EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON MASONRY BUILDINGS

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

Load Bearing wall system BeamBeam -column Frame system Dual system Slab and column frame system

Complete p damage g to stone masonry y houses

Damage to a traditional house

l cracks on the corner p part of

ONRY BUILDINGS

Damage on masonry buildings start from corner separation

Uri town Shops Delaminating of Un Un-Coursed Random in Mud Masonry wall with Corrugated Galvanised Iron roof.

town Police Station inating & collapse of Brick Cement Masonry nd Un Coursed Random

ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDINGS

BUILDING FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION-SOIL INTERACTION

Buildings resting on soft soil undergo severe damage Buildings resting on firm soil/rock perform well Building g constructed on fills suffer severe damage g Structure on loose saturated sand may lead to liquefaction Isolated footings are likely to undergo differential settlement

COMMON TYPES OF DAMAGE

The inertia forces due to roof/ floor is p of the walls and if transmitted to the top the roofing material is improperly tied to the wall, wall, it dislodges g The failure of bottom cord of roof truss may also cause complete collapse of truss as well as the whole building

COMMON TYPES OF DAMAGE

If the roof/ floor material is properly tied to the top p walls causing g it to shear off diagonally in the direction of motion through g the bedding gj joints. The cracks generally initiates at the corner of the openings p g The most of the damage is due to cracks in the walls

COMMON TYPES OF DAMAGE

The failure of pier occurs due to combined action of flexure and shear. Near vertical cracks near corner wall joints occur indicating g separation p of wall For motion perpendicular to the walls, the bending moment at the ends result in cracking and separation of the walls are due to poor bonding

COMMON TYPES OF DAMAGE

Generally, gable end wall collapses Due to large inertia forces acting on the walls, the wythe of masonry is either bulges outward or inward inward. The falling away of half the wall thickness on the bulged side is a common feature feature.

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

These buildings are very heavy and attract large inertia forces Unreinforced masonry walls are weak against tension and shear, and therefore, perform rather poor during d i earthquake h k These buildings have large in plane rigidity and th f therefore have h low l time ti periods i d of f vibration ib ti which results in large seismic force

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

These buildings fall apart and collapse because of lack of integrity. g y This could be due to
lack of through through stones absence of bonding between cross walls absence of diaphragm action of roof absence of box like action

ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDINGS

BUILDING FEATURES CONTRIBUTING DAMAGE

Poor Planning Unsymmetrical section in plan Large openings i Proximity of buildings Large g spans p of walls Poor Building Materials Heavy building material Poor quality of material having less tensile and shear strength Poor P quality lit of f mortar t

ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDINGS

Poor Design Designed without seismic consideration Lack of lateral strength Unequal distribution of mass or stiffness Low time period of vibration and attract large earthquake force Poor Detailing and Unsatisfactory Construction Absence of box like action, no earthquake bands Lack of adequate joint connections, wall to wall (bond stone) ; wall to roof

ze and d position iti of f openings, i and d r.c. bands b d

REINFORCED CONCRETE BAND

RETROFITTING

RETROFITTING

RETROFITTING

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

DESIGN STEPS IN MASONRY BUILDINGS

SITE ANALYSIS

Following parameters should be noted carefully Earthquake Zone Ground Slope Soil Type Ground water table Building byebye-laws Surroundings SELECTION OF SHAPE AND PLAN OF BUILDING A regular shape of building with plan symmetric about both axes should be selected. Suitable separation joints may be provided to parts regular g and symmetric y make the different p

DESIGN STEPS IN MASONRY BUILDINGS -

continued.

FOUNDATION DESIGN A suitable foundation type should be selected according to the guidelines. Minimum depth should always be provided WALL DESIGN Wall thickness, brick strength and mortar composition should be selected according to seismic zone and soil conditions EATHQUAKE BAND AND VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT Earthquake bands and vertical reinforcement should be provided in accordance with code DESIGN OF ROOF Fl t roofs Flat f should h ld be b designed d i d in i RC as per IS 456:2000. 456 2000 I In case of f

AVOID LONG WALLS

OUNDATIONS FOR MASONRY BUILDINGS

TAILS AT CORNERS AND THROUGH ONES IN RUBBLE MASONRY

To avoid splitting of rubble masonry walls through walls, stones should be provided in sufficient numbers

MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN OPENINGS AND CORNERS

ARTHQUAKE BANDS AND VERTICAL EINFORCEMENT

EARTHQUAKE TIMBER BANDS FOR BRICK/ STONE MASONRY IN MUD MORTAR

EARTHQUAKE R.C. BANDS FOR BRICK/ STONE MASONRY IN CEMENT MORTAR