focusing technique [75, 80, 81] (from now on FF) uses the pressure gradient induced by an outer uid

stream to focus a steady liquid meniscus, which emits a microjet from its tip. In the selective withdrawal method [76, 77, 78, 79], the energy necessary to expel the jet is originated by the viscous force exerted by an external liquid current. Cross-owing streams produce droplets in the dripping regime, while coowing currents and extensional co-ows can work on both the dripping and jetting modes [54]. Here, dripping is referred to as the regime in which droplets are produced from the pinching of the interface at distances from the emitting orice of the order of its diameter. Droplets generated in the dripping mode exhibit a very high degree of monodispersity, and their size can even be controlled within a certain size range by mechanical excitation [30, 31, 36]. This occurs because the orice diameter plays the role of a wave lter, suppressing those wavelengths suciently dierent from the dominant one [61]. In many applications, dripping is caused by capillary waves which move upstream while growing until they pinch o the interface at the orice (absolute instability [82]). Under certain conditions, those waves are swept away by the uid stream (convective instability [82]), preserving an intact liquid ligament (the jetting regime). In the jetting regime, a jet long compared to its diameter forms and moves downstream. During this motion, waves also grow on the interface driven by the surface tension force (the Rayleigh instability [14, 83]), but they are convected downstream by the jet until the interface pinches o at a distance from the orice much longer than its diameter. There, the jet breaks up into droplets with diameters which commensurate with that of the jet [13]. In principle, the fact that the jet breaks up far away from the orice could expand the range of wavelengths leading to the jets breakup, which would considerably increase the polydispersity of the resulting drops. Nevertheless, relatively monodisperse collections of droplets can still be obtained from many jetting realizations. The dependence of the perturbation growth factor on the wavelength usually exhibits a sharp maximum, which constitutes a natural wave lter for the dominant perturbations. In most applications, there is a window of operational conditions within which jetting leads to a degree of monodispersity similar to that of dripping. This window constitutes a remarkable spot for technological and industrial development for its unique combination of high productivity and control, amenable for an extra-control and enhanced monodispersity through acoustic excitation [84]. Flow Focusing constitutes an important example in this regard (e.g. [85]), 13