Political and Public International Law -I(10 points) True or False. Briefly explain your answer.

(a) For purposes of co unication and instruction! t"e official lan#ua#es of t"e P"ilippines are $n#lis" and Filipino! until ot"erwise Alternative Answer: The statement is false. Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constit tion !rovi"es that for #! r!oses of comm nication an" instr ction, the official lan$ a$es of the%hili!!ines are &ili!ino an", ntil otherwise !rovi"e" '( law, )n$lish.* Th s, while &ili!ino will alwa(s 'e an official lan$ a$e, Con$ress ma(, '( law, remove )n$lish as the other official lan$ a$e. +ence, the statement is false as the contin ation of )n$lish as an official lan$ a$e is s ',ect to the control an" "iscretion of Con$ress. Alternative Answer: The statement is tr e. To 'e more !recise, however, what is onl( to remain as official ntil otherwise !rovi"e" '( law is )n$lish. &ili!ino will alwa(s 'e an official lan$ a$e n"er the Charter. (b) T"e 1%&' (onstitution "as increased t"e scope of acade ic freedo reco#ni)ed under t"e pre*ious (onstitution. Alternative Answer: The statement is tr e. The 1987 Constit tion !rovi"es that aca"emic free"om shall 'e en,o(e" in all instit tions of hi$her learnin$. This is more e-!ansive in sco!e than the 197. Constit tion which state" that: All instit tions of hi$her learnin$ shall en,o( aca"emic free"om. /hile the 197. Charter s $$ests that aca"emic free"om was instit tional in the sense that it 'elon$e" to the colle$es an" niversities, the !resent Charter $ives the $ arant( to all other com!onents of the instit tion, incl "in$ fac lt( an" !ossi'l( st "ents. Alternative Answer: The statement is false. The sco!e of aca"emic free"om remains the same. Article XIV, Section 0 123 of the Constit tion !rovi"es that aca"emic free"om shall 'e en,o(e" in all instit tions of hi$her learnin$. As hel" in 4.%. 5oar" of 6e$ents v. Co rt of A!!eals, 7.6. 8o. 1.9:29, A $ st .1, 1999, #This 1!rovision3 is nothin$ new. The 19.0 an" the 197. Constit tion li;ewise !rovi"e" for aca"emic free"om or, more !recisel(, for the instit tional a tonom( of niversities an" instit tions of hi$her learnin$.* -II(10 points) T"e (ity +ayor issues an $xecuti*e ,rder declarin# t"at t"e city pro otes responsible parent"ood and up"olds natural fa ily plannin#. -e pro"ibits all "ospitals operated by t"e city fro prescribin# t"e use of

artificial et"ods of contraception! includin# condo s! pills! intrauterine de*ices and sur#ical sterili)ation. .s a result! poor wo en in "is city lost t"eir access to affordable fa ily plannin# pro#ra s. Pri*ate clinics! "owe*er! continue to render fa ily plannin# counsel and de*ices to payin# clients. (a) Is t"e $xecuti*e ,rder in any way constitutionally infir / $xplain. Alternative Answer: The )-ec tive <r"er is constit tionall( infirm. 4n"er the 1987 Constit tion, the State shall "efen" the ri$ht of s!o ses to esta'lish a famil( in accor"ance with their reli$io s convictions an" the "eman"s of res!onsi'le !arenthoo". 1Art. XV, Sec. .=1>3. 5( !hol"in$ nat ral famil( !lannin$ an" !rohi'itin$ cit( hos!itals from !rescri'in$ artificial metho"s of contrace!tion, the ?a(or is im!osin$ his reli$io s 'eliefs on s!o ses who rel( on the services of cit( hos!itals. This clearl( violates the a'ove section of the Constit tion. ?oreover, the 1987 Constit tion states that no !erson shall 'e "enie" the e@ al !rotection of the laws. 1Art. III, Sec. 13. The Constit tion also !rovi"es that the state shall !romote a , st an" "(namic social or"er that will ens re the !ros!erit( an" in"e!en"ence of the nation an" free the !eo!le from !overt( thro $h !olicies that !rovi"e a"e@ ate social services, !romote f ll em!lo(ment, a risin$ stan"ar" of livin$ an" an im!rove" @ alit( of life for all. 1Art. II, Section 93. The loss of access of !oor cit( women to famil( !lannin$ !ro$rams is "iscriminator( an" creates s s!ect classification. It also $oes a$ainst the "eman"s of social , stice as enshrine" in the imme"iatel( !rece"in$ !rovision. Alternative Answer: Aes. It constit tes an invali" e-ercise of !olice !ower an" violates s 'stantive " e !rocess '( "e!rivin$ !eo!le of the means to control their re!ro" ctive!rocesses. ?oreover, since the national $overnment has not o tlawe" the se of artificial metho"s of contrace!tion, then it wo l" 'e a$ainst national !olicies. In a""ition, the ?a(or cannot iss e s ch )-ec tive <r"er witho t an n"erl(in$ or"inance. 1?o"a( v, Co rt of A!!eals, 7.6. 8o. 1B791:, &e'r ar( 2B, 19973 5esi"es, the action of the ?a(or ma( 'e in violation of a !ersonCs ri$ht to !rivac(. 1b) Is t"e P"ilippines in breac" of any obli#ation under international law/ $xplain. Alternative Answer: The %hili!!ines mi$ht 'e in 'reach of its o'li$ations n"er the Convention on the )limination of All &orms of Discrimination A$ainst /omen 1C)DA/3 of which theco ntr( is a si$nator(. 4n"er the C)DA/, # State %arties shall ta;e all a!!ro!riate meas res to eliminate "iscrimination a$ainst women in the fiel" of health care in or"er to ens re, on 'asis of e@ alit( of men an" women, access to health care services, incl "in$ those relate" to famil( !lannin$* 1Article 12, Section 13 /omen shall li;ewise have #access to a"e@ ate health care facilities,

incl "in$ information, co nselin$ an" services in famil( !lannin$.* 1Article 19, Section 2='>3. (c) +ay t"e (o ission on -u an 0i#"ts order t"e +ayor to stop t"e i ple entation of t"e $xecuti*e ,rder/ $xplain. Alternative Answer: 8o, the !ower of the Commission on + man 6i$hts 1C+63 is limite" to fact-fin"in$ investi$ations. Th s, it cannot iss e an #or"er to "esist* a$ainst the ma(or, inasm ch as the or"er !rescin"s from an a", "icator( !ower that C+6 "oes not !ossess. 1Simon v. Commission on + man 6i$hts, 7.6. 8o. 1BB10B, Ean ar( 0, 1999F CariGo v. Commission on + man 6i$hts, 7.6. 8o. 9::81, Decem'er 2, 1991.3 - III (10 Points) Lawrence is a Filipino co puter expert based in +anila w"o in*ented a *irus t"at destroys all t"e files stored in a co puter. .ssu e t"at in +ay 1002! t"is *irus spread all o*er t"e world and caused 320 illion in da a#e to property in t"e 4nited 5tates! and t"at in 6une 1002! "e was cri inally c"ar#ed before 4nited 5tates courts under t"eir anti-"ac7er law. .ssu e t"at in 6uly 1002! t"e P"ilippines adopted its own anti-"ac7er law! to stren#t"en existin# sanctions already pro*ided a#ainst da a#e to property. T"e 4nited 5tates "as re8uested t"e P"ilippines to extradite "i to 45 courts under t"e 0P-45 $xtradition Treaty. a. Is t"e P"ilippines under an obli#ation to extradite Lawrence/ 5tate t"e applicable rule and its rationale. Alternative Answer: The %hili!!ine is n"er no o'li$ation to e-tra"ite Hawrence. 4n"er the !rinci!le of " al or "o 'le criminalit(, the crime m st 'e ! nisha'le in 'oth the re@ estin$ an" re@ este" states to ma;e it e-tra"ita'le. In this case, onl( the 4nite" States ha" anti-hac;er law at the time of the commission of the crime in ?a( 2BB0. The rational for the !rinci!le of " al criminalit( rests #in !art on the 'asic !rinci!le of reci!rocit(* an" #in !art of the ma-im n lla !oena sine le$e.* 1HA Shearer, 1971 )-tra"ition in International Haw, ?anchester 4niversit( %ress, ?anchester, !. 1.7.3 b. .ssu e t"at t"e extradition re8uest was ade after t"e P"ilippinesadopted its anti-"ac7er le#islation. 9ill t"at c"an#e your answer/ Alternative Answer: It will not chan$e m( answer as the r le is that the crime m st 'e ! nisha'le in 'oth co ntries at the time of the commission of the offense. Since there was (et no s ch crime in the %hili!!ines at the time when the acts com!laine" of were "one, in so far as the %hili!!ines is concerne", Hawrence "i" not commit an( crime. Alternative Answer: Aes, it will chan$e m( answer if a crime li;e malicio s mischief co l" 'e consi"ere" the e@ ivalent of the anti-

hac;er law an" is ! nisha'le in 'othco ntries at the time of the re@ est for e-tra"ition. - I: (10 points) In 1%%;! "istorians confir ed t"at durin# 9orld 9ar II! <co fort wo en< were forced into ser*in# t"e 6apanese ilitary. T"ese wo en were eit"er abducted or lured by false pro ises of =obs as coo7s or waitresses! and e*entually forced a#ainst t"eir will to "a*e sex wit" 6apanese soldiers on a daily basis durin# t"e course of t"e war! and often suffered fro se*ere beatin#s and *enereal diseases. T"e 6apanese #o*ern ent contends t"at t"e <co fort stations< were run as <onsite ilitary brot"els< (or prostitution "ouses) by pri*ate operators! and not by t"e 6apanese ilitary. T"ere were any Filipina <co fort wo en.< a. >a e at least one basic principle or nor of international "u anitarian law t"at was *iolated by t"e 6apanese ilitary in t"e treat ent of t"e <co fort wo en.< Alternative Answer: The Ea!anese militar( violate" , s co$ens norms of international law concernin$ war crimes, crimes a$ainst h manit( li;e white slaver(, se- al slaver( an" traffic;in$ in women. Alternative Answer: The !rinci!le of militar( necessit( was violate". It !rohi'its the se of an( meas re that is not a'sol tel( necessar( for the ! r!oses of the war. ?ilitar( necessit( is $overne" '( several constraints: An attac; or action m st 'e inten"e" to hel! in the militar( "efeat of the enem(, it m st 'e an attac; on a militar( o',ective an" the harm ca se" to civilians or civilian !ro!ert( m st 'e !ro!ortional an" not e-cessive in relation to the concrete an" "irect militar( a"vanta$e antici!ate". +avin$ to force women of the enem( state to serve the se- al nee"s of the sol"iers is not a'sol tel( necessar( for the con" ct of the war. b. T"e sur*i*in# Filipina <co fort wo en< de and t"at t"e 6apanese #o*ern ent apolo#i)e and pay t"e co pensation. -owe*er! under t"e 1%21 5an Francisco Peace .#ree ent -t"e le#al instru ent t"at ended t"e state of war between 6apan and t"e .llied Forces -all t"e in=ured states! includin# t"e P"ilippines! recei*ed war reparations and! in return! wai*ed all clai s a#ainst 6apan arisin# fro t"e war. Is t"at a *alid defense/ Alternative Answer: 8o, that is not a vali" "efense. )ven if it co l" 'e ar$ e" that the %hili!!ines, '( si$nin$ sai" %eace A$reement ha" the ri$ht as a state to 'rin$ f rther claims, it ha" no a thorit( to waive the in"ivi" al ri$ht to re!arations veste" "irectl( in its nationals who were victims of se- al slaver(. The %hili!!ines can onl( vali"l( waive its ri$ht to recover( of re!arations for in, ries to the state. ?oreover, there is no "efense for the violation of , s co$ens norms.

Alternative Answer: 8o. The claim is 'ein$ ma"e '( the in"ivi" als, not '( the State an" it is reco$niIe" that in"ivi" als ma( also 'e s ',ects of international law a!art from the state. & rther, the San &rancisco %eace A$reement co l" not 'e inter!ose" as a vali" "efense as this co l" not have 'een contem!late" therein. The se of #comfort women* was onl( confirme" lon$ after that A$reement. ?oreover, Article 17 1.3 of the 8ew Civil Co"e !rovi"es that #!rohi'itive laws concernin$ !ersons, their acts or !ro!ert(, an" those which have for their o',ect ! 'lic or"er, !olic( an" $oo" c stoms, shall not 'e ren"ere" ineffective '( laws or , "$ments !rom l$ate", or '( "eterminations or conventions a$ree" !on in a forei$n co ntr(. c. T"e sur*i*in# Filipina <co fort wo en< sue t"e 6apanese #o*ern ent for da a#es before P"ilippine courts. 9ill t"at case prosper/ Alternative Answer: The case will not !ros!er in view of the "octrine of soverei$n imm nit( from s it. +owever, a !erson who feels a$$rieve" '( the acts of a forei$n soverei$n can as; his own $overnment to es!o se his ca se thro $h "i!lomatic channels. The #comfort women* can re@ est the %hili!!ine $overnment, thro $h the De!artment of &orei$n Affairs, to es!o se its claims a$ainst the Ea!anese $overnment. 1+ol( See v. 6osario, 7.6. 8o. 1B1999, Decem'er 1, 19993. The soverei$n a thorit( of a State to settle the claims of its national a$ainst forei$n co ntries has re!eate"l( 'een reco$niIe". This ma( 'e ma"e witho t the consent of the nationals or even witho t cons ltation witho t them. 1Dames an" ?oore v. 6e$an, 9.. 4.S. :09, =1981>3 Alternative Answer: 8o. since the %hili!!ines is a si$nator( to that A$reement, co rts ma( not entertain a s it since that has 'een waive" '( the State. ?oreover, it can 'e ar$ e" that there was no state action since the !rostit tion ho ses were 'ein$ r n '( !rivate o!erators, witho t the control or s !ervision of the Ea!anese $overnment. 1So theast Case, 4nite" States v. /ilhelm Hist, 8 rem'er$ Case 8o. 7, 19993. -:(10 points) T"e ?estilleria Felipe 5e#undo is fa ous for its 12-year old ru ! w"ic" it "as produced and ar7eted successfully for t"e past '0 years. Its latest co ercial ad*ertise ent uses t"e line@ <>a7ali7i 7a na ba n# 7inse anyos/< :ery soon! acti*ist #roups pro otin# wo enAs and c"ildrenAs ri#"ts were up in ar s a#ainst t"e ad*ertise ent. a. .ll ad*ertisin# co panies in t"e P"ilippines "a*e for ed an association! t"e P"ilippine .d*ertisin# (ouncil! and "a*e a#reed to abide by all t"e et"ical#uidelines and decisions by t"e (ouncil. In

response to t"e protests! t"e (ouncil orders t"e pullout of t"e <7inse anyos< ad*ertisin# ca pai#n. (an ?estilleria Felipe 5e#undo clai t"at its constitutional ri#"ts are t"us infrin#ed/ Alternative Answer: 8o, Destillera &eli!e Se$ n"o ma( not claim that its constit tional ri$hts, !artic larl( free"om of e-!ression, have 'een infrin$e". The constit tional $ arantee of free"om of s!eech is a $ arantee onl( a$ainst a'ri"$ment '( the $overnment an" "oes not a!!l( to !rivate !arties. 1%eo!le v. ?arti, 7.6. 8o. 810:1, Ean ar( 18, 19913. ?oreover, Destillera freel( ,oine" the %hili!!ine A"vertisin$ Co ncil an" is therefore 'o n" '( the ethical $ i"elines an" "ecisions of that co ncil. Alternative Answer: 8o. Constit tional ri$hts can 'e vali"l( restricte" to !romote $oo" morals. ?oreover, what is 'ein$ e-ercise" is commercial e-!ression which "oes not en,o( the same e-tent of free"om as !olitical or artistic s!eech. 1Central + "son 7as J )lectric v. %SC, 997 4.S. 007 =198B>3. The or"er for the with"rawal comes not from the State ' t from a !rivate $ro ! of a"vertisers which is not within the covera$e of the 5ill of 6i$hts. b. ,ne of t"e ilitant #roups! t"e . a)in# . a)onas! call on all #o*ern ent-owned and controlled corporations (B,(() to boycott any newspaper! radio or T: station t"at carries t"e <7inse anyos< ad*ertise ents. T"ey call on all #o*ern ent no inees in se8uestered corporations to bloc7 any ad*ertisin# funds allocated for any suc" newspaper! radio or T: station. (an t"e B,((s and se8uestered corporations *alidly co ply/ .lternati*e .nswer@ T"ey ay co ply wit" suc" call as t"ese entities ay institute certain easures to pro ote a socially desirable end! na ely! t"e pre*ention of t"e exploitation and abuse of wo en! especially t"ose w"o are not yet of a#e. Alternative Answer: The 7<CCs an" se@ estere" cor!orations ma( not 'e com!elle" to 'o(cott or 'loc; a"vertisin$ f n"s for me"ia com!anies carr(in$ the sai" a"vertisements. These com!anies ma( have e-istin$ contracts with the me"ia com!anies concerne" an" non-com!liance ma( res lt in 'reach that will o!en them to !ossi'le s its. - :I (10 points) True or False. Briefly explain your answer. a. An amen"ment to the Constit tion shall 'e vali" !on a vote of three-fo rths of all the ?em'ers of the Con$ress. The statement is false. The Con$ress, actin$ as a constit tional assem'l(, ma( '( K vote of its mem'ershi! onl( !ro!ose amen"ments to the Constit tion. It is ratification '( the !eo!le that vali"ates the amen"ment.

'. All ! 'lic officers an" em!lo(ees shall ta;e an oath to !hol" an" "efen" the Constit tion. The statement is tr e as n"er Section 9B of the A"ministrative Co"e of 1987 1)-ec tive <r"er 8o. 2923, it is !rovi"e" that #all ! 'lic officers an" em!lo(ees of the $overnment, incl "in$ ever( mem'er of the arme" forces shall, 'efore enterin$ !on "ischar$e of his " ties, ta;e an oath or affirmation to !hol" an" "efen" the Constit tion. - :II (10 Points) Batas Pa bansa &&0! t"e Public .sse bly Law of 1%&2! re#ulates t"e conduct of all protest rallies in t"e P"ilippines. a. 5ala7ay! BayanC "eld a protest rally and planned to arc" fro Due)on (ity to Luneta in +anila. T"ey recei*ed a per it fro t"e +ayor of Due)on (ity! but not fro t"e +ayor of +anila. T"ey were able to arc" in Due)on (ity and up to t"e boundary separatin# it fro t"e (ity of +anila. T"ree eters after crossin# t"e boundary! t"e +anila Police stopped t"e for posin# a dan#er to pub-c safety. 9as t"is a *alid exercise of police power/ Alternative Answer: Aes, the a thorities are $iven the !ower to sto! marchers who "o not !ossess a !ermit. +owever, mere e-ercise of the ri$ht to !eacea'l( assem'le is not consi"ere" as a "an$er to ! 'lic safet(. The( co l" have 'een as;e" to "is!erse !eacef ll(, ' t it sho l" not alto$ether 'e characteriIe" as !osin$ a "an$er to ! 'lic safet(. 15a(an v. )rmita, 7.6. 8o. 1:9898, A!ril 20, 2BB:F Davi" v. Arro(o, 7.6. 8o. 171.9B, ?a( ., 2BB:3. Alternative Answer: 8o, this is not a vali" e-ercise of !olice !ower. %olice !ower has 'een "efine" as the !ower of !romotin$ ! 'lic welfare '( restrainin$ an" re$ latin$ the se of li'ert( an" !ro!ert(. 1Cit( of ?anila v. Ha$ io, 7.6. 8o. 118127, A!ril 12, 2BB03. It is !rinci!all( the He$islat re that e-ercises the !ower ' t it ma( 'e "ele$ate" to the %resi"ent an" a"ministrative a$encies. Hocal $overnment nits e-ercise the !ower n"er the $eneral welfare cla se. In this case, if Sala;a( a!!lie" for a !ermit from the cit( $overnment, the a!!lication m st 'e a!!rove" or "enie" within two 123 wor;in$ "a(s from the "ate it was file", failin$ which, the !ermit shall 'e "eeme" $rante". 1Section 1:, 5.%. 5l$. 88B3. )ven witho t a !ermit, the law "oes not !rovi"e for o tri$ht sto!!in$ of the march if the "emonstrators, for e-am!le, were marchin$ !eacef ll( witho t im!e"in$ traffic. b. T"e security police of t"e 5out"ern Lu)on $xpressway spotted a cara*an of 10 *e"icles! wit" paper banners taped on t"eir sides and protestin# #raft and corruption in #o*ern ent. T"ey were dri*in# at 20 7ilo eters per "our in a E0-%0 7ilo eters per "our )one. 5o e banners "ad been blown off by t"e wind! and posed a "a)ard to ot"er otorists. T"ey were

stopped by t"e security police. T"e protesters t"en proceeded to arc" instead! sandwic"ed between t"e cara*an *e"icles. T"ey were also stopped by t"e security force. +ay t"e security police *alidly stop t"e *e"icles and t"e arc"ers/ Alternative Answer: Aes, the sec rit( !olice ma( sto! the vehicles an" the marchers ' t onl( to a"vise the lea"ers to sec re their 'anners so that it will not !ose a haIar" to others. The( ma( not 'e !revente" from hea"in$ to their "estination. The marchers ma( also 'e or"ere" to ri"e the vehicles so as not to inconvenience other ses of the )-!resswa(. Alternative Answer: Aes. /hile the !rotesters !ossess the ri$ht to freel( e-!ress themselves, their act ations ma( !ose a safet( ris; to other motorists an" therefore 'e the s ',ect of re$ lation. The sec rit( !olice ma( n"erta;e meas res to !revent an( haIar" to other motorists ' t not alto$ether !revent the e-ercise of the ri$ht. So, to that e-tent, while the !rotesters ma('e as;e" to remove the 'anners which !ose haIar" to other motorists an" !revent them from sin$ the e-!resswa( as a ven e for their march, the sec rit( force ma( not !revent them from !rocee"in$ to where the( mi$ht want to $o. - :III (10 Points) T"e Pro*incial Bo*ernor of Bataan re8uested t"e ?epart ent of Bud#et and +ana#e ent (?B+) to release its Internal 0e*enue .llocation (I0.) of P100 illion for t"e current bud#et year. -owe*er! t"e Beneral .ppropriations .ct pro*ided t"at t"e I0. ay be released only if t"e pro*ince eets certain conditions as deter ined by an ,*ersi#"t (ouncil created by t"e President. a. Is this re@ irement vali"L 8o, this re@ irement is not vali". 4n"er the 1987 Constit tion, it is !rovi"e" that #local $overnment nits shall have a , st share, as "etermine" '( law, in the national ta-es which shall 'e a tomaticall( release" to them.* As hel" in the case of Alternative Center for <r$aniIational 6eforms an" Develo!ment, et.al. v. Mamora, 7.6. 8o. 19920: 1E ne B8, 2BB03, a 'asic feat re of local fiscal a tonom( is the a tomatic release of the shares of H74s in the national internal reven e. The Hocal 7overnment Co"e s!ecifies f rther that the release shall 'e ma"e "irectl( to the H74 concerne" within five 103 "a(s after ever( @ arter of the (ear an" #shall not 'e s ',ect to an( lien or hol"'ac; that ma( 'e im!ose" '( the national $overnment for whatever ! r!ose.* b. T"e Pro*incial Bo*ernor is a party- ate of t"e President. +ay t"e Bataan 0epresentati*e instead file a petition to co pel t"e ?B+ to release t"e funds/ .lternati*e .nswer@ Fes! t"e Bataan representati*e ay file a petition to co pel t"e release of funds as a suit ay lie a#ainst a

public officer to co pel t"e perfor ance of a inisterial function or a duty re8uired by law. Alternative Answer: Aes. A con$ressman from a !artic lar H74 ma( vali"l( have stan"in$ to "eman" that I6A for his !rovince 'e release" in accor"ance with the Constit tion an" the Hocal 7overnment Co"e. As a re!resentative of his !rovince, he has a res!onsi'ilit( towar"s his constit encies who can e-!ect no less than faithf l com!liance with the Constit tion. ?oreover, the iss e !resente" co l" 'e characteriIe" as involvin$ transcen"ental im!ortance to the !eo!le an" the local $overnment nits which ha" 'een $ arantee" $reater local a tonom(. - IG (10 Points) T"e ?epart ent of $ducation (?ep$d) re8uires t"at any sc"ool applyin# for a tuition fee increase ust! as a condition for t"e increase! offer full tuition sc"olars"ips to students fro low-inco e fa ilies. T"e 5a#rada Fa ilia $le entary 5c"ool is a (at"olic sc"ool and "as applied for a tuition fee increase. 4nder t"is re#ulation by t"e ?ep$d! it will end up #i*in# tuition sc"olars"ips to a total of 11 students next year. .t a cost of P20!,,, per student! t"e sc"ool will lose a total of P1.02 illion for next year. a. Is this De!)" re@ irement vali"L 8o. It constit tes "e!rivation of !ro!ert( witho t " e !rocess of law. The law is confiscator( as it n" l( shifts the ' r"en of !rovi"in$ for the welfare of the !oor to the !rivate sector. The o',ective ma( 'e la "a'le ' t the means wo l" 'e ar'itrar( an" nreasona'le. 1N eIon Cit( v. E "$e )ricta, 7.6. 8o. .9190, E ne 29, 198.3.
'. If instea" the De!)" re@ ires a f ll t ition scholarshi! for the hi$hest ran;in$ st "ents in each $ra"e, "etermine" solel( on the 'asis of aca"emic $ra"es an" ran;, will the De!)" re@ irement 'e vali"L Alternative Answer: 8o. It wo l" ma;e a "ifference in m( answer as this wo l" still constit te a "e!rivation of !ro!ert( witho t " e !rocess of law. 15alac it v. C&I, 7.6. no. .8929, E ne .B, 19883. Alternative Answer: Aes. +ere, the matter ma( 'e consi"ere" as a reasona'le re$ lation e-acte" from those who see; some form of accommo"ation from the $overnment. 1Tele'a! v. C<?)H)C, 7.6. 8o. 1.2922, A!ril 21, 19983. In e-chan$e for what the( $et as a concession from the State, these instit tions ma( 'e re@ ire" to sho l"er !art of the cost of !romotin$ @ alit( e" cation for "eservin$ citiIens. -G(10 Points) The S !reme Co rt has !rovi"e" a form la for allocatin$ seats for !art(-list re!resentatives.

a. The twent( !ercent allocation - the com'ine" n m'er of all !art(-Iist con$ressmen shall not e-cee" twent( !ercent of the total mem'ershi! of the +o se of 6e!resentatives, incl "in$ those electe" n"er the !art( listF Section 0123, Article VI of the Constit tion, as im!lemente" '( 6.A. 8o. 7991. The ! r!ose is to ass re that there will 'e at least a $ arantee" !ortion of the +o se of 6e!resentatives reserve" for the !art(-list mem'ers. The le$islative !olic( is to !romote the election of !art(-list re!resentatives in or"er to ena'le &ili!inos 'elon$in$ to the mar$inaliIe" an" n"erre!resente" sectors to contri' te le$islation that wo l" 'enefit them. '. The two !ercent threshol" - onl( those !arties $arnerin$ a minim m of two !ercent of the total vali" votes cast for the !art(-list s(stem are O@ alifie"O to have a seat in the +o se of 6e!resentativesF 6.A. 8o. 7991. This is to ens re that the !art(-list or$aniIations at least re!resents a si$nificant !ortion of those votin$ for the !art(-list s(stem P that the( at least have a s 'stantial constit enc( which m st, at the minim m, not 'e less than two !ercent 12Q3 of the total n m'er of those castin$ their votes for !art(-list or$aniIations. c. The three-seat limit - each @ alifie" !art(, re$ar"less of the n m'er of votes it act all( o'taine", is entitle" to a ma-im m of three seatsF that is, one O@ alif(in$O an" two a""itional seatsF an" 6.A. 8o. 7991. This is to !revent an( "ominant !art(-list or$aniIation from havin$ a mono!ol( of the seats for the !art(list s(stem. Since the o',ective of the !art(-list s(stem is to ena'le other $ro !s who mi$ht otherwise have "iffic lt( $ettin$ to Con$ress thro $h the tra"itional s(stem of elections, then the s(stem "evelo!e" to accommo"ate them m st 'e fair an" e@ ita'le eno $h to affor" 'etter o""s to as man( $ro !s as !ossi'le. ". The first-!art( r le - a""itional seats which a @ alifie" !art( is entitle" to shall 'e "etermine" in relation to the total n m'er of votes $arnere" '( the !art( with the hi$hest n m'er of votes. 6.A. 8o. 7991. The !art(-list s(stem is !re"icate", amon$ others, on !ro!ortional re!resentation. Th s, there is nee" to reflect the same in relation to the total n m'er of votes o'taine". Accor"in$l(, the first !art( m st not 'e !lace" on the same footin$ as the others who o'taine" less votes. The votes o'taine" '( first !lacer wo l" 'e the rec;onin$ !oint for the com! tation of a""itional seats or mem'ers for the remainin$ or$aniIations who $ot at least two !ercent 12Q3 of the votes cast for the !art(-list s(stem. 1Veterans &e"eration %art( v. C<?)H)C, 7.6. 8o. 1.:781, <cto'er :, 2BBB3. &or each of these r les, state the constit tional or le$al 'asis, if an(, an" the ! r!ose. 8<T+I87 &<HH</S.