Running head: DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE

Data Analysis Exercise [Na e !" the #riter$ [Na e !" the instituti!n$

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE Data Analysis Exercise

Introduction Al !st a&!ut "i"ty years ag! the c!nce't !" English as a true gl!&al language #as i 'ly (ust a the!retical "!recast #hich still re ains t! &e di""use and )ague* +!#e)er, t!day the situati!n see s t! &e -uite di""erent* N!#adays, 'e!'le in al !st e)ery 'art !" the #!rld reali.e the i '!rtance and the signi"icant #!rth !" English and its r!le in their li"e/ n!t !nly "!r acade ic 'ur'!ses &ut als! t! "acilitate their &usiness g!als and !ther 'ur'!ses in their li"e* 0Crystal, Da)id* 11123* Terry Eaglet!n &egins his essay &y saying, 4In eighteenth century England, the c!nce't !" literature #as n!t c!n"ined as it s! eti es is t!day 5creati)e5 !r 5i aginati)e5 #riting* It eant

the #h!le &!dy !" )alued #riting in s!ciety: 'hil!s!'hy, hist!ry, essays, and letters as #ell as '!e s4 0Eaglet!n 163* There"!re, literature did n!t (ust !" #riting !nly ean "icti!nal #riting, &ut a certain ty'e

eant "!r the elite* N!t e)ery!ne #as a&le t! read this ty'e !" high literature* !re i '!rtantly

Thr!ugh!ut this essay, Eaglet!n discusses the rise !" English as a language and

as a disci'line and area !" study* Intitially, English #as n!t 'ri)ileged in teaching/ Latin #as* +!#e)er, as !re 'e!'le &egan attending the uni)ersity, English had t! &e inc!r'!rated int! the in 7ritain* English #as n! l!nger seen as a su&(ect "it !nly "!r #! en,

educati!nal syste

#!r8ers 0&lue c!llar3 and th!se #ishing t! i 'ress the nati)es !" 9x"!rd !r Ca &ridge* N!# English #as &eing read in sch!!l and English literature 0as #e understand it t!day3 #as &eing taught* 7ut #ith this ne# de)el!' ent, h!# did the '!e'le in '!#er ch!!se #hich texts t! use in teaching: ;uch li8e t!day, #hich texts students ha)e access t! de'ends !n #hat is ch!sen &y the 'e!'le in '!#er*

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE Historical Background The hist!ry !" English can &e descri&ed "r! the arri)al !" three =er anic tri&es t! the #hat is n!#

<

7ritish Isles in the year 6>> 7C, Sax!ns and ?utes cr!ssed the N!rth Sea "r!

8n!#n as Den ar8 and n!rthern =er any* The Angles #ere na ed due t! their h! eland Engle !r Angels* They called their !#n language English #!rd that led t! English !r English* 7e"!re the arri)al !" =er anic tri&es, the inha&itants !" 7ritain s'!8e a Celtic language !" !rigin* These 'e!'le #ere "!rced t! Celtic #as !)ed -uic8ly* 9ne gr!u' !)e t! @ales, C!rn#all and Sc!tland, #hich is #hy the igrated t! the c!ast !" 7rittany, #here their descendants,

e)en t!day, s'ea8 7ret!n language !" Celtic !rigin* In England, during idABict!rian 'eri!d, Cutilitarianis and early industrial ca'italis

#ere d! inantD #hich created a c!n"lict and a clash &et#een the #!r8ing class and the n!&les* The situati!n see ed unc!ntr!lla&le* ;atthe# Arn!ld, #itnessing the e)ent, &elie)ed that it sh!uld &e the "uncti!n !" the iddleAclass t! educate the #!r8ing class #ith Cthe &est culture !"

their nati!nD t! a)!id anarchy* It #as then the English literature that 'r!)ided the Euni)ersalF )alues #hich enc!urage s!lidarity acr!ss classes and shared nati!nal identity* Thus, the English started t! &ec! e 'atri!tic and nati!nalistic t! e &race English Literature 0@right, 11113*

Discussion and Analysis The reas!n "!r ch!!sing such t!'ic is that I #anted t! highlight the i '!rtance !" literature thr!ugh &ac8gr!und "!r y #!r8* Thus the essay CThe Rise !" EnglishD has &een ta8en as the y 'iece !" #!r8 07ac!n, %>>G3*

In the eighteenth century se)eral #riters antici'ate R! anticis * ?a es Th! s!n sh!#s in his lyrical landsca'e re"lecting the e !ti!ns !" the '!et* Ed#ard Y!ung #r!te The nights , a

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE '!e that intr!duces the ty'ical nightli"e and terri"ying "eature !" any R! antic #!r8s* atter !"

Th! as =ray in his Elegy @ritten in a )illage ce etery !" a ce etery l!cated !n the

this '!etry that &!th in"luence the setting !" this literature* +!#e)er, the great "igure #h! ann!unces the style #as @illia creat!r !" drea are a#ay "r! and rhyth 7la8e, 'ainter and '!et !" a )ery 'ers!nal sy &!lis and

i ages !" &i&lical c!nnecti!ns that 'redict later r! antic c!ncerns* Their )ie#s ne!classical 're)ailing in his ti e and "!r al ex'eri entati!n in '!etic rhy e !)e ent*

is !n the line !" creati)e !riginality s!ught &y all the auth!rs !" this

S!ngs !" Inn!cence and S!ngs !" ex'erience re"lect n!t !nly ideals !" disa''!int ent caused &y the e)!luti!n !" the Irench Re)!luti!n*

an, &ut the

The Distinction of Languages The r! ance language, Irench e erged "r! Latin language* The classical Latin d!es

n!t ha)e any 'r!'er e)idence in ter s !" c! 'rehensi)e research* Yet it is su''!se t! ha)e literature #hich #as !"ten hard t! understand and inter'ret* Irench and S'anish ha)e changed their "!r s and ha)e i 'r!)ed in ter s !" 'r!nunciati!n, 'unctuati!n and 'lace ent !" )er&s and ad(ecti)es* 0Steele, %>>G3 These languages are n!# distinguished "r! Latin as c! 'lete

l!ss !" Latin case syste , re'lace ent !" 're'!siti!ns, l!sing the neuter gender, re'lace ent !" )er&s &y inn!)ati!ns, c! 'arati)e in"lecti!ns, di""erent use !" articles and di""erence in initial stages !" 'alatalisati!n !" 'l!si)es li8e JtJ, J8J, and JgJ* I!r exa 'le, the )er&s in Latin language such as CesseD ha)e ta8en a 11113* In !rder t! 'resent the 'h!n!l!gy, #e need t! 'ut in the sh!es !" a s'ea8er !" English, "!r exa 'le 0!r a s'ea8er !" a language !ther than Irench3 #h! #!uld learn Irench #ith!ut ha)ing !di"ied "!r in Irench language as Cester and esterD 07r!#n,

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE any n!ti!n !" that language* The !nly thing they #ill hear a c!ntinu!us se-uence !" s!unds #ith!ut eaning* As they already has a language 0e*g* English3, they #!uld recei)e all the

)ariati!ns #e d! as a "irst language* +!#e)er, it is n!t #hich !" these changes are rele)ant 0+auer#as, %>>H3* Right n!#, I ight #ant t! turn t! the suggesti!ns that the causes !" English ha)e "!r the ands the "!undati!n t!day* As I ha)e said l!ng

'hil!s!'hy !" sch!larly hy'!thesis that s! c!

ag!, the R! antics den!ted the "irst critical hy'!thetical de)el!' ent "!r the in)estigati!n !" English 0Eaglet!n, 1G3* The !)e ent "r! the R! antics t! the style is signi"icant !" uch !"

artistic "eed&ac8 that acc! 'anies since it 'l!ts the c!urses in #hich a&stract in)estigati!n !)es "ar "r! i ediate, '!litical in)est ent* The '!int #hen R! antics res'!nded c!ntrary @!rds#!rth t! C!leridge t! Shelly all had huge '!litical !)e ent, they l!!8ed t! utili.e the de ulcent !"

t! industriali.ati!n their re)ie#ers "r!

s'eculati!ns* Thr!ugh '!litical and s!cial 5in)enti)e creati)e energy5 as the

eth!ds "!r rest!ring the hu an/ their asserti!n had 4'r!"!und ay

s!cial, '!litical and 'hil!s!'hical suggesti!ns, and at the s!und !" it the c!ntr!lling class truly arri)e at "!r its gun4*

Language Do Not Fight For Survival A Dar#inian sche e !" e)!luti!n and ra i"icati!n, !" ada'ti)e )ariati!n and selecti)e sur)i)al, ay l!!8 credi&le* C!nsci!usly !r n!t, any linguists see t! ha)e #!r8ed #ith such

an anal!gy* 7ut it !nly

as8s the 'r!&le * Th!ugh

any details !" the actual e)!luti!nary

'r!cess re ain !&scure, the strength !" Dar#inFs argu ent lie in the de !nstra&le ec!n! y and s'eci"icity !" the ad!'ti)e echanis / li)ing "!r s utate #ith see ingly rand! 'r!"usi!n,

&ut their sur)i)al de'ends !n ad(ust ent t! natural circu stance*

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE

It can &e sh!#n, !)er a #ide range !" s'ecies, #hich extincti!n d!es relate t! a "ailure !r inexactitude !" )ital res'!nse* The language ani"!ld !""ers n! genuine c!unter'art t! these !st c!n(ectural3 &y #hich t!

)isi&le, )eri"ia&le criteria* @e ha)e n! standards 0!r !nly the

assert that any hu an language is intrinsically su'eri!r t! an!ther, that it sur)i)es &ecause it eshes !re e""iciently than any !ther #ith the de ands !" sensi&ility and 'hysical existence* The Dar#inian 'arallel als! &rea8s d!#n !n the crucial '!int !" large nu &ers* The ulti'licity !" "auna and "l!ra d!es n!t re'resent rand! ness !r #aste* It is an i ediate "act!r

!" the dyna ics !" e)!luti!nary &reeding, cr!ssA"ertili.ati!n, and c! 'etiti)e selecti!n #hich Dar#in set !ut* =i)en the range !" ec!l!gical '!ssi&ilities, the ulti'licati!n !" s'ecies is, -uite

c!ncei)a&ly, ec!n! ical* N! language is de !nstra&ly ada'ti)e in this sense* N!ne is c!nc!rdant #ith any 'articular ge!'hysical en)ir!n ent* @ith the si 'le additi!n !" ne!l!gis s and &!rr!#ed #!rds, any language can &e used "airly e""iciently e)ery#here/ Es8i ! syntax is a''r!'riate t! the Sahara 0Eaglet!n, 11G<3

Theoretical Approach I!r the Christian researcher !" #ritten #!r8s in a '!st !dern c!nnecti!n, S ith5s ex'ressi!ns are great ne#s* C!nte '!rary grant re-uires the a&stract c! entat!r t! l!!8 'ast

the sur"ace style !" a gi)en acc!unt and see th!se re'resentati!ns !" creati!n that the st!ry re(ects !r sti"les* The Christian researcher ay 'raise this assign ent as &eing !ne essential c!ncerned eth!d !"

#ith seeing the -uality !" e)ery 'art !" =!d5s creati!n* Dec!nstructi!n c!uld &e seen a res!unding A&y

eth!d "!r addressing and in)estigate Athe asserti!n !" integrity !" all creati!n, &ends

n!t si 'ly select 'arts !" it* Dec!nstructi!n unc!)ered the r!utes in #hich &elie" syste

!ur c! 'rehensi!n !" the 'lanet, !""ering '!#er t! s! e indi)iduals, s!cieties and techni-ues

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE #hile underesti ating !r hushing all !thers* At the end !" the day, dec!nstructi!n is c!ncerned #ith e-uity, 'articularly in ter s !" dialect and st!ry* ;!re!)er, the '!st !dern l!gic !" dec!nstructi!n that characteri.es the #!r8 !" the English sch!lastic li8e#ise "!re"r!nts st!ry set u' !"

etaAacc!unt Athat is, any tal8 'arading as general excuse "!r #hy* Irench thin8er Ly!tard

&r!adly rec!gni.es &et#een st!ry learning and ex'l!rat!ry/ the recent ta8ing !n the a''earance !" a etaAacc!unt #hile the 're)i!us 4is granulated in the cust! !" a s!ciety and, acc!rdingly,

d!es n!t 'resu''!se legiti ating4 0@right, 11113* 7y '!inting !ut the !utlandishness !" an i 'artial, !&(ecti)e tal8, a&stract sch!lars li8e Ly!tard return us t! 4an essentially Augustinian e'iste !l!gy that is ind"ul t! the structural

need !" c!n"idence g!ing &e"!re excuse "!r #hy, acce'ting #ith a s'eci"ic end g!al t! c! 'rehend Ac!n"iding s! as t! deci'her4 0S ith, 2%3* Inside this ideal !del, the a&stract

researcher rec!gni.es her !#n 'articular !'erati!nal inclinati!ns in #hate)er 8n!#ledge she l!!8s t! carry t! a c!ntent* Dec!nstructi!n calls attenti!n t! the una)!ida&ility !" c!n"idence &ased duties 0read: Lier8egaard5s 4c!n)icti!nA&ased acti!n43 in any e'iste !l!gy !r her eneutic* +ence, dec!nstructi!n unc!)ered the 4c!n"idence4 !r ide!l!gical res'!nsi&ilities that #ritten #!r8s a8es e)en as the #!r8 !" #ritten #!r8s ight criti-ue !ur ide!l!gies*

The #ay I see the Mhili''ine situati!n, I #!uld li8e t! thin8 that it is i '!ssi&le "!r a Ce&uan! literature t! rise* English literature r!se &ecause the English 'e!'le had the s'irit !" nati!nalis and 'atri!tis 0they read English literature3 &ut !st Ce&uan!s d! n!t '!sses these

traits* Alth!ugh there are

aga.ines, c! ics, ne#s'a'ers, and literary #!r8s 0li8e '!e s and

sh!rt st!ries3 in Ce&uan!, !nly "e# 0 !stly the elderly3 are reading and a''reciating the * @hat the y!uth 0the "uture generati!n3 are reading are n!)els li8e L!rd !" the Rings, +arry M!tter, Chr!nicles !" Narnia, and c! ics li8e ;ar)el +er!es* These texts de"initely are #ritten in

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE English* Iurther !re, !re and !re y!uth are learning the English language 0#ith h!'es t!

&ec! e nearAnati)es3 in 're'arati!n "!r call center c! 'anies #hich 'r!)ide the salary than !ther "irstAti eA#!r8 'ay* In texting, !r Ce&lish 0Ce&uan!AEnglish3* IF !re y!uth are exchanging

#ith a &igger

essages in English !re they s!und

n!t really sure &ut this is h!# I get it: the

and l!!8 A erican, the &etter* @ith the in"luence !" @estern culture and ide!l!gy in the Mhili''ines, the rise !" Ce&uan! literature is i '!ssi&le*

Conclusion T!day English is s'!8en #!rld #ide as their "irst language, as a sec!nd language and e)en as #ell as a "!reign language* Indeed, there is n! d!u&t that English t!day is n! !re

restricted as an internati!nal language and has e)idently gained its '!siti!n as gl!&al language* The n!ti!n !" internati!nal language can &e easily underst!!d as a language #hich is #idely used in al !st any internati!nal c! unicati!n in)!l)ing 'e!'le "r! any t#! !r !re

c!untries* I!r instance ?a'anese is an internati!nal language, &ut it is n!t actually a gl!&al language* Its usage is erely restricted t! 'e!'le #hen they are c! unicating #ith the

?a'anese !nly !r in a surr!unding in #hich the ?a'anese traditi!ns, 'e!'le, '!litical '!#er !r &usinesses are d! inant* 0La'lan, R*7* %>>>3 English !n the !ther hand is n!t !nly used #hen 'e!'le engage in c! unicating #ith English s'ea8ers &ut in "act is used als! &y 'e!'le ha)ing

di""erent "irst languages* Thus it is n!t !nly a''lied #hen 'e!'le s'ea8 t! th!se #h! ha)e English as their nati)e language, &ut in "act it is als! used #hen 'e!'le "r! and cultural &ac8gr!und eet* English is the di""erent nati!ns

!st #idely s'!8en language in )ery di""erent

c!ntexts in the #!rld* There"!re, English is n!t !nly an internati!nal language, &ut als! a gl!&al language* A language tends t! gain a "!!th!ld as a gl!&al language #hen it has a uni-ue r!le that

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE is distinguished in e)ery c!untry in the #!rld 0+auer#as, %>>13* ;!re!)er, the 8ey underlying 'r! inent "eature !" a gl!&al language is that it is the c! unicati!n in !st #idely used language in aster it "!r their li"e*

!st 'laces in the #!rld* Me!'le "eel the need t!

07ac!n,%>>G3* Acc!rding t! Terrence Irancis, t! s'ea8 a&!ut the Cliterature and ide!l!gyD as the t#! se'arate 'hen! ena #hich can &e interrelated, in the an ide!l!gy* It has the eaning !" the #!rd #e ha)e inherited is

!st inti ate relati!n t! -uesti!ns !" s!cial '!#er* +!#e)er i" !ne #ere

as8ed t! 'r!)ide a single ex'lanati!n "!r the gr!#th !" English studies in the later nineteenth century, !ne c!uld d! #!rse than re'ly: the "ailure !" religi!n*

DATA ANALYSIS EXERCISE Re"erences 7ac!n, Alan* 0%>>G3, The Nineteenth-Century History of English Studies* Aldersh!t, NL: Ashgate Mu&lishing Li ited, Eaglet!n, Terry* 011G<3, Literary The!ry: An Intr!ducti!n* ;innea'!lis: Nni)ersity !" ;innes!ta Mress,* =rand Ra'ids: 0%>>13, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,* Mrint*

1>

+auer#as, Stanley* 0%>>H3, CThe Christian Di""erenceD A 7etter +!'e: Res!urces "!r a Church C!n"r!nting Ca'italis , +auer#as, Stanley* 0%>>13, A C! unity !" Character: T!#ard a C!nstructi)e Christian S!cial

Ethic* S!uth 7end, IL: Nni)ersity !" N!tre Da e Mress, 11G1* Mal er, D*?* 0%>113, The Rise !" English Studies: An Acc!unt !" the Study !" English Language and Literature "r! its 9rigins t! the ;a8ing !" the 9x"!rd English Sch!!l* Ne# Y!r8:

9x"!rd Nni)ersity Mress, 11K6* S ith, ?a es L*A* 0%>1>3, The De)il Reads Derrida and 9ther Essays !n the Nni)ersity, the Church, M!litics, and the Arts* @right, N*T* 011113*The Challenge !" ?esus* Illin!is: In)er)arsity Mress, Mrint*