GREENHOUSE EFFECT

GOVERNMENT JUNIOR COLLAGE MADDUR

PREPARED BY : MAHAFUZUR RAHMAN ANSARI & SYED MUDASSIR GAUDIANS BY : S.C.S YEAR 2010-11

Introduction
At first, lets start with greenhouse effect on fig. 1 [1]. Heat from the sun passes through the atmosphere, warming it up, and most of it warms the surface of the planet. As the Earth warms up, it emits heat in the form of infra-red radiation much like a hot pan emits heat even after it's taken awa from the cooker. !ome of this heat is trapped " the atmosphere, "ut the rest escapes into space. #he so-called $greenhouse gases$ make the atmosphere trap more of this radiation, so it graduall warms up more than it should [1].

%igure 1. &reenhouse effect.

Meteosat Second Generation: On-line qualitative dust verification / surveillance

In collaboration with the Spanish Institute of Meteorology

Du ! "#$%!#&%$' !A%'(ow)asting with MSG (!)**%!) *+* km, 1- min step .da and night/ 0nder development1 !ea2ifs, 3odis, 435 !atellite-"ased sensors

!6!-2A!

Canary Islands

Bloom of Trichodesmium - Canary Islands, August 2004

Dust over W Africa, uly 2004

234 cooperation with the 0nited (ations &roup of E+perts on the !cientific Aspects of 3arine Environment 7rotection .&E!A37/ 8 5n ,99:, 234-lead 2orking &roup 8;#he Atmospheric 5nput of )hemicals to the 4cean < is esta"lished

#he green house effect

8 ;5 do not "elieve in the green house effect< 8 #hen 5 do not "elieve in gravit <

How can the radiative "alance "e changed= )hanging incoming radiation .sun and or"it/ )hanging the al"edo .particles, clouds, ice/ )hanging longwave "ack-radiation to space .&H& and particles/

>ots of %eed"acks1 3elting ice - reflection 2ater &rowing plants?the "iosphere 2arming oceans @@@ %ast and slow feed"acks 7ositive .amplif / (egative .deminish/

History of greenhouses
&reenhouse industr was first developed in Holland during the 1:th centur . #he grow vegeta"les, grapes and flowers. 6uring the ears 1A99-1B99 several enviromental control tecniCues were developed in Europe and (orth America. After the ears 1B99 large area greenhouses construction was started [,]. 5n 1BD9 the greenhouses were used in Antal a [D].

Basic plant growth

#here are man parameters affecting the plant growth. >ight intensit for photos nthesis #emperature for enE mes Humidit #he amount of )4, Air movement 2ater and nutriens [,].

Greenhouse design
3an parameters are to "e considered the design of a greenhouses. 2e can manipulate this parameters for our purposes and with respect to outer conditions. (ow, we will discuss a few important parameters. 4rientation and tilt 3odes of heat transfer &lass or plastic glaEing materials Heat storage in greenhouse [,].

Orientation and tilt

%or optimum temperature and light the orientation and tilt are important. 4F5E(#A#54( Actuall , a north-south oriented greenhouse will provide more sunlight over the complete ear compared to eastwest oriented greenhouse. %or receiving ma+imum radiation in winter, the greenhouse should face east-west direction.5f due to local conditions,it is not possi"le to orient greenhouse in the o east-west direction we can change direction up to ,9 [,].

 #5># %rom solar radiation receipt point of view,the angle of the roof of greenhouse is important. #he slope of the greenhouse roof should "e so selected that the angle of incidence of sun ra s remains within *9o. %or winter use, optimum angle of tilt is eCual to latitude of place plus 1-o. #he impotance of latitude is shown in fig. * [-].

%igure *. !olar path at D9G north latitude.

Also, it is necessar to "e carefull a"out around of greenhouse since the high "uildings ma prevent the sunlight as shown in fig. D [H].

%igure D. !elect location carefull .

&reenhouses in our countr

5n our countr , greenhouses is common on the mediterranean region and where there e+ist geothermal energ .#he total greenhouse area in our countr is more than D9999 hectar. Anamur, %ethi e are the sites where greenhouses are the most important source of income. %ig. 1- shows the greenhouses in Anamur [D].

%igure 1*. #here are large num"er of greenhouses in Anamur [D].

#he &reenhouse Effect on Earth

Earths atmosphere is slightly warmer than what it should be due to direct solar heating because of a mild case of greenhouse effect The ground is heated by visible and some! infrared light from the "un# The heated surface emits infrared light# The ma$ority of Earths atmosphere %& and O&! are not good greenhouse gas# The small amount of greenhouse gases H&O' (O&! traps absorb and re)emit! the infrared radiation' increasing the temperature of the atmosphere*
)lick on image to start animation

2ater 4n Earth
The condition is just right! The combination of three factors+ ,istance to the "un' the albedo, and the greenhouse effect' ma-e it possible for water to stay on Earth# %& and O& are not greenhouse gas# %ot much (O& in the atmosphere# .ariable amount of H&O in the atmosphere*regulated by the temperature# The result is a mild greenhouse effect*not too hot' and not too cold' $ust the right temperature for most of the water to stay in li/uid phase' and some to stay in gas phase in the atmosphere on the surface

#he Atmosphere of Earth

#he atmosphere of Earth contains primaril (, .::I/ and 4, .,1I/. 8 What ha!!ened to all the C"2# 8 Where did all the "2 come from#

)4,
)4, is a colorless gas@ 8 condenses into solid form .dr ice/ at -:AG) in atmospheric pressure. 8 condenses into liCuid at --:G) at pressure a"ove -.1 atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric )4, is derived from .#he sources@/ 8 Jolcanic outgassing 8 "urning of organic matter 8 Fespiration of living organisms 8 @ )4, can "e stored in .#he $in%s@/ 8 Highl solu"le in water1 forms H,)4* 8 6issolved )4, in water can interact with silicate minerals to form car"onated minerals@ 8 @

)ar"on 6io+ide ) cle

The mechanism by which Earth self-regulates its temperature is called the car&on dio'ide cycle, or the CO2 cycle for short. !tarting with the car"on dio+ide in the atmosphere1 8 Jolcanoes outgas )4, into the atmosphere. 8 Atmospheric car"on dio+ide dissolves in the oceans. 8 At the same time, rainfall erodes rocks on EarthKs continents and rivers carr the eroded minerals to the oceans. 8 5n the oceans, the eroded minerals com"ine with dissolved car"on dio+ide and fall to the ocean floor, making car"onate rocks such as limestone. 8 4ver millions of ears, the conve or "elt of plate tectonics carries the car"onate rocks to su"duction Eones, and su"duction carries them down into the mantle. 8 As the are pushed deeper into the mantle, some of the su"ducted car"onate rock melts and releases its car"on dio+ide, which then outgasses "ack into the atmosphere through volcanoes.

The CO2 cycle acts as a thermostat that regulates the temperature of the Earth
If Earth warms up a bit' then carbonate minerals form in the oceans at a higher rate# The rate at which the oceans dissolve (O& gas increases' pulling (O& out of the atmosphere# The reduced atmospheric (O& concentration leads to a wea-ened greenhouse effect that counteracts the initial warming and cools the planet bacdown# If Earth cools a bit' carbonate minerals form more slowly in the oceans# The rate at which the oceans dissolve (O& gas decreases' allowing the (O& released by volcanism to build bac- up in the atmosphere# The increased (O& concentration strengthens the

#he )4, ) cle

7late #ectonics
7late tectonics pla s an important role in the )4, c cle in that it helps to carr the car"onate rocks into the mantle, which are then released again " volcanic activities. L EarthKs lithosphere is "roken into pieces .the plates/. L #hese plates float on top of the mantle, interacting with each other to produce the geological features we see and feel toda .
(lic- on image to start animation

#he Fole of the 3agnetic %ield of Earth

Another important characteristics of the Earth is its magnetic fields, which shield us from the bombardment of the high-energy charged particles ' mostly from the Sun. Without magnetic field, the high energy particles of solar wind can strip much of the Earths atmosphere by breaking the bounds between the atoms in the air molecules 0 N !N"N 0 # !#"# 0 $#!$"$"# %he lighter gases then ha&e higher probability of ac'uiring &elocity higher than escape &elocity and escape from Earth(

&reen House Effect and &lo"al 2arming

Effects of &lo"al 2arming

8 5ncrease in e+treme weather events L heat waves, floods, droughts 8 5mpact on human health .increase of vector "orne diseases/ 8 !ignificant impact on natural eco s stems 8 2ind and rainfall patterns ma change 8 3elting of polar ice caps 8 !ea level rise

&lo"al 2arming
There is a gradual increase in
the a&erage temperature of the Earths atmosphere in the last )** years+,t has risen about )-. since )/**+ Are human acti&ities causing global warming0 What other 1non-human2 factors can cause global warming0 $ow does global warming affect our life0 3ust watch the mo&ies+

EarthKs #emperature Jariation in the past 1,199 ears

1econstructions of %orthern Hemisphere average or global average! surface temperature variations from si2 research teams in different color shades! along with the instrumental record of global average surface temperature in blac-!# Each curve illustrates a somewhat different history of temperature changes' with a range of uncertainties that tend to increase bac-ward in time as indicated by the shading!# 1eference+ %1(' &334# 5igure reprinted with permission from "urface Temperature 1econstructions6 &334! by the %ational 7cademy of "ciences' (ourtesy of the %ational 7cademies 8ress&& 9:' ;ashington' ,#(#!# Reproduced from EPA Climate Change Website.

#he >ong-#erm !ta"ilit of EarthKs )limateMD99,999 ears

8 #he atmospheric concentration of )4, measured from Antarctic ice core data implies that EarthKs climate has "eing prett sta"le over the past D99,999 ears 8 It also shows a rapid increase of about (0) in the past few centuries L 2 ! ppm "parts per million# to $ ! ppm

5luctuations in temperature blue! and in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dio2ide red! over the past <33'333 years as inferred from 7ntarctic ice)core records# The vertical red bar is the increase in atmospheric carbon dio2ide levels over the past two centuries and before &334# 5rom 7# .# 5edorov et al# Science 4) , )567 1 **829=# 9:# Reproduced from EPA Climate Change Website.

%ow do we measure atmospheric CO2 concentration in the past&

7recise measurements of atmospheric )4, concentration is availa"le onl in the last few decades@ 5nformation a"out atmospheric )4, concentration and 8 temperatures in the past can "e inferred " several different methods, such as L #ree-ring L 6eep ocean sediment L Ice core records L Coral L * L%$+ !# +"AA We&site Paleoclimatology is the ,aleoclimatology study of climate prior to the widespread availability of 8
records of temperature' precipitation and other instrumental data#

#his figures shows estimates of the changes in car"on dio+ide concentrations during the 7haneroEoic. #hree estimates are "ased on geochemical modeling1 &E4)AFN 555 .Nerner and Oothavala ,991/, )47!E .Nergmann et al. ,99D/ and Fothman .,991/. #hese are compared to the car"on dio+ide measurement data"ase of Fo er et al. .,99D/ and a *9 3 r filtered average of those data. Error envelopes are shown when the were availa"le. #he right hand scale shows the ratio of these measurements to the estimated average for the last several million ears .the Puaternar /. )ustomar la"els for the periods of geologic time appear at the "ottom. 6irect determination of past car"on dio+ide levels relies primaril on the interpretation of car"on isotopic ratios in fossiliEed soils .paleosols/ or the shells of ph toplankton and through interpretation of stomatal densit in fossil plants. Each of these is su"Qect to su"stantial s stematic uncertaint . Estimates of car"on dio+ide changes through geochemical modeling instead rel on Cuantif ing the geological sources and sinks for car"on dio+ide over long time scales particularl 1 volcanic inputs, erosion and car"onate deposition. As such, these models are largel independent of direct measurements of car"on dio+ide. Noth measurements and models show considera"le uncertaint and variationR however, all point to car"on dio+ide levels in the past that have "een significantl higher than the are at present.

)4, over -99 million ears

5rom+ http+>>en#wi-ipedia#org>wi-i>Image+8 hanero?oic@(arbon@,io2ide#png

'hich gas is (eeping the Earth warm&

A. (,= N. 4,= ). )4,= 6. H,4=
The ma$or natural greenhouse gases are water vapor' which causes about A4)=3B of the greenhouse effect on Earth not including clouds!C carbon dio2ide' which causes D)&4BC methane' which causes <)DB' and o?one' which causes A)=B# %ote that it is not really possible to assert that a certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect' because the influences of the various gases are not additive# The higher ends of the ranges /uoted are for the gas aloneC the lower ends' for the gas counting overlaps#!EAF E<F 5rom http+>>en#wi-ipedia#org>wi-i>Greenhouse@gas

)o, what*s the big deal if human CO2 causes +,C temperature increase& An increase in atmospheric temperature
.human or natural origin/ will lead to the increase in the water vapor content of the !&#,# ,-)&). Necause water vapor is a strong greenhouse gas, the increase in H,4 vapor in turn causes enhanced greenhouse effect, raising the temperature more. Higher atmospheric temperature will cause more evaporation of water 2hich leads to even higher temperature@

8 8

-una.ay /reen 0ouse 1ffect2

How a"out )louds and 5ce=

2ater vapor .water in gaseous phase/ is one of the most potent and a"undant greenhouse gas@"ut 8 )louds .water in liCuid form/ reflect sunlight, decreasing the solar energ input into EarthKs atmosphere during the da , "ut the trap 5F radiation from the Earth during the night. I!. $)! )//)0! % $#! 1)** +$#1 # /(&2 L Al"edo of clouds range from close to 9 to :9I. L #esting climate impact of clouds after !ept. 11, ,991@ 8 5ce has a ver high al"edo, S A9 to B9I.
L #hus, reduction of the polar ice cap can cause more heating@

The CO2 cycle acts as a thermostat that regulates the temperature of the Earth
If Earth warms up a bit' then carbonate minerals form in the oceans at a higher rate# The rate at which the oceans dissolve (O& gas increases' pulling (O& out of the atmosphere# The reduced atmospheric (O& concentration leads to a wea-ened greenhouse effect that counteracts the initial warming and cools the planet bacdown# If Earth cools a bit' carbonate minerals form more slowly in the oceans# The rate at which the oceans dissolve (O& gas decreases' allowing the (O& released by volcanism to build bac- up in the atmosphere# The increased (O& concentration strengthens the

How A"out #he )4, ) cle=

%eed"ack >oop
8 7ositive %eed"ack
L 3echanisms that make things worse@ L e.g., 5ncreasing )4, in the atmosphere leading to the release of more )4,

8 (egative %eed"ack
L 3echanisms that are self-correcting@ L e.g., 5ncreasing )4, in the atmosphere leading to higher rate of )4, removal, such as our )4, c cle.

How much power do we get=

8 2e know that BB.BAI of the energ flow coming to the earth is from the sun. .2e will ignore the other .9,I, mostl geothermal./ 8 At a distance the of 1A.0. .1 astronomical unit is the distance from the sun to the earth/ the energ from the sun is 1*HA 2?m, on a flat surface .solar constant/.

3easured !olar )onstant

8 7ower we get form the sun is the solar constant, !, times an area eCual to a flat circle with the radius of the earth. 8 7T!.FE/, 8 (ote1 Energ is not uniforml distri"uted "ecause earthKs surface is curved.

How much energ do we lose=

8 !tart simple1 5n eCuili"rium, we lose e+actl as much as we get, &ut we reradiate the energ from the entire surface if the earth. 7TeAE#D where AETD .FE/,

Energ "alance

9 S = e <9 !% S = e% < < "till an energy balance e/uation' but on a per ) s/aure meter basis
& E & E <

8 #he factor of D accounts for two effects1

L 1/ Half of the earth is alwa s in the dark .night/ so it does not receive an input from the sun. .factor of ,/ L ,/ #he earth is a sphere so the sunKs light is spread out more than if it was flat. .another factor of two./ L (ote1 #his eCuation works for an planet, not Qust earth, if we know the value of ! for that planet. .eas since it Qust depends on the distance from the sun/

!u"tleties in the eCuation.

8 %irst, we need to know the emissivit , e. %or planets like earth that radiate in the infrared, this is ver close to 1. 8 !econd, not all of the light from the sun is a"sor"ed. A good fraction is reflected directl "ack into space and does not contri"ute to the energ "alance. %or earth it is appro+imatel *1I of light is reflected. 8 #hus the correct value for !?D is 9.HBU.1*HA?D/T,*-2?m,.

)alculate an appro+imate glo"al average temperature

s < = e% < & : & < < &AGW > m = G#4= 93 W > m : ! 9!% % = <#9< 93 : % = &G< :
< D

5s this a reasona"le answer.

8 ,-D O is -1B) or -,%. 8 5t is in the right "allpark, and it Qust represents and average including all latitudes including the poles, N0#, the actual average glo"al surface temperature is a"out ,A:O. (ote1 #his is a Eero-dimensional model since we have taken the earth as a point with no structure. 5f we look at the earth from space with an infrared camera, we would see the top of the atmosphere, and ,-DO is not a "ad estimate.

8 2ith the atmosphere present, the surface must radiate at a higher e#D since not as much energ is escaping. 8 5n addition a lot of the energ a"sor"ed " the atmosphere is reradiated "ack to the earth, further driving up the temperature.

!imple two level model

8 5ncoming energ to the surface?atmosphere is still ,*- 2?m,. 8 4utgoing energ has two parts1 4ne is infrared radiation from the atmosphere, the other is infrared radiation from the surface. 8 -otes.+# The temperatures of the atmosphere and the surface do not ha/e to be the same. 8 2#The sum of the two outgoing energy flu0es must still e1ual the incoming energy flu0es.

8 (ote that the arrow representing the 5F from the surface tapers as it passes through the atmosphere. #his is to indicate that part of the energ is "eing a"sor"ed. #he amount depends on the concentration of greenhouse gasses. 8 #he emissi/ity of a particular gas also reflects the amount of energ that a particular gas will a"sor". 2e ma also call it the absorpti/ity.

8 5f we start with a surface radiation of 7sT#sD 8 and we a"sor" an amount 7a"sor"edT ea #sD 8 2e have a total surface radiation actuall reaching space of 7sT.1-ea/#sD 8 5n addition to this we have power radiated directl from the atmosphere1 7 a T e # a D

#otal power radiated to space

7ower radiated to space T .1-e a/#sD V e#aD 4F since ea T e 2ower radiated to space 3 Ts4 - e"Ts4 -Ta4# 8 (ote1 Assuming that #sW#a ,the second term on the FH! is negative. #his means that the surface temperature must higher than in the a"sence of the atmosphere in order to radiate enough energ to sta in eCuili"rium.