1 as stated in the question. Students who wrote more than 2 ways, only the first two were considered. Suggested ways should be specific and should include words like increase, decrease, larger, smaller etc. and not just state use a variable resistor. Students should refer to the electromotive force (e.m.f) of a cell and not its voltage as a cell is a source of energy.

24 (a) (b)

Force per unit length on a straight conductor carrying unit current placed perpendicularly to the field. (i)

Fm

W
(ii) Vertically,

Fm cos 40o = mg Fm =

0.050 9.81 = 0.6403 N cos 40o

Applying N2L horizontally,

Fm sin 40o = ma a =

0.6403 sin 40o = 8.2 or 8.23ms2 0.050

(c)

(i)

Fm = FE Bev=Ee= v= 2V Bd

(V-(-V)) e d

(ii) Electron travelling path Y has greater speed on entry than electron on path X. Hence, the magnetic force on electron on path Y is greater than the electric force on it which is independent of speed. The upward resultant force causes the electron to curve upwards (towards V plate). Comments: (a) Some students thought the equation for magnetic flux is the defining equation for B. Many state as... per unit charge... (b) Incorrect angle of Fm wrt to horizontal (many labelled it 60 or 40 degree) though Fm marked perpendicular to wire, thus leading to incorrect equations in (ii) For (i), many did not label Fm is perpendicular to wire Incorrect resolution of Fm (even though the angle was labelled correctly) (c) (i) A few thought that q and e are different : qE = Bev Many did not realise the p.d. is 2V (c)(ii) Many thought the curved path was parabolic or circular A few thought there was only one magnetic force acting

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25 (a)
There is an increase in magnetic flux linkage ( = NBA) through loop ACYX as the rod slides downward due to a increase in area A of loop ACYX. According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage in a circuit is proportional to the e.m.f. induced in the circuit. Hence there will be an e.m.f. E = induced in the rod.

d dt

(b) A

5.0

Weight Magnetic field out of the paper

B D (c)
At terminal velocity, v of the rod, resultant force on the rod = 0. Weight of rod, Mg = Magnetic force acting on rod, BIL I= I=

C Magnetic Force Induced current Y

Mg BL BLv R

Mg BLv = BL R
Terminal velocity v =

MgR B 2 L2

(0.020)(9.81)(5.0) (0.50)2 (1.2) 2

= 2.73 m s-1

(d)

Gravitational potential energy is converted to electrical energy as a induced current flows in the rod. Electrical energy is then converted to heat energy as the current gives rise to a heating effect. Comments: Faradays Law incorrectly stated. Forces not labelled.

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26 (a) Find the r.m.s current in terms of I0 [3] I/A I0 I0/2

0 2 4 6

t/s

(b)

The secondary voltage of a transformer in a furnace is 10.0 kV. The primary coil operates at an r.m.s voltage of 120 V and has a resistance of 24.0 . The transformer is 90.0% efficient. (i) Calculate the turn ratio (

Ns ) of the transformer. Np

[2]

Ns Vs = N p Vp Ns 10000 250 = = = 83.3 Np 120 3

(ii) What is the current in the secondary coil? [3]

Vp = RI p

120 = ( 24 ) I p
I p = 5.00 A

Ps = 0.9 Pp 0.9Pp = ( Ps ) 0.9 ( I pVp ) = IsVs

( 0.9 )( 5 )(120 ) = (10000Is )

Is = 0.054 A
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the transformer is not 100 % efficient. [2]

Resistance of the wire is not equal to zero. Magnetic flux linkage is not linked completely to the secondary coil. Power loss due to eddy current.

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27 (a)
KEmax = q Vs = (1.60x10-19) (1.00) = 1.60x10-19 J (3 sf) E = hc/ = (6.63x10-34)(3.00x108) / (380x10-9) = 5.23x10-19 J (3 sf)

M1 A1

(b)

M1 A1 B1 B1

(c)

hc 1 The graph (Vs = ) is a curve or non-linear, e e and two points are not sufficient to plot the graph accurately to determine o.

NB: If mentioned that graph does not cut horizontal-axis [0].

(d) (e)

Plotted both points correctly: (7.89, 1.000) & (6.00, 0.225). Straight-line graph joining both points.

B2 B1

It is the threshold frequency of the metal, B1 which is the minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation that is required to remove a free electron from the metal surface (or to cause photoelectric effect). B1 NB: Allow answers which state that photoelectric effect is (not) possible (below) above fo .

(f)

(i)

Gradient = h/e h = e x gradient = (1.60x10-19) [(1.000-(-0.225))/(7.89-6.00)x1014] (a range of answers will be accepted) = 6.56x10-34 J s NB: If prefix 1014 missing, deduct [2]. Unit not stated, deduct [1]

M2 A1

= h x (f-intercept) = (6.56x10-34) (5.50x1014) = 3.61x10-19 J (allow ecf) (or use y = mx + c to find )

NB: Must use h from (f)(i), else deduct [1].

M2 A1

(g) (h)

Parallel and higher fo compared to graph drawn in part (d).

A1

The work function energy of lithium is the minimum amount of energy required to remove a free (or delocalised) electron from the surface of the metal (which is different from an isolated atom). B2 NB: Will not accept definition of ionisation energy because it is not stated in question.

Comments: Carelessness with sf is rampant. If unsure, it is better to leave final numerical answers to 3 sf (unless questions state otherwise). Careless in reading and plotting graphs. Students also tend to ignore axis labels, leaving answers wrong by a factor of 1014. Did not read questions carefully and hence provide irrelevant answers that gain no marks. Poor mathematical manipulations skills are seen in many parts, especially (f). Many go through long procedures when simple steps suffice.