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THz Communications An Option for Wireless 100 Gbps

Thomas Krner

Outline
1. Applications and Motivation 2. Research Activities Propagation and Channel Characterisation g Technological g Challenges g Adressing 3. Standardisation at IEEE 802 4. Regulation of Spectrum 5 Conclusions 5.

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Applications for Wireless Communication Systems at 300 GHz and beyond

Edholms Law of data rates

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Current Spectrum Allocation

Problem: Hardly any unregulated/shared spectrum available below 300 GHz
3 kHz 300 kHz
http://discoverma agazine.com/2007/j /jun/tireless-wireless s/allochrt_lg.jpgIssu ue

300 kHz 3 MHz

3 MHz 30 MHz

30 MHz MH

300 MH MHz

300 MHz 3 GHz

3 GHz 30 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

Shift to carrier frequencies in the THz range

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Possible Applicatons for THz Communications

Aim: Ultra high data rates of 100 Gbit/s and beyond Potential scenarios: 1040 Gbit/s 10...100 Gbit/s

(1) ( ) THz WPANs/WLANs

(2) ( ) Wireless data to home

10...20 Gbit/s

100 Gbit/s
(3) Kiosk downloads (4) Backhaul links

Many diverse applications for ultra fast THz links

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Concepts and Perspectives

A first comprehensive overview on Concepts and Perspectives of Thz Communications Systems has been published in 2007

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Development process of a THz radio system

Spectrum allocation/ spectrum management

Feasibility studies

Propagation investigations

Enabling technology System design guidelines

Semiconductors Antennas

System use Standardization System integration

Network operators Professional customers End users

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Research Activities I: Overcoming the high Path Loss beyond 300 GHz

Research Challenges: Propagation, Channel Characterisation and System Simulation

Investigation of basic propagation phenomena Which Whi h propagation ti phenomena h become relevant? What are the arising challenges of THz channels? How can those challenges be addressed? In In-depth depth channel characterisation both by measurements and simulaton Enabling system simulations Development p of system y architectures (antenna concepts, transmission systems low complexity !?) Interference studies with passive services operating in the same band

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Free Space Loss and Atmospheric Attenuation

200

180

160

140

120

100 50 Distance / m 10 500 00 100 Frequency /G Hz 900

100

80

Atmospheric attenuation can be neglected in indoor environments High gain antennas are required
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Conventional vs. THz Radio Channels

Comparison of conventional and THz communication channels: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz Data rates B d idth Bandwidths Output powers 600 Mbit/s 40 MH MHz Limited by regulations 22 dB dBm 60 dB Omnidirectional ( 3 dBi) 60 GHz 4 Gbit/s 2 GH GHz Limited by technology and regulations; l ti typically 10 dBm 88 dB 300 GHz 100 Gbit/s and beyond 10 100 GHz 10...100 GH Currently limited by technology only << 10 dB dBm 101 dB

Path loss at 10 m Antennas

Medium directivities High directivities (15...25 dBi) (20...40 dBi)

Huge g bandwidths Very high path losses low output powers Specific propagation mechanisms in the THz range?
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Relevant Propagation Mechanism for Short-Range Indoor Communication

attenuation is high enough to neglect transmission as a relevant propagation mechanism in indoor environments at THz frequencies diffraction does not contribute significantly to the received power already at mm-waves but may be importanbt to model the dynamics of human blockage (see investigations on 60 GHz) Reflection and scattering are the most relevant l t mechanisms h i

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An experiment using the 300 GHz system

Rx Tx

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An experiment using the 300 GHz system

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Measuring and Modelling the Impact of Human Blockage at 60 and 300 GHz
Modelling using double knife edge diffraction Assuming knife edge at the front and the back of the person

60 GHz
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300 GHz

Jacob, M.; Priebe, S.; Dickhoff, R.; Kleine-Ostmann, T.; Schrader, T.; Kurner, T.: "Diffraction in mm and Sub-mm Wave Indoor Propagation Channels," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, , vol.60, no.3, pp.833-844, March 2012

Modelling the Indoor Propagation Channel

As at 60 GHz Ray-tracing is well-suited to model the propagation channel beyond 300 GHz in indoor environments Proper modelling of reflection and scattering processes for typical building materials required: Reflection on smooth surface Scattering on rough surface Reflection on multi-layer objects
C. Jansen, S. Priebe, C. Mller, M. Jacob, H. Dierke, M. Koch T Koch, T. Krner: Diffuse Diffuse Scattering from Rough Surfaces in THz Communication Channels, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 462472, November 2011.

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Measurement in a complete Room: Comparison with Simulations incl. Scattering

TX RX

S. Priebe, C. Jastrow, M. Jacob, T. Kleine-Ostmann, T. Schrader, T. Krner: Channel and Propagation Measurements at 300 GHz, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 16881698, 2011. March 1, 2013| Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krner |THz Communications | 18/44

Propagation Challenge: Channel Frequency Disperion

Huge occupied bandwidths >> 10 GHz High channel frequency dependency Ray R tracing t i in i an empty t room at t 300 350 GHz: GH Frequency domain Power D Delay Profi ile [dB]
RX
4m

TX
6m

Time domain

Challenge: Significant frequency dispersion transmit pulse form distortion Solution: Equalization or pulse pre-distortion
S. Priebe, M. Jacob, T. Krner: Calibrated Broadband Ray Tracing for the Simulation of Wave Propagation in mm and sub-mm Wave Indoor Communication Channels in Proc. 18th European p Wireless Conference ( (EW), ), 10 pages p g ( (electronic), ), Poznan, , April p 2012. March 1, 2013| Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krner |THz Communications | 19/44

System Simulations: Maximum Achievable Symbol Rates @ 300 GHz

Ray tracing in an office scenario with rough plaster walls Scenario in top view

E Estimation ti ti of f maximum i symbol b l rates t according to the RMS delay spread Omnidirectional antenna Directive antenna Beyond 100 GSymbols/s achievable with highly directive antennas
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Propagation/Antenna Challenge: Potential Antenna Misaligment

Best possible antenna beam pointing crucial for directive beams Reasons: (1) the user, (2) limited number of switchable beams, (3) non-continuous phase shifters (4) hardware impairments, shifters, impairments (5) wind wind,... Nomadic link
TX

Fixed link

Intended direction

Misaligned direction
RX

Ch Challenge ll : Perfect P f t alignment li t cannot t be b ensured d significant i ifi t losses l Solution (1): Mechanical alignment with feedback (fixed links) Solution (2): Best-possible hardware, accurate beam alignment algorithms, optical i l steering i methods h d (nomadic ( di links) li k )
S. Priebe, M. Jacob, T. Krner: Affection of THz Communication Links by Antenna Misalignment, Proc. 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 5 pages (electronic), Prague, April 2012. S. Priebe, M. Jacob, T. Krner: The Impact of Antenna Directivities on THz Indoor Channel Characteristics, Proc. 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) (EuCAP), 5 pages (electronic), (electronic) Prague Prague, April 2012 2012. March 1, 2013| Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krner |THz Communications | 21/44

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Research Activities II: Adressing the technological Challenges

How to build a THz Comunications System? Adressing the technological Challenges

Development and characterisation of components Emitter Receiver Amplifier Antennas Feeding of the antennas Mixer

R. Piesiewicz et al., IEEE Ant. and Prop. Magazine, 2007

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A first Demointration of Feasibility: DVB-T Test Signal Transmission at 300 GHz

Signal generators as local oscillators

C. Jastrow, S. Priebe, B. Spitschan, J. Hartmann, M. Jacob, T. Krner, T. KleineOstmann, T. Schrader: Wireless Digital Data Transmission at 300 GHz, IET Electronics Letters, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 661663, 2010.

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Transmission with lense antennas

Transmission distance of 52 m with lenses PRX = -52.9 dBm

QPSK: BER < 10-9

16 QAM: BER < 10-8

64 QAM: BER = 2.810-4

Usage of simple modulation schemes allows better performance Tradeoff: Robustness vs. Spectral efficieny
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DVB-S2 Feasibility Demonstration

Feasibility demonstration with commerically available DVB-S2 receiver No high-end components like in measurement equipment used before 1080p video signal: B = 36.8 MHz, rc = 9/10, 8 PSK net bit rate 85.78 Mbit/s

RX

TX

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24 Gbit/s have been achieved using a photonic transmitter in 2012

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 and what can be achieved with MMIC Technology? Some results published end of 2011

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In order to make xGbit/s at THz frequencies happen an Interdisciplinary approach is required!

Investigating g g channel characteristics at 300 GHz (measurement techniques!)

Antenna concepts to overcome the high attenuation at 300 GHz and beyond

Building an integrated RF front end

Defining the radio transmission system (modulation, coding, MAC)

Connecting to the backbone network

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System Challenges
TX direction
Baseband data source/sink
Ultra fast baseband processing

RX direction
Rad dio chan nnel A lifi ti Amplification
Ultra broadband, , low noise amplifiers

P l shaping Pulse h i

M d l ti Modulation

A t Antennas

Predistortion at the transmitter

Ultra broadband modulators

High gains

New medium access control protocol

Equalization at th receiver the i

Coherent modulation d l ti

Steerability

Interconnection to other networks

High pointing accuracy

Interference mitigation t h i techniques

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Standardisation @ IEEE 802: Triggering the Process for one or more Standards for THz Communications

Standardization Challenges
Problem: Diverse systems must be standardized (1) Short range WPANs, (2) WLANs, (3) nanocells, (4) backhaul links,... links Which is the right standardization body? 3GPP? Combined characteristics IEEE 802.11 (WLAN)? of all groups IEEE 802.15 (WPAN)? IEEE 802 802.3 3 (Ethernet)? There will not be THE ONE THz system

3G 4G

WLAN WLAN Ethernet

THz data pipe

Idea Id : Standardization St d di ti of f a superordinate, di t unified ifi d THz TH data d t link li k Introduction of a flexible transparent THz data pipe New MAC protocol, application-specific PHY layers Choice Ch i of f appropriate i system according di to requested d data d rate with offload/fallback to e.g. WLAN, 3G, 4G

100 Gbit/s

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Standardisation @ IEEE 802

IEEE 802.15 has established a THz Interest Group for Wireless Systems operating at 300 GHz and beyond

Current Tasks of IEEE 802.15 THz Interest Group Survey of technological developments Channel modeling Spectrum Issues (Interference studies THz Communications -> passive services) Triggering Ti i the th formation f ti of f one or more Study St d Groups G t develop to d l a standard t d d Chair: Thomas Krner (TU Braunschweig, Germany) Vice-Chair: Vi Ch i David D id B Britz i (AT&T Shannon Sh Labs, L b USA) Secretary: Katsuhiro Ajito (NTT Corp., Japan)

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Regulation: Providing Spectrum for THz Communications

Various Services can be operated beyond 300 GHz

Radio Astronomy

THz Communications

THz Scanners Earth Exploration Satellite Systems

Industrial Quality Checks

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Radio Regulations beyond 275 GHz

The worldwide frequency allocation is documented in the Radio Regulations Allocation is reviewed every three to four years by the WRC organized by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) ) considering g Technical developments Spectrum demand Modification of the Radio Regulations as an outcome of the WRC
Source : ITU

4E 3E 2E 1E

Currently no dedicated Spectrum Allocation beyond 275 GHz for a specific service Only footnote exists on the use of this part of the spectrum
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Modificaton of Footnote 5.565 as an Outcome of WRC 2012

5.565 A number of bands in the frequency range 275-1 000 GHz are identified for use by administrations for passive service applications. The following specific frequency bands are identified for measurements by passive services: radio astronomy service: 275-323 GHz, 327-371 GHz, 388-424 GHz, 426-442 GHz, 453510 GHz, 623-711 GHz, 795-909 GHz and 926-945 GHz; Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-286 GHz, 296 296-306 306 GHz, 313 313-356 356 GHz, 361 361-365 365 GHz, 369 369-392 392 GHz, 397 397-399 399 GHz, 409 409-411 411 GHz, 416-434 GHz, 439-467 GHz, 477-502 GHz, 523-527 GHz, 538-581 GHz, 611-630 GHz, 634-654 GHz,657-692 GHz, 713-718 GHz,729-733 GHz, 750-754 GHz, 771-776 GHz, 823-846 GHz, 850-854 GHz, 857-862 GHz, 866-882 GHz, 905-928 GHz, 951-956 GHz, 968973 GHz and 985 985-990 990 GHz. The use of the range 275-1 000 GHz by the passive services does not preclude use of this range by active services. Administrations wishing to make frequencies in the 275-1 000 GHz range available for active service applications are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the Table of Frequency Allocations is established in the above-mentioned 275-1 000 GHz frequency range. All frequencies in the range 1 000-3 000 GHz may be used by both active and passive services. i (WRC 12) (WRC-12)

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Examples for Passive Services: Radio Astronomy (RAS-SRS)

Purpose: Understanding molecules state Currently C tl 2241 molecular l l t transitions iti f for more th than 220 molecules l l i in th the atmospheric t h i window between 275 and 3000 GHz are known Doppler shift plays an important role for investigating distant galaxies Spectrum requirements: Difficult to identify individual molecular transitions within the known atmospheric bands Access to the whole frequency range 275-1000 GHz is important for RAS-SRS Source : Andrew Clegg, gg, NSF Earth atmosphere prevents doing radio astronomy observations in the THz frequency range except at a small number of high mountain plateaus:

Source : Andrew Clegg, NSF March 1, 2013| Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krner |THz Communications | 38/44

Examples for Passive Services: Earth Exploration Satellite Services (EESS)

Purpose: Meteorology/Climatology Cloud ice and water vapour measurements in the upper troposhere Atmospheric Chemistry Spectrum requirements: Earth atmosphere beyond 1000 GHz is virtually opaque => terrestrial active services do not practically interfere for frequencies beyond 1000 GHz Currently y no statement on the implications p of active services on EESS below 1000 GHz is made. EESS is i the th most t critical iti l service i to t be b considered id d when sharing spectrum between THz communications and passive services
Source : EumetSat March 1, 2013| Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krner |THz Communications | 39/44

Source : EumetSat

Potential Spectrum for THz Communications where no Sharing with EESS is necessary
Frequency Bands Total available Bandwidth Minimum Attenuation within the Band at 10 m 101,8 dB 102,4 dB 103,7 dB 103,9 dB 104,5 dB 104,8 dB 104,9 dB 105,8 dB 106,5 dB 107,7 dB 109,9 dB 110,0 dB 108,9 dB Frequency Bands Total available Bandwidth Minimum Attenuation within the Band at t 10 m 110,1 dB 111,1 dB > 145 dB > 145 dB 111,9 dB 111,4 dB 111,5 dB 111,6 dB 112,2 dB 112,9 dB 115,6 dB 123,3 dB 141,8 dB

286-294 GHz 307-313 GHz 356-361 GHz 366-369 GHz 392-397 GHz 399 409 GHz 399-409 GH 411-416 GHz 434-439 GHz 467 477 GHz 467-477 GH 502-523 GHz 527-538 GHz 581 611 GH 581-611 GHz 629-634 GHz

8 GHz 6 GHz 5 GHz 3 GHz 5 GHz 10 GH GHz 5 GHz 5 GHz 10 GH GHz 21 GHz 11 GHz 30 GH GHz 5 GHz

692-713 GHz 21 GHz/19 GHz 718-729 GHz 733 750 GHz 733-750 GH 755-771 GHz 846 850 GHz 846-850 GH 854-857 GHz 862-866 GHz 882 905 GHz 882-905 GH 928-951 GHz 956-968 GHz 973 985 GHz 973-985 GH 990-1000 GHz 11 GHz 17 GH GHz 16 GHz 4 GH GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 13 GH GHz 23 GHz 12 GHz 12 GH GHz 10 GHz

776-823 GHz 47 GHz/28 GHz

bold: bandwith within atmospheric windows

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Possible Interference Scenarios to be studied

Reflection at rooftop

Nomadic Links

Multiple Interferers

Fixed Links

Airborne Systems

Interference Mitigation has to be considered right from the beginning, when developing THz Communications Systems
S Priebe et al S. al. Interference Interference Investigations of Active Communications and Passive Earth Exploration Services in the THz Frequency Range, IEEE Transactions on THz Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 525-537, 2012

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Conclusions and Outlook

Conclusions and Outlook

Various Applications require wireless connections with data rates of x10 Gbit/s. Frequency F range beyond b d 275 GHz GH has h the th potential t ti l to t provide id the th necessary bandwidth. b d idth An increasing number of research groups worldwide are working towards solutions to overcome the demanding challenges when building a THz communication system. system Although principal feasibility has been successfully demonstrated, still considerable research efforts are required (e. (e g g. a fully adaptive beamforming for WLAN-type applications) Already ongoing work in standardisation and spectrum regulation. regulation Mitigation of interference to passive services has to be considered right from the beg beginning. g

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Thank you for f your attention.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Krner
Institut fr Nachrichtentechnik Technische Universitt Braunschweig Schleinitzstr. 22 D 38092 Braunschweig D-38092 Tel.: +49 531 391 2416 Fax: +49 531 391 5192 E Mail: t.kuerner@tu-bs.de E-Mail: t kuerner@tu bs de http://www.ifn.ing.tu-bs.de Terahertz Communications Lab: www.tcl.tu-bs.de

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