reface lnfecuous dlsease revenuon beuer Lhan LreaLmenL Lasler Cheaper More comforLable More eecuve ln dlsease conLrolllng ConLrolllng beuer Lhan LreaLmenL vacclnauon lmpacL !"#$%&'() +,)$-)$ !..(",/0 -"1 !..(",2-&'" lmmunlLy agalnsL conLaglous dlsease ! prevenL lndlvldu from lnfecuon lmmunlLy lnnaLe lmmunlLy Acqulred lmmunlLy Acuve lmmunlLy ! organlsm exposure, vacclne asslve lmmunlLy ! Lemporary, maLernal Ab Lransmlsslon Lo feLus, lg or anuLoxln lmmunlzauon uenlng Alms/Coals !..$1,-/$ 3'-4: prevenuon of dlsease ln lndlvldual or groups 8educlng dlseases prevalence (change dlsease epldemlology) 54&.-/$ 3'-4: eradlcauon of dlsease uenlng Alms/Coals !"#$ &''()&*+6 benLuk laln darl proLeksl yang dlcapal melalul lmunlsasl akuf populasl yang berlslko dalam proporsl yang bermakna. ^ [umlah lndlvldu yang udak Lerkena & udak dapaL menularkan suaLu penyaklL ! perllndugan Lerhadap orang yang non lmun uenlng Alms/Coals 8educlng vacclne prevenLable dlsease ! ,#-$&.-/0): reducuon of Lhe worldwlde lncldence of lnfecuon by a speclc agenL Lo zero as a resulL of dellberaLe eorLs ,1&'&)-/0): reducuon Lo zero, or Lo Lhe level aL whlch lL ls no longer a publlc healLh problem, of Lhe lncldence of a specled dlsease, or of lnfec-uon caused by a speclc agenL, ln a dened geographlc area 20)*#01: reducuon of dlsease lncldence, prevalence, morbldlLy, or morLallLy. uenluon and Ceneral ConcepLs 3-..&)-/0)6 admlnlsLrauon of any vacclne or /'7',1 (lnacuvaLed Loxln) for prevenuon of dlsease. 4''()&5-/0)6 89'%$)) '# ,"1(%,"3 ,..(",/0 -9&:%,-440 ;0 $,/<$9 =-%%,"-&'" >-%&=$ ,..(",2-&'"? '9 -1.,",)/9-&'" '# -"&;'10 >8-)),=$ ,..(",2-&'"?@ 6./7" &''()&5-/0)6 admlnlsLrauon of all parL of mlcroorganlsm or a modled producL of LhaL mlcroorganlsm Lo sumulaLe lmmune sysLem Lo produce anubodles and cellular lmmune responses LhaL proLecL agalnsL Lhe lnfecuous agenL. uenluon and Ceneral ConcepLs 8-99&7" &''()&5-/0)6 provldes Lemporary proLecuon Lhrough admlnlsLrauon of exogenously produced anubody, such as lmmune globulln. also occurs naLurally Lhrough LransplacenLal Lransmlsslon of anubodles Lo a feLus ! provldes proLecuon agalnsL many lnfecuous dlseases for Lhe rsL several monLhs of lnfanL's llfe. uenluon and Ceneral ConcepLs 4''()&5&): 6:")*9: vacclne: A preparauon of proLelns, polysaccharldes, or nuclelc aclds of paLhogens LhaL are dellvered Lo Lhe lmmune sysLem as slngle enuues, as parL of complex parucles, or by llve-auenuaLed agenLs or vecLors, Lo lnduce speclc responses LhaL lnacuvaLe, desLroy, or suppress Lhe paLhogen 1oxold: A modled bacLerlal Loxln LhaL has been made nonLoxlc buL reLalns Lhe capaclLy Lo sumulaLe Lhe formauon of anuLoxln uenluon and Ceneral ConcepLs lmmune globullne: An anubody-conLalnlng soluuon derlved from human blood obLalned by cold eLhanol fracuonauon of large pools of plasma and used prlmarlly for Lhe malnLenance of lmmunlLy of lmmunodeclenL persons or for passlve lmmunlzauon, avallable ln lnLramuscular and lnLravenous preparauons AnuLoxln: An anubody derlved from Lhe serum of humans or anlmals aer sumulauon wlLh speclc anugens, used Lo provlde passlve lmmunlLy
uenluon and Ceneral ConcepLs ConsuLuenLs of vacclne: reservauves, sLablllzers, anubloucs: ConsuLuenLs can lnhlblL or prevenL bacLerlal growLh or sLablllze Lhe anugen. MaLerlals such as mercurlals or anubloucs are used. Allerglc reacuons Lo any of Lhe addluves may occur. Ad[uvanLs: An alumlnum salL ls used ln some vacclnes Lo enhance Lhe lmmune response (e.g., Loxolds, hepauus 8). Suspendlng uld: SLerlle waLer, sallne, or more complex ulds derlved from Lhe growlng medla or blologlc sysLem ln whlch Lhe agenL ls produced (e.g., egg anugens, cell culLure lngredlenLs, serum proLelns). 1argeL ulseases Disease Type of Organism Incidence (2000) Mode of Transmission Symptoms Complications Diphtheria Gram- positive bacteria 1 Person-to-person direct contact or contact with airborne droplet usually affects children under 15 years. Sore throat, fever. Characterized by formation of yellow-white membranes on tonsils and pharyngeal walls. Potential respiratory distress. Haemophilus influenzae b Gram- negative bacteria 1,398 (invasive disease) Person-to-person contact or droplet. Bacteria may cause otitis media, sinusitis, epiglottis and upper respiratory infections. Bacterial meningitis; most cases of invasive disease occur in children 3 months to 3 years of age. Hepatitis B Virus 8,036 Exposure to infected blood or body fluids. In children primarily prenatally spread. General flu-like symptoms (may be asymptomatic). Liver may be enlarged, dark urine, light stool, jaundice. Symptoms last 4-6 weeks. Chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis; liver cancer. Measles Virus 86 Person-to-person contact or droplet. Flu-like symptoms, high fever (greater that 101), cough, and conjunctivitis. Rash usually starts on the face and spreads to the body. Kopliks spots in the mouth are bluish with very fine red spots. Pneumonia and encephalitis. Persons allergic to eggs may have severe reactions to the vaccine.
Table. Vaccine Preventable DIseases 1argeL ulseases Disease Type of Organism Incidence (2000) Mode of Transmission Symptoms Complications Mumps Virus 338 Person-to person contact or droplet. Communicable 6 days before to 9 days after swelling. Most often occurs in children. Low-grade fever, headache, earache, pain and swelling of parotid glands (may be unilateral or bilateral). Swelling lasts about a week. Infrequent complications are encephalitis and meningitis. Orchitis may occur in males who have reached puberty, but sterility is rare. Pertussis Gram- negative bacteria 7,867 Person-to person contact or droplet. Very contagious. Characteristic cough is nonproductive with quick expiratory phase followed by inspiratory "whoop." Small scleral and conjunctival hemorrhages can occur because of severe coughing. Infants younger than 1 year are severely affected. Pneumonia, seizures, and ear infections may occur. Pneumococcus Gram- positive bacteria Not a reportable disease Person-to-person, likely by droplet contact; in many persons are colonized in the upper respiratory tract. Causes otitis media, sinusitis, and invasive bacterial infections. Pneumonia meningitis Polio Virus 0 Direct contact of virus with mouth. Low-grade fever and sore throat (most cases are asymptomatic). Muscle weakness progressing to paralysis in 0.1-2% of cases. May affect any muscle group including limbs and respiratory muscles. Adults may develop postpolio syndrome 30- 40 years after the disease.
Table. Vaccine Preventable DIseases 1argeL ulseases Disease Type of Organism Incidence (2000) Mode of Transmission Symptoms Complications Rubella Virus 176 Person-to-person contact or droplet. Communicable 4 days before to 4 days after rash appears. Highly contagious. Mild in adults and young children; macular rash on scalp, trunk, and limbs lasting 1-3 days. Severe complications in early fetal developmentmay result in congenital malformations and death. Vaccine is live so it must NOT be given to pregnant women. Tetanus Neurotoxin produced by an anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria 35 Exposure of wound to the bacterium. Deep-puncture wounds are at greatest risk. Neonatal tetanus results from contamination of the umbilical stump. Severe generalized muscle spasms.
Varicella Virus 27,382 Person-to-person contact or contact with airborne droplets. Very contagious. Communicable 2 days before to 6 days after vesicles appear. Primarily affects children. Low-grade fever, listlessness. Lesions appear within 2-4 days. Rash has three phases: raised spots, fluid-filled vesicles, and scabs. Rash itches and is found over entire body. Grandparents and older adults should avoid caring for children because they may develop herpes zoster (shingles).
Table. Vaccine Preventable DIseases vacclne 1ypes " BCG " OPV " Measles " MMR " Varicella " Yellow fever " Difteria " Tetanus " Pertusis " Cholera " Meningococ " Pneumococ " Hib " Typhoid Vi " Influenza " IPV " Rabies " Hepatitis B " Hepatitis A Bacterial Vaccine Viral Vaccine Vaksin sensitif suhu panas Vaksin sensitif suhu dingin Vaksin sensitif suhu dingin 1ypes of vacclne vacclne !"#$%&'$()&*$+ or ,"--$+ /"012213&("4/4 lnacuvaLed producL Speclc componenL 8ecomblnanL unA segmenL 1ypes of vacclne !"#$ &'$()&*$+ #&00"($: vlrus aLau bakLerl llar yang dllemahkan (auenuaLed) dl lab, blasanya dengan pemblakan berulang-ulang Mampu repllkasl & menlmbulkan kekebalan, udak menyebabkan saklL 8espons lmun pe[amu ~ lnfeksl alamlah prlmer ! -"5$-2(3 "//)("*6 vacclne 1ypes 7(&08#&*$+ #&00"($9 8akLerl / vlrus dlblak ! dlbuaL udak akuf ("(&08#&*$+) keseluruhan aLau fraksl vlrus / bakLerl 8asls vaksln fraksl: proLeln aLau pollsakarlda ! llfelong lmmunlLy (-) ! perlu boosLer secara berkala vacclne 1ypes 7(&08#&*$+ #&00"($9 !enls: Whole organlsm urled proLeln aLau anugen pollsakarlda darl whole organlsm urled anugen yang dlhasllkan darl geneucally alLered organlsm Chemlcally modled anugen vacclne 8ecomendauons uevelopmenL of recomendauons and schedule for vacclne admlnlsLrauon: epldemlology of Lhe dlsease, age-speclc morbldlLy and morLallLy, vacclne lmmunogenlclLy, rlsks of vacclne-relaLed adverse reacuons, cosL eecuveness, ages of recommended rouune healLh care vlslLs. vacclne 8ecomendauons Lach counLry has each own pollcles lndonesla: l (rogram engembangan lmunlsasl): 8CC, ollo, Pepauus 8, u1, Campak luAl (lkaLan uokLer Anak lndonesla): l (dlwa[lbkan) non l (dlan[urkan) vacclne 8ecomendauons vacclne 8ecomendauons vacclne 8ecomendauons