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Soil Parameters and Bearing Capacity Derived from Responses of Drilled Shaft Socketed into Rock
I.S.H. Harahap*, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, MALAYSIA C.W. Wong, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT Pile load test is commonly conducted during design and construction stages. The objective of pile load test conducted during design stage is to obtain the actual soil parameter and ultimate load in-situ for the purpose of design. For the test conducted during construction stage, the objective is to provide a quality control measure to prove that the actual pile capacity conforms to the design objectives. This paper presents probabilistic interpretation of proof pile test to obtain the ultimate pile capacity. As the first step, the actual field parameters are back calculated using ultimate pile capacity from proof pile load tests. The probabilistic inverse method is used for back calculation of parameters. Soil parameters obtained from back calculation are then sampled using Monte Carlo simulation technique, to generate histogram of ultimate pile capacity. From the synthetic histogram, other statistical metrics such as mean, standard deviation and cumulative probability density of ultimate pile capacity can be obtained.

Keywords: Socketed drilled shaft, Monte Carlo simulation, probabilistic inverse analysis, proof pile load test

*Correspondence Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Indra S. Harahap, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. Tel: +6053687340, Fax: +6053656716. E-mail: indrasati@petronas.com.my

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Soil Parameters Derived from Responses of Drilled Shaft Socketed into Rock 1. INTRODUCTION

During construction proof test to verify pile design are conducted. Specification usually calls for the amount of absolute and permanent pile displacement during proof test to be less than a specified amount. The number of pile subjected to proof test is proportional to total number of pile being constructed and the number of pile that failed relative to the number of proof test should not exceed a certain prescribed number. Load applied for proof test is usually twice the design load at constant loading rate using one or two load cycles. In this paper, attempt has been made to interpret pile proof test for obtaining soil parameters (soil and rock unit skin resistance as well as base resistance). The method used is probabilistic inverse analysis as given in [1].to obtain actual soil parameters in the form of its joint probability density. Parameters obtained are then utilized to generate histogram of ultimate pile load capacity using Monte Carlo simulation technique. This paper is arranged as follow: Section 2 will outline geotechnical aspects of the drilled shaft particularly its design methodology and interpretation of pile-load-test results at project site near Kuala Lumpur. The soil condition and pile-load-test results at project site near Kuala Lumpur are explained in Section 3. In Section 4 the salient features of the probabilistic inverse method are given, followed by its application to interpret pile-load-test results in Section 5. Section 6 will conclude results from this work. 2. GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS

2.1 Design of Socketed Drilled Shaft The ultimate capacity of socketed drilled shaft can be determined using the following equation: Qu = Q fu + Qbu (1)
Qu = ( f S C S + f R C R ) + qb Ab

where Qu is ultimate pile capacity, Q fu is ultimate shaft capacity, Qbu is ultimate base capacity. The ultimate skin resistance consist of contribution from soil part ( f S ) and rock part ( f R ) where f S and f R are unit shaft resistance, C S and C R are circumferential area of pile embedded in each layer (soil and rock). qb is unit base resistance for the bearing layer (rock) and Ab pile base area. Figure 1 shows components of ultimate capacity of drilled shaft socketed into rock. The unit skin resistance of cohesionless material usually has the form of f R = K s o tan where K s is coefficient of lateral pressure, o is vertical overburden pressure and is friction angle [2]. For cohesive material the unit skin resistance is commonly taken as proportional to the undrained shear strength as f R = S u where is proportional coefficient and S u is undrained shear strength [3]. For rock, the unit skin resistance is empirically determined from rock unconfined compressive strength, qu [4], or Rock Quality Designation, RQD. Table 1 shows available empirical correlation to determine f R from qu and Table 2 to determine f R from RQD. However, the unit skin resistance has a limiting value depends on
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the unconfined compressive strength of the rock [5]. The empirical correlations proposed is either has linear relation with qu or power-curve relation to qu . Evaluation by [6] indicated that the SPT N-value may not a good indicator of f R due to its sampling rate because it is too infrequent and suffers too much variability. From evaluation of pile load test results [7], there is a significant difference of load-settlement behaviour among sedimentary, granitic and decomposed rock, and hence the range of qu for these rocks. Generally granitic rock has a softer response compared to sedimentary rock. The ultimate unit resistance range between 6 to 50 MPa for granitic rock compared to between 1 to 16 MPa for sedimentary rock. Empirical correlation by [8] in Table 2 is the lower bound for sedimentary rock [7]. The rock unit skin resistance, f R and RQD relationship as in Table 2 is commonly used in Malaysia to design drilled shaft socketed into rock [9]. Other note, the unit resistance for uplift load should be adjusted due to contraction of pile under uplift load, and hence reducing confinement stress [10]. The design approach for socketed drilled shaft varies from place to place [11], for example the ultimate capacity could be determined by considering all resistances (from soil and rock skin resistance, and from base), or omitting the based resistance due to the fact that less displacement is required to fully mobilize skin resistance compared to the displacement that required to fully mobilize base resistance. On the practical side, the length of socket and hence total pile length is determined based on observed rock condition, i.e. RQD at that particular location during construction. Discussions on various construction method and constructability issues of drilled shaft can be found in Ref [12], and the effect of construction method on skin and base resistance in Ref [13,14]. However, from pull out test results [6], drilled shaft construction method has no significant effect on ultimate resistance.

fS

LS

fR qb

LR

Figure 1 Ultimate capacity of socketed drilled shaft 2.2 Pile Load Test Pile-load-test generally serves two purposes. When conducted during design stage, it helps to establish parameters to be used in design, and when conducted during construction stage, it proves working assumptions during design. To obtain the actual soil parameters for design purpose, the pile test is instrumented [4] and parameters are back calculated from data
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Soil Parameters Derived from Responses of Drilled Shaft Socketed into Rock
obtained during testing. The number of this type of test is limited due to its cost; therefore site variability of pile ultimate capacity cannot be established. The load settlement curves do not always show a sign of failure as specified by various methods, for example Davissons, Terzaghis, Chins methods and others. As such, it is difficult to ascertain the validity of design assumption, i.e. the ultimate skin resistance, based on informations obtained from this test. Other elaborate method to interpret pile load test in sand and clay can be found in [15,16]. A new and novel approach that utilizes a data base of pile load tests is recently proposed by [17]. In their method design parameters are extracted from the data base using Bayesian neural network that intelligently update its knowledge when a new information is added to the data base. Table 1. Empirical value of unit skin resistance for socketed drilled shaft determine from rock unconfined compressive strength and SPT N-value. Complete references are given in [6] No
1 2

Empirical Correlation
fR (tsf) = 1.842 qu fR (tsf) = 1.45
0.367

Reference
Williams et al. (1980) Rowe and Armitage (1987)

qu for clean sockets, and

fR (tsf) = 1.94 qu for rough sockets. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 fR (tsf) = 0.67 qu . fR (tsf) = 0.63 qu . fR (tsf) = 0.3(qu). fR (tsf) = 0.2(qu). fR (tsf) = 0.15(qu). fR = 0.017V (tsf), or fR = -5.54 + 0.4 N (tsf). N-value = {10,15,20,25,30,>30}; fR (tsf) = {0.36,0.77,1.1,1.8,2.6,2.6} N-range = 10 - 20, 20 - 50, 50 - 50/3 in., >50/3 in.; fR (tsf) = 1.5,2.5,3.8,5. Horvath and Kenney (1979): Carter and Kulhawy (1988) Reynolds and Kaderabek (1980): Gupton and Logan (1984) Reese and O'Neill (1987) Crapps (1986) Hobbs and Healy (1979) McMahan (1988)

Table 2. Empirical value of unit skin resistance for socketed drilled shaft determine from RQD Ratio

RQD Ratio %
Below 25 25 - 70 Above 70

Working Rock Socket Resistance f R (kPa)


300 600 1000

Other than instrumented pile as previously cited, [18] proposed method to derive soil parameters from load settlement curve from pile-load-test. Using the approach, the ultimate capacity is obtained from projected load settlement curve. The projected load settlement curve is an analytical function for load settlement relations with parameters of the function are

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obtained from regression of the actual load settlement curve. For this purpose, failure is defined as correspond to a settlement of 10% of pile diameter. As a proof test, in practice, pile-load-test results are interpreted based on criteria establishes to achieve the design objectives and elucidated in the technical specification. As an example, the settlement of the pile tested should not exceeding specified settlement at working load and permanent settlement should not exceed settlement at twice of the working load. The pile is considered pass if both criteria are satisfied. The number of pile tested for proof test are prescribed based on total length of pile constructed, as such more that one proof pile-loadtests are conducted within one project. Furthermore, it is common that proof pile-load-test is fail to reach failure, in other words the applied load is less than ultimate capacity of the pile. While the interpretation of proof test based on settlement criteria lay out in the technical specification is sufficient for practical purposes, there are also attempts to further exploit informations from proof pile-load-test. For example, from pile-load-test that reaches failure, informations can be obtained to update the reliability of pile [19-22]. For pile-load-test that fails to reach failure, informations can be obtained to update the probability distribution of pile capacity [23]. These approaches follow trend of migration of geotechnical analysis from factor of safety based to reliability based [24]. It is worth to note that, besides ultimate load limit state approach previously cited, serviceability limit state for drilled shaft to establish probability of failure and reliability index from load settlement curve of pile load test also have been attempted by [25,26]. In their approach, the pile load settlement curves are calculated using t-z approach and finite difference method. Probabilistic load-settlement curves are developed using Monte Carlo simulation. From the histogram generated, the probability of failure and reliability index can be determined. For this work, the probability density of soil parameters are calculated from ultimate pile capacity, deduced from pile-load-test, using probabilistic inverse method. The histogram of pile capacity is then generated using Monte Carlo simulation technique. The probability of ultimate pile capacity, or the reliability index, can be obtained from cumulative density of pile capacity. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

3.1 Site Condition A total of 12 bore holes were carried out for soil investigation during design stage. The soil investigations were mainly carried out by using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) as well as standard soil index and physical properties test. The site condition was mainly formed by 3 types of soil, which were silt, clay and sand. Silt was found on the top of the soil layer while very stiff or hard sandy silt were encountered on the next layer which range from Reference Level (RL) 70 m to RL 50 m. Generally, high organic content was observed for the upper layer materials. The RQD for the site ranged from 10% to 30%, with average of 25% 3.2 Pile Loading There were three types of pile being used at the site consisting of a 450 mm, 600 mm and 900 mm diameter bored pile with design load of 1500 kN, 4000 kN and 9000 kN respectively. Out

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Soil Parameters Derived from Responses of Drilled Shaft Socketed into Rock
of a total of 19 proof pile-load-tests conducted, only two gave ultimate pile capacity based on Davissons criteria. The calculated ultimate pile capacity is 8900 kN and 3900 kN for 900 mm and 600 mm diameter piles, respectively. Figure 2 shows load deflection curves and ultimate load determination using Davissons method for 600 m and 900 mm piles, and Table 3 shows the schedule of all pile-load-test.

Figure 2. Load settlement curve for proof pile-load-test. Davissons ultimate load can be obtained only in two out of nineteen tests. Table 3. Attributes of pile proof test result Pile Location
FF1- P28 FF1- P67 FF2 - P184 FF2 - P472 FF3 - P234 FF4 - P236 FF4 - P275 FF5 - P33 FF5 - P85 FSK 1,5 - P47 FSK 1,5 - P44 FSK 2,3,4 - P200 FSK 2,3,4 -P387 FSK 6 - P 74 FSK 6 - P 307 FSK 7 - P40 FSK 7 - P370 PSB - P138 PSB- P183

Estimate of Qu (kN)
Not fail 8900 Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail Not fail 3900

Pile Length (m)


6.000 10.245 6.000 11.000 11.075 12.325 14.625 12.425 22.125 14.000 8.200 8.800 18.000 2.600 5.700 21.025 7.330 19.500 10.775

Pile Diameter (mm)


900 900 900 900 900 450 450 600 600 900 450 900 900 900 600 600 600 600 600

Socket Length (m)


4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 1.5 1.5 3.0 3.0 4.5 1.5 4.5 4.5 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

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4.

PROBABILISTIC INVERSE METHOD

Suppose that we have function f that map parameters into theoretical quantity such that d = f (m) where d = {d i ,.., d ND } and m = {m i ,.., m NM } , the objective of inverse analysis is to determine m given d . In the context of pile-load-test, to determine f S , f R and qbu knowing Qu obtained from pile-load-test and f is the relationship in Eq. (1). 4.1 Data Space Suppose that we have observed data values d obs , the probability density model to describe experimental uncertainty, such as Gaussian model, can be written as follow 1 1 D (d) = k exp (d d obs ) T C D (d d obs ) (2) 2 where C D is the covariance matrix. If the uncertainties are uncorrelated and follow Gaussian distribution, it can be written as i 2 d i d obs 1 D (d) = k exp (3) i 2

4.2 Model Space In a typical problem we have model parameters that have a complex probability distribution over the model space. The probability density is denoted as M (m) . Suppose that we know joint probability density function (m, d) and d = f (m) , then the conditional probability density function, M (m) = M |d (m ) (m | d = f (m) ) can be obtained as follow [1].

M (m) = k (m, f (m))

det( g M F g D F )
T

gM FT gDF

1/ 2

det g M det g D

g M .1/ 2 g D

1/ 2

.
d = f (m )

(4)

For constant g M (m) and g D (d) , and linear or weak linearity problem [1], Eq.(4) reduces to (d) M (m) = k M (m) D (5) D (d) d = f (m ) where D (d) is homogenous probability density function. 5. INTERPRETATION OF PILE LOAD TEST

The simplistic model of bearing capacity of socketed drilled shaft is given by Eq. (1). Assuming known pile geometry, the model space is then m = ( f S , f R , qb ) . The probability density model to describe experimental uncertainty (Eq. 3) is formed using the theoretical model d = f (m) as in Eq. (1), and observed pile ultimate capacity as d obs . The joint probability density is then M (m) = M ( f S , f R , qb ) . Prior knowledge can be incorporated in M (m) = M ( f S , f R , qb ) particularly knowledge on those parameters specific for the rock type and its locality. The effect of prior knowledge on unit skin resistance in rock is investigated using log normal distribution with various mean values. It should be noted that, by using Eq. (1), it is implicitly neglected the effect of the shape of the interface between the shaft and surrounding rock (undulating or smooth) as numerically observed by in Ref [27,

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Soil Parameters Derived from Responses of Drilled Shaft Socketed into Rock
28]. In this work, only the effect of unit skin and base resistances are considered, and the joint probability density is obtained from Eq (5) as

M ( f R , qb ) =

( f S , f R , qb )df S

(6)

Analytical form of Eq. (6) is difficult to obtain, and even if successfully integrated very difficult to interpret. Figure 3 shows joint probability density plotted in material space, which is numerically integrated from Eq. (6). Prior distribution of unit skin resistance in rock, f R is assumed to have log normal distribution (Figure 2). The mean value of the prior distribution is 300 kPa, which conform to an empirical value for unit skin resistance for rock with low RQD (Table 2). This number somewhat lower than back calculated from pile load test in limestone which range from 900 kPa to 2300 kPa [29]. The shape of the joint probability is far from Gaussian, and skewed to the right. The three dimensional plot of the joint probability has a peak value, as shown in Figure 2(c), that theoretically can be obtained using function optimization. The cumulative distribution of the ultimate pile capacity is also difficult to obtain analytically; therefore numerical method must be used utilizing Monte Carlo simulation technique. Figure 4(a) shows randomly generated sampling points along the range of f Ru and qb , and fulfilling Eq. (6). As it appears, the sampling points are banded following the trend of the joint probability. The histogram of the ultimate pile load is obtained using Eq. (1). No efforts have been made to obtain continuous function to describe the histogram. However, discrete method can be used to obtain statistical parameters such as mean value standard deviation as well as to generate the cumulative distribution from the histogram.

6.

CONCLUDING REMARK

Method to interpret pile-load-test to obtain probabilistic characteristics of ultimate load has been presented. The first step is to obtain joint distribution of soil parameters in the material (or parameter) space. The second step is to generate histogram of ultimate load using Monte Carlo technique. Probabilistic characteristics of the ultimate load are then obtained from the synthetic histogram using standard discrete method. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for the support and encouragement to attend the conference.

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Figure 2. Prior distribution of unit skin resistance of rock

(a) (b) Figure 3. Joint probability in the material space is shown in (a) using prior distribution of rock skin resistance, f Ru , following log normal distribution(Fig. 2) with mean equal to 300 kPa. The 3D picture of the joint probability distribution is shown in (b)

(a) (b) Figure 4. The distribution of ultimate loads shown in (b) are generated using sampling points shown in (a)

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[22]. Zhang, L. M. & Tang, W.H. Use of Load Tests for Reducing Pile Length. Proceeding of the International Deep Foundations Congress. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 116, M. W. ONeill and F. C. Townsend, eds., ASCE, Reston, Va., 2002. 9931005.
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