CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 3 09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering What is the value of f ?

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

• The friction factor depends on many physical things

ud k k '
f , , ,
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 3 d d

• For laminar flow we can write a theoretical expression

Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill • For Turbulent flow, more complex

CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 2

f in Laminar Flow Laminar flow example

• Calculate the head loss due to friction in a circular pipe of 50mm
• We have the Hagen-Poiseuille equation diameter, length 800m. Carrying water (µ = 1.14 10-3 Ns/m2) at a
 Head loss in laminar flow 32 Lu rate of 5 litres/min. Use both Hagen-Poiseuille and Darcy equations.
hf • A = d2/4 = 0.00196 m2
gd 2
• Q = 5 / 1000 / 60 = 0.8 10-4 m3/s
• We also have the Darcy equation 4 fLu 2 • u = Q/A = 0.04 m/s
hf
• Equate these 2 gd • Check Re Re
ud
1754 <2000 OK
2
32 Lu 4 fLu 32 Lu 32 1.14 10 3 800 0.04
• Hagen-Poiseuille h f 0.045 m
gd 2 2 gd gd 2 1000 9.81 0.05 2
16
• Darcy f 0.00912
16 Re
f 16 f 4 fLu 2 4 0.00912 800 0.042
ud Re hf 0.047m
2 gd 2 g 0.05
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3

Boundary layer Smooth / Rough pipes in Turbulent Flow

• Smooth
 Laminar sub-layer is greater than roughness, >k
Turbulent fluid
Laminar sublayer

Laminar • Rough wall

sublayer  Laminar sub-layer is less than roughness <k
Turbulent fluid
Laminar sublayer
• Transitional wall
 Laminar sub-layer nearly covers roughness ≈k
Turbulent fluid
Laminar sublayer wall
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3

1
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 3 09/04/2009

Blasius equation for smooth pipes Nikuradse’s work

• In 1913 Blasius examined a lot of • Nikuradse made great progress in 1930’s

experimental measurements • Artificially roughened pipes with sand on know
size, k
• Found 2 distinct friction effects f
16
Re
 Smooth pipes and Rough pipes

Increasing grain size

• Blasius equation for smooth pipes
0.079
f
Re 0.25
Gives, hf u1.75 Blasius

Good for Re < 100 000 0.079

f
Re 0.25
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 8

Moody Diagram

• A more complete
diagram to Nikuradse Moody Diagram

• For commercial pipes

• Select a roughness
size k

• Read off the f

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3

Colebrook-White Equation Colebrook-White Equation

• Following many more experiments and brining in • Difficult to solve.

theoretical considerations • Must use iterative technique
1 ks 1.26
4 log 10
• Equation for f in all of turbulent zone f 3.71d Re f
• Approximations:
1 ks 1.26
4 log 10 • Moody: 1/ 3
f 3.71d Re f 200 k s 10 6
f 0.001375 1
d Re
• i.e. Describes all the lines on the Moody diagram
• Barr: 1 ks 5.1286
4 log 10
f 3.71d Re 0.89

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 11 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 12

2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 3 09/04/2009

What is Ks How to choose Ks for a particular pipe?

• ks is the “height of roughness” (in mm) • Look it up in the manufacturers book

• ks is actually the effective height • Use a typical value

Pipe Material ks (mm)
Brass, copper, glass, Perspex 0.003
• Arrived at by testing a pipe in turbulent flow Asbestos cement 0.03
• Measuring head loss Wrought iron 0.06
Galvanised iron 0.15
• Working back to ks form Darcy and Colebrook- Plastic 0.03
White Bitumen-lined ductile iron 0.03
Spun concrete lined ductile iron 0.03
Slimed concrete sewer 6.0
• Not by measuring the roughness directly
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 13 Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 14

Wallingford Tables
Today’s lecture:

• Evaluation of f
• Laminar flow
• Turbulent flow
1 ks 1.26
 Smooth 4 log 10
f 3.71d Re f
 Transitional
 Rough turbulent
• Colebrook-White equation
• Moody & Barr formulae
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow – Lecture 3 16